Chapter 3: Cell Biology and Genetics

Read 3.1 3.9 and 3.11; Note: we will discuss plasma

membrane last
1. Describe the characteristic functions of the cell.

2. Define cytoplasm.

3. What are the general functions of the cytoskeleton?

4. Define organelle.

5. Describe the function of each of the following: nucleus,

nucleolus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosome, peroxisome,
mitochondrion, centrioles, cilia, flagella, and microvilli.
6. What is mitosis?

7. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.

8. List and describe the different types of membrane

proteins.

9. List four ways that substances move across the plasma

membrane.

10.

Define diffusion.

11.
What is osmosis? Distinguish between isotonic,
hypotonic, and hypertonic.
12.

What is mediated transport?

13.

Contrast facilitated diffusion and active transport.

14.
Define endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and
exocytosis.

Notes:
A typical somatic cell is surrounded by a watery medium known as
extracellular fluid (ECF) or interstitial fluid.

Components of a cell (See table 3.1)

Plasma membrane cell membrane

Cytoplasm cytosol and organelles

Nucleus control center of the cell

Components of the Cytoplasm:

Cytosol

Organelles

Inclusions

Organelles:
1. Cytoskeleton:

Internal scaffolding of cell

protein filaments common in all cells

o Microfilaments

o Microtubules

2. Nucleus

Determines the characteristics of cell

Most cells have one nucleus, but there are exceptions

Nuclear envelope

Nuclear pores

Nucleolus

Genetic material: DNA

3. Ribosome

Composed of proteins and RNA

Workbench of protein synthesis

Types of ribosomes: free v. attached

4. Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membranes

Involved in protein, lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

Stores material

Neutralizes toxins

Two types: Rough ER v. Smooth ER

5. Golgi Apparatus

Flattened membranous discs stacked together

Communicates with the ER and plasma membrane

Modifies and packages secretions

Renews and modifies the plasma membrane

Packages material that remain in the cell

6. Lysosome

Vesicle filled with digestive enzymes

7. Peroxisome

Vesicle filled with enzymes that detoxify

8. Mitochondrion

Power house of the cell

Site of ATP production

Double membrane with two internal compartments:

intermembrane space and matrix

9. Centriole

Composed of microtubules

Direct movement of genetic material during cell division

10.

Cilia

Hair-like, motile extensions

Moves secretions or fluids across the surface of cells

11.

Flagellum

Similar to cilia but longer

12.

Microvilli

short extensions of cell

increase surface area for absorption

Cell Cycle:

Interphase: non-dividing phase; cell growth and DNA replication

Mitosis: cell divides. Identify the events of prophase, metaphase,

anaphase, and telophase

Types of cell division:

Mitosis: one diploid cell divides to produce two diploid cells

Meiosis: one diploid cell divides to produce multiple haploid cells

The Plasma Membrane

Functions:

Physical isolation

Regulation of exchange

Sensitivity

Structural support

The plasma membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids with associated

proteins and carbohydrates.
Membrane Lipid

Phospholipids: most of the surface of the membrane

Cholesterol: stabilize the position of the phospholipids

Membrane Proteins (See table 3.2)

Integral proteins

Peripheral proteins

Marker

Attachment

Channel

Carrier

ATP-powered pumps

Receptors

Enzymes

Membrane Permeability

Determines what enters or leaves the cell

Selectively permeable

Movement across the membrane is either

Passive: cell does not expend any energy

Active: cell expends energy

Categories of transport (See table 3.3)

Diffusion

Mediated transport

Vesicular

Diffusion: Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration

to an area of lower concentration; passive process

Osmosis: diffusion of water

Tonicity: describes the concentration of a solution relative to the

cytoplasm (see figure 3.17)

Isotonic

Hypertonic

Hypotonic

Mediate transport: substance moves across the membrane through

interactions with membrane proteins

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

Vesicular Transport: bulk transport across the membrane by the

formation or release of vesicles

Exocytosis

Endocytosis
o Pinocytosis

o Phagocytosis

o Receptor-mediated endocytosis

13.