Polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers

POLYMERS
PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING PRODUCTS

PVP
(POL YVINYLPYRROLIDONEj
. film former
. protective colloid and suspending agent
. dye-receptive resin

. binder and stabilizer

. adhesive
. complexing agent
. physiologically inert

OF CONT

TS

COMMERCIAL TYPES OF pVP

Page
2

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Molecular Weight Determination
Viscosity
Solubility
Film-Forming Properties
Compatibility
Protective-Colloid Action
Complex Formation
Stability

3
3
3
5
6
6
8
8
8

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF PVP

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity

12
12
12

REFERENCES

13

COMMERCIAL TYPES OF PVP

PVP polymers are available in several viscosity
grades, ranging from low to high molecular
weight. This range,coupled with solubility in aqueous and organic solvent systems combined with
its nontoxic character, gives PVP great flexibility.
Its industrial applications include, for example, in
adhesives to improve strength and toughness; in
paper manufacture to increase strength and as a
coating resin; and in synthetic fibers to improve
dye receptivity. It is also widely employed in inks,
imaging, lithography, detergents and soaps, the
textile, ceramic, electrical, metallurgical industries

and as a polymerization additive.

PVP polymer is supplied in five viscosity
grades as a powder and/or aqueous solution.
The full line of PVP polymers is also available for
personal care applications such as film forming,
emulsion stabilization, colorant dispersion, etc.
ISP also offers pharmaceutical grades of PVP;
our Plasdone@and Polyplasdone@polymer products are used in the pharmaceutical industry, and
our Polycla~ stabilizers are used in the beverage
industry. Information on these polymers is available in separate brochures.

Tables I and II illustrate the PVPpolymers commercially available and some typical properties.
Table I
General PVP Properties
.jrlard, glossy, transparent, oxygenperroeable.films. which.
adhere to a variety of substrates
Hygroscopic

.
.
.
.
.

Linear nonionic polymer

High polarity / proton acceptor
Amphiphilic
Compatible with a variety of resins andeJectrolytes
Solublein water and polar solvents,insolublein
esters, ethers, ketones and hydrocarbons
. Unsuitable for thermoplastic processing

.
.

.. Adhesive and cohesive properties

Cross-linkable.
. PhysiologicaHylnert

Table"
PVP Solution and Powder Products
PVP K-1.5

Property

PVP K-30

PVP K..60

Yellow
Pale yellow Off-white, Colorlessto Off-white,
aqueous amorphous pale yellow amorphous aqueous
solution
solution
powder
aqueous
powder
solution
13-19"
13C19"
27-33
26-35
50-.62
K-Value (Viscosity of 1%
solution)
4max.
100 max!
150 max.
80 max."
100 max."
Co.lor(APHA)
(VCS)
O.1max.
0.1 max.
%Residual VP
.001max.
<0.1
<0.1
28 -32
%Active
29"31
95rnin.
4549
.95 min.
68 72
%Moisture
5max
69-71
5max.
51- 55
0.012
5. max
0.02 max
0.044
0,01?
%Ash (combustion)
6-9
3 7
6-9
3 7
3-7
PH (5% aqueous sOlUtion)
Appearance @ 25C

MW Range

6,000

(measured by LALLS)
Brookfield Viscosity, cps
(5% soHds@)25C)

SpecificGravity@25'C
Bulk Density (g/cc)
FilmDensity (g/cc)
Freezihg Point C
Specific
Heat (callg/KC)

Tg CC)

- 15,000

40,000" 80,000

1.061

1.203
-4.1
0.819
-

0.6- 0.7
-

1.062

.76- 80
0.016

5max.
-

0.1 maXi
95 min.
5tJ'lax.

4-9

3'7

<0.1
H13
87-89
0.018
6 9
2,000,000"

freezecdried

<0.1
95.min.

1.051

"2.2
0.738
170

a 5% aqueous solution
NOTE: These data are typical of current production,
but are not necessarily specifications.

<0..1
20 -24

1.122

163

50 max,'

150

25 max!

O.4i-0.6

130

60 max!

1,500,000

1.207
-g,T
0.803

40 max.

900,000-

PVP K-120

Yellow, Off-white, Colorless to \Jf.white,

viscous, amorphous
yellow
amorphous
aqueous pOWder
aqueous
powder
solution
solution
80c100
90-100
110-130
108-130

240,00"
450,000
10

PVP K-90

1.216
-0.9
0.827
-

0;3 0.4
-

A8
3,000,000
350
-

1.024
-

.O,.? 0.3
-

0.3

0.884

174

176

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATION
There have been many studies that have been
devoted to the determination of the molecular
weight of PVP. The low molecular weight polymers
have narrower distribution curves of molecular
entities than the high molecular weight compounds.
Some of the techniques for measuring the molecular
weight of various PVP products are based on measuring sedimentation, light scattering, osmometry,
NMR spectroscopy, ebullimometry, and size exclusion chromatography for determining absolute
molecular weight distribution. By the use of these
methods, anyone
of three molecular weight
parameters can be measured, namely the number
average (Mn), viscosity average (Mv), and weight
average (Mw). Each of these characteristics can
yield a different answer for the same polymer as
illustrated by using these measurement techniques
in the analysis of the same PVP K-30 sample. The
following results are reported:

The K-value accepted for PVP by pharmacopoeias

and other authoritative bodies worldwide is measured by the viscosity technique and calculated by
the use of the Fikentscher's equation.
In aqueous solution PVP K-15and K-30,particularly
in concentrations below 10%, have little effect on
viscosity, whereas K-60 and K-90 considerably
influence flow properties (Figure 1). In organic solvents the viscosity of the solution is related, of
course, to that of the solvent, Table III.
Figure 1
Effect of Concentration of Different
Grades of PVP on Viscosity of
Aqueous Solutions at 25C

100000

Numberaverage(Mn)-

10,000
Viscosity average (Mv) - 40,000
Weight average (Mw) - 55,000

10000

Therefore, in any review of the literature, one must

know which molecular average is cited.
Conventionally, molecular weights are expressed by
their "K-values," which are derived from relative viscosity measurements.

1/1
<II
..\I::
0

1/1
:;:;
C
<II
U
:>;

.iij
0
(,)
1/1

VISCOSITY

1000

100

:>

The K-values assigned to various grades of PVP

represent a function of the average molecular
weight, the degree of polymerization and the intrinsic
viscosity. The K-values are derived from viscosity
measurements and are calculated according to
Fikentscher's formula:

10

1
0

11
log rei

75Ko2
1 + 1.5Ko2 +Ko

K = 1000Ko

10

20

30
%PVP

where c = concentration in 9/100 ml solution

11rei = viscosity of the solution
compared with solvent

40

50

60

Table

III

Viscosities of PVP K-30 in Various Organic Solvents

Kinematic Viscosities (in centistokes)

Solvent

20/0PVP

100/0PVP

Solvent

20/0PVP

480
4
3
2
1

2
80

Note: Kinematic

Viscosity

in centistokes

= Absolute

Viscosity

in centistokes

Density

Figure 2
Brookfield Viscosity of Aqueous PVP K-30

PVP solution viscosity does not change appreciably

over a wide pH range, but increases in concentrated
HC!. Strong caustic solutions precipitate the polymer,
but this precipitate solution redissolves on dilution
with water (Table IV).

100

D..
(,)

:;; 10
'iij
0
(,)

Table IV
Effect of pH on Viscosity of 5% Aqueous
PVP K-30 at 25C

10
Viscosity (cp)

-+- 1D'C
--- 25'C

'"
'S:
'tI
Qj
;;::
...
0
0
Ii

-.- 40'C
-e- 6D'C

0.1
a

I 2.4

10
Concentration

The densities of PVP water solutions are only slightly changed despite a significant increase in the concentration of PVP K-30, Table V.

15

20

25

(w/w), %

Figure 3
Brookfield Viscosity of Aqueous PVP K-90
100000

Table V
Effect of PVP K-30 Concentration on
Density in Water

10000
D..
(,)

:;;

'iij
0
(,)

PVP Concentration (%
Density at 25'C (glml)

10
1.02

1000

-+- 1D'C
--- 25'C

'"
'S:
'tI

20
1.04

...
0
0
Ii

The effect of temperature and concentration on

viscosity is shown in Figures 1 and 3 for PVP K-30
and K-90 respectively. Any possible effect of high
temperatures and concentrations on finished formulations should be determined experimentally.

-.- 4D'C
-e- 6D'C

100

10

1
0

10
Concentration

15
(w/w), %

20

25

SOLUBILITY
PVP is readily soluble in cold water and the concentration is limited only by viscosity. It is possible
to prepare free-flowing solutions of PVP K-30 in
concentrations up to 60% with only moderate
effect on density. PVP K-60 and K-90 are available
commercially as 45 and 20 percent aqueous
solutions, respectively.
.
Roughly 0.5 mol water per monomer unit is
associated with the polymer molecule in solution.
This is of the same order of magnitude as the
hydration reported in the literature for various proteins.
PVP K-30 is also freely soluble in many
organic solvents, including alcohols, some chlorinated compounds such as chloroform, methylene

chloride and ethylene dichloride, nitroparaffins,

and amines. It is essentially insoluble in hydrocarbons, ethers, some chlorinated hydrocarbons,
ketones and esters.
Dilute solutions of PVP in hydrocarbons
may be prepared by the use of a cosolvent, e.g.,
butanol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, or nonylphenol.
Clear 3-5% PVPsolutions in aliphatic hydrocarbons
may be readily prepared by adding the hydrocarbon to a butyl alcohol solution of the polymer. In
oil-based products, solubilization in an alkylphenol,
e.g., octyl- or nonylphenol, is useful. The alkylphenol is first heated to about 100C and the PVP
added slowly with stirring. Then the temperature
may be raisedto approximately 200Cto accelerate
solution.

Table VI
PVP K-30 Solubility
The following representative organic solvents will dissolve 10% or more PVP at room temperature:
Alcohols
methanol
ethanol
propanol
isopropanol
butanol
sec-butanol
amyl alcohol
2-ethyl-l-hexanol
cyclohexanoJ
nol (50'C)
Iycol

Acids
formic acid
acetic acid
propionic acid

Ketone
methylcyclohexanone
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
methylene dichloride
chloroform

Ether-Alcohols
glycol ethers
die

ethylene dichloride
01

- :01
hexamethylene glycol
polyethylene glycol 400
2,21 -thiodiethanol

Lactams
2-pyrrolidone
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone

1 ,3-butanediol

glycerin

Lactone
'Y-butyrolactone

Ketone-Alcohol
diacetone alcohol

Ester
ethyl lactate

1 ,4-butanediol

Hydrocarbons
benzene
toluene*
xylene
Tetralin**
petroleum ether
hexane
heptane*
Stoddard solvent*
kerosene*

Amines
butylamine
cyclohexylamine

Ethers
dioxane
ethyl ether

anline
ethylenediamine
pyridine
morpholine
2-aminoethanol
diethanolamine
triethanolamine
aminoethylethanolamine
2-hyd roxyethylmorpholi ne
2-amino-2-methvl-1-propanol
Nitroparaffins
nitromethane
nitroethane

Ketones
methylethylketone
acetone
cyclohexanone
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
carbon tetrachloride
chlorobenzene

Esters
ethyl acetate
sec-butyl acetate

*pvp is soluble in these hydrocarbons in about 5% concentration when added to the solvent as a 25% butanol solution.
**Tetralin is a registered trademark of DuPont

FILM FORMING PROPERTIES

Dried unmodified films of PVP are clear, transparent, glossy, and hard. Appearance does not vary
when films are cast from different solvent systems,
such as water, ethanol, chloroform, or ethylene
dichloride.

In comparative tests for plasticity at 33% relative

humidity, PVP films containing 10% diethylene
glycol show an "elongation at break" twice that of
PVP films containing 10% glycerin, polyethylene
glycol 400, sorbitol, or urea, and four times that of
PVP films containing 10% ethylene glycol,
dimethyl phthalate, or Santicizer E-35. At 50%
relative humidity, 10% Santicizer E-G5,25% glycerin, and 25% diethylene glycol are effective plasticizers. At 70% relative humidity, 25% sorbitol
and 25% dimethylphthalate may be used successfully.

Compatible plasticizers may be added without

affecting clarity or luster of the film. Moisture
taken up from the air by PVP can also act as a
plasticizer. Among the several commercial modifiers that may be used in concentrations of 10-50%
(based on PVP) to control tack and / or brittleness
or to decrease hygroscopicity are:

COMPA TlBILlTY

carboxymethylcellulose
cellulose acetate
cellulose acetate propionate
dibutyl tartrate
diethylene glycol
dimethyl phthalate
Dytol 8-35, J-68, and L-79
(Rohm and Haas)
2-ethylhexanediol-1, 3
glycerin
glycerylmonoricinoleate
Hyprin GP-25 (Dow)
Igepal CQ-430 (Rhone Poulenc)
Lorol (DuPont)
oleyl alcohol
Resoflex R-363 (Cambridge)
Santicizer 141, 8-16, and E-35
(Monsanto)
shellac
sorbitol

PVP shows a high degree of compatibility, both in

solution and film form, with most inorganic salt
solutions and with many natural and synthetic
resins, as well as with other chemicals (TableVII).
At 25C the addition of 100 ml of a 10% solution
of any of the following salts to 10% PVP K-30
aqueous solution (Le., 10 parts of the test salt to
1 part of PVP) does not change the appearance of
the solution:
aluminum potassium sulfate
aluminum sulfate
ammonium chloride
ammonium sulfate
barium chloride
calcium chloride
chromium sulfate
copper sulfate
ferric chloride
magnesium chloride
mercuric acetate
nickel nitrate
lead acetate
potassium chloride
potassium sulfate
potassium dichromate
sodium bicarbonate*
sodium chloride
sodium nitrate

Carboxymethycellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate, and shellac effectively

decrease tackiness. Dimethyl phthalate is less
effective, whereas glycerin, diethylene glycol, and
sorbitol increase tackiness. Films essentially
tack-free over all ranges of relative humidity may
be obtained with 10% arylsulfonamide-formaldehyde resin.

sodium phosphate (primary)

sodium pyrophosphate
sodium sulfate
sodium sulfite
sodium thiosulfate
silver nitrate
zinc sulfate
*200 ml if a 5% solution

AIK (S04b,12H2O
A12(S04h,18H20
NH4CI
(NH4bS04
BaCl2,H20
CaCI2
Cr2(S04h,nH20
CuS04,5H2O
FeCI3,6H2O
MgCI2,6H2O
Hg(C2H302b
Ni(N03)2,6H2O
Pb(C2H302b,3H2O
KCI
K2S04
K2Cr 207
NaHC03
NaCI
NaN03
NaH2P04,H2O
Na4P2O7
Na2S04
Na2S03,7H20
Na2S203,5H20
AgN03
ZnS04,7H20

Table VII
Compatibility of PVP
in Solutions and Films
SOLVENT

CLASS

COMPOUNDTESTED"

Ether-Alcohols

polyethylene glycol
Ucon Oil@50-HB 5100 (polyalkylene glycol, Union Carbide)
Ucon Oil@75-HB 90,000 (Union Carbide)
arabic
karaya
tragacanth
sodium alginate
olive oil
castor oil
lanolin
lecithin
beeswax
diethylene glycol stearate

Gums

Glycerides

Esters

Flexo@300 (triethylene glycol bis-alpha-ethylcaproate,

Union Carbide)
cellulose acetate propionate
cellulose acetate

Phenols

Misc.
Resins.

Synthetic
Polymers

S urfactants

QUatemary
Ammonium
Compounds

%TTL
SOLIDS

ethanol
ethanol
ethanol
water
water
water
water

chloroform
propargyl
alcohol
ethanol

shellac
ethyl cellulose
methylcellulose
carboxylmethylcellulose
(low viscosity grade)
com dex1rin**

ethanol
ethanol
water

Saran@B-1155 (vinylidene chloride polymer, Dow)

N-methyl2-pyrrolidone
chloroform
hot melt
chloroform

water
water
water
water
water

H
H
C

S clear, light yellow

S clear, colorless
S
yellow
I 0
ogeneous IN
S clear, colorless

3
5

S clear, yellow
S clear, colorless

4
4

S
S

c
C

5
4

C
C
C

3
4

S
I
S
S clear,coloness
S

IN
IN
C
IN
C

3
5

S clear, C
S clear, col

3
2
10

S hazy, light yellow

S clear, colorless
S clear, coloness

10

S clear, colorless

10
10

S clear, colorless
S clear, colorless

,ss

water
water
Abbreviations:
S
PS
I
IN
H
C

*Ratio of PVP to compound 1:3, 1:1, 3:1

"Ratio of PVP to compound 1:19

Colloidal suspensions are formed by 10% solutions of

the following salts when addedlQ 10% aqueous PVP
solutions in the amounts shown:

Na2SiOs*5H2O

C
It
P~
S

water

Hyamine@ 2389 (Rhom and Haas)

Tetrosar'" (Onyx)
BTC@(alkylidmethylbenzyl ammonium
chloride, Onyx)
Isothar'" (Lauryl isoquinolinium bromide,
Onyx)
cetylpyridinium chloride

Na2COs
Na2HP04*7H20
NaSP04*12H20

C
IN
H

5
5

water
water

PVI-C poly (
isobutyl ether)
PVM poly (
ethyl ether)
polystyrene
polyvinyl alcohol
Alipal@CO-436 (ammonium salt of sulfated
n
xypoly (ethylenoxy) ethanol,
Rhone
ulenc)
Duponol@(sodium lauryl sulfate, DuPont)
Nekal@BX-78 (sodium alkylnaphthalene
.
sulfonate, Rhone-Poulenc)

sodium phosphate, dibasic

sodium phosophate, tribasic
sodium metasilicate

FILM
COMPATIBILITY

6
6

phenol)
~ethylene-bis
rophenol)]

sodium carbonate

SOLUTION OR MELT
APPEARANCE

Soluble
Partially soluble
Insoluble
Incompatible
Homogenous
Compatible

When reviewing Table VII, one should note the general procedure followed in determining compatibility was
to dissolve PVP K-30 and the test material separately
in a mutual solvent. After mixing the two solutions,
appearance was observed. The solution was then
cast onto a glass plate and the resulting film examined
after evapordtion of the solvent.

Ratio
Test Salt: PVP
1:85:1
3.7:1
1.28:1
3:1

PROTECTIVE-COLLOID ACTION

redissolve in additional water. In alcoholic solution, no precipitation takes place.

Small amounts of PVP effectively stabilize emulUnder the influence of actinic light, diazo
sions, dispersions, and suspensions.
Even compounds and oxidizing agents, such as dichrolyophobic colloids, which exist without significant mate, render PVP insoluble.
affinity for the medium, can be protected by PVP.
Heating in air to 150.C will crosslink PVP
The polymer is adsorbed in a thin molecular layer and strong alkali at 100.C will permanently insoluon the surface of the individual colloidal particles to bilize the polymer.
prevent contact and overcome any tendency to
STABILITY
form a continuous solid phase.
The best viscosity grade to use depends, of
course, on the application. In some cases, the PVP powder can be stored under ordinary
lower molecular weight polymers, PVP K-15 or conditions without undergoing decomposition or
PVP K-30, are more efficient than high molecular degradation. However, since the powder is hygroweight material. For example, PVP K-15 is partic- scopic, suitable precautions should be taken to
ularly effective as a dispersant for carbon black prevent excessive moisture pickup. Bulk polymer
and low-bulk density solids in aqueous media. It is is supplied in tied polyethylene bags enclosed in
used in detergent formulations to prevent soil rede- fiber packs. When not in use, the polyethylene
position on synthetic fibers and as a protective bag should be kept closed at all times in the covcolloid for certain pigments. In viscous systems, ered container.
On PVPfilms, moisture acts as a plasticizer.
on the other hand, PVP K-90 is most suitable, e.g.,
as a dispersant for titanium dioxide or organic pig- These films are otherwise chemically stable.
The equilibrium water content of ,PVP solid
ments and latex polymers in emulsion paints. Also
or
films
varies in a linear fashion with relative
in the suspension polymerization of styrene, PVP
K-90 is preferred as the protective colloid to gen- humidity and is equal to approximately one-third
erate the desired particle size.
the relative humidity. Samples of dried, powdered
PVP, subjected to 20, 52, and 80 percent relative
COMPLEX FORMATlON/CROSSLlNKING
humidity until equilibrium is reached, show a 10, 19,
and 31 percent moisture weight gain, respectively.
Exposure to extreme elevated temperaPVP forms molecular adducts with many other
substances. This can result in a solubilizing action tures should be avoided, though PVP powder is
in some cases orin precipitation in others.
quite stable to heat. Some darkening in color and
PVP crosslinks with polyacids like poly- decreased water solubility are evident on heating
acrylic or tannic acid to form complexes which are in air at 150.C. However, PVP appears to be quite
insoluble in water or alcohol but dissolve in dilute stable when heated repeatedly at 110-130.C for
alkali. Gantre~ AN (ISP), methyl vinyl ether/male- relatively short intervals.
Aqueous PVP is stable for extended periods
ic anhydride copolymer, will also insolubilize PVP
when aqueous solutions of polymers are mixed in if protected from molds. The usual preservativesapproximately equal parts at low pH. An increase benzoic acid, sorbic acid, esters of p-hydroxybenin pH will solubilize the complex.
zoic acid-are quite effective. However,appropriate
Ammonium persulfate will gel PVP in 30 tests should be made with finished products
minutes at about 90.C. These gels are not ther- containing PVP before deciding on a preservative.
moreversible and are substantially insoluble in Steam sterilization (15 lb. pressure for 15 min.)
large amounts of water or salt solution. The more can also be used and this treatment does not
alkaline sodium phosphates will have the same appear to change the properties of the solutions.
effect. When dried under mild conditions, PVP
The polymer has no buffering power, and
large
changes
in the pH of solutions are observed
gels retain their uniform structure and capacity to
swell again by absorption of large amounts of upon addition of small amounts of acids or bases.
water.
For example, the pH of 100 ml of 3.5% PVP K-30
Resorcinol and pyrogallol also precipitate solution is raised from pH 4 to pH 7 by the addition
PVP from aqueous solution, but these complexes of 1-2 ml 0.1 N sodium hydroxide.
8

j
I

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE

Polyvinylpyrrolidone is widely used in a broad
variety of industries. This is due to its unique physical and chemical properties, particularly because
of its good solubility in both water and manyorganic
solvents, its chemical stability, its affinity to complex

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances and

its nontoxic character. Several hundreds of papers
have been published describing the advantages of
using PVP in formulas for the following product
areas.

AREA OF USE

ADVANTAGES OF PVP

Adhesives...pressure-sensitive
and water-remoistenable types... food packaging (indi rect food contact)
. .. metal adhesives. . .abrasives. ..sandcore binder...

Specific adhesive for glass, metal, plastics.

Imparts high initial tack, strength, hardness.

rubber to metal adhesives...glue sticks.

Particularly suitable for remoistenable adhesive

applications.
Forms grease-resistant

films.

Films can be cast from water or organic solvents.

Modifies viscosity of polymer-based adhesives.

Raises cold-flow temperature.
Raises softening point of thermoplastics.
Ceramics...binder in high temperature fire prepared
products such as clay, pottery, porcelain, brick products...dispersant for ceramic media slurries...and
viscosity modifier.

Binder is completely combustible in the firing

process and therefore exerts no influence on the
ceramic and product and in addition, is compatible
with inorganic materials.

Glass and Glass Fibers.. .acts as a binder, lubricant

and coating agent.

Aids in processing and helps to prevent abrasion of

glass.

Coatingsllnks.. .digital printing coating...ball-poinf

tive colloid and levelling agent
ymers! coatings! printing inks...pigment
dispersanL.water-colors for commercial art...temporary protective coatings...paper coatingsmwaxes
and polishes.

Suspending agent, flow promoter in inks.

Nonthixotropic.
Promotes better gloss, high tinctorial strength,
more uniform shades.
Antiblock agent.
Grease resistant.

Inkjet dye fixative.

""1:

AREA OF USE

ADVANTAGES OF PVP

HI & I... dye transfer inhibitor... liquid and powder

laundry products...detergent briquettes and bars
...detergent encapsulating agent...soap sheets...
waterless hand cleaners...industrial sanitizers
...auto cleaning solutions...grease remover...foam
stabilizer for bubble baths...dirt deposition inhibitor
for synthetic fibers and resin-treated fabrics
...binderfor tabletformulations...enzymestabilization.

Compatible in clear liquid, heavy-duty detergents.

Loose-color scavenger during laundering.
Improves emollient action and detergent storage
stability.
Stabilizes foam.
Reduces irritation.
In enzyme containing products used to coat and
bind the enzyme thereby minimizing dusting.

Electrical Applications...storage batteries...print-

HYdrophilic material in electrode separators of

microporous Jilm type.

ed circuits...cathode ray tubes...binder for metal

salts or amalgams in batteries...gold, nickel,copper
and zinc plating...a thickener for solar gel ponds
and as an adhesive to prevent leakage of batteries
...serves as an expander in cadmium-type electrodes...binder in sintered-nickel powder plates.

Compatible dispersant
improve uniformity.

in printed circuits to

Shadow masks and protects light sensitive material

in CRT.
Compatible dispersant for solar collection heat
transfer liquids, for gold, nickel, copper and zinc
plating baths and cathode ray tubes.

Lithography and Photography...foil

emulsions
...etch coatings...plate storage...gumming of lithographic plates...dampener roll solutions...photo
and laser imaging processes...microencapsulation
...thermal recording...carrier, finisher preserver of
lithographic plates...thermal transfer recording
ribbons and optical recording discs.

Light-hardenable, water-soluble colloid tor diazo,

.
dichromate, or silver emulsion layers.
Obviates deep-etching of metal plates.
Offers uniform viscosity, temperature stability.
Nonthixotropic. Defoggant.
Adheres tightly to plates in nonimage areas.
Grease-proof and water receptive.
Chemically inert to ink ingredients.
Binder, dispersant carrier and improves adhesion
for light absorber dyes and antistick agent.
Increases covering power density and contrast as
well as speed of emulsions used in photography.
Backbone for grafting monomers.

Fibers and Textiles...synthetic fibers...dyeing and

printing...fugitive tinting...dyestrippingand dispersant
...scouring...delustering...sizing and finishing...
greaseproofing aid...soil release agent. Widely
used as dye dispersant and to disperse titanium
dioxide.

Improves dye receptivity of such hydrophobic

fibers as polyolefins, viscoses, rubber latices, polyacrylonitriles and acrylics.
Dye fixation improver and dye vehicle in wool
transfer printing. Thickener for heat activated textile adhesives, textile finishes and print parts for
various types of fabrics.
Textile dye stripping and strike rate control through
dye complexion.
Acts as a dye scavenger in print washing.
Contributes enhanced adhesives to glass-fiber
sizes.
10

'!

AREA OF USE

ADVANTAGES OF PVP

Membranes...macroporous,
multiporous, desalination, gas separating, liquid ultrafiltration, hemodialysis,
selective permeability types of membranes, hollow
fiber membranes.

Good compatibility and crosslinking properties

Ability to complex with a broad variety of compounds.
Strong polar character and hydrophilicity improves
selective material separation properties.

Metallurgy...processing
for both ferrous and nonferrous metals...coating ingredient to aid or remove
material from metal surfaces such as copper, nickel,
zinc and aluminum.

Steel quenching bath media.

Coating to facilitate the cold forming of metals.
Binder for casting molds and cores.
Thickener, viscosity. controlling agent, adhesion
improver, water soluble flux.

Paper...inorganic papers, cellulose papers, rag

stock...rag stripping...coloring and beating operations...copying paper, printing paper and electric
insulating papers...paper adhesives.

Improves strength and stability.

Prevents sliding.
Fluorescent whitening agent carrier.
Improves luster, binding, absorbency, whitening
and gloss.
Solubilizes dyes for coloring, dyestripping:
Fiber and pigment dispersant.
Helps in preventing deposition of pitch.
Complexing agent for modifying resins.
Binder for inorganic flakes and fibers.

Polymerizations... acryl ic monomers... unsatu rated

polyesters...olefins, including PVC...styrene beads
...substrate for graft polymerization...template
in
acrylic polymerization.

Acts as particle-sIze regulator, suspending agent

and viscosity modifier of emulsion polymers. In
polymerization products, improves strength, clarity,
color receptivity.
Post-polymerization additive to improve dyeability
and stability oflatices..
Pigment dispersant.

Water and Waste Treatment, and Hygiene...scale

inhibitor, prevention of corrosion in water transfer
systems, clogging of reverse osmosis membranes,
water treatment in fish hatchery ponds...removal of
oil, dyes from waste water and as an oil-ball forming
agent in oil spill removal...flocculant in waste water
treatment...waste water clarifier in papermaking...
in deodorants for neutralization of irritant and poisonous gas, in air conditioning filters.

Complexes and gels in water to react with undesired water products.

Oil/Gas...additive to cement used in the oil industry

...viscosity modifier...gas hydrate inhibitor.

Cement set-time retarder, reduces speed of fluid

loss and improves the sealant properties of the
well casing.
Used as a viscosity modifier in drilling muds.
Kinetic inhibitor of pipeline gas hydrate formation.
11

I.

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
PVP IS SAFE

any toxicity as judged by clinical chemistry, hematology and histopathology. The no-adverse effect
level (NOEL) in subchronic studies in rodents and
dogs exceeds 5g/kg/day.

In the half century since the invention of PVP, a

very extensive body of toxicological data in animal
and man has been developed. It is perhaps the
most intense body of toxicological information
available on any pharmaceutical excipient or food
additive in use today.

Chronic Toxicity: In two well conducted chronic

studies using PVP K-25 and PVP K-90 in the diet
at dose levels as high at 10%and 5% respectively,
over a two-year period, there was no evidence of
any substance-related toxicity in clinical chemistry,hematology,urine analysis and histopathology
review. There was no evidence of any carcinogenic effect or evidence of PVP storage in any
organ. There was no evidence of any cumulative
damage over the two-year studies.

The data supports the conclusions reached by

individual workers, as well as numerous regulatory
bodies, that PVP is safe.
Contributing to this favorable safety profile are the
following:

BiologicalActivity: Because of its uniquechemical

Teratology: Teratogenicity studies on PVP given

orally, intravenously and intra-aminiotically in rats
and/or rabbits have shown no evidence of
embryo-toxicity or teratogenicity.

nature, PVP would be expected to be biologically

inert apart from exerting osmotic activity. A large
number of animal and human studies support the
metabolic inertness of this polymer and hence the
safety of PVP.

Mutagenicity: In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity

studies have shown that PVP does not have any
genotoxic or clastogenic acitivity.

Absorption:

The absorption of PVP from the

gastro-intestinal tract is very limited and proceeds
primarily by fluid-phase pinocytosis.

In Summary:

Subchronic Toxicity: Repeat dose oral studies in

An extensive body of toxicological data in animals

supports the biological inertness of PVP. The
acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity of orally
administered PVP is extremely low. It is not a
sensitizer or irritant. There are no reported
adverse effects following oral administration in
humans. The currently permitted United Nations'
World Health Organization's Food and Agriculture
Organizations joint expert committee on food
additives established an allowable daily intake of
50mg/kg/day for food use provides an adequate
margin of safety. There would appear to be no
reason to restrict its oral pharmaceutical use in
any way. There have been no reports of adverse
effects following its use intravenously as a plasma
expander, even after the administration of very
large amounts.

rodents and dogs have shown apart from loose

stool at high doses, which is related to the bulk
purgative actions of PVP, there is no evidence of

Based on the available data, PVP should prove

safe in normal industrial applications.

Metabolism: PVP is not metabolized.

Pharmacological Effects: With normal use, PVP
does not modify physiological activity.
More Specifically:

Acute Toxicity: Studies in rodents, dogs and

primates have shown that PVP is a substance
with a very low acute toxicity. It is essentially
impossible to kill animals by administration of PVP
except by gross osmotic imbalance. Thus, the
LO50 of PVP orally is reported to exceed 100g/kg
and be over 10g/kg intravenously or intraperitoneally.

12

REFERENCES
There is a sizable listing of technical literature that deals with the various aspects of PVP and its applications. The
following listing is a representative, not comprehensive, sampling of this literature.

General Chemistry
1. L. Senak,C.S. Wu,and E.G.Malawer,"SizeExclusionChromatographyof Poly(Vinylpyrrolidone).II Absolute
MolecularWeightDistributionby Sec/Lallsand Sec With UniversalCalibration,"J. Liq. Chromatogr.,10 (6):
1127-1150 (1987).
2. B.V. Robinson, EM. Sullivan, J.F. Borzelleca, and S.L. Schwartz, "PVP-A Critical Review of the Kinetics and
Toxicology of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Povidone)," (Chelsea, MI:CRC Press, 1990).
Ceramics
1. EP 294,208 (Dec. 7, 1988), TE. Wood, D.M. Wilson, H.G. Sowman (to Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co.).
2. P.K. Bajpai, C.M. Fuchs and D.E. McCullum, "Development of Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramic Cements," ASTM Spec.
Tech. Publ, 953:337-88 (1987).
Electrical
1. US Pat. 4,904,526 (Feb. 27, 1990), D.C. Koskenmaki (to Minnesota Mining and Mfg. Co.).
2. GB Pat. 2,217,333 (Oct. 25,1989), Y. Tamida, S. Yuasa and M. Sakuran (to Canon KK).
3. JP Pat. 01,220,426 (Feb. 29, 1988), R Nagai, T. Sugiura (to Hitachi Condenser Co, Ltd).
4. R Narasimha, V., A Kalpalatha, "Thermally Stimulated Discharge Currents in Polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymer Films."
Materials, Chemicals & Physics 17:317-24 (1987).
5. V. Rao, K. Narasimha, "Electrical Conduction Mechanism in Poly (vinylpyrrolidone) Films," Polymer28:648-50 (1987).
Fibers and Textiles
1. K. Nishida, Y.Ando, S. Toriumi, "The DesorbingAction of Polyvinylpyrrolidone," J. Soc. Dyers Colour, 104:96-9 (1988).
2. EP 247,539 (Dec. 2, 1987), EV. Distefano (to Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.).
3. US Pat 4,698,384 (Oct. 6, 1987), C.L. Mao (to Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.).
4. W.B. Achwal and R Samvatsarkar, "Preparation of Polymer-Dye Complexes and Their Application as Tinting Agents,"
Indian J. Text Res 12:6-12 (1987).
5. EP 0,368,370 (May 16, 1990), H.G. Sowman (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.).
HI&I
1. EP 350,449 (Jan. 10, 1990), M. Joellenback and C. Eckhardt (to Ciba Geigy AG.).
2. EP 342,997 (Nov. 23, 1989), GK Rennie, P. Bernardi (to Unilever N.V.).
3. US Pat. 4,842,761 (June 27, 1989), H.J. Rutherford (to International Flavors and Fragrances Inc.).
4. US Pat. 4,764,289 (Aug. 16, 1988), T. Trinh (to Procter and Gamble Co.).
5. EP 265,257 (April 27, 1988), AH. Clements, G.A. Catton, A.PAE Rocourt (to Unilever N.V.).
Lithography and Photography
1. US Pat. 4,877,698 (Oct. 31, 1989), PK Watson, I.D. Morrison and M.D. Crouch (to Xerox Corp.).
2. JP Pat. 01,193,845 (Aug. 3, 1989), K. Kumashiro and H. Shimazaki (to Konica Co.).
3. US Pat. 4,849,286 (July 18, 1989), M.H. Milne (to James River Graphics, Inc.).
4. EP 326,715 (Aug. 9,1989), M.S. Dhillon, S. Hsieh and DA Seeley (to Hoechst Celanese Corp.).
5. US Pat. 4,914,451 (Sept. 27, 1989), P.C. Morris and M.S. Hickman (to Hewlett-Packard Co.).
Metallurgy
1. US Pat. 4,826,545
2. US Pat. 4,738,731
3. US Pat. 4,528,044
4. US Pat. 4,595,425

(May 2, 1989), R W. Foreman and AG. Meszaros (to Foreman).

(April 19, 1988), RW. Foreman, RW. and AG. Meszaros (to Parke Davis & Co.).
(July 9, 1985), J.E Warchol (to E.E Houghton & Co.).
(June 17, 1986), RH. Harding (to Union Carbide Corp.).

Oil I Gas
1. US Pat. 4,825,950 (May 2, 1989), B. Kalpakci and TG. Arf (to Standard Oil Co.).
2. US Pat. 4,792,412 (Dec. 20,1988), I.J. Heilweil (to Mobil Oil Corp.).
3. US Pat. 4,498,994 (Feb. 12, 1985), I.J. Heilweil (to Mobil Oil Corp.).
Paper
1. US Pat 4,600,462 (Apr. 30, 1985), W.R Watt (to James River Dixie Northern, Inc.).
2. US Pat. 4,673,704 (Feb. 5, 1986), P. Flesher and D. Farrer (to Allied Colloids Ltd.).
3. JP Pat. 01,139,812 (Jun. 1, 1989), T Kanda and T Matsuda (to Toray Industries Inc.).
4. JP Pat. 63,006,169 (Jan. 12, 1988), T Tanaka and M. Okita (to Toho Rayon Co., Ltd.).
13

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