Anatomy MCQ Abdomen and Thorax

MCQs in
Anatomy
An aid to revision and self

assessment
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis and Perineum
First Edition
MCQs in
Anatomy
An aid to revision and self assessment

Volume 2
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis and Perineum
First Edition
Professor Deepthi Nanayakkara
Senior Professor in Anatomy
Department of Basic Sciences
Faculty of Dental Sciences
University of Peradeniya
Sri Lanka
Professor Malkanthi Chandrasekera

Senior Professor of Anatomy
Department of Anatomy
Faculty of Medicine
University of Peradeniya
Sri Lanka
Dr Deepthika Chandrasekera
Registrar in Surgery
MCQs in Anatomy
An aid to revision and self assessment
Volume 2
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis and Perineum
Deepthi Nanayakkara and Malkanthi Chandrasekera
All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior
permission in writing of the copyright owner.
First published in 2013

ISBN 978-
Medical knowledge is constantly changing. The authors have,

as far as it is possible, taken care to ensure that the
information given in this publication is accurate and up to
date.
Dedicated
to
our parents and teachers
Preface
_____________________________________________________________________
Students preparing for examinations are burdened with

many difficulties. A significant difficulty encountered by all
students is the non availability of practice questions
especially MCQs. Students are always curious to know as
to how and from where they are supposed to prepare for
MCQs. This inspired us to write a book on MCQs with
explanatory answers.
The MCQs contained in this text have been prepared by the
authors under careful scrutiny. Eventhough the commonly
used MCQ type in many parts of the world is the single
best response type this book contains true/false type
MCQs as they are the frequently used type in most
examinations in Anatomy in Sri Lanka. To fulfill the
demands of the readers explanatory answers have been
given. These explanatory answers will help the students to
understand the section dealt in the MCQ. This text is
primarily aimed at fulfilling the requirements of
medical/dental undergraduates as well as postgraduates. It
is our sincere hope, that this text will provide students an
opportunity to assess themselves the depth of their
knowledge.
This book, MCQs in Anatomy An aid to revision and self
assessment has been intentionally split in several parts for
the convenience of handling. Different parts of the series
will be covering different regions of the body. Within each
part the questions have been grouped into topics.
Even though every effort has been taken, to ensure

accuracy and clarity, and to avoid ambiguity in phrasing
the questions, it is quite possible that there are errors that
have been unnoticed. The authors would be grateful to the
readers for their suggestions for improvement of the text
from all angles.
We wish to thank Mr Dhammika Ihalagedera, Department
of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of
Peradeniya for his help in numerous ways, Miss Himali
Disanayake for typing part of the text, and the students
who prompted us to undertake the task of writing this
book.
Deepthi Nanayakkara
Malkanthi Chandrasekera
Deepthika Chandrasekera
Contents
_____________________________________________________________________
Preface
Chapter I : Thorax
Questions
Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm
The Thoracic Cavity
Superior Mediastinum
Anterior Mediastinum
Middle Mediastinum
Posterior Mediastinum
Lungs and Pleurae
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 2 : Abdomen
Questions
Anterior Abdominal Wall
Vessels and Nerves of the Gut
Abdominal cavity and the peritoneum
Development of the Gut
Gastrointestinal Tract
Liver and Biliary System, Pancreas and Spleen
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Kidneys, Ureters and Suprarenal glands
Chapter 3 : Pelvis and Perineum

Questions
Pelvic Cavity and joints
Rectum and anal canal
Urinary bladder, urethra and ureters in the pelvis
Male Reproductive Organs
Female Reproductive Organs
Pelvic vessels and nerves
Perineum
________________________________________________________
Thorax
Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm
1. Intercostal nerves
A. are the ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves
B. lie deep to the internal intercostal muscles
C. supply the parietal pleura
D. lie above the intercostal vessels in the costal groove
E. cross in front of the internal thoracic artery near the
sternum
2.
Regarding intercostal nerves

A. The anterior primary ramus of the twelfth thoracic
nerve is the subcostal nerve
B. The 7th intercostal nerve is a typical spinal nerve
C. They lie in the subcostal groove
D.
The 4 th intercostal nerve supplies only the
thoracic wall
E. The 2nd has a supply to the skin of the axilla
3. Regarding intercostal arteries

A. All posterior intercostal arteries arise from the
descending aorta
B. They lie superior to the vein and nerve in the costal
groove
C. All anterior intercostal arteries arise from the
internal thoracic artery
D. Posterior intercostal arteries supply the spinal cord
E. The right third posterior intercostal artery gives off
the right bronchial artery
4. External intercostal muscle

A. is innervated by the posterior ramus of the thoracic
spinal nerve
B. is derived from the paraxial mesoderm

C. extends as far forwards as the costochondral
junction
D. has an attachment to the neck of the respective rib
E. has fibres directed downwards and backwards
5. Internal thoracic artery
A. arises from the first part of the subclavian artery
B. supplies the upper six intercostal spaces
C. supplies the thymus
D. gives off the superior epigastric artery
E. terminates in the 5th intercostal space
6. Regarding intercostal spaces
A. External intercostal muscle has fibres directed
downwards and forwards
B. Neurovascular bundle runs between the internal and
innermost intercostal muscle layers
C. Each intercostal space is supplied by two anterior
intercostal arteries
D. Posterior intercostal arteries supplying the first two
spaces arise from the descending aorta
E. All anterior intercostal veins drain into the internal
thoracic vein
7. The first rib
A. Its head articulates with the body of first thoracic
vertebra
B. Its neck is related to the sympathetic trunk
C. The inner border gives attachment to the
suprapleural membrane
D. Has a groove for the subclavian vein on its inferior
surface
E. Articulates with the manubriosternal angle
8. Branches of the internal thoracic artery are

A. pericardiacophrenic artery
B. posterior intercostal artery
C. superior epigastric artery
D. musculophrenic artery
E. superior intercostal artery
9. Primary cartilaginous joints are
A. manubriosternal joint
B. sternoclavicular joint
C. costochondral joint
D. first sternocostal joint
E. costotransverse joint
10.
Regarding thoracic vertebrae
A. The first thoracic vertebra has a complete facet for
the 1st rib
B. They have thick bifid spines
C. Transverse process articulates with the neck of the
corresponding rib
D. The articulation between two vertebral bodies is
synovial
E. An inferior costal facet is absent on T9 vertebra
11.
Regarding the inlet of the thorax
A. The lateral boundary is formed by the inner surface
of the first rib and its costal cartilage
B. Manubrium sterni forms the anterior boundary
C. Posterior boundary is formed by the lower border of
T4 vertebra
D. Brachiocephalic artery passes through it
E. Vertebral artery passes through it
12.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The aortic opening in the diaphragm

lies anterior to the body of tenth thoracic vertebra
lies between the crura of the diaphragm
transmits the sympathetic trunk
transmits the vagus nerve
transmits the azygos vein
13.
The thoracic sympathetic trunk
A. is present in the posterior mediastinum
B. has ganglia most of which lie anterior to the heads
of ribs
C. passes into the abdomen behind the lateral arcuate
ligament
D. sends postganglionic fibres to the cardiac plexus
E. sends preganglionic fibres to the greater splanchnic
nerve
14.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The diaphragm is developed from the

ventral mesentery of oesophagus
dorsal mesentery of oesophagus
pleuroperitoneal membrane
pleuropericardial membrane
septum transversum
15.
Derivatives of the septum
include
A. lesser omentum
B. Kupffer cells
C. ligamentum teres
D. falciform ligament
E. central tendon of the diaphragm
transversum
16.
The oesophageal opening in the diaphragm
A. is at the tenth thoracic vertebral level
B. is surrounded by a sling of fibres from right crus
C. lies in the central tendon of the diaphragm
D. transmits branches of the right gastric artery
E. transmits the right phrenic nerve
17.
Regarding the diaphragm
A. The level of the diaphragm is higher in the supine
position than in the standing position
B. The right dome reaches the upper border of the 5 th
rib
C. The central tendon lies at the level of the
xiphisternal joint
D. The hemiazygos vein passes through the right crus
E. The sympathetic trunk passes behind the medial
arcuate ligament
18.
Regarding the arcuate ligaments of the
diaphragm
A. The medial arcuate ligament is a thickening of
lumbar fascia
B. The medial arcuate ligament has an attachment to
the body of first lumbar vertebra
C. The lateral arcuate ligament is the thickening of the
fascia of quadratus lumborum muscle
D. The lateral arcuate ligament extends from
transverse process of L1 vertebra to the 12th rib
E. Crura develops from the dorsal mesentery of the
oesophagus
The Thoracic Cavity

19.
The superior vena cava
A. is formed by the right anterior cardinal and right
common cardinal veins
B. is formed behind the manubrium sterni
C. opens into the right atrium behind the 3 rd costal
cartilage
D. receives the hemi azygos vein
E. lies in the superior mediastinum
20.
Regarding the superior mediastinum
A. Its anterior boundary is formed by the body of the
sternum
B. The arch of the aorta lies within it
C. The prevertebral fascial layer is present within it
D. It is separated from the inferior mediastinum by a
plane passing through the third costal cartilage
E. It contains the thymus
21.
The thoracic duct
A. commences at twelfth thoracic vertebral level
B. passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm
C. lies along the left margin of the oesophagus in the
superior mediastinum
D. crosses from right to left side at the fourth thoracic
vertebral level
E. drains lymph from the right upper limb
22.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Regarding the arch of the aorta

It commences at the level of the sternal angle
It is developed from the third left aortic arch
Left vagus nerve lies anterior to it
It forms the cervical constriction of the oesophagus
A cardinal sign in the coarctation of aorta is
diminished femoral pulse
23.
The ascending aorta

is an elastic artery
is developed from the fourth left aortic arch
lies posterior to the root of the pulmonary trunk
is covered by the fibrous pericardium at
commencement
is stenosed in tetralogy of Fallot
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
its
24.
The trachea
A. commences at the inferior border of the cricoid
cartilage
B. contains incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage
C. is lined by a simple columnar epithelium
D. bifurcates at the level of sternal angle
E. lies in the posterior mediastinum
25.
Structures present in a cross section of the
thorax at the upper border of the fourth thoracic
vertebra include
A. arch of aorta
B. superior vena cava
C. left atrium
D. left vagus nerve
E. right atrium
26.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The trachea
is about 10 cm in length
lies in the midline through out its course
is supplied by the inferior thyroid arteries
has an epithelium derived from the endoderm of the
foregut
E. is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerves
27.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
28.
The pulmonary trunk

lies within the pericardial sac
divides at the fourth thoracic vertebral level
lies posterior to the transverse sinus
is stenosed in Fallots tetralogy
is developed from the truncus arteriosus
The left principal (main) bronchus
A. is wider than the right principal bronchus

B. is longer than the right principal bronchus
C. is
developed
from
the
tracheo-bronchial
diverticulum
D. divides into two lobar bronchi

E. has the root of the pulmonary trunk anterior to it
29.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
At the sternal angle

the first rib articulates with sternum
the aortic arch ends
the trachea bifurcates
the azygos vein enters the superior vena cava
the inferior boundary of the superior medisatinum is
demarcated
30.
Regarding the development of the venous
system
A. Azygos vein is developed from the right
supracardinal vein
B. Left brachiocephalic vein is developed from the left
supracardinal vein
C. The inferior vena cava has a part developed from
the right subcardinal vein
D. Right renal vein is developed from the subcardinal
anastomosis
E. Common iliac vein is developed from the
sacrocardinal anastomosis
31.
Veins
draining
into
brachiocephalic vein include
A. vertebral
B. inferior thyroid
C. middle thyroid
D. external jugular
E. internal thoracic
the
right
32.
Structures found in
posterior mediastina are
A. oesophagus
B. trachea
C. thoracic aorta
D. phrenic nerves
E. vagi
both
superior
and
Anterior mediastinum
33.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
34.
The thymus
lies in the anterior mediastinum
is developed from the 3rd branchial pouch
has lymphoid follicles
involutes after puberty
is supplied by the inferior thyroid artery
The thymus
the only structure lying in the anterior
mediastinum
has a blood supply from the internal thoracic artery
regresses soon after birth
contains Hassalls corpuscles
lies in front of the left brachiocephalic vein
A. is
B.
C.
D.
E.
Middle mediastinum
35.
In
the
foetal
circulation
mixing
of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood occurs in
the
A. left atrium
B. left ventricle
C. right atrium
D. right ventricle
E. liver
36.
Embryonic structures that contribute to the
inter-atrial septum include
A. septum primum
B. septum spurium
C. septum secondum
D. left valve of sinus venosus
E. right valve of sinus venosus
37.
Ligaments that have foetal vessels of origin
include
A. median umbilical ligament
B. ligamentum teres
C. ligamentum venosum
D. medial umbilical ligaments
E. gastrosplenic ligament
38.
The right atrium
A. forms the right border of the heart

B. has a smooth part derived from the right horn of
sinus venosus
C. has the sinuatrial node in its wall
D. has the crista terminalis separating the smooth and
rough parts
E. receives the coronary sinus
39.
The ductus arteriosus
A. represents the distal portion of the left sixth aortic
arch
B. is functionally closed shortly after birth
C. connects the pulmonary vein to the aortic arch
D. is present as the ligamentum arteriosum at birth
E. shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
before birth
40.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The right coronary artery

arises from the anterior aortic sinus
supplies blood to the sinu-atrial node
is accompanied by the great cardiac vein
causes an infarction at the apex of the heart if
occluded
E. gives off the circumflex branch
41.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
42.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The left atrium

forms the major part of the left border of the heart
lies behind the right atrium
has the oblique sinus posterior to it
lies anterior to the oesophagus
receives the four pulmonary veins
Regarding the development of the heart
The secondary septum completely divides the
atrium
The septum spurium contributes to the formation of
the interatrial septum
The pulmonary arteries develop from the right horn
of sinus
venosus
The right valve of sinus venosus gives rise to the
valve of the inferior vena cava
The smooth part of the right atrium is developed
from the left horn of sinus venosus
43.
The descending thoracic aorta
A. begins at the level of the lower border of the fourth
thoracic vertebra
B. lies in the posterior mediastinum
C. gives off the pericardiacophrenic artery
D. passes through the diaphragm at the tenth thoracic
vertebral level
E. gives off branches to supply the middle third of the
oesophagus
44.
The azygos vein
A. is formed by the union of right subcostal and right
ascending lumbar veins
B. passes through the oesophageal opening
C. arches over the root of the right lung
D. receives the superior intercostal vein
E. drains directly into the right atrium
45.
Branches arising from the
thoracic aorta are
A. third right posterior intercostal artery
B. musculophrenic artery
C. superior phrenic artery
D. superior intercostal artery
E. bronchial arteries
descending
46.
Regarding the thoracic part of the
oesophagus
A. It lies posterior to the left bronchus
B. It lies anterior to the thoracic duct
C. Its wall is composed of smooth muscle along its
entire length
D. Venous blood from the thoracic part drains into
azygos vein
E. The right pulmonary artery is anterior to it
47.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
48.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The oesophagus
is lined by the stratified squamous non keratininsed
epithelium
is constricted by the right bronchus
lies posterior to the pericardium and the left atrium
passes through both superior and posterior
mediastina
has an arterial supply from the left gastric artery
The right phrenic nerve
lies in the superior mediastinum
has the superior vena cava on its medial side
is posterior to the thoracic duct
passes through the caval opening in the diaphragm
supplies the fibrous pericardium
Lungs and Pleurae

49.
The right lung
A. has its inferior lobe below and behind the oblique
fissure
B. has four structures in the hilum
C. has five bronchopulmonary segments in its lower
lobe
D. has the arch of the aorta related to its mediastinal
surface
E. is supplied by two bronchial arteries
50.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The parietal pleura

extends superiorly up to the neck of the first rib
is attached to the mediastinal surface of the fibous
pericardium
is developed from the splanchnic mesoderm
forms the pulmonary ligament
forms the costo diaphragmatic recess
51.
Regarding the bronchopulmonary segments
A. There are eight bronchopulmonary segments in each
lung
B. Each segment is pyramidal in shape with the base
towards the hilum
C. Each segment is supplied by a lobar bronchus
D. It is the smallest part of the lung that could be
removed surgically
E. They are supplied by end arteries
52.
Regarding the pleura
A. The cervical pleura extends above the clavicle
B. The parietal layer is separated from the thoracic wall
by the endothoracic fascia
C. The parietal and visceral pleurae are continuous
around the root of the lung
D. The visceral pleura extends into the depths of the
interlobar fissures of the lung
E. The visceral pleura is sensitive to pain
Thorax : Answers and Explanations

Thoracic wall and diaphragm
1.
A. True The intercostal nerves are the ventral rami of T1
T11 spinal
nerves
B. True In the intercostal space the nerve lies in the
subcostal groove
between the internal intercostal muscle and
innermost
intercostal muscles
C. True The collateral branch arising near the angle of
the rib supplies
the muscles of that space. It also supplies the
parietal pleura
and the parietal peritoneum in the case of the
lower nerves
D. False In the costal groove the nerve lies below the
intercostal
vessels. The order from above downwards is
vein, artery and
nerve
E. True
2.
A. True
B. False The 3rd to 6th intercostal nerves supply only the
thoracic wall
and are called typical nerves. The 7 th to 11th
nerves supply the
abdominal wall in addition to the intercostal
spaces
C. True
D. True It is a typical intercostal nerve
E. True
The
lateral cutaneous branch of the 2 nd
intercostal nerve
crosses the axilla to the medial side of the arm

as the
intercostobrachial nerve and supplies the skin of
the
axilla . Not infrequently the lateral cutaneous
nerve of
the 3rd intercostal nerve also supplies the skin
of the axilla
3.
A. False The 3rd -11th arteries arise from the descending
aorta. The 1st
and 2 nd arise from the superior intercostal artery
which is a
branch of the costocervical trunk
B. False In the costal groove the artery is accompanied
by the vein and
nerve. The relationship from above downwards
being veinartery-nerve
C. False - The upper six arise from the internal thoracic
artery and the
7th to 9th arise from the musculophrenic artery
D. True The dorsal branch which supplies the muscles
and skin at the
back gives off a spinal branch which supplies the
spinal cord
and vertebrae.
E. True
4.
A. False The intercostal muscles are innervated by the
corresponding
intercostal nerve.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of

first 11
thoracic spinal nerves. The anterior ramus of
the twelfth
thoracic nerve lies in the abdomen and runs
forward in the
abdominal wall as the subcostal nerve
True Although the ribs develop from sclerotome the
intercostal
muscles develop from the somatic mesoderm
(body wall
muscles)
True The muscle extends as far forwards as the
costochondral
junction and continues as
the anterior
intercostal membrane
False It is attached to the tubercle of the rib
False The fibres of the external intercostal muscle are
directed
downwards and forwards. The fibres of the
internal
intercostal muscle are directed downwards and
backwards
5.
A. True It is the second branch that arises from the
inferior aspect of
the first part of the subclavian artery
B. True - It gives off two anterior intercostals to each of
the upper six
intercostal spaces
C. True - It supplies the thymus via mediastinal branches
D. True The artery terminates in the 6 th intercostal space

by dividing
into superior epigastric and musculophrenic
artery
E. False
6.
A. True - The fibres of the external intercostal muscle are
B.
C.
D.
E.
directed
downwards and forwards. The fibres of the
internal intercostal
muscle are directed downwards and backwards
False
The
intercostal
nerves
and
vessels
(neurovascular bundle) run
between the intermediate and innermost layers
of muscles
True - Each intercostal space contains a large single
posterior
intercostal artery (branches of the descending
thoracic aorta)
and two small anterior intercostal arteries
(branches of the
internal thoracic artery)
False They arise from the superior intercostal artery.
Others arise
from the descending aorta
False - The upper six drain into the internal thoracic
vein and the 7th 9th spaces drain into the musculophrenic vein
7.
A. True
B. True Anteriorly the neck is related from medial to
lateral to the
sympathetic chain, the first posterior intercostal
vein, the
superior intercostal artery and the first thoracic
nerve
C. True
D. False The groove for the subclavian vein is on its

superior surface
anterior to the scalene tubercle. The groove
behind the
tubercle lodges the subclavian artery
E. False It articulates with the manubrium sterni. The 2 nd
rib
articulates at the manubriosternal angle
8.
A. True Branches of the internal thoracic artery include :
two anterior intercostal arteries to each space,
pericardiacophrenic artery, mediastinal branches,
perforating branches, superior epigastric artery,
musculophrenic artery
B. False Posterior intercostal arteries are 11 in number.
1-2 arise from the superior intercostal artery and
3-11 arise from the descending aorta.
C. True
D. True
E. False - The superior intercostal artery is a branch of the
costocervical trunk which comes off from the
second part of the subclavian artery. The first and
second posterior intercostal arteries arise from it
9.
A. False The manubriosternal joint is a symphyseal joint.
The joint
between the body of the sternum and the
xiphoid process
(xiphisternal joint) is another symphysis.
B. False It is a synovial joint
C. True The anterior end of each rib makes a a primary
cartilaginous
joint with its costal cartilage (costochondral joint)
D. True The first costal cartilage articulates with the
sternum at a
primary cartilaginous joint. The other six costal
cartilages (2nd
to 7th ) articulate with the sternum at synovial

joints
E. False It is a synovial joint
10.
A. True Except the first, tenth, eleventh and twelfth
vertebrae all
others have demi facets to articulate with the
respective ribs
B. False This is not a feature of thoracic vertebrae. Bifid
spines are
found in some of the cervical vertebrae (2nd to
6th)
C. True
D. False The articulation between two vertebral bodies
(the
intervertebral disc), is a symphyseal or
secondary
cartilaginous
E. True The tenth, eleventh and twelfth vertebrae have
only single
facets on each side of their bodies for articulation
with the
numerically corresponding ribs. The tenth rib has
only a single
facet on the head for articulation with the body of
the tenth
thoracic vertebra. It has no articulation with the
vertebra
above. Hence T9 vertebra has no inferior costal

facet.
11.
A. True
B. True
C. False The posterior boundary is formed by the
superior surface of
the body of the first thoracic vertebra
D. True
E. False The vertebral artery (right and left) arise from
the first
part of the subclavian artery. The vertebral
artery enters the
foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical
vertebra. It does
not pass through the inlet of the thorax
12.
A. False The aortic opening lies anterior to the body of
the twelfth
thoracic vertebra
B. True - It lies between the left and right crura which
form the
median arcuate ligamnet
C. True The sympathetic trunk passes behind the medial
arcuate
ligament
D. False - It transmits the aorta with azygos vein to the
right and the
thoracic duct between them
E. True
13.
A. False The thoracic sympathetic trunk lies posterior to
the
costovertebral pleura. Hence it is not a content
of the
posterior mediastinum
B. True It has about 12 ganglia, most of which lie

anterior to the
heads of ribs. The stellate ganglion (the fused
first thoracic
ganglion and the inferior cervical ganglion) lies
anterior to the
neck of the first rib while the lowest three
ganglia lie lateral
to the corresponding vertebral bodies
C. False It passes into the abdomen behind the medial
arcuate
ligament which is the thickening of the psoas
fascia. The
subcostal nerve and vessels pass behind the
lateral arcuate
ligament which is the thickening of the
quadratus lumborum
fascia
D. True Postganglionic sympathetic fibres pass to the
cardiac and
pulmonary plexuses, trachea, oesophagus,
thoracic aorta and
its branches, and to each thoracic spinal nerves
E. True Preganglionic sympathetic fibres are present in
the greater
spanchnic nerve which receives branches from
the fifth to
ninth thoracic sympathetic ganglia
14.
A. False The diaphragm is developed from four
embryonic structures
namely, the septum transversum, left and right
pleuroperitoneal membranes, dorsal mesentery
of the
oesophagus and left and right lateral body wall
muscles
originating from the lower six intercostal region
B.
C.
D.
E.
True
True
False
True
15.
A. True Derivatives of the septum transversum include
the central
tendon of the diaphragm, falciform ligament,
lesser omentum,
coronary ligaments of the liver, connective tissue
and Kupffer
cells of the liver and connective tissue of the gall
bladder
B. True
C. False
D. True
E. True
16.
A. True
B. True lies within a sling of muscle fibres originating
from the right
crus
C. False It lies in the muscular part of the diaphragm. The
inferior vena
cava passes through the central tendon
D. False It transmits the oesophageal branches of the left
gastric
artery
E. False It transmits the oesophagus, right and left vagus
nerves,
oesophageal branches of left gastric artery and
lymphatics
from the lower part of the oesophagus
17.
A. True
B. True The right dome reaches as high as the upper
border of the
fifth rib whereas the left reaches the lower border
of the fifth
rib
C. True
D. False The hemiazygos vein passes through the left
crus
E. True The sympathetic trunk passes behind the medial
arcuate
ligament which is the thickening of the psoas
fascia. The
subcostal nerve and vessels pass through the
lateral arcuate
ligament which is the thickening of the fascia of
the quadratus
lumborum muscle
18.
A. False The medial arcuate ligament is the thickened
upper margin of
the fascia covering the anterior surface of the
psoas muscle
The lateral arcuate ligament is the thickened
upper margin of
the fascia covering the anterior surface of the
quadratus
lumborum muscle
B. False The medial arcuate ligament extends from the
body of the
second lumbar vertebra to the transverse
process of first
lumbar vertebra
C. True
D. True
E. True
The Thoracic Cavity
19.
A. True
B. False It is formed behind the right first costal cartilage
by the union
of right and left brachiocephalic veins
C. True
D. False - Its tributaries are azygos vein, mediastinal and
pericardial
veins
E. True Its upper part lies in the superior mediastinum.
The lower part
lies in the anterior mediastinum
20.
A. False The anterior boundary is formed by the
manubrium as the
lower boundary of the superior mediastinum is
at T4 level
(manubriosternal joint)
B. True The commencement and the termination of the
arch of the
aorta is at the T4 level (manubriosternal
junction). Therefore
the arch of the aorta is above this level lying in
the superior
mediastinum
C. True - The prevertebral fascial layer passes in front of

the vertebral
bodies into the superior mediastinum and is
attached to the
body of the fourth thoracic vertebra
D. False It is separated from the inferior mediastinum by
an imaginary
plane passing through the sternal angle
anteriorly and the
lower border of the body of the fourth thoracic
vertebra
posteriorly
E. True Contents of the superior mediastinum include the
thymus,
large veins, large arteries, trachea, oesophagus,
thoracic duct
and sympathetic trunks
21.
A. True The thoracic duct commences as a continuation
of cisterna
chili at the lower border of the twelfth thoracic
vertebra
B. True It passes through the aortic opening of the
diaphragm
between the right crus of diaphragm and
abdominal aorta
C. True In the posterior mediastinum the thoracic duct
passes
upwards in front of T12 to T5 vertebrae and lies
between the
azygos vein and descending aorta. It crosses
from right to left
side behind the oesophagus at T5 vertebral level.
Next it
passes in the superior mediastinum along the left
margin of
the oesophagus to the neck
D. False It crosses from right to left side at the fifth

thoracic vertebral
level
E. False It drains right and left lower limbs, viscera and
walls of the
abdomen and pelvis, left half of the thorax, left
half of the
head and neck and left upper limb. The right
lymphatic duct
drains the right upper limb
22.
A. True The arch of the aorta commences at the level of
the sternal
angle (T4 level). It passes upwards and
backwards forming
an arch in the superior mediastinum. It then
passes
downwards to the left of the midline to reach the
level of the
fourth thoracic vertebra and continues as the
descending
aorta
B. False - The third left aortic arch gives rise to the left
internal carotid
artery. The arch of the aorta is developed from
the fourth left
aortic arch
C. True Both the left vagus and left phrenic nerves lie
anterior to the
arch of the aorta
D. False - There are four constrictions in the oesophagus.
The first is at
the cricopharyngeal sphincter (ie. 6 inches
(15cm) away from
incisor teeth). This is called the cervical
constriction. The
second is at the crossing of the arch of the aorta
(ie 9 inches
(22.5 cm) from the incisor teeth). The third is at

where it is
crossed by the left bronchus (ie. 11 inches (27.5
cm) from the
incisor teeth). The fourth is at where is passes
through
the diaphragm ( 16 inches (40 cm) from the
incisor teeth)
E. True The pulsation in the femoral arteries of both
lower limbs can
be absent or diminished in coarctation of aorta. A
collateral
circulation helps to compensate the diminished
blood flow
23.
A. True Arteries close to the heart are elastic arteries
B. False The ascending aorta is developed from the
truncus arteriosus.
A spiral septum forms within the truncus
arteriosus which
separates the truncus into the pulmonary trunk
and
ascending aorta.
The fourth left aortic arch gives rise to the arch
of the aorta
C. True
D. True
The
fibrous
pericardium
invests
the
commencement of great
vessels
E. False The abnormalities present in tetralogy of Fallot
are , high
ventricular septal defect, an overriding aorta,
pulmonary
stenosis and right ventricular hypertrophy
24.
A. True The trachea is the continuation of the larynx and
it
commences in the neck below the cricoid
cartilage at the level
of the sixth cervical vertebra
B. True Its wall contains 16-20 incomplete rings of
hyaline cartilage
C. False It is lined by a pseudostratified columnar ciliated
epithelium
with goblet cells which is the respiratory
epithelium
D. True It bifurcates into the two main bronchi at the
level of the
sternal angle (T4-T5 vertebral level)
E. False It lies in the superior mediastinum and
bifurcates at the level
of the lower border of the fourth thoracic
vertebra which is
the lower boundary of the superior mediastinum
25.
A. True Structures present in a cross section of the

thorax at the upper
B.
C.
D.
E.
border of T4 vertebral level include the arch of

the aorta, left
and right lungs and pleura, superior vena cava,
trachea,
oesophagus, azygos vein, left superior intercostal
vein, vagi
and right and left phrenic nerves
True
False
True
False
26.
A. True
B. False It lies in the midline over most of its length but
near the lower
end it deviates slightly to the right
C. True Branches from the inferior thyroid and bronchial
arteries form
an anastomotic network in the tracheal wall
D. True Apart from the epithelium, the other structures
(cartilage,
muscle etc) are derived from the splanchnic
mesoderm
E. True It receives a parasympathetic supply through
vagi and
recurrent laryngeal nerves, and sympathetic
fibres from the
upper ganglia of the sympathetic trunk to smooth
muscles and
blood vessels
27.
A. True The fibrous pericardium blends with the wall of
the pulmonary
trunk up to its division and thus it lies in the
pericardial sac
B. False The pulmonary trunk divides at the fifth thoracic
vertebral
level
C. False The pulmonary trunk lies anterior to the
transverse sinus
D. True The abnormalities present in the tetralogy of
Fallot are high
ventricular septal defect, an overriding aorta,
pulmonary
stenosis and right ventricular hypertrophy
E. True
The truncus arteriosus is divided into the
pulmonary artery
and ascending aorta by the formation of a spiral
septum
within it.
28.
A. False The left principal bronchus is narrower, longer
and more
horizontal than the right principal bronchus
B. True
C. True The lung develops as an outgrowth
(diverticulum) from the
ventral aspect of the foregut which gives rise to
all parts of
the bronchial tree ie. the trachea, principal
bronchi, tertiary
bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. This
diverticulum is called
the tracheo-bronchial diverticulum
D. True The left principal bronchus divides into two lobar

bronchi
E.
and the right principal bronchus into three

lobar bronchi
True The immediate relation of the left principal
bronchus is the
pulmonary trunk. The arch of the aorta lies
superior to the
left principal bronchus.
29.
A. False The sternal angle is the junction of the
manubrium and the
body of the sternum. It is located at the level
where the
second costal cartilage articulates with the
sternum. At this
level lies the bifurcation of the trachea, origin
and
termination of the aortic arch and the opening of
the azygos
vein into the superior vena cava. It marks the
end of the arch
of the aorta and the beginning of the
descending aorta. It
demarcates the inferior boundary of the superior
mediastinum
B. True
C. True
D. True
E. True
30.
A. True - The azygos system of veins develop from the left
B.
C.
D.
E.
and right
supra cardinal veins and supra cardinal
anastomosis. Left
supra cardinal vein and supra cardinal
anastomosis give rise
to the hemiazygos vein and the right
supracardinal vein gives
rise to the azygos vein
False The left brachiocephalic vein develops from the
left anterior
cardinal vein and anterior cardinal anastomosis
True The inferior vana cava develops from several
embryonic
veins. From above downwards it develops from
the right
vitelline vein (later becomes the right
hapatocardiac channel),
right subcardinal vein, right sacrocardinal vein
and
sacrocardinal anastomosis
False The right renal vein has no embryonic vein of
origin. The
subcardinal anastomosis gives rise to the left
renal vein.
True
31.
A. True Both right and left brachiocephalic veins receive

vertebral,
inferior thyroid and internal thoracic veins
(tributaries
corresponding to the branches of the first part of
the
subclavian artery). In addition the left
brachiocephalic vein
receives the superior intercostal vein

B. True
C. False The middle thyroid vein drains into the internal
jugular vein
D. False The external jugular vein drains into the
subclavian vein
E. True
32.
A. True The superior mediastinum contains the thymic
remnants,
internal thoracic arteries and veins,
brachiocephalic veins,
upper half of the superior vena cava, the aortic
arch, the
braciocephalic artery, left common carotid
artery, subclavian
arteries, the left superior intercostal vein, the
vagus, cardiac,
phrenic, and left recurrent laryngeal nerves, the
trachea,
oesophagus, the superficial part of the cardiac
plexus and
thoracic duct.
The posterior mediastinum contains the
oesophagus, thoracic
aorta, azygos, hemiazygos and accessory
azygos veins, the
vagus and splanchnic nerves, thoracic duct
and the posterior
mediastinal lymph nodes. Hence the structures
contained in
both mediastina are the oesophagus, vagi and
thoracic duct
B. False The trachea ends and bifurcates into left and
right bronchi at
the sternal angle the lower limit of the
superior
mediastinum
C. False The thoracic aorta which is the continuation of
the arch of the
aorta begins at the level of the sternal angle
and is located in
the posterior mediastinum
D. False The phrenic nerves pass through the superior
mediastinum
and the middle mediastinum only
E. True
Anterior mediastinum
33.
A. True The thymus lies in both the superior and anterior
mediastina.
B. True It develops from the ventral wing of the third
branchial pouch
C. False The thymus consists of lymphoid cells arranged
in lobes and
lobules
D. True It is large and active during infancy and childhood
and remains
active up to puberty after which it involutes
E. True The inferior thyroid artery and branches of the
internal
thoracic artery supply the thymus
34.
A. False The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus

(or its
remnants), a few lymph nodes and branches of
the internal
thoracic vessels
B. True - The inferior thyroid artery and branches of the
internal
thoracic artery supply the thymus
C. False It is largest in the early part of life up to
adolescence,
although its activity continues into old age

D. True Some of the epithelial cells become thymic
(Hassalls)
corpuscles and the others form an epithelial
network
E. False The thymus lies in front of the upper
pericardium and great
vessels
Middle mediastinum
35.
A. True Mixing of oxygenated blood from the inferior
vena cava via
the foramen ovale and deoxygenated blood from
the
pulmonary veins occur in the left atrium
B. False Left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from
the left atrium
and no deoxygenated blood enters into it
C. True Mixing of oxygenated blood from the inferior
vena cava and
deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava
occurs in
the right atrium
D. False - The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood
from the
superior vena cava (via the right atrium) and no
oxygenated
blood enters into it
E. True Oxygenated blood entering the liver via the left

umbilical vein
(from the placenta) mixes with the deoxygenated
blood from
the portal vein
36.
A. True The interatrial septum is developed from the
septum primum,
septum secundum, septum spurium and the left
valve of sinus
venosus. The right valve of sinus venosus gives
rise to the
crista terminalis and valves of the coronary sinus
and inferior
vena cava
B. True
C. True
D. True
E. False
37.
A. False The median umbilical ligament is the urachus (a

derivative of
distal urogenital sinus) which is not a foetal
vessel
B. True The ligamentum teres is the obliterated left
umbilical vein
which carries oxygenated blood from the
placenta to the
foetus during foetal life
C. True The ligamentum venosum is the obliterated
ductus venosus
which shunts oxygenated blood from the left

umbilical vein to
the right hepatocardiac channel which will be the
post hepatic
part of the inferior vena cava
D. True The left and right umbilical arteries which carry
deoxygenated
blood from the foetus to the placenta form the
medial
umbilical ligaments (distal part) and the superior
vescical
arteries (proximal part)
E. False The gastrosplenic ligament is a derivative of the
dorsal
mesentery of the stomach and hence is not a
foetal vessel
38.
A. True - The right border of the heart is formed by the
right atrium, the
B.
C.
D.
E.
left border by the left atrium and left ventricle.

The lower
border or base is formed by the left and right
ventricles. The
upper border is related to the ascending aorta,
pulmonary
trunk and superior vena cava
True - The right atrium has a smooth part and a rough
part
separated by the crista. The smooth part is
derivedfrom the
absorbed right horn of the sinus venosus and
sinus venosus.
The rough part is the right side of the primitive
common
atrium from the right horn of the sinus venosus
True Both the sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes
are located in
the wall of the right atrium
False The crista terminalis is developed from the
upper part of the
right valve of sinus venosus and separates the
smooth and
rough parts of the right atrium
True The right atrium receives the superior vena
cava, inferior vena
cava and the coronary sinus
39.
A. True It represents the distal portion of the of the left
sixth aortic
arch and connects the left pulmonary artery to
the aortic arch
closer to the commencement of the descending
aorta
B. True It is functionally closed shortly after birth;
however, its
structural closure takes place after several

months
C. False It connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic
arch
D. True At birth, with the pulmonary circulation, the
release of
Bradykinin leads to the contraction of ductus
arteriosus. It
gradually becomes a ligament
E. True It shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the
aortic arch
before birth, by passing the pulmonary
circulation
40.
A. True Arising from the anterior aortic sinus on the right
side of the
pulmonary trunk the artery passes between the
right auricle
and the pulmonary trunk and descends in the
anterior
atrioventricular groove
B. True The artery to the SA node supplies the SA node
and right and
left atrioventricular bundles
C. False It accompanies the small cardiac vein in the
anterior
interventricular groove and accompanies the
coronary sinus
in the right posterior coronary sulcus.
The great cardiac vein passes in the anterior
interventricular
groove along with the anterior interventricular
artery, a
branch of the left coronary artery
D. False The apex of the heart receives blood from the

anterior
interventricular branch of the left coronary
artery and not by
a branch of the right coronary artery
E. False The branches arising from the right coronary
artery are conus
artery, SA nodal artery, marginal artery, AV
nodal artery and
posterior interventricular branch.
The circumflex artery is a branch of the left
coronary artery
41.
A. False The left border of the heart is formed mostly
(4/5ths) by the
left ventricle, with the auricle of the left atrium
forming the
uppermost part (1/5th ).
B. True - The left atrium forms the posterior surface (base)
of the heart
and lies behind the right atrium
C. True The oblique sinus lies posterior to the left atrium
and the
transverse sinus lies anterior to the left atrium
D. True Its posterior relations are the oesophagus and
descending
thoracic aorta
E. True The four pulmonary veins, two on each side on its
posterior wall open in to the left atrium. These veins
do not have valves
42.
A. False The common atrium is separated by the
interatrial septum which in developed from four
embryonic parts. They are the septum primum,
septum secondum, septum spurium and the left
value of sinus venosus.
B. True
C. False The pulmonary arteries develop from the
proximal part of the sixth aortic arches on left
and right sides. The right horn of sinus venosus
along with the sinus venosus gets absorbed into
the right side of the common atrium giving rise
to the smooth part of the right atrium.
D. True Upper half of the right valve of sinus
venosus gives rise to the
crista terminals
and from the lower half
develops the valves
of the coronary sinus and inferior vena cava.
E. False- Smooth part of the right atrium is developed
from the sinus venosus and its right horn. The
coronary sinus develops from the left horn of
sinus venosus.
43.
A. True The descending thoracic aorta is the continuation
of the arch
B.
C.
D.
E.
of the aorta. The arch ends at the fourth thoracic

vertebral
level and the descending aorta begins at this
level
True
False The pericardiacophrenic artery arises from the
internal
thoracic artery
False It passes through the diaphragm at T12
vertebral level
True The upper part of the oesophagus (the cervical
part) is
supplied by branches of the inferior thyroid
arteries. The
middle part (the thoracic part) is supplied by
oesophageal
branches of the descending thoracic aorta and
bronchial
arteries. The lower part is supplied by the
oesophageal
branches of the left gastric artery
44.
A. True
B. False It enters the thorax by passing through the
aortic opening of
the diaphragm
C. True - It ascends upto the 4 th thoracic vertebral level
and arches
forwards over the root of the right lung and ends
by opening
into the superior vena cava
D. True Its tributaries are superior intercostal vein
formed by 2nd, 3rd,
4th posterior intercostal veins, 5th 11th posterior
intercostal
veins, hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos,
oesophageal,
pericardial and mediastinal veins, and the right

bronchial vein.
E. False The azygos vein drains into the superior vena
cava. The right
atrium receives the superior vena cava, inferior
vena cava and
the coronary sinus.
45.
A. True The descending aorta gives off nine pairs of
posterior
intercostal arteries (for 3 rd -11th spaces), a pair of
subcostal
arteries, bronchial arteries, oesophageal vessels,
pericardial
branches and superior phrenic arteries
B. False The musculophrenic artery is a terminal branch
of the internal
thoracic artery
C. True
D. False The superior intercostal artery is a descending
branch of the
costocervical trunk which comes off from the
second part of
the subclavian artery
E. True
46.
A. True The anterior relations of the thoracic part of the
oesophagus
from above downwards are: the trachea and the
left
recurrent laryngeal nerve; the left principal
bronchus and the
right pulmonary artery; and the pericardium

which separates
it from the left atrium
B. True The thoracic part of the oesophagus lies anterior
to the bodies
of the thoracic vertebrae, thoracic duct, azygos
vein, right
posterior intercostal arteries and at the lower
end the
descending thoracic aorta
C. False The muscularis externa of the oesophagus in the
upper third
is composed of skeletal muscle; the middle third
is composed
of both skeletal and smooth muscle; and the
lower third is
composed of smooth muscle
D. True The veins from the upper third drain into the
inferior thyroid
veins, from the middle third into the azygos
veins and from
the lower third into the left gastric vein, a
tributary of the
portal vein
E. True Just below the bifurcation of the trachea in the
posterior
mediastinum the oesophagus is crossed
anteriorly by the left
main bronchus and the right pulmonary artery
47.
A. True
B. False The oesophagus has three anatomic
constrictions. The first is
pharyngo-oesophageal junction, the second is
where aortic
arch and left bronchus cross its anterior surface,
and third
occurs where the oesophagus passes through

the diaphragm
C. True It lies posterior to the trachea and the left
recurrent laryngeal
nerve; the left principal bronchus and the right
pulmonary
artery; and the pericardium which separates it
from the left
atrium
D. True
E. True The upper third of the oesophagus is supplied by
the inferior
thyroid artery, the middle third by branches from
the
descending thoracic aorta, and the lower third
by branches
from the left gastric artery
48.
A. True Nerves lying in the superior mediastinum are :
phrenic, vagus
and cardiac nerves, and left recurrent laryngeal
nerve
B. True The right brachiocephalic vein, superior vena
cava, the
pericardium over the right atrium and the
inferior cava lie on
its medial side
C. False The right phrenic is not related to the thoracic
duct
D. True Its terminal branches pass through the caval
opening in the
central tendon to supply the undersurface of the
diaphragm
E. True The phrenic nerve supplies the mediastinal
pleura, fibrous
pericardium, parietal layer of the serous
pericardium
Lungs and Pleurae

49.
A. True The right lung has three lobes. The inferior lobe
is below and
behind the oblique fissure. The part of right lung
in front and
above the oblique fissure is subdivided in to the
superior lobe
and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure. The
left lung has
two lobes, superior and inferior, sparated by the
oblique
fissure
B. False The right lung has five structure in the hilum,
namely the two
pulmonary veins, one pulmonary artery, upper
lobar
bronchus and right principal bronchus. The left
has four
structures in the hilum, namely the two
pulmonary veins, one
pulmonary artery and the left principal bronchus
C. True It has three, two and five bronchopulmonary
segements in
the upper, middle and lower lobes respectively
D. False The arch of the aorta is related to the
mediastinal surface of
the left lung. The azygos vein is related to the
mediastinal
surface of the right lung
E. False It is supplied by a single bronchial artery
50.
A. True The parietal pleura is attached to the inferior
surface of the
suprapeural membrane and extends up to the
neck of the first
rib
B. True
C. False The parietal pleura is developed from the
somatic mesoderm
and the visceral pleura from the visceral
(splanchnic)
mesoderm
D. True From the mediastinal layer of the parietal a cuff
of membrane
surrounds the hilum of the lung (the root of lung)
which forms
the pulmonary ligament inferiorly and continues
with the
visceral pleura.
E. True The parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the
thoracic wall
(rib cage, vertebrae and diaphragm). The recess
formed by the
parietal pleura inferiorly between the ribs and
the diaphragm
is the costo diaphragmatic recess.

51.
A. False There are ten bronchpulmonary segments in
each lung and
each of the ten bronchopulmonary segments
have ten
segmental bronchi
B. False Each bronchopulmonary segment is pyramidal in
shape with
the base towards the lung surface and apex
towards the
hilum
C. False Each segment is supplied by a segmental
brochuus. Lobar
bronchi supply the lobes of the lung (two lobar
bronchi in the
left lung and three lobar bronchi in the right
lung)
D. True It is the smallest part of the lung that could be
surgically
removed with minimal bleeding and damage
E. True This is important because if this artery gets
blocked that part
will become an infarct
52.
A. True The cervical pleura extends up into the neck
above the clavicle
up to the level of the neck of the first rib, lining
the
undersurface of suprapleural membrane. It
reaches a level 11.5 inches (2.5 4 cm) above the medial third of
the clavicle
B. True The parietal layer of pleura lines the thoracic

wall. Loose
areolar tissue separates it from the endothoracic
fascia which
is an extrapleural sheet of fascia that lines the
thoracic wall
C. True The two layers are continuous with one another
by means of
a cuff of pleura that surrounds the structures
entering and
leaving the lung at the hilum of each lung. This
pleura extends
for a distance below the hilum froming a double
layered fold
called the pulmonary ligament
D. True
E. False It is sensitive to stretch, but is insensitive to
common
sensations such as pain and touch. The parietal
pleura is
sensitive to pain, temperature and pressure
________________________________________________________
Abdomen
Anterior Abdominal Wall
53.
The transpyloric plane
A. Transects the body through L1 vertebra
B. Is midway between the xiphisternum and the pubic
symphysis
C. Crosses through the neck of the pancreas
D. Marks the level of termination of the spinal cord
E. Cuts through the neck of the gall bladder
54.
Regarding the anterior abdominal wall
A. Skin around the umbilicus is supplied by the 10 th
thoracic spinal nerve
B. The transpyloric plane marks the level of the hila of
the kidneys
C. The intertubercular plane lies at the level of the
pubic tubercles
D. The subcostal plane is at the L3 vertebral level
E. Nerves of the anterior abdominal wall lie between
the internal oblique and external oblique muscles
55.
At the transpyloric plane
A. the common iliac artery commences
B. the superior mesenteric artery arises from the aorta
C. the splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein to
form the portal vein
D. the neck of the pancreas is located
E. the inferior vena cava commenses
56.
The inguinal canal
A. commences at the superficial inguinal ring

B. has an anterior wall formed by the external oblique
aponeurosis assisted laterally by the
internal
oblique muscle
C. has the floor formed by the inguinal ligament
D. has the posterior wall reinforced in its medial third
by the conjoint tendon
E. transmits the round ligament in the female
57.
The superficial inguinal ring
A. is oval shaped
B. is a defect in the superficial fascia
C. lies immediately above and lateral to the pubic
tubercle
D. has crura giving attachment to external spermatic
fascia
E. transmits the ilioinguinal nerve
58.
Regarding the inguinal canal
A. It lies above the lateral part of the inguinal ligament
B. Its deep ring lies half an inch above the mid inguinal
point
C. The lacunar ligament forms the floor medially
D. It transmits the genitofemoral nerve
E. Its roof is formed by the fibres of internal oblique
and transversus abdominis muscles
59.
The inguinal canal
A. is 1.5 cm long
B. has the ilioinguinal nerve entering through the deep
ring
C. has part of its floor formed by the lacunar ligament
D. has fascia transversalis along the whole length of
the posterior wall
E. has the inferior epigastric artery medial to its deep
ring
60.
The rectus abdominis muscle
A. arises from the pubic symphysis and pubic crest
B. inserts on to the 9th rib
C. is enclosed in the aponeurosis of the internal oblique
muscle between the umbilicus and costal margin
D. has a tendinous intersection at the level of the
umbilicus
E. is supplied by the iliohypogastric nerve
61.
The external oblique muscle
A. has fibres interdigitating with fibres of latissimus
dorsi
B. has an attachment to the anterior half of the iliac
crest
C. has the superficial inguinal ring in its aponeurosis
D. contributes to the formation of the conjoint tendon
E. has its lower border forming the roof of the inguinal
canal
62.
Regarding the rectus sheath
A. The anterior layer above the level of the costal
margin is formed by the external oblique
aponeurosis
B. The posterior layer above the level of the costal
margin formed by the internal oblique aponeurosis
C. The subcostal nerve supplies it
D. The anterior layer above the pubic symphysis is
formed by the fusion of aponeuroses of external and
internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
E. The posterior layer above the pubic symphysis is
formed by the aponeurosis of the transversus
abdominis muscle
63.
The anterior abdominal wall is supplied by
the
A. eighth posterior intercostal artery
B. superior epigastric artery
C. inferior epigastric artery
D. tenth posterior intercostal artery

E. musculophrenic artery
64.
Nerves that supply the muscles of the
anterior abdominal wall include
A. sixth intercostal nerve
B. subcostal nerve
C. ilioinguinal nerve
D. iliohypogastric nerve
E. lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
65.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Components of the spermatic cord include

ilioinguinal nerve
vas deferens
genitofemoral nerve
appendix testis
testicular artery
66.
Regarding vertebral levels
A. The portal vein commences at theL1 vertebral level
B. Bifurcation of the descending aorta is at the S1 level
C. Oesophageal opening in the diaphragm is at the T12
vertebral level
D. Bifurcation of the trachea is at the T6 vertebral level
E. The lower limit of the prevertebral fascia is at the T4
vertebral level

67.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The coeliac trunk

is the artery of the foregut
arises at the 10th thoracic vertebral level
gives off the splenic artery
supplies the entire oesophagus
lies behind the peritoneum of the lesser sac
68.
The superior mesenteric artery
A. arises at the level of the transpyloric plane
B. lies behind the body of the pancreas
C. supplies the pancreas
D. lies anterior to the left renal vein

E. supplies the caecum
69.
Branches
arising
from
mesenteric artery include
A. ileocolic
B. left colic
C. right gastric
D. gastroduodenal
E. inferior pancreaticoduodenal
the
superior
70.
The inferior mesenteric artery
A. arises at the L3 vertebral level
B. crosses the pelvic brim at the bifurcation of the left
common iliac artery
C. supplies the descending colon
D. descends into the pelvis as the superior rectal artery
E. gives off the right colic artery
71.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
72.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The portal vein

is formed behind the neck of the pancreas
lies in front of the inferior vena cava
receives right and left gastric veins
ascends in the greater omentum
lies anterior to the bile duct
Porto-systemic anastomoses occur at the

upper end of oesophagus
area around the umbilicus
anal canal
hilum of the spleen
transverse colon
73.
The splenic vein
A. lies below the splenic artery
B.
C.
D.
E.
is derived from the left umbilical vein

ends behind the neck of the pancreas
receives short gastric veins
receives the right gastric vein
74.
Regarding the blood supply of the gut
A. Left gastric artery supplies the lesser curvature of
the stomach
B. Short gastric arteries supply the pyloric region of the
stomach
C. Right colic artery supplies the ascending colon
D. Right gastric artery supplies the first part of the
duodenum
E. Left colic artery supplies the proximal 1/3 of the
transverse colon
75.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Derivatives of the vitelline veins include

portal vein
inferior mesenteric vein
splenic vein
superior mesenteric vein
inferior vena cava
76.
Regarding the coeliac plexus
A. It lies around the origin of the coeliac trunk
B. The greater splanchnic nerve carries postganglionic
sympathetic fibres to the plexus
C. Both vagi contribute fibres to the plexus
D. The coeliac plexus contributes fibres to the renal
plexus
E. The
adrenal
medulla
receives
preganglionic
sympathetic fibres from the splanchnic nerves via
the plexus
77.
Regarding vertebral levels
A. Coeliac trunk arises at the tenth thoracic vertebral
level
B. Superior mesenteric artery arises at the twelfth
thoracic vertebral level
C. Inferior mesenteric artery arises at the third lumbar
vertebral level
D. The abdominal aorta divides into right and left
common iliac arteries at the fourth lumbar vertebral
level
E. The common iliac artery divides at the level of the
second sacral vertebral level
Abdominal cavity and the peritoneum

78.
Which
of
the
retroperitoneal
A. Ureter
B. Head of the pancreas
C. Ascending colon
D. Appendix
E. Spleen
following
is/are
79.
Derivatives of the dorsal mesentery (dorsal
mesogastrium) include
A. lienorenal ligament
B. spleen
C. falciform ligament
D. lesser omentum
E. greater omentum
80.
Regarding the epiploic foramen
A. Its lower boundary is the second part of the
duodenum
B. Its upper boundary is the caudate process of the

liver
C. Its posterior boundary is the superior mesenteric
vein
D. Its anterior boundary is the free margin of the lesser
omentum
E. The right subhepatic space communicates with the
lesser sac via the epiploic foramen
81.
The lesser omentum

extends between the stomach and the liver
is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach
extends into the fissure for the ligamentum teres
forms the anterior boundary of the epiploic foramen
E. is developed from the ventral mesentery
A.
B.
C.
D.
82.
Regarding the sigmoid mesocolon
A. It has two limbs diverging from each other at the
common iliac bifurcation
B. Its lateral limb passes forwards along the pelvic brim
C. Its medial limb reaches the midline in front of the
first sacral vertebra
D. It is derived from the dorsal mesentery
E. It is formed by the parietal layer of the peritoneum
83.
Which of the following ligaments originate
from foetal vessels
A. Ligamentum teres
B. Gastrosplenic ligament
C. Ligamentum venosum
D. Median umbilical ligament
E. Medial umbilical ligament
Development of the Gut

84.
Regarding the rotation of the gut
A. The stomach rotates in an anticlockwise direction

B. The duodenum rotates 90 clockwise
C. Mid gut loop rotates 90 anticlockwise at 6 th week
intra uterine life
D. Mid gut rotation is complete at 10th week intra
uterine life
E. Physiological umbilical herniation occurs after
completion of mid gut rotation
85.
Which
of
the
following
mesodermal
A. Kupffer cells
B. APUD cells
C. Paneth cells
D. cells of the zona glomerulosa
E. hepatocytes
86.
of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
cells
is/are
Abnormalities associated with a malrotation

the gut include
biliary atresia
Hirschprungs disease
annular pancreas
imperforate anus
vitelline fistula
Gastrointestinal Tract
87.
The greater curvature of the stomach is
supplied by the
A. left gastric artery
B. right gastric artery
C. short gastric arteries
D. left gastroepiploic artery
E. right gastroepiploic artery
88.
Regarding the stomach
A. It receives all its arterial supply from the coeliac
trunk
B. It is completely invested by the peritoneum

C. The lymph is drained to the celiac lymph nodes
D. It is lined by the stratified squamous
keratinizing epithelium
E. The lesser sac lies posterior to the stomach
non
89.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Structures forming the stomach bed include

Left kidney
Splenic artery
Body of the pancreas
Superior mesenteric artery
Lesser sac
90.
First part of the duodenum

lies on the transpyloric plane
is supplied by the celiac trunk
is anterior to the bile duct
is posterior to the gastroduodenal artery
is developed from the midgut
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
91.
The jejunum differs
having
A. a thicker wall
B. longer vasa recta
C. Peyers patches
D. more arterial arcades
E. broader windows
92.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
93.
from
the
ileum
in
The caecum
is completely covered by the peritoneum
lies over the iliacus and psoas muscles
has taeniae coli
is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery
has the lateral
cutaneous nerve of the thigh
anterior to it
The second part of the duodenum
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
is covered in front with the peritoneum

runs in front of the hilum of the right kidney
is supplied by superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
is developed entirely from the foregut
has the bile duct opening in to its anterior wall
94.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Meckels diverticulum
is found 2 feet distal to the ileocaecal junction
arises from the mesenteric surface of the ileum
is a persistent remnant of the vitellointestinal duct
contains renal and suprarenal tissue
occurs in about 20% of the population
95.
Posterior relations of the 1 st part of the
duodenum include
A. bile duct
B. gall bladder
C. gastroduodenal artery
D. portal vein
E. neck of the pancreas
96.
The ascending colon
A. is retroperitoneal
B. is a derivative of the hindgut
C. extends upwards to the splenic flexure
D. lies on the iliac fascia
E. is related to the anterior surface of the right kidney
97.
Regarding the appendix
A. It is a derivative of the midgut
B. The position of its base is constant in relation to the
caecum
C. It has its own mesentery
D. It is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery
E. It has taenia coli
98. Regarding the appendix
A. It develops at the 4th week IUL
B. It is lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium
C. It is supplied by an end artery
D. Its surface projection is the tip of the right 9 th costal

cartilage
E. Its commonest position is retrocaecal

99. The caudate lobe of the liver
A. lies between the fissure for the ligamentum teres
and gall bladder
B. is connected to the right lobe by the caudate
process
C. forms the upper boundary of the foramen of
Winslow
D. belongs to the left and right morphological lobes of
the liver
E. is enclosed by the peritoneum
100.
Regarding the bile duct
A. It is formed by the union of left and right hepatic
ducts
B. Its lining is endodermal in origin
C. Its upper third lies in the free edge of the lesser
omentum
D. It passes between the second part of the duodenum
and head
of pancreas
E. It lies behind the right renal vein
101.
The pancreas
A. has its neck in front of the commencement of the
portal vein
B. has its tail related to the hilum of the kidney
C. consists of cells derived from neuroectoderm
D. is retroperitoneal
E. has its tail lying within the gastrosplenic ligament
102.
Organs related to the visceral surface of
the spleen include
A. Left kidney
B. left colic flexure
C. Stomach
D. Tail of the pancreas
E. Greater omentum
103.
Organs related to the visceral surface of
the liver include
A. Stomach
B. Duodenum
C. Hepatic flexure of the colon
D. Right kidney
E. Pancreas
104.
Regarding the pancreas
A. Its head lies anterior to the commencement of the
portal vein
B. The uncinate process extends behind the superior
mesenteric
vessels
C. Annular pancreas causes duodenal obstruction
D. It is supplied by branches of the superior mesenteric
artery
E. The tail passes in the lienorenal ligament
105.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The spleen
Is developed from the dorsal mesogastrium
Has a notch in its anterior border
Lies beneath the 7th and 9th ribs
Has a lower pole extending upto the midaxillary line
Is supplied by vessels passing in the gastrosplenic
ligament
Posterior Abdominal Wall

106.
The abdominal aorta
A. passes through the diaphragm tenth thoracic
vertebral level
B. terminates at the fifth lumbar vertebral level
C. gives off branches supplying the gut from its
anterior aspect
D. has a longer course than the inferior vena cava in
the abdomen
E. is accompanied by thoracic duct at the aortic
opening
107.
Paired branches of the abdominal aorta
include
A. gonadal arteries
B. hepatic arteries
C. subcostal arteries
D. lumbar ateries
E. inferior phrenic arteries
108.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The inferior vena cava

is formed at the fourth lumbar vertebral level
grooves the bare area of the liver
passes through the tendinous part of the diaphragm
receives the right suprarenal vein
has its post hepatic part derived from the left
vitelline vein
109.
Regarding the inferior vena cava
A. It passes through the diaphragm at the tenth
thoracic vertebral level
B. It has a valve at its termination
C. Its post hepatic part is derived from the right
supracardinal vein
D. It receives the hepatic vein
E. Both gonadal veins drain into it

110.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Tributaries of the inferior vena cava include

left fourth lumbar vein
left gonadal vein
right renal vein
left suprarenal vein
right inferior phrenic vein
111.
The right renal artery
A. arises from the aorta at the second lumbar
vertebral level
B. lies anterior to the right crus of the diaphragm
C. passes anterior to the inferior vena cava
D. supplies the ureter
E. gives off the right gonadal artery
112.
The left renal vein
A. lies posterior to the left renal artery

B. is longer than the right renal vein
C. is developed from the subcardinal anastomosis
D. enters the inferior vena cava at second lumbar
vertebral level
E. receives the left gonadal vein
113.
Regarding the lumbar plexus
A. It lies within the psoas major muscle
B. It is formed by the dorsal rami of upper four lumbar
nerves
C. It has branches supplying the skin
D. The femoral nerve emerges from the medial border
of the psoas muscle
E. It gives off the pudendal nerve
114.
The genitofemoral nerve
A. descends on the quadratus lumborum muscle
B. is a branch of the femoral nerve
C. has its genital branch passing though the inguinal
canal
D. supplies the cremaster muscle
E. has motor and sensory components
115.
The ilioinguinal nerve
A. contains fibres arising from first and second lumbar
segments
B. emerges from the lateral border of the psoas
muscle
C. lies within the inguinal canal
D. supplies the skin of the scrotum
E. is entirely sensory
116.
The ovarian artery
A. arises from the abdominal aorta just above the
origin of renal
artery
B. lies on the psoas major muscle
C. crosses in front of the ureter
D. on the right side crosses in front of the inferior vena
cava
E. supplies the ureter
Kidneys, Ureters and Suprarenal glands

117.
The ureter
A. passes down on the psoas major muscle
B. has a narrowing at the pelviureteric junction
C. lies anterior to the gonadal vessels
D. crosses the bifurcation of the common iliac artery

anteriorly
E. is developed from the paramesonephric duct
118.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Regarding the right ureter

It is retroperitoneal
It is crossed by the right ileocolic vessels
It receives an arterial supply from the renal arteries
The projection of the ureter on a radiograph is
opposite the tips of the transverse processes of
upper lumbar vertebrae
It lies behind the fourth part of the duodenum
119.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Regarding the suprarenal glands

They are symmetrical in shape
They are enclosed in renal fascia
Each gland is drained by three veins
The inferior vena cava is an anterior relation of the
right suprarenal gland
E. The medulla is developed from endoderm
120.
Regarding the suprarenal glands
A. The anterior surface of the left gland is in contact
with the bare area of the liver
B. The left gland lies on the left crus of the diaphragm
C. Suprarenal arteries arise from the renal arteries
D. Cells of the zona glomerulosa develop from the
neural crest cells
E. They receive preganglionic sympathetic fibres via
the splanchnic nerves
121.
Regarding the relations of the kidneys
A. The costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura is at
risk in the lumbar approach to the kidney
B. The right kidney rests on the twelfth rib
C. Iliohpogastric and ilioinguinal nerves are related
posteriorly
D. The hilum of the left kidney is related to the
pancreas
E. The hila of both kidneys lie at the subcostal plane

122.
The anterior relations of the right kidney
include
A. liver
B. second part of the duodenum
C. head of pancreas
D. hepatic flexure of colon
E. subcostal vessels
123.
Derivatives of the metanephric blastema
include
A. ureter
B. minor calyces
C. Bowmans capsule
D. distal convoluted tubule
E. collecting ducts
124.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The adrenal cortex

has cells secreting androgens
is developed from the intermediate mesoderm
is supplied by the preganglionic sympathetic fibres
has cells having an abundance of smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
has a rich reticulin fibre network
Abdomen : Answers and Explanations

53.
A. True The plane passes through the lower border of
the L1 vertebra
B. False The plane lies midway between the jugular
notch (upper
border of the manubrium) and symphysis pubis
C. False The plane passes through the head, neck and
body of the
pancreas
D. True The spinal cord ends at L1 vertebral level
E. True It cuts each costal margin at the tip of the ninth
costal
cartilage, which is at the lateral border of the
rectus
abdominis; deep to this point on the right side
lies the fundus
of the gall bladder
54.
A. True Dermatomes over the xiphoid process is T7, over
the umbilicus is T10 and over the pubis L1
B. True - The hila of the kidneys lie at this plane, the right
just
below and the left just above it
C. False Intertubercular plane passes through the
tubercles of iliac
crests and body of L5 vertebra
D. True The subcostal plane passes through the lower
border of the
10th costal cartilage and body of L3 vertebra
E. False Nerves of the anterior abdominal wall lie
between internal
oblique and transversus abdominis muscle
55.
A. False The abdominal aorta divides into the two
common iliac
arteries at the level of the body of L4 vertebra
B. True - Thesuperior mesenteric artery arises from the
aorta at the
level of the lower border of the body of L1
vertebra
C. True - The commencement of the portal vein is just
behind the neck
of the pancreas
D. True
E. False The inferior vena cava begins opposite the L5
vertebral level
by the confluence of the two common iliac veins
behind the
right common iliac artery
56.
A. False - The inguinal canal is an oblique passage through
the lower
part of the anterior abdominal wall which
commences at the
deep inguinal ring and ends at the superficial
inguinal ring
B. True The anterior wall along its entire length of the
canal is formed
by the aponeurosis of the external oblique
muscle. It is
reinforced in its lateral third by the internal
oblique
C. True The floor or the inferior wall is formed by the
inrolled
inferior edge of the inguinal ligament (the
aponeurosis of the
external oblique) reinforced medially by the
lacunar ligament
D. True The posterior wall is formed along its entire
length by the
fascia transversalis. It is reinforced in its
medial third by the
conjoint tendon
E. True
It transmits the round ligament of the uterus
and the
ilioinguinal nerve in the female and the
spermatic cord and
ilioinguinal nerve in the male
57.
A. False It is a triangular defect or aperture in the

aponeurosis of the
external oblique muscle
B. False
C. True
D. True - Margins of the ring are called the crura (lateral
and medial)
and give attachment to external spermatic fascia
E. True - It transmits the round ligament of the uterus and
the
ilioinguinal nerve in the female and the spermatic
cord and
ilioinguinal nerve in the male
58.
A. False - The inguinal canal is an oblique intermuscular

slit about 4 cm
long lying above the medial part of the inguinal
ligament
B. True The deep ring lies about 1.25 cm (1 inch) above
the midpoint
of the inguinal ligament which is an opening in
the
transversalis fascia
C. True - The floor is the inrolled lower edge of the
inguinal ligament
reinforced medially by the lacunar ligament
D. False The inguinal canal transmits the spermatic cord
and
ilioinguinal nerve in the male and the round
ligament of
uterus and ilioinguinal nerve in the female.
The genitofemoral
nerve is formed in the psoas major muscle and
emerges
on its anterior surface and runs down along
the muscle,
pierces the psoas fascia and divides into the

genital and
femoral branches. The genital branch passes
through the
deep ring, enters the inguinal canal and
supplies the
cremaster muscle, spermatic fascia, tunica
vaginalis and
scrotal skin
E. True The roof is formed by the lower edges of the
internal
oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
59.
A. False It is 1.5 inches (4 cm) long
B. False The ilioinguinal nerve enters the canal by
piercing the lower
border of the internal oblique muscle and
emerges through
the superficial inguinal ring
C. True The floor is formed by the inrolled lower border
of the
inguinal ligament and reinforced medially by the
lacunar
ligament
D. True The posterior wall is formed along its entire
length by fascia
transversalis. It is reinforced on its medial
third by the
conjoint tendon
E. True Related to it medially are the inferior epigastric
vessels,
which pass upward from the external iliac
vessels
60.
A. True It arises by two heads: a medial from in front of

B.
C.
D.
E.
the pubic
symphysis and a lateral from the pubic crest
False The muscle is inserted on to the front of the 5 th
to 7th costal
cartilages
True Between the umbilicus and costal margin, the
aponeurosis of
the internal oblique splits into anterior and
posterior layers to
enclose the rectus abdominis muscle
True Typically three tendinous intersections are found
in the
muscle, one at the umbilicus, one at the
xiphisternum, and
one between these two
False The rectus muscle and external obique muscle
are both
supplied by the lower intercostal and subcostal
nerves (T7T12). The internal oblique and transversus
abdominis are also
supplied by the same nerves but with the
addition of the
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1)
61.
A. True The muscle arises by eight digitations, one from
each of
the lower eight ribs. The lower four slips
interdigitate with
the costal fibres of latissimus dorsi and the
upper four
with the digitations of the sarratus anterior
B. True The muscle has a free posterior border which
extends
from the twelfth rib to its insertion into the

anterior half
of the outer lip of the iliac crest
C. True - Above and lateral to the pubic tubercle is the
superficial
inguinal ring in the aponeurosis of the external
oblique
muscle
D. False Muscles contributing to the formation of the
conjoint
tendon are the internal oblique and the
transversus
abdominis
E. False Its lower border forms the inguinal ligament. The
inguinal
ligament forms the floor of the inguinal canal.
The roof of
the canal is formed by arching fibres of internal
oblique
and transversus abdominis
62.
A. True
B. False The posterior layer above the level of the costal
margin
has no rectus sheath. The rectus muscle rests
directly on
the fifth, sixth and seventh costal cartilages
C. True Seventh to eleventh intercostal nerves and
subcostal
nerve (12th thoracic nerve) supply it
D. True
E. False The posterior layer above the pubic symphysis is
deficient
and the rectus muscle rests directly on the
fascia
transversalis
63.
A. False The anterior abdominal wall is supplied by the
superior
epigastric and musculophrenic arteries
(branches of internal
throracic artery), tenth and eleventh posterior
intercostal
arteries (branches of thoracic aorta), subcostal
artery,
inferior epigastric artery and deep circumflex
iliac artery
(branches of the external iliac artery) and
lumbar arteries
(dorsal branches of abdominal aorta)
B. True
C. True
D. True
E. True
64.
A. False Rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles

are supplied
B.
C.
D.
E.
by the lower intercostals (T7-T12) and

subcostal (T12) nerves;
the internal oblique and transversus
abdominis by the lower
intercostals, subcostal, iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves
and the lowest fibres of the internal oblique
and transversus
abdominis by the first lumbar fibres.
True
True
True
False
65.
A. False The spermatic cord has three coverings and six
constituents.
They are the internal spermatic fascia,
cremasteric fascia and
muscle, external spermatic fascia, ductus
deferns, testicular
artery with the artery to the ducts and
cremasteric artery,
pampiniform plexus of veins, lymphatics,
genital branch of the
genitofemoral nerve and processus vaginalis.
The ilioinguinal nerve passes down deep to the
external
oblique muscle and emerges on the front of
the spermatic
cord through the superficial inguinal ring.
B. True
C. True
D.
False - The appendix testis is a small cystic part
attached to the upper
pole of testis which is a remnant of the
paramesonephric duct
E. True
66.
A. True - The portal vein commences behind the neck of

pancreas
by the union of the splenic vein and superior
mesenteric vein
B.
C.
D.
E.
at the first lumbar vertebral level

False Bifurcation of the descending aorta is at the
fourth lumbar
vertebral level
False Oesophageal opening in the diaphragm is at the
tenth
thoracic vertebral level. The inferior vena caval
opening is
at the eighth thoracic vertebral level and the
aortic opening
is at the twelfth thoracic vertebral level
False Bifurcation of the trachea is at the fourth
thoracic vertebral
level which is at the level of the
manubriosternal joint (angle
of Louis)
True The prevertebral fascia extends from the base of
the skull
to the fourth thoracic vertebral level

67.
A. True It is the artery of the distal part of the foregut
and supplies
the gastrointestinal tract from the lower one
third of the
oesophagus down to the duodenum as far as
the opening of
the bile duct. It supplies the liver, spleen and
pancreas
which are foregut derivatives
B. False It arises at the 12th thoracic vertebral level
C. True Its three branches are the left gastric, splenic
and
common hepatic arteries
D. False The derivatives of the distal part of the foregut
including the
liver, pancreas and spleen are supplied by the

coeliac trunk.
The upper part of the oesophagus is supplied by
the inferior
thyroid arteries; middle part by the oesophageal
branches of
the aorta and bronchial arteries; and the lower
part by the
oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery
E. True The three branches from the coeliac trunk are
given off at the
upper border of the pancreas behind the
peritoneum of the
posterior wall of the upper sac
68.
A. True It arises from the abdominal aorta
below the
origin of the celiac trunk at the
level
B. True
- After airsing from the aorta
mesenteric artery is
directed downwards behind the
pancreas and
splenic vein
a centimeter
L1 vertebral
the superior
body of the
C. False It is the artery of the mid gut and supplies the

gut from
the duodenal papilla up to the junction
between the proximal
two-thirds and distal one-third of the
transverse colon.
The pancreas is supplied mainly by the splenic
artery, a branch
of the coeliac trunk (neck, body and tail).
Superior and inferior
pancreaticoduodenal arteries supply the head
of pancreas
D. True It lies anterior to the left renal vein, uncinate
process of
the pancreas and the third part of the
duodenum, in that
order from above downwards
E. True The ileocolic artery is a branch of the superior
mesenteric
artery. The inferior branch of the ileocolic artery
gives off the
anterior and posterior caecal arteries to supply
the caecum.
69.
A. True Branches arising from the superior mesenteric
artery are
inferior pancreaticoduodenal, ileocolic, right
colic, middle
colic, jejunal and ileal arteries
B. False The left colic is a branch of the inferior
mesenteric artery
C. False The right gastric artery is a branch of the
common hepatic
artery which arises from the coeliac trunk
D. False The gastroduodenal artery is a branch of the
common hepatic
artery which arises from the coeliac trunk
E. True
70.
A. True It arises from the aorta behind the inferior
border of the third
part of the duodenum at the third lumbar
vertebral level (3-4
cm above the bifurcation of the aorta)
B. True It crosses the pelvic brim at the bifurcation of
the left
common iliac vessels over the sacroiliac joint
and converges
towards the ureter and lie at the apex of the
attachment of
the sigmoid mesocolon
C. True It supplies the distal third of the transverse
colon, left colic
Flexure (splenic flexure), the descending colon,
the sigmoid
colon, the rectum, and the anal canal above
the pectinate line
D. True The terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric
artery is the
superior rectal artery which anastomoses with
the last
branch of the sigmoid arteries
E. False Its branches are the left colic, sigmoid and
superior rectal
arteries. The right colic artery is a branch of
the superior
mesenteric artery
71.
A. True - The portal vein is formed by the union of splenic

vein (which
also receives the inferior mesenteric vein) with
the superior mesenteric vein, behind the neck of
the
pancreas at the 1 st lumbar vertebral level
B. True It lies in front of the inferior vena cava behind
the neck of
the pancreas and the first part of the
duodenum. By
entering between the two layers of the lesser
omentum it
loses contact with the inferior vena cava
C. True Tributaries of the portal vein are the right and
left gastric
veins, superior pancreaticoduodenal veins,
cystic veins
and paraumbilical veins
D. False it ascends in the free edge of the lesser
omentum
E. False The portal vein runs upwards in the free edge of
the lesser
omentum which forms the anterior boundary of
the epiploic
foramen lying behind the bile duct and the
hepatic artery
72.
A. False The following are the four common sites of
portosystemic anastomoses:
(i) At the lower end of the oesophagus
(oesophageal or
gastric varices) the oesophageal branches of
the left gastric
vein (portal tributary) anastomoses with
oesophageal veins
that drain into azygos and accessory azygos
veins
B.
C.
D.
E.
(ii) Anorectal region superior rectal veins

(portal tributary)
anastomose with the middle and inferior
rectal veins
(systemic tributaries) that drain into internal
iliac and
pudendal veins
(iii) Around the umbilicus the left branch of
the portal vein
anastomoses with the superficial veins
(superior and inferior
epigastric) of the anterior abdominal wall
(systemic
tributaries) through paraumbilical veins that
accompany the
ligamentum teres
In portal obstruction the veins around the
umbilicus distend.
The distended veins radiate from the
umbilicus giving rise to
caput medusae
(iv) In the bare area of liver the right branch
of the portal
vein in the bare area anastomoses with the
retroperitoneal
veins that drain into lumbar, azygos and
hemiazygos veins
True
True
False
False
73.
A. True The vein leaves the hilum of the spleen and
passes in the
lienorenal ligament lying below the splenic
artery
B. False The splenic vein has no foetal vessel of origin.
The left
umbilical vein which is the main source of
oxygenated blood
to the foetus becomes the ligamentum teres
after birth
C. True
It unites with the superior mesenteric vein
behind the
neck of the pancreas (at the first lumbar
vertebral level) to
form the portal vein
D. True
It receives short gastric, left gastroepiploic,
inferior
mesenteric and pancreatic veins
E. False - The right gastric vein passes along the lesser
curvature to the
pylorus of the stomach and empties into the
portal vein
74.
A. True The lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied

by the left
and right gastric arteries
B. False Short gastric arteries (about six branches) are
branches
from the splenic artery that supply the fundus
and upper
part of the greater curvature of the stomach.
The pyloric
region of the stomach is supplied by the
gastroduodenal
artery, right gastroepiploic artery and
supraduodenal artery
C. True The ascending colon is supplied by the ileocolic,

right
colic and middle colic arteries, which are
branches of the
superior mesenteric artery
D. True The first 2 cm of the duodenum receives blood
from the
hepatic, gastroduodenal, supraduodenal, right
gastric and
right gastroepiploic arteries
E. False - The middle colic artery, a branch of the superior
mesenteric
artery supplies the proximal 1/3 of the
transverse colon.
The left colic artery supplies the descending
colon
75.
A. True
B.
C.
D.
E.
Left and right vitelline veins and vitelline

anastomosis give
rise to superior mesenteric vein, portal vein
and post hepatic
inferior vena cava. The inferior mesenteric and
splenic veins
do not have a foetal vessel of origin
False
False
True
True
76.
A. True
It lies around the origin of the coeliac trunk
above the
upper border of the pancreas
B. False The greater and lesser splanchnic nerves carry
preganglionic
sympathetic fibres. They pierce the crura of

the diaphragm
and enter the two large coeliac ganglia
C. True
D. True
Fibres from the plexus supply all abdominal
viscera, renal
ganglion and plexus, testes and ovaries
E. True Preganglionic fibres from the greater splanchnic
nerve
pass without relay to the cells of the suprarenal
medulla
77.
A. False The coeliac trunk arises from the abdominal

aorta between
the crura of the diaphragm a little below the
median
arcuate ligament at the twelfth thoracic
vertebral level
B. False The superior mesenteric artery arises from the
aorta a
centimeter below the coeliac trunk at the first
lumbar
vertebral level
C. True The inferior mesenteric artery arises from the
aorta
behind the inferior border of the third part of

the
duodenum at the third lumbar vertebral level
The abdominal aorta passes behind the median
arcuate
ligament at the twelfth thoracic vertebral level
and
passes downwards behind the peritoneum on
the bodies
of lumbar vertebrae with the left sympathetic
trunk at its
left margin. At the fourth lumbar vertebral level
it divides
into the two common iliac arteries
E. False The common iliac arteries divide into internal
and
external iliac arteries at the fifth lumbar
vertebral level
(at the disc between the 5 th lumbar vertebra
and the
sacrum) in front of the sacroiliac joint
D. True
78.
A. False Although the kidney is retroperitoneal, the
ureter lies on
the posterior abdominal wall in front of the
muscles
B. True The pancreas after development fuses with the
posterior
abdominal wall and becomes secondarily
retroperitoneal
C. True During development the descending colon has a
dorsal
mesentery which will fuse with the posterior
abdominal
wall and becomes retroperitoneal
D. False The appendix has a mesentery called the
mesoappendix
and is not retroperitoneal

E. False The spleen develops in the dorsal mesentery
and is
attached to the posterior abdominal wall by
the
lienorenal ligament
79.
A. True Derivatives of the dorsal mesentery include the
greater
omentum, gastrosplenic ligament, spleen and
the
lienorenal ligament. The lesser omentum and
falciform
ligament develops from the ventral
mesentery (ventral
mesogastrium)
B. True
C. False
D. False
E. True
80.
A. False Its lower boundary is the first part of the
duodenum
B. True
C. False The posterior boundary is the inferior vena cava
covered
by the parietal peritoneum of the posterior
abdominal
wall
D. True The free margin of the lesser omentum contains
between
its two peritoneal layers the portal vein and
anterior to it
the hepatic artery and bile duct
E. True Left (lesser sac) and righr subhepatic spaces
communicate
with each other via the epiploic foramen
81.
A. True The two layers of peritoneum that extend
between the
liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach
constitute
the lesser omentum. This is part of the
ventral mesogastrium
B. False It is attached to the lesser curvature of the
stomach. The
greater omentum is attached to the greater
curvature of the
stomach.
C. False The attachment of the lesser omentum to the
liver is Lshaped. It is attached to the fissure for the
ligamentum
venosum and the porta hapatis
D. True Anteriorly the foramen is bounded by the right
free
margin of the lesser omentum containing
between its two
peritoneal layers the portal vein, hepatic
artery and bile duct.
E. True - The ventral mesentery (or septum transversum)
gives rise to
the lesser omentum, falciform ligament, central
tendon of
diaphragm, connective tissue of the liver,

Kupffer cells and
coronary ligaments
82.
A. True The sigmoid mesocolon has an inverted V
shape with
two limbs diverging from each other at the
bifurcation of
the common iliac vessels, on the pelvic brim
over the left
sacroiliac joint
B. True The lateral limb passes forward along the pelvic
brim
C. False The medial limb slopes down to the hollow of the
sacrum,
reaches the midline in front of the third sacral
vertebra
(at the commencement of the rectum)
D. True There is no ventral mesentery in relation to the
sigmoid
colon
E. False The sigmoid mesocolon is a double fold of
visceral layer of
peritoneum suspended from the sigmoid colon.
83.
A. True - The left umbilical vein that carries oxygenated

blood from
the placenta to the foetus becomes the
ligamentum teres
after birth
B. False The gastrosplenic ligament is derived from the
dorsal
mesogastrium and extends from the stomach
to the
spleen
C. True - Ligamentum venosum carries oxygenated blood
coming
from the left umbilical vein to the right
hepatocardiac vein
during foetal life. It becomes ligamentous
after birth with
the cessation of blood entering via the left
umbilical vein
D. False The median umbilical ligament is the distal part
of the
urogenital sinus (earlier the allantoic
diverticulum) which
forms the urachus. It becomes ligamentous at
birth. It
is attached to the anterior wall of the urinary
bladder
E. True
The medial umbilical ligaments are the
obliterated distal
parts of the left and right umbilical arteries.
The umbilical
arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the
foetus to the
placenta during foetal life. The proximal part of
the
umbilical arteries become the superior vesical
arteries
84.
A. False The stomach rotates 90 in a clockwise direction
B. False The duodenum does not rotate during
development
C. TrueThe midgut rotates 90 anticlockwise at the 6 th
week
intrauterine life and completes its rotation at
th
the 10 week
intrauterine life by rotating another 180
anticlockwise
D. True
E. False Physiological umbilical herniation occurs
between 6th to
10 th week intrauterine life and the rotation
occurs during
this period
85.
A. True Kupffer cells are the macrophage cells in the
liver. These
cells are derived from the septum transversum
which is
the ventral mesogastrium. Hence they develop
from
mesoderm
B. False APUD cells are neuroendocrine cells of the gut
wall. These
cells are developed from the neural crest cells
C. False Paneth cells are present in the intestinal mucosa
and
hence derived from the endoderm
D. True Zona glomerulosa cells are present in the
adrenal
cortex.The adrenal cortex is developed from
the
intermediate mesoderm and therefore the cells
of the zona
glomerulosa are mesodermal in origin. The
adrenal medullary
cells are neural crest in origin
E. False The liver develops from the hepatic diverticulum
from the
foregut endoderm. Therefore the hepatocytes
(liver
parenchymal cells) are derived from the
endoderm
86.
A. False Biliary atresia occurs due to the non canalization

B.
C.
D.
E.
of the bile
duct.
Fasle - Hirschprungs disease is due to the absence of
nerve plexus
(parasympathetic nerve cells) which develops
from neural
crests.
True During the rotation of the mid gut, the two
pancreatic
buds (dorsal and ventral) fuse together in an
abnormal
way giving rise to a ring of pancreatic tissue
around the
duodenum, called the annular pancreas
False An imperforate anus occurs due to the non
rupture of the
anal membrane
False A vitelline fistula occurs due to the persistence
of the
vitello-intestinal duct which connects the ileum
with the
umbilicus
87.
A. False The greater curvature of the stomach is supplied
by the
short gastric, left and right gastroepiploic
arteries
The lesser curvature is supplied by the left
and right
gastric arteries
B. False
C. True
D. True
E. True
88.
A. True The stomach is a derivative of the foregut and its
artery of
supply is the coeliac trunk and therefore it is
supplied
by branches of the coeliac trunk.
B. True
The stomach has a dorsal and a ventral
mesentery
(mesogastrium). Hence it is completely covered
by the
peritoneum
C. True
D. False The epithelium lining the stomach is simple
columnar
epithelium. This epithelium forms gastric
glandsof the gut.
The stratified squamous epithelium is present in
the oral
cavity, oesophagus and the lower third of the
anal canal
E. True The peritoneum of the anterior wall of the lesser
sac covers
the posterior wall of the stomach and the
stomach bed is
covered by the posterior wall of the lesser sac
89.
A. True Behind the stomach are a group of structures

comprising
B.
C.
D.
E.
the stomach bed. Structures forming the

stomach bed
include the lesser sac, left crus and the dome
of the
diaphragm, splenic artery, body of the
pancreas, transverse
mesocolon, upper part of left kidney, left
suprarenal gland,
spleen and left colic flexure
True
True
False
True
90.
A. True The duodenum makes a C-shaped loop round the

head of
the pancreas, which is opposite the body of L2
vertebra.
The first part lies at the level of L1 vertebra
(at the
transpyloric plane), the second on the right
side of L2
vertebra, the third crosses in front of L3
vertebra, and the
fourth is on the left of L2 vertebra
B. True The foregut is supplied by the coeliac trunk. The
first part and
the second part of the duodenum upto the
duodenal papilla is
derived from the foregut and hence supplied by
branches of
the coeliac trunk
C. True It lies in front of the gastroduodenal artery, bile
duct and
portal vein
D. False The lesser sac, bile duct, gastroduodenal artery,
portal
vein and inferior vena cava are posterior

relations of the
first part of the duodenum
E. False It is a derivative of the foregut
91.
A. True The jejunum has a larger diameter and a thicker
wall than the
ileum.
B. True It has longer vasa recta or straight arteries
C. False Peyers patches or aggregations of lymphoid
follicles are
present in the ileum
D. False The jejunum has less prominent arterial arcades
or
anastomotic loops in its mesentery compared
to the
ileum
E. False The jejunum has high narrow windows between
the
straight arteries running to its wall whereas the
ileum has
low broad windows
92.
A. True It is situated in the right iliac fossa and is

completely
covered by the peritoneum
B. True It lies on the right iliac fosaa on the fascia over
the iliacus and
psoas muscle and femoral and lateral femoral
cutaneous
nerves
C. True As in the rest of the colon the longitudinal muscle
layer is
concentrated into three flat bands called

taeniae coli which
converge on to the base of the appendix
D. False It is supplied by branches of the ileocolic artery
(anterior
and posterior caecal arteries) which is a branch
of the
superior mesenteric artery. The inferior
mesenteric artery
supplies the derivatives of the hindgut (from
distal 1/3 of the
colon to upper part of anal canal)
E. False - The femoral and lateral cutaneous nerve of the
thigh lie
posterior to the caecum
93.
A. True Also it is crossed by the attachment of the
transverse
mesocolon
B. True
C. True
It is supplied by the
superior
pancreaticoduodenal artery
which is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery.
Also it receives
branches from the inferior
pancreaticoduodenal artery, a
branch of the superior mesenteric artery
D. False The foregut gives rise to the duodenum proximal
to the
entrance of bile duct (duodenal papilla) and
the midgut gives
rise to the duodenum distal to the entrance of

the bile duct.
Hence the second part of the duodenum is
developed from
both the foregut and the midgut
E. Fasle Its posteromedial wall receives the common
opening of
the bile duct and the pancreatic duct at the
hepatopancreatic ampulla that opens on the
summit of
the major duodenal papilla
94.
A. False Meckels diverticulum, a finger-like pouch of the
ileum is
located 2 feet proximal to the ileoceacal
junction
B. False It arises from the antimesenteric border of the
ileum
C. True - It is a persistent remnant of the yolk sac
(vitelline duct)
and may be connected to the umbilicus via a
fibrous cord
or fistula
D. False It may contain gastric, liver or pancreatic
mucosal tissue
E. False It occurs in about 2% of the population
95.
A. True Posterior to the 1st part of the duodenum, the

gastroduodenal artery, bile duct and portal vein
are found
B.
C.
D.
E.
and behind these structures lies the inferior

vena cava
False - The gall bladder lies anterior to the first part of
the duodenum
(duodenal cap)
True
True
False The pancreas is not a posterior relation of any of
the parts of
the duodenum. The head of the pancreas is
moulded into the
C shaped concavity of the duodenum and
completely fills it
96.
A. True Of the four parts of the colon, transverse and
sigmoid
parts are suspended by mesenteries but the
ascending and
descending colon are plastered on to the
posterior
abdominal wall and covered by the peritoneum
only on the
anterior surface thus making it retroperitoneal
B. False The ascending colon and the proximal two-thirds
of the
transverse colon are derivatives of the midgut.
The distal onethird of the transverse colon, descending
colon, sigmoid colon
and proximal part of the rectum are
derivatives of the
hindgut.
C. False The ascending colon extends upwards from the
ileocaecal
junction to the right colic flexure (hepatic
flexure)
D. True It lies on both the iliac fascia and the anterior

layer of lumbar
fascia
E. True The right colic (hepatic) flexure is related to the
inferolateral
part of the anterior surface of the right kidney
97.
A. True The derivatives of the midgut include
the
duodenum (distal
duodenal papilla), jejunum, ileum, caecum,
appendix ,
ascending colon and the proximal 2/3 of the
transverse colon
B. True In relation to the abdominal wall its base is
situated onethird of the way up the line joining the right
anterior ileac
spine to the umbilicus (McBurneys point) and
the position of
the base is constant in relation to the caecum
although it may
lie in a variety of positions
C. True It has its own short mesentery named the
mesoappendix
D. False It is supplied by the appendicular artery which is
a branch
of the inferior division of the ileocaecal artery.
This is an end
artery
E. False The three taenia coli of the caecum merge to a
point at the
base of the appendix. Therfore taenia coli are
not present in
the appendix
98.
A. False Although organogenesis of most of the organs

commences
at the 4 th week intrauterine life, the appendix is
an exception.
It develops at the 10 th week intrauterine life
B. False The appendix is a part of the large intestine.
Therefore
the epithelium that lines it is the simple
columnar
epithelium
C. True The appendix is supplied by the appendicular
artery
which is a branch of the inferior division of the
ileocaecal
artery. The appendicular artery may be
thrombosed in
appendicitis which may lead to ischaemic
necrosis of the
appendix as there is no collateral circulation
D. False As the position of the appendix is variable there

is no
definitive surface projection. The surface
projection of the
fundus of the gall bladder is the tip of the right
ninth
costal cartilage
E. True
Althought the commonest position of the
appendix is
retrocaecal, it can be in other positions such as
pelvic,
retroileal and retrocolic

99.
A. False The caudate lobe lies between the fissure for the
ligamentum
venosum and the inferior vena cava. The
quadrate lobe lies
between the fissure for the ligamentum teres
and gall
bladder
B. True
C. False It is the caudate lobe that forms the upper
boundary of the
foramen of Winslow
D. True The anatomical division of lobes is different from

the
morphological division of lobes.The
morphological division
lies to the right of the gross anatomical plane
and therefore
the quadrate lobe is part of the left
morphological lobe of the
liver while the caudate lobe belongs partly to
the left and
partly to the right morphological lobes of the
liver
E. True The liver is enclosed by the peritoneum except
the bare area
which is demarcated by the peritoneal
reflections as the
coronary ligaments
100.
A. False The bile duct is formed by the union of the
common hepatic
duct and cystic duct. Left and right hepatic ducts
unite to
form the common hepatic duct
B. True The proximal part of the hepatic diverticulum

that grows from
the ventral aspect of the foregut gives rise to the
bile duct
and gallbladder. Hence its lining is similar to the
gut lining
which is developing from endoderm
C. True The bile duct has three parts. The upper third
lies in the free
edge of the lesser omentum. The middle third is
behind the
first part of the duodenum and the lower third
lies in a
groove between the back of the head of the
pancreas and
the second part of the duodenum
D. True The lower third of the bile duct passes between
the second
part of the duodenum and head of the pancreas
E. False The bile duct lies in front of the right renal vein
101.
A. True The portal vein commences at the first lumbar
vertebral level
(ie. behind the neck of the pancreas) by the
union of the
splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
B. False The tail of the pancreas is related to the hilum of
the spleen.
The body of the pancreas is related to the hilum
of the left
kidney
C. True The islets of Langerhans (the endocrine part) are
developed
from the neural crest cells (neuroectoderm)
D. True
E. False The tail of the pancreas lies within the lienorenal
ligament
which is the part of the dorsal mesentery

extending between
the greater curvature of the stomach and spleen
102.
A. True Organs related to the visceral surface include the
left kidney,
stomach, tail of the pancreas and left colic
flexure
B. True
C. True
D. True
E. False The greater omentum is attached to the greater
curvature of
the stomach and is connected to the
gastrosplenic ligament
which extends from the stomach to the spleen
103.
A. True - The visceral surface is related, with peritoneum
intervening, to
the stomach, duodenum, hepatic flexure of the
colon and the
right kidney, and these organs may leave
impressions on the
liver surface
B. True
C. True
D. True
E. False
104.
A. False The head of pancreas is moulded to the Cshaped concavity of
the duodenum. It lies over the inferior vena cava
and the right
and left renal veins at the second lumbar
vertebral level.
The neck of the pancreas lies in front of the
commencement
of the portal vein
B. True The uncinate process arises from the lower part
of
the posterior surface of the pancreas as a hook
shaped
extension which passes upwards and to the left
behind the
superior mesenteric vessels
C. True An annular pancreas forms due to a defective
fusion of the
dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds. Pancreatic
tissue is
formed around the duodenum giving rise to an
annular
pancreas leading to obstruction of the
duodenum
D. True
It is supplied by branches of the superior
mesenteric and
coeliac arteries
E. True The tail of the pancreas extends forwards and to

the left from
the anterior surface of the left kidney along with
the splenic
vessels and lymphatics and lie within the
lienorenal ligament
to reach the hilum of the spleen
105.
A. True It develops at the 6 th week intra uterine life as a
condensation
in the dorsal mesogastrium. Other structures
derived from
the dorsal mesogastrium include the greater
omentum,
lienorenal ligament and gastrosplenic ligament
B. True When enlarged the spleen may extend beyond
the left costal
margin and the palpable spleen is identified by
the notch on
its anterior border
C. False It lies just beneath the left half of the diaphragm
between the
9th and 11th ribs.
D. True - Its long axis lies along the shaft of the tenth rib
and its lower
pole extends forwards as far as the mid axillary
line
E. False It is supplied by the splenic artery which passes
in the
lienorenal ligament extending from the spleen to
the kidney
106.
A. False It passes through the diaphragm at the twelfth
thoracic
vertebral level. The oesophagus passes through
the
diaphragm at the tenth thoracic vertebral level
B. False It ends by dividing into the two common iliac

arteries at the
fourth lumbar vertebral level
C. True The main branches of the abdominal aorta fall
into three
types: single ventral arteries to the gut and its
derivatives
(coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric),
paired branches to
other viscera (suprarenal, renal and gonadal
arteries) and
paired branches to the abdominal wall (inferior
phrenic and
lumbar arteries).
In addition, a small posterior branch, the
median sacral artery
leaves the aorta a little above its bifurcation.
D. False The inferior vena cava has a longer course in the
abdomen
than the abdominal aorta. The abdominal aorta
extends from
the twelfth thoracic vertebral level to the fifth
lumbar
vertebral level while the inferior vena cava
extends from the
fifth lumbar vertebral level to the eighth
thoracic vertebral
level
E. True The thoracic duct passes through the aortic
opening of the
diaphragm at the twelfth thoracic vertebral level
while lying
between the aorta and the azygos vein
107.
A. True - Paired branch of the abdominal aorta include
suprarenal, renal
and gonadal arteries to visceral structures;
inferior phrenic and
lumbar arteries to the abdominal wall.
There are four paired lumbar arteries arising
from the
abdominal aorta opposite the bodies of upper
four lumbar
vertebrae. Inferior phrenic arteries are the first
branches of the
abdominal aorta.
Hepatic arteries arise from the coeliac trunk.
Subcostal arteries
although paired, arise from the lowest part of
the thoracic
aorta and enter the abdomen behind the lateral
arcuate
ligaments.
B. False
C. False
D. True
E. True
108.
A. False It is formed at the fifth lumbar vertebral level by
the
confluence of the two common iliac veins behind
the right
common iliac artery
B. True
C. True It passes upwards on to the right of the aorta,

grooves the
bare area of the liver and pierces the tendinous
part of the
diaphragm at the eighth thoracic vertebral level
D. True The left suprarenal vein enters the left renal vein
while the
right suprarenal vein enters the posterior aspect
of the
inferior vena cava behind the bare area of the
liver
E. False Its post hepatic part is derived from the proximal
part of the
right vitelline vein. The left vitelline vein
disappears after
contributing to a small part of the portal vein
109.
A. False - The inferior vena cava passes through the
diaphragm at the
eighth thoracic vertebral level. At the 10 th and
12th thoracic
vertebral levels the oesophagus and aorta pass
through the
diaphragm
B. True There is a valve at the termination of the inferior
vena cava
which is nonfunctional. It is developed from the
right valve of
the sinus venosus
C. False The post hepatic part of the inferior vena cava
(IVC) is
developed from the right hepatocardiac channel
(ie. the
proximal part of the right vitelline vein). The
renal part of the
IVC is developed from the right subcardinal vein

and the
pelvic part from the right sacrocardinal vein
D. True From above downwards the IVC receives hepatic
veins,
inferior phrenic veins, right suprarenal vein, right
and left
renal veins, right and left 3 rd and 4th lumbar
veins and
right testicular or ovarian vein (gonadal vein).
E. False
110.
A. True The tributaries of the inferior vena cava include
left and right
third and fourth lumbar veins, right gonadal vein,
left and right
renal veins, right suprarenal vein, left and right
inferior
phrenic veins and hepatic veins. The left gonadal
vein and the
left suprarenal vein drain into the left renal vein
B. False
C. True
D. False
E. True
111.
A. True The right and left renal arteries arise from the
aorta at the
second lumbar vertebral level just below the
origin of the
superior mesenteric artery
B. True - The right renal artery crosses the right crus of
diaphragm
and psoas muscle behind the inferior vena

cava and the
right renal vein
C. False
D. True It gives off the ureteric and suprarenal branches
E. False- Both gonadal arteries (testicular and ovarian)
arise from
the front of the aorta below the renal arteries
but well
above origin of the inferior mesenteric artery
112.
A. False The left renal vein lies in front of the left renal
artery
B. True - The left renal vein is about 3 times as long as
the right
renal vein
C. True The left renal vein has a foetal veinl of origin
which is the
subcardinal anastomosis. The right renal vein
has no
foetal vessel of origin
D. True The left renal vein joins the inferior vena cava at
a right
angle at the second lumbar vertebral level
E. True
It receives the left suprarenal vein and left
gonadal vein
and sometimes the left inferior phrenic vein.
The right
renal vein usually drains only the right kidney
113.
A. True The anterior primary rami of the upper four
lumbar nerves
contribute to form the lumbar plexus in the
substance of
psoas major muscle
B. False It is formed by the anterior rami of the upper
four lumbar
nerves
C. True The plexus supplies the lower abdominal wall and
mainly
supply the skin and muscles of the lower limb
D. False The femoral nerve emerges from the lateral
border of the
psoas muscle and crosses the iliac fossa
between the psoas
and iliacus muscle
E. False The pudendal nerve is branch given off from the
sacral plexus
and contains fibres of first, second and third
sacral segments
114.
A. False The genitofemoral nerve is formed in the
substance of
psoas major muscle by the union of branches
from L1 and L2,
and emerges from the anterior surface of the
psoas major
and runs down on the muscle deep to psoas
fascia
B. False
C. True Just above the inguinal ligament it perforates the
psoas fascia
and divides into genital (L2) and femoral (L1)
branches. The
genital branch passes through the deep ring
and enters the
inguinal canal.
D. True The genital branch supplies motor fibres to the
cremaster
muscle and sensory fibres to the spermatic
fascia, tunica
vaginalis of the testis and scrotal skin
E. True
115.
A. False It contains only the first lumbar segment
B. True - The iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve,
lateral cutaneous
nerve of the thigh and the femoral nerve
emerge from the
lateral border of the psoas muscle, in that order
from above
downwards
C. True The nerve pierces the lower border of internal
oblique and
enters the inguinal canal and emerges through
the superficial
inguinal ring
D. True The structures supplied by the ilioinguinal nerve
include
external oblique, internal oblique, transversus
abdominis
muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, skin of
the upper
medial aspect of the thigh, root of the penis,
anterior onethird of the scrotal skin, mons pubis and
labium majora
E. False It is both sensory and motor
116.
A. False It is given off just below the origin of the renal
artery and
well above the inferior mesenteric artery
B. True They pass steeply downwards over psoas and
genitofemoral
nerve
C. True The artery on the left side crosses in front of the
ureter and
genitofemoral nerve
D. True The artery on the right side crosses in front of the
inferior
vena cava, ureter and genitofemoral nerve
E. True It supplies the middle portion of the ureter
117.
A. True It passes down on the psoas major muscle under
cover of
the peritoneum.
B. True Both ureters have three anatomic sites that show
narrowings.
They are located at the pelviureteric junction,
where it crosses
the pelvic brim and as it enters the bladder wall
C. False It lies posterior to the gonadal vessels
D. True The ureter enters the pelvis by crossing the
bifurcation of the
common iliac artery anteriorly over the
sacroiliac joint
E. False The ureter is developed from the proximal part
of the ureteric
bud which arises as an outgrowth of the

mesonephric duct.
The paramesonephric duct gives rise to the
duct system in the
female genital tract (Fallopian tube, uterus,
cervix and upper
vagina)
118.
A. True - Both ureters lie on the posterior abdominal wall
covered
by the peritoneum
B. True Lower down it is crossed anteriorly by the right
colic and
ileocolic vessels and by the root of the
mesentery.
C. True The upper end is supplied by the ureteric branch
of the renal
artery. The middle region of the ureter is
supplied by the
abdominal aorta, gonadal, common iliac and
internal iliac
arteries. The lower end is supplied by
branches from inferior
and superior vesical and uterine arteries.
D. True On a radiograph the ureter lies medial to the tips
of the
transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
E. True The upper part of the right ureter lies behind the
third
part of the duodenum
119.
A. False - The suprarenal glands lie at the upper pole of

each kidney
and are asymmetrical. The right gland is
pyramidal and
the left is crescentic in shape.
B. True They lie within their own compartment of renal
fascia
C. False - The glands have a rich arterial supply and each
receives
blood from three sources which are the renal
artery, inferior
phrenic artery, and a branch directly from the
aorta. In
contrast there is usually a single vein draining
it.
D. True
The inferior vena cava overlaps the
anteromedial surface
of the right suprarenal gland
E. False The medulla develops from neural crest cells.
The cortex
is developed from the intermediate mesoderm
120.
A. False The anterior surface of the right suprarenal
gland is
overlapped medially by the inferior vena cava
and the rest of
the anterior surface is in contact with the bare
area of the
liver. The anterior surface of the upper part of
the left
suprarenal gland is covered by the peritoneum
of the lesser
sac and the lower part is in contact with the
body of the
pancreas and splenic vessels
B. True The left gland lies on the left crus of the
diaphragm and
overlaps the front of the kidney
C. True The suprarenal gland receives arterial supply
from three
sources. Inferior suprarenal artery from the
renal artery,
middle suprarenal artery from the abdominal
aorta and the
superior suprarenal artery from the inferior
phrenic artery
D. False The zona glomerulosa is in the adrenal cortex.
The adrenal
cortex is developed from the intermediate
mesoderm and
the adrenal medulla is developed from the
neural crest cells
E. True Preganglionic sympathetic fibres arising from the
spinal cord
pass via the sympathetic chain without relay as
the greater,
lesser and least splanchnic nerves. The greater

splanchnic
nerve ends in the cells of the adrenal medulla
121.
A. True - A small triangular part of the costodiaphragmatic
recess of
the pleura lies behind the diaphragm and is an
important
posterior relation of the kidney, which is at risk
in the lumbar
approach to the kidney.
B. True - The upper pole of the right kidney overlies the
twelfth rib,
that of the left kidney the eleventh rib
C. True The subcostal vein, artery and nerve, on
emerging beneath
The lateral arcuate ligament, lie behind the
kidney, as do the
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves as they
emerge from the
lateral border of psoas.
D. True - The hilum of the left kidney is related to the
pancreas and
on the right to the second part of the
duodenum.
E. False - The hilum of the left kidney lies just above and
that of the
right just below the transpyloric plane
122.
A. True The anterior relations of the right kidney are right
suprarenal
gland,liver, hepatic flexure of colon, small
intestine and second
part of the duodenum.
The anterior relations of the left kidney are left
suprarenal
gland, stomach, spleen, pancreas, colon and
small intestine
B. True
C. False
D. True
E. False Subcostal vessels are a posterior relation of both
kidneys.
123.
A. False - The kidney develops from two embryonic parts
namely the
ureteric bud and metanephric blastema. The
metanephric
blastema gives rise to the Bowmans capsule,
proximal
convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and distal
convoluted tubule.
The ureteric bud gives rise to the collecting
ducts, minor
B.
C.
D.
E.
calyces, major calyces, pelvis of the kidney and

ureter
False
True
True
True
124.
A. True Androgens are secreted by the zona reticulosa
cells of the
adrenal cortex
B. True The adrenal cortex develops from the
intermediate mesoderm
close to the area of the kidney. The adrenal
medulla develops
from the neural crest cells.
C. False The adrenal cortex in supplied from the
..
It is
the adrenal medulla that is supplied by the
myelinated
preganglionic sympathetic fibers which synapse
with the
medullary cells.
D. True The adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones.
The cells that
secrete steroids have an abundance of smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is
found in
abundance in protein secreting cells
E. True - All endocrine glands have a rich reticulin fibre
network.
________________________________________________________
Pelvis and Perineum

125.
Regarding the pelvis
A. The sacro-iliac joint is a synovial joint
B. The sacrotuberous ligament lies anterior to the
sacrospinous ligament
C. The sub public angle is wider in male than in female
D. The piriformis muscle leaves the pelvis through the
greater sciatic foramen
E. The inferior pubic rami are everted in males
126.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The pelvic outlet is formed by the

ischial tuberosities
sacrotuberous ligaments
alar of the sacrum
ischiopubic rami
sacroiliac ligaments
127.
The levator ani muscle
A. has superior and inferior surfaces covered with
fascia
B. is supplied by a branch from the 1st sacral nerve
C. is inserted into the perineal body
D. has fibres forming a sling around the anorectal
junction
E. forms the medial boundary of the ischioanal fossa
128.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Pelvic peritoneum in the female covers the

Superior surface of the bladder
Anterior surface of the lower third of the rectum
Lateral surface of the urinary bladder
Fundus of the uterus
Anterior surface of the vagina

129.
The rectum in the male
A. rests in front of the 3rd,4th and 5th sacral vertebrae
B. is covered by the peritoneum in its upper 1/3 in
front and sides
C. is derived from the lower part of the urogenital
sinus
D. is lined by the stratified squamous non keratinizing
epithelium
E. drains its upper part to the pre aortic lymph nodes
130.
Regarding the anal canal
A. It has internal sphincter composed of striated
muscle
B. Its upper part is developed from the hindgut
C. Its lower part is derived from the urogenital sinus
D. Superficial inguinal nodes drain lymph from its
upper third
E. Pecten is lined by a simple columnar epithelium
131.
Regarding the anal canal
A. The pectinate line separates the ectodermal and
endodermal parts
B. The middle rectal artery supplies it
C. The pecten is lined by stratified squamous
keratinized epithelium
D. It drains into the superior rectal veins
E. Pectinate line is a site of portosystemic anastomosis
132.
Regarding the rectum
A. It is covered by the peritoneum throughout
B. It is developed from the lower part of the urogenital
sinus
C. It is lined by a simple columnar epithelium
D. It is supplied by the inferior rectal artery
E. In the male the prostate can be palpated on its
anterior wall by per rectal examination

133.
The female urethra is
A. lined by the stratified squamous keratinizing
epithelium
B. ten centimeters long
C. supplied by the internal pudendal artery
D. derived from the mesonephric duct
E. drained into the internal iliac nodes
134.
Regarding the urinary bladder
A. Its epithelium is derived from endoderm
B. The extrophy of the bladder is due to persistence of
the urachus
C. Has no peritoneal covering
D. Is lined by a stratified squamous non keratinizing
peithelium
E. Its apex is connected to the umbilicus by the
median umbilical ligament
135.
The testis
A. develops in the paraxial mesoderm
B. drains its lymph to the para aortic nodes
C. has the appendix testis which is a derivative of the
mesonephric duct
D. is supplied by sympathetic nerve firbres originating
from the T10 segment
E. contains diploid cells in the wall of seminiferous
tubule
136.
The testis
A. The tunica vaginalis completely encloses the testis
B. Has the epididymis located along its anterior border
C. Is supplied by sympathetic nerves arising from T10
spinal segment
D. Has cells of Leydig that secrete testosterone
E. The veins drain into the inferior vena cava on both

sides
137.
The ductus deferens
A. is lined by a cuboidal epithelium
B. develops from the mesonephric duct
C. passes through the inguinal canal
D. crosses the ureter in the region of the ischial spine
E. joins with that of the opposite side to form the
ejaculatory duct
138.
Regarding ductus deferens
A. It begins as a continuation from the upper pole of
epididymis
B. It is palpable in spermatic cord
C. It is supplied by a branch of the testicular artery
D. It leaves the spermatic cord at the deep inguinal
ring
E. The ampulla of the vas lies behind the base of the
bladder
139.
Pelvic part of the urogenital sinus in the
male gives rise to the
A. penile urethra
B. ejaculatory duct
C. seminal vesicle
D. prostatic urethra
E. membranous urethra
140.
Regarding the prostate gland
A. Its base lies against the neck of the bladder
B. It has a skeletal muscle covering
C. Its posterior lobe is devoid of glandular tissue
D. The normal gland can be palpated by per rectal
examination
E. Carcinoma of the prostate can directly spread to the
pelvic bones
141.
Regarding the seminal vesicles
A. They lie on the posterior surface of the bladder

B. The medial surface is related to the vas deferens
C. Develop from the paramesonephric ducts
D. Store spermstozoa
E. Are palpable by per rectal examination
142.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The penis
consists of two masses of erectile tissue
is developed from the genital swellings
drains into superficial inguinal lymph nodes
is supplied by a branch of the pudendal artery
has the bulbospongiosis muscle attached to the
side of the pubic arch
Female reproductive organs

143.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Regarding the vagina

The upper part develops from the urogenital sinus
The lower half lies within the perineum
It receives an arterial supply from the uterine artery
Its posterior wall is completely covered by the
peritoneum
E. Its posterior wall is longer than the anterior wall
144.
The ovary
A. Is developed from the paraxial mesoderm
B. when diseased will cause pain on the inner side of
the thigh on the same side
C. is supplied by the uterine artery
D. has its own mesentery
E. is attached to the uterus by the ligament of the
ovary
145.
Regarding the uterus
A. Lymph from the upper part of the body drains in to
the para aortic nodes
B. It is normally anterverted and retroflexed
C. Its body is enclosed by the peritoneum
D. The anterior surface of the cervix is attached to the

bladder above the trigone
E. It is developed from the paramesonephric ducts
146.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The broad ligament

has the ovary on its anterior margin
has the fallopian tube at its upper border
has an attachment to the labium majus
contains remnants of the mesonephric tubules
extend from the uterus to the lateral wall of the
pelvis
147.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Major supports of the uterus include

levator ani muscle
round ligament
pubo-cervical ligament
utero-sacral ligament
perineal body
148.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Dizygotic twins
always have a common chorionic cavity
are always of the oppsosite sex
have separate amniotic cavities
have two placentae
aAre commoner than monozygotic twins
149.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The uterine tube

is the site of fertilization of the ovum
is narrowest at the ampulla
develops from the paramesonephric ducts
is lined by a simplecolumnar ciliated epithelium
has an arterial supply from the ovarian artery
150.
Which of the following are homologous

Penis and clitoris
Scrotum and labia minora
Testis and ovary
Vas deferens and fallopian tube
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. Penile urethra and vaginal fornices

151.
Following are branches of internal iliac
artery
A. Iliolumbar artery
B. Uterine artery
C. Median sacral artery
D. Inferior epigastric artery
E. Superior gluteal artery
152.
The pudendal nerve
A. Consists of second, third and fourth sacral spinal
segments
B. Leaves the pelvis through the obturator foramen
C. Lies in the medial wall of the ischiorectal fossa
D. Gives off the dorsal nerve of the penis
E. Supplies the deep transverse perinei muscle
153.
The uterine artery
A. is a branch of the posterior division of the internal
iliac artery
B. lies within the broad ligament
C. passes above the ureter
D. anastomoses with obturator artery
E. supplies the ovaries
154.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The sacral plexus

Lies on the obturator internus muscle
Receives a contribution from the lumbosacral trunk
Supplies the quadratus femoris muscle
Gives branches to supply the perianal skin and skin
of buttock
E. Supplies the gluteal muscles
155.
The internal iliac artery
A. begins in front of the sacroiliac joint

B. ends near the upper margin of the lesser sciatic
foramen
C. is crossed anteriorly by the ureter at the pelvic brim
D. gives off the the median sacral artery from its
posterior division
E. supplies the vas deferens
Perineum
156.
Contents of the deep perineal pouch in the
male include
A. membranous urethra
B. perineal membrane
C. internal pudendal vessels
D. dorsal nerve of the penis
E. bulb of the penis
157.
Structures that drain
superficial inguinal lymph
nodes include
A. scrotum
B. testis
C. glans penis
D. labia minora
E. clitoris
directly
158.
Muscles attached
body include
A. levator ani
B. superficial transverse perinei
C. external anal sphincter
D. deep transverse perinei
E. ischiocavernosus
to
159.
Muscles
found
within
perineal pouch include
A. bulbospongiosus muscle
B. ischiocavernosus mucle
C. sphincter urethrae
the
the
to
the
perineal
superficial
D. deep transverse perineal muscle

E. superficial transverse perineal muscle
Pelvis and Perineum : Answers and Explanations

125.
A. True The articular surfaces of this joint are jagged and
very little
movement is present at this joint. With ageing
fibrous
adhesions occur and gradual obliteration of the
joint cavity
takes place; earlier in males and after the
menopause in
females
B. False The sacrotuberous ligament is found posterior to
the
sacrospinous ligament. The sacrotuberous
ligament is a flat
fibrous band of great strength having a wide
attachment. It is
attached to the posterior border of the ilium and
posterior
superior and posterior inferior iliac spines, to the
transverse
tubercles of the sacrum and to the upper part of
the coccyx
and is inserted to the medial surface of the
ischial tuberosity
C. False The subpubic angle is larger in females forming
an obtuse
angle wich is considered as a sex difference
D. True - The piriformis muscle arises from the front of the
middle
three pieces of the sacrum within the pelvis and

leaves the
pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen to be
attached to
the greater trochanter of the femur
E. True The crus of the penis is attached to this everted
inferior pubic
ramus
126.
A. True The pelvic outlet is bounded anteriorly by the
pubic
symphysis, arcuate or inferior pubic ligament,
posteriorly by
the coccyx and on each side by the ischiopubic
rami, ischial
tuberosities and sacrotuberous ligaments.
B. True
C. False The alar of the sacrum forms a part of the pelvic
inlet.
D. True
E. False Sacroiliac ligaments are ligamentous bands that
surround the
capsule of the sacroiliac joint.
127.
A. True The pelvic surface of the levator ani and
coccygeus is covered
by the superior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm.
The inferior
surface is covered by the inferior fascia of the
pelvic
diaphragm which blends with the obturator
fascia laterally
B. False It is mainly supplied from the sacral plexus by
branches of S3
and S4 spinal segments. Puborectalis may be
supplied from
below by the perineal branch of S4 and inferior

rectal branch
of the pudendal nerve, in common with the
external anal
sphincter
C. True The muscles attached to the perineal body
include the
external anal sphincter, pubovaginalis (levator
prostate), a
part of levator ani, bulbospongiosus and the
superficial and
deep transverse perinei muscles
D. True Fibres arising more anteriorly from the inner
aspect of the
body of the pubis form a sling around the
anorectal junction
and this part of the muscle is called the
puborectalis.
Contraction of this muscle sling helps in
defaecation
E. True The ischioanal fossa is wedge shaped. The
external sphincter
of the anal canal and the leavator ani muscles
form the
medial wall of each fossa and the lateral wall is
formed by the
ischial tuberosity with the obturator internus
muscle
128.
A. True The pelvic peritoneum covers the superior
surface of the
bladder and is reflected from a little in front of
the posterior
margin of this surface on to the undersurface of
the uterus
B. False The upper one-third of the rectum is covered by
the
peritoneum in front and on the sides; the middle
one-third is
covered only in front and the lower one-third
which is dilated
to form the ampulla is devoid of peritoneum. It is
reflected
forwards on to the upper part of the vagina to
form the
rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)
C. False
D. True - The fundus, the anterior or vesical surface and
the posterior
or the intestinal surface of the uterus are
covered by the
peritoneum
E. False The only part of the vagina to have a peritoneal
covering is
the posterior fornix. This peritoneal covering is
the part that
forms the front of the rectouterine pouch (of
Douglas)
129.
A. True The rectum lies in front of the sacrum from the
mid of 3rd
sacral segment and descends up to the tip of the

coccyx
B. True The rectum in the male is covered by the
peritoneum in its
upper 1/3 in front and on the sides and in its
middle 1/3
only in front
C. False The rectum is developed from the distal part of
the hindgut.
The urogenital sinus gives rise to the urinary
bladder and
urethra
D. False The rectum is lined by the simple columnar
epithelium with
goblet cells. Only the lower 1/3 of the anal canal
is lined by
the stratified squamous non keratinizing
epitelium
E. True Lymphatics of the upper rectum drains along the
inferior
mesenteric artery to pre aortic nodes. The
lymphatics from
the lower rectum reach the internal iliac nodes
along the
middle and inferior rectal vessels
130.
A. False The anal canal consists of internal and external
sphincters.
The internal anal sphincter is continuous with
the inner
circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers of
the anal
canal. Hence it is developed from the splanchnic
mesoderm
and consists of smooth muscle. The external
anal sphincter
consists of three parts, namely, deep, superficial
and
B.
C.
D.
E.
subcutaneous parts derived from the somatic

mesoderm
(striated muscle)
True The upper part of the anal canal above the
pectinate line is
developed from the hindgut and the lower part
below the
pectinate line is developed from the proctodeum
(ectodermal
origin)
False refer B above
False The upper part of the anal canal above the
pectinate line
drains into the internal iliac nodes. The lower part
of the anal
canal below the pectinate line drains into the
superficial
inguinal nodes
True The pecten is the area below the pectinate line
and is lined by
a stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium.
The area
above the pectinate line (anal column area) is
lined by a
simple columnar epithelium
131.
A. True The anal canal above the pectinate line is lined
B.
C.
D.
E.
by a simple
columnar epithelium and below the pectinate
line is lined by
a stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium
False The superior rectal branches and the inferior
rectal artery
supply the mucosa above and below the
pectinate line
respectively. The middle rectal artery supplies
the rectum
False
The pecten area is lined by the stratified
squamous non
keratinized epithelium (ectodermal)
True The area above the pectinate line drains into the
superior
rectal vein (a tributary of portal vein) and the
area below the
pecten drains into the inferior rectal vein
(systemic veins)
True In portal hypertension this anastomosis dilates
to form the
internal haemorrhoids (internal piles) as it is a
portosystemic
anastomosis
132.
A. False - Only the front and sides of the upper third and
the front of the
middle third of the rectum are covered by the
peritoneum.
The lower third is devoid of a peritoneal covering
B. False The rectum is developed from the distal part of
the hindgut
and the mucosa is endodermal in origin. The
urogenital sinus
gives rise to the urinary bladder and urethra
C. True It is lined by the gut epithelium which is the
simple columnar
epithelium
D. False It is supplied by the superior rectal artery (a
branch of the
Inferior mesenteric artery), middle rectal artery
(a branch of
the internal iliac artery) and median sacral
artery (a branch of
the abdominal aorta). The inferior rectal artery
supplies the
anal canal
E. True By per rectal examination in the male, the
prostate, seminal
vesicle, base of the urinary bladder and the
rectovesical
pouch (if fluid is filled) could be palpated on the
anterior
rectal wall. In the female all internal reproductive
organs
could be felt. In both sexes some bony parts

namely the lower
sacrum and coccyx, the ischial spine and the
ischial tuberosity
could be palpated on the posterior rectal wall

133.
A. False - The uppermost part of the female urethra is
lined by the
transitional epithelium followed by the stratified
squamous
non keratinizing epithelium at the external
urethral meatus.
B. False - The urethra in the female is 4 cm long. During
later stages of
pregnancy it can get stretched and could
increase its length
up to 10 cm.
C. True - Upper part of the female urethra is supplied by
the inferior
vescical and vaginal arteries with the lower end
being
supplied by internal pudendal artery
D. False - It is developed from the lower part of the

urogenital sinus. The
remnants of the mesonephric duct in the female
is seen as
epoophoron and paroophoron.
E. True - Lymph from the female urethra mainly drains
into internal
iliac nodes but some may reach the external iliac
nodes.
134.
A. True The urogenital sinus becomes the bladder and
therefore
the epithelium of the bladder is endodermal
and the
surrounding mesoderm which is developed
from the
splanchnic mesoderm forms the muscle and
connective
tissue. The incorporation of the lower ends of
mesonephric
the ducts into the posterior part of the bladder
forms the
B.
C.
D.
E.
trigone which is intermediate mesoderm in

origin
False The fusion of the anterior abdominal wall below
the umbilicus
is facilitated by the migrating primitive streak
mesoderm. If
this migration fails, the anterior abdominal wall
will not fuse
leading to exposure of the bladder wall. This is
called the
extrophy of the bladder. Persistence of the
urachus leads to
urine discharge from the umbilical region
False The superior surface and the upper part of the
posterior
surface are covered by the peritoneum in both
sexes
False It is lined by the transitional epithelium
True The apex of the bladder points anteriorly and lies
behind
symphysis pubis. It is connected to the umbilicus
by the
median umbilical ligament which is the fibrosed
(obliterated)
urachus

135.
A. False Both gonads (testis and ovary) develop in the
gonadal ridge in
the pelvic region of the intermediate mesoderm.
The paraxial
mesoderm forms the dermatomes, myotomes
and
sclerotomes of each spinal segment
B. True The testis drains into para aortic nodes lying
alongside the
aorta at second lumbar vertebral level and do
not drain into
inguinal nodes although the overlying scrotal
skin does
C. False The derivatives of the mesonephric duct include
efferent
ducts, epidydimis and vas deferens in the male
and
epoophoron and paroophoron in the ffemale.
Appendix testis
and utriculus prostaticus are the remnants of
the
paramesonephric duct attached to the testis in
the male
D. True The sympathetic preganglionic fibres originate
from the tenth
thoracic segment of the spinal cord and pass in
the greater or
lesser splanchnic nerves to the celiac ganglia
and synapse
there. The postganglionic sympathetic fibres
reach the testis
via the testicular artery
E. True The primary spermatogonia in the walls of the
seminiferous
tubules are diploid cells.
Secondary spermatogonia, spermatids and

sperms are haploid
cells.
136.
A. False It covers the whole testis except the posterior
border
B. False The epididymis is attached to its posterolateral
surface
C. True
D. True Cells of Leydig or interstitial cells are found as
clusters
scattered among the cells of connective tissue
in between the
seminiferous tubules. They constitute the
endocrine portion of
the testis and secrete testosterone
E. False The veins emerging from the testis form the
pampiniform
plexus. In the inguinal canal the plexus
separates out into
about four veins which join to form two that
leave the deep
inguinal ring. The left vein drains into the left
renal vein where
the right drains directly into the inferior vena
cava.
137.
A. False It is lined by a pseudostratified columnar
epithelium with
stereocilia
B. True - The mesonephric duct gives rise to the efferent
ducts,
epididymis and vas deferens in the male
C. True - It passes through the inguinal canal and enters
the abdomen
by emerging through the deep inguinal ring
D. True It passes downward and backwards on the lateral
wall of the
pelvis and crosses the ureter in the region of

the ischial spine
E. False - It joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to
form the
ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory ducts pierce
the posterior
wall of the prostate and open into the prostatic
urethra
138.
A. False It begins as a continuation from the tail of the
epididymis
B. True
C. False The artery to the ductus deferens arises from
the superior vesical (or sometimes from the
inferior vesical) artery. The epididymis is supplied
by a branch of the testicular artery
D. True
E. True The part of the ductus lying behind the base of
the bladder is dilated and tortuous, and is known
as the ampulla
139.
A. False - The urogenital sinus has a definitive part, pelvic
part and a
phallic part. The definitive part gives rise to the
urinary
bladder, the pelvic part gives rise to the
ejaculatory duct,
seminal vesicle, prostate, prostatic urethra and
membranous
urethra in the male. The phallic part gives rise to
the penile
urethra.
B. True
C. True
D. True
E. True
140.
A. True - Prostate gland is conical in shape with its base
lying against
the neck of the bladder and the apex lying
inferiorly against
the urogenital diaphragm
B. False The smooth muscle of the bladder wall pass
without
interruption to the prostate as the prostate is
continuous
with the neck of the bladder
C. False The prostate has five lobes namely the anterior
lobe, median
or middle lobe, posterior lobe and left and right
lateral lobes.
The anterior lobe lies in front of the urethra and
is devoid of
glandular tissue. All other lobed consist of
glandular tissue
D. True The following can be felt by the index finger
inserted into the
anal canal and rectum in the male
Opposite the terminal phalanx- contents of
rectovesical
pouch, posterior surface of the bladder,
seminal vesicles and
vas deferens
Opposite the middle phalanx the prostate
Opposite the proximal phalanx perineal body,
urogenital
diaphragm and bulb of the penis
E. True The prostatic venous plexus is directly connected
to the
vertebral veins. During abdominal straining or
coughing the
prostatic venous blood could flow in a reverse
direction and
enter vertebral veins. The frequent occurrence

of metstases of
carcinoma of prostate in the lower part of the
vertebral
column and pelvic bones could be explained
due to the above.
141.
A. True - They lie on the base of the bladder above the
prostate on the
posterior aspect. The left and right vas deferens
lie side by
side on the posterior surface and separates the
seminal
vesicles from each other
B. True The terminal part of the vas deferens lies on the
medial
surface of each seminal vesicle
C. False It develops from the mesonephric duct. The
paramesonephic
ducts in the male regress and its remnants are
the utriculus
prostaticus and appendix testis
D. False They do not store spermatozoa but produce
about 60% of the
seminal fluid which contains substances which
are essential
for the nourishment of spermatozoa
E. True - By per rectal examination in the male, the

prostate, seminal
vesicle, base of the urinary bladder and the
rectovesical
pouch (if fluid is filled) could be palpated on the
anterior
rectal wall. In the female all internal reproductive
organs
could be felt. In both sexes some bony parts
namely the lower
sacrum and coccyx, the ischial spine and the
ischial tuberosity
could be palpated on the posterior rectal wall
142.
A. False The root of the penis consists of three masses of
erectile
tissue namely the bulb of the penis, and right
and left crura
of the penis. The bulb continues forward in to
the body of the
penis as the corpus spongiosum. The two crura
converge
B.
C.
D.
E.
forwards and lie side by side in the dorsal part of

the body of
the penis forming corpora cavernosa
False The penis is developed from the genital tubercle
present in
the indifferent stage of external genitalia. In the
female it
gives rise to the clitoris. The genital swellings
give rise to the
scrotum in the male and the labia majora in the
female
True - The skin of the penis drains into the superficisl
inguinal nodes
and the deep structures of the penis drains into
internal iliac
nodes
True The deep arteries of the penis supply the corpora
cavernosa,
the artery of the bulb supplies the corpora
cavernosa, the
artery of the bulb supplies the corpus
spongiosum and the
dorsal artery of the penis also supplies it. All
three arteries are
branches of the internal pudendal artery
False - The bulbospongiosus muscle covers the bulb of
the penis. The
ischiocavernosus muscle covers the crus of the
penis which is
attached to the side of the pubic arch
Female Reproductive Organs

143.
A. False
The
upper
part
develops
from
the
paramesonephric ducts and
the lower part is developed from the urogenital
sinus
B. True The upper half of the vagina lies above the pelvic
floor and
lower half lies within the perineum

C. True The vaginal branch of the internal iliac artery is
supplemented
by the uterine, inferior vesical and middle rectal
vessels. The
branches of these vessels make good
anastomotic
connections on the vaginal wall
D. False The posterior fornix is covered by the
peritoneum of the front
of the rectouterine pouch (of Douglas). It is the
only part of
the vagina to have a peritoneal covering
E. True Also the posterior fornix is deeper than the other
fornices
144.
A. False - The ovary develops from the gonadal ridge
formed by the
intermediate mesoderm. The germ cells develop
in the wall of
the yolk sac and migrate to the developing
gonads at sixth
week intrauterine life. Paraxial mesoderm gives
rise to
segmental muscles of the vertebral column, ribs,
vertebrae
and annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs.
B. True - The ovary is closely related to the obturator
nerve from which
it is separated from the parietal peritoneum.
Therefore a
diseased ovary can cause referred pain along the
cutaneous
distribution of the obturator nerve which is the
inner side of
the thigh.
C. False - The ovary is supplied by the ovarian artery, a
branch of the
abdominal aorta. The uterine artery supplies the

uterus and
the fallopian tubes.
D. True - The anterior border of the ovary is attached to
the broad
ligament (posterior leaf) by a fold of peritoneum
called
mesovarium.
E. True - The lower pole of the ovary is attached to the
uterus by the
ligament of ovary.
145.
A. True - Lymph from the upper part of body, fundUs and
fallopian tube
drains into para aortic nodes. (some may drain
into external
iliac nodes). Lower part of the uterine body drains
into
external iliac nodes, and the cervix drains into
both external
and internal iliac nodes and to sacral nodes.
B. False - The normal position of the uterus is anteverted
and
anteflexed. Other abnormal positions are
C. True -
The body of the uterus is enclosed by the

peritoneum which
becomes the broad ligament laterally. The
posterior surface
of the cervix is also covered by the peritoneum
but the
anterior surface of the cervix has no peritoneal
covering.
D. True - Due to this relationship and being deep to the
vescicouterine
pouch, the anterior surface of the cervix has no
peritoneal
covering.
E. True - The uterus develops from the lower third of the
fused
paranesonephric ducts while the fallopian tube
develops from
the upper 2/3 of the paramesonephric ducts.
146.
A. False - The anterior layer of the round ligament is
bulged forwards by
the round ligament of the uterus just below the
uterine tube.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The ovary is related to the posterior layer of the

ligament from
which it is suspended (mesovarium).
True - The upper border of the broad ligament is free
forming the
mesosalpinx containing the fallopian tube
False - The broad ligament extends from the side wall of
uterus to the
pelvic wall. It is the round ligament of the uterus
that extends
from the junction of the uterus and the fallopian
tube and
passing through the inguinal canal gets attached
distally to
the fibro fatty tissue of the labium majus.
True - Between the two layers of the broad ligament lie
the fallopian
tubes, lymphatics, round ligament, ligament of
the ovary and
remnants of the mesonephric tubules namely
paroophoron
and epoophoron.
True
147.
A. True The uterus is supported by the tone of the
levator ani muscles
and condensations of pelvic fascia, which form
three
important ligaments, namely, transverse cervical
(cardinal)
ligaments, pubocervical ligaments and
uterosacral ligaments.
B. False - The round ligament of the uterus is the
counterpart of the
gubernaculums testis in the male
C. True
D. True
E. True
148.
A. False - Dizygotic twins are produced by the fertilization
of two ova by two separate sperms giving rise to two
separate zygotes. They will not resemble each other
can have the same or opposite sex, have a different
genetic constitution, always have two placentae, two
amniotic cavities and two chorionic cavities. Of all
twins 70% are dizygotic and 30% are monozygotic
B. False
C. True
D. True
E. True
149.
A. True the uterine tube receives the ovum from the
ovary and
provides a site where the fertilization of the ovum
can takes
place
B. False - The narrowest part of the tube is the region
called the
isthmus. The ampulla is widest part of the tube
C. True
D. True It is lined by the simple columnar ciliated
epithelium
E. True It is supplied by the uterine artery of the internal
iliac artery
and the ovarian artery of the abdominal aorta
150.
A. True
B. False - The homologous structure of the scrotum is the

labia majora.
The homologous structure of the labia minora is
the penile
urethra.
C. True
D. False - Vas deferens develops from the mesonephric
duct. The
remnants of the vas deferens in the female is the
paroophoron
and epoophoron which are its homologous
structures. The
Fallopian tube develops from the upper 2/3 of
paramesonephric ducts is the utriculus prostaticus
and
appendix testis which is its homologous structure.
E. False - Homologous structure of the penile urethra is the
labia minora
and the vestibule.
151.
A.
B.
C.
True The internal iliac artery divides into anterior

and posterior
divisions. Branches arising from the posterior
division are
iliolumbar, lateral sacral and superior gluteal. The
anterior
division gives off nine branches, three associated
with the
bladder (superior vesical, obliterated umbilical
and inferior
vesical), three other visceral branches (middle
rectal, uterine
and vaginal), and three parietal branches
(obturator, internal
pudendal and inferior gluteal)
True
False The median sacral artery arises from the
back of the
D.
E.
abdominal aorta above its bifurcation and ends

in front of the
coccyx.
False The inferior epigastric artery arises from the
external iliac
artery near its lower end just above the inguinal
ligament
True
152.
A. True The pudendal nerve is a branch of the sacral
plexus consisting
of second, third and fourth sacral segments.
B. False The pudendal nerve enters the pudendal canal
on the lateral
wall of the ischiorectal fossa
C. False
D. True The dorsal nerve of the penis (clitoris) is one of
the terminal
branches (the other terminal branch is the
perineal nerve)
which runs forward deep to perineal membrane
and piercing
it supplies the skin of the penis (clitoris).
E. True The motor part of the perineal nerve (branch of
pudendal
nerve) supplies the ischiocavernosus,
bulbospongiosus,
superficial and deep transversus perinei and
sphincter
urethrae muscles
153.
A. False It arises from the anterior division of the internal
iliac artery
B. True It runs medially in the base of the broad
ligament passing
above the ureter to reach the junction of the

cervix and the
body of the uterus
C. True
D. False Near the entrance of the uterine tube it turns
laterally to
supply the tube and anastomoses with the tubal
branches of
the ovarian artery
E. False The ovary is supplied by the ovarian artery, a
branch of the
abdominal aorta given off just below the renal
artery
The uterine artery supplies the body, fundus and
cervix of the
uterus, and gives off branches to supply the
uterine tubes and
the vagina
154.
A. False It rests upon piriformis muscle and is covered
anteriorly by
the parietal pelvic fasicia
B. True It is formed by the lumbosacral trunk and the
anterior rami of
the upper four sacral nerves
C. True It is supplied by the nerve to quadratus femoris
(anterior
divisions of L4,L5,S1). This nerve also supplies
the inferior
gamellus and the hip joint
D. True The perineal branch of S4 which passes between
the
coccygeus and levator ani enters the ischioanal
fossa and
supplies the perianal skin. The perforating
cutaneous nerve
arising from S2 and S3 supplies the skin of the
buttock
E. True The superior gluteal (L4, L5, S1) and inferior

gluteal (L5, S1, S2)
nerves supply the gluteal muscles
155.
A. True The common iliac artery bifurcates at the pelvic
brim
oppostite the sacroiliac joint to form the external
and internal
iliac arteries
B. False It passes downwards from its origin and divides
into an
anterior and a posterior division at the upper
margin of the
greater sciatic foramen
C. True
D. False The branches of the posterior division of the
internal iliac
artery iliolumbar, lateral sacral and superior
gluteal arteries.
The median sacral artery arises from the
posterior aspect of
the aorta a little above the point where it
bifurcates into the
two common iliac arteries
E. True The inferior vesical artery given off from its
anterior division
supplies the trigone and lower part of the
bladder, the ureter,
vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate.
Perineum
156.
A. True - The contents of the deep perineal pouch are the

membranous
urethra, bulbo urethral glands, sphincter urethrae
and deep
transverse perinei muscle, dorsal nerve of penis,
internal
pudendal artery, artery to the bulb and dorsal
artery of penis.
The perineal membrane forms the inferior
boundary of the
deep perineal pouch and therefore not a
content. Bulb of the
penis is present in the superficial perineal
pouch.
B. False
C. True
D. True
E. False
157.
A. True There are two groups of superficial inguinal lymph
nodes
namely the proximal and distal groups. The
proximal group
receives lymph from the buttock, back of the body
below the
waist, umbilicus and anterior abdominal wall
below umbilicus,
external genitalia in both sexes excluding the
testis, lower
vagina, lower part of anal canal and perineum and
from uterus
via lymphatics accompanying the round ligament.
The distal
B.
C.
D.
E.
group receives all superficial lymphatics from the

lower limb
except the posterolateral part of the calf. The
superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain mainly
into the external
iliac nodes. Testis drains into para aortic nodes.
The
glans penis drains into deep inguinal nodes.
False
False
True
True
158.
A. True The perineal body (central tendon of the
perineum) is
fibomuscular mass located between the anal
canal and the
vagina (or the bulb of the penis). Muscles
attaching to it are
the superficial and deep transverse perinei,
bulbospongiosis,
levator ani and external sphincter.
B. True
C. True
D. True
E. False Ischiocavernosus arises from the posterior part
of the
perineal membrane and ischiopubic rami and
inserts into the
corpus cavernosum
159.
A. True The muscles found within the superficial perineal

pouch are
the superficial transverse perineal,
ischiocavernosus and
bulbospongiosus muscles. It also contains
branches of the
internal pudendal vessels, branches of the
perineal nerve and
greater vestibular glands in the female (Bartholin
glands)
B. True
C. False Sphincter urethrae and deep transverse perineal
muscles are
in the depth perineal space
D. False
E. True

Anatomy MCQ Abdomen and Thorax

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Anatomy MCQ Abdomen and Thorax

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MCQs in

An aid to revision and self

An aid to revision and self assessment

Professor Malkanthi Chandrasekera

All rights reserved.

First published in 2013

Medical knowledge is constantly changing. The authors have,

Students preparing for examinations are burdened with

Even though every effort has been taken, to ensure

Chapter 3 : Pelvis and Perineum

Regarding intercostal nerves

3. Regarding intercostal arteries

4. External intercostal muscle

B. is derived from the paraxial mesoderm

8. Branches of the internal thoracic artery are

The aortic opening in the diaphragm

The diaphragm is developed from the

The Thoracic Cavity

Regarding the arch of the aorta

The ascending aorta

The pulmonary trunk

The left principal (main) bronchus

A. is wider than the right principal bronchus

D. divides into two lobar bronchi

At the sternal angle

The right atrium

A. forms the right border of the heart

The right coronary artery

The left atrium

Lungs and Pleurae

The parietal pleura

Thorax : Answers and Explanations

crosses the axilla to the medial side of the arm

The intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of

D. True The artery terminates in the 6 th intercostal space

A. True - The fibres of the external intercostal muscle are

D. False The groove for the subclavian vein is on its

to 7th ) articulate with the sternum at synovial

above. Hence T9 vertebra has no inferior costal

B. True It has about 12 ganglia, most of which lie

The Thoracic Cavity

C. True - The prevertebral fascial layer passes in front of

D. False It crosses from right to left side at the fifth

(22.5 cm) from the incisor teeth). The third is at

A. True Structures present in a cross section of the

border of T4 vertebral level include the arch of

D. True The left principal bronchus divides into two lobar

and the right principal bronchus into three

A. True - The azygos system of veins develop from the left

A. True Both right and left brachiocephalic veins receive

receives the superior intercostal vein

A. False The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus

although its activity continues into old age

E. True Oxygenated blood entering the liver via the left

A. False The median umbilical ligament is the urachus (a

which shunts oxygenated blood from the left

left border by the left atrium and left ventricle.

structural closure takes place after several

D. False The apex of the heart receives blood from the

of the aorta. The arch ends at the fourth thoracic

pericardial and mediastinal veins, and the right

right pulmonary artery; and the pericardium

occurs where the oesophagus passes through