~;~~'i~:~

Ans,

(b) The entropy change of the water is the same as in (a), and the total
heat transfer is the same, but divided into two halves.

zs

'=

_-Q_.(

res'

+ __ 1__ )

323.15.K

373.15.K

kJ
~Sres= -1.208-kgK

Ans.

(c) The reversible heating of the water requires an infinite number of heat
reservoirs covering the range of temperatures from 273.15 to 373.15 K,
each one exchanging an infinitesimal quantity of heat with the water
and raising its temperature by a differential increment.

5.9

Pj := I-bar

Tr := 5000K

Pl'V

n:;:::--

RTl
(a) Const.-V heating;
T2 := Tr + ____g_
n'Cv
By Eq. (5.18),

But

~U

. 3

V!= O.06ni

Q ::= 15000J

1.443mol

= Q + W = Q = n.Cv(T2 - r.)

T2 ;:::I x I03K

AS =

n{

Whence

m(:~))
mG~)

CP.I{ ~~) - R

AS:= n'Cv

(b) The entropy change of the gas is the same as in (a). The entropy
change of the surroundings is zero. Whence
Ans.
The stirring process is irreversible.

99

Ans.

5.10 (a) The temperature drop ofthe second stream (B) in either
case is the same as the temperature rise of the first stream
(A), i.e., 120 degC. The exit temperature of the second
stream is therefore 200 degC. In both cases we therefore
have:
463.15)

.1.SB := Cp- In (

~SA := Cp-ln (
343.15

473.15)
593.15
Ans.

(b) For both cases:

Ans.

(c) In this case the final temperature of steam B is 80 degC, i.e., there is
a 10-degC driving force for heat transfer throughout the exchanger.
Now
353.15)
.1.SB := CpIn (
473.15

.1.S := C .In(463. IS)

A
p
343.15

ADs.
L\Stotal := L\S A + .1.SB

5.16 By Eq. (5.8),

Ans.

dW
dQ

TO"
1-T

dW= dQ-T

Since dQIT = dS,

Integration gives the required result.

'Tl:= 600K
Q = -5.82

100

3 J

10 -

mol

0"

dQ
.-

.1.S = -11.799 --.

molK

Work

;=

Q - Ta..1.S

Ans.

Ans.
Qa
~Sreservoir;=

~S

Ans.

Tcr

+ ~Sreservoir= 0--

molK

5.17 THl:== 600K

TCl

.= 300K

Process is reversible.

TH2:= 300K

For the Carnot engine, use Eq. (5.8):

Iwl

TC2:=25Q~K

= THI - Tel

[QHd

THI

The C~rnot refrigerator is a reverse Carnot engine.

Combine Eqs. (5.8) & (5.7) to get:

I wi

IQC2 I =

Equate the two work quantities and solve for the required ratio of the heat
quantities!
(
r r= Te2. THl - TCl)
ADS.
THl TH2 - TC2

5.18 (a) Tl:= 300K

T2

PI := l.2bar

t=

450K

Ans.

.1.H:= Cp.(T2-Tt)

8S :~ Cp ~(~~)

(b)

P2 := 6bat

Ans.

- R ~(:~)

3 J
Llli = 5.8210 mol

J
..1.S= 1.484-molK

101

Cp.:.::::
...-.R
2.

J
~S = 4.953-rnol-K

(c)

3 J
~H = -3.11810 mol

(d)

~H

-3.74110 mol

J
~S = 2.618-rnol-K

(e)

~H

3 J
-6.65110 mol

~S

J
= -3.607--mo]K

5.19 The cycle is the same as is shown by Fig. 8.10 on page 298. With the
identificaitons C=l; D;;2; A=3; and B=4, the efficiency is given by Eq. (A) on
page 298:
11

4- 1)

1 _ Cy. (T
T
Cp T3-T2

For the given data:

5.21

5 ( 973.15- 473.15 )
1973.l5 -773.15

11:== 1

-7'

Cv:=

c:;p -'-R

Ans.

PI := lbar

Cp
y'=Cy

17i:===298.15K

1.4

With the reversible work given by Eq. (3.33), we get for the actual W:

RT1
P2
Work := 1.35--
(-)

Y- ]

PI

y-l
y

- I

But Q = 0, and W = ~U = Cy.(T2 - TI)

3 J
Work == 3.6x 10 mol
Whence

Work
T2:= TI +-Cy
T2

471.374K

Ans.

102

5.25 P:= 4

T:= 800

Step 1-2: Volume decreases at constant P.

Heat flows out of the system. Work is done on the system.

Step 2-3: Isothermal compression.

out of the system.

W23

Work is done on the system. Heat flows

= R'hm(::J = Rhm(::J

Step 3-1: Expansion process that produces work. Heat flows into the
system. Since the PT product is constant,
PdT + TdP
p.y

dP
T- = -dT
P

=0

= RT

PdY

PdV + YdP

RdT - VdP

= RdT

(A)

RdT

dP
- RTP

In combination with (A) this becomes

PdV = RdT + RdT = 2RdT
Moreover,

W31

= _IV!

P dV

= -2R(Tt

T3)

= -2 R.(TI

V3

Q31

~U31 - W31 = Cv-(TI -

Q31 = (Cv+2'R}(TJ
1')

T3)

+ 2.R.(Tl -

-T3) = (Cp+R).(Tr-T2)

= IWnetl = IW12 + W23 + W3d

Qin

7
Cp:=",-R
2

Q31
TI

.= 700K
103

T3)

T2)

...: Tl
P3:==Pr'F
..

T2

3 J
W12 ;;::2.91 x 10 mol
W23

:=:

3 J
2.017 x 10 mol

W31

:-:c

3 J
-5.82x 10 mol

Q31

4 J
1.309 x 10 mol

IW12 + W23 + W311

ADs.

Q31

PI := 2.5~bar

5.26 T:= 403.15K

By Eq. (5.18),

ADs.

~S:= -R ~(;~)

With the reversible work given by Eq. (3.26), we get for the actual W:
(Isothermal compresion)

Q := -Work

Work

3 J
4.163 x 10 mol

Q here is with respect to the system.

So for the heat reservoir, we have

-Q

LlSres :=-Tres
LlStotal := LlS

Ans.

+ LlSres

ADs.

5.27 (a) ICPS(473.15,1373.15,5.699,O.640.10-3,O.O,-l.015'105)

ICPS := 6.448223
104

= 6.448223

By Eq. (5.14) with P = con st. and Eq. (5.15), we get for the entropy
change of 10 moles
n r= lO'rnol

(b)

.6.S := nRrCPS

reps (523.15,1473.15,1.213,28.78510

tcrs

ADS.

-3 ,-8.82410 -6),0.0 = 20.234265

:= 20.234265

By Eq. (5.14) with P = const. and Eq. (5.15), we get for the entropy
change of 12 moles
n:= 12'inol

,is

Ans.

:= nRrCPS

5.28 (a) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2a to be 1374.5 K.
The entropy change for 10 moles is then found as follows

rcrs (473.15,1374.5,1.424,14.39410
rcps

:= 10.835459

-3,-4.39210 -6),0.0

10.835459

n := IOonol

.6.S ::.0.- n- R rcrs

ADs.

(b) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2b to be 1413.8 K.
The entropy change for 15 moles is then found as follows:

rcrs (533.15,1413.8,1.967,31.63010
ICPS := 21.309212

-3,-9.87310 -6),0.0

21.309212

n:= I5mol
Ans .

.6.S := nRrCPS

(c) The final temperature for this process was found in Pb. 4.2c to be 1202.9 K.
The entropy change for 18.14 kg moles is then found as follows

ICPS 533.15,1202.9,1.424,14.39410

rcps

zs

:= 8.245741

-3,-4.39210 -6),0.0

n :;::::
18140'moJ

:= nR-rCPS

Ans.
105

= 8.24574]

5.29 The relative amounts of the two streams are determined by an energy
balance. Since Q = W = O~the enthalpy changes of the two streams must
cancel. Take a basis of 1 mole of air entering, and let x = moles of chilled air.
Then 1- x = the moles of warm air.

TO:= 298.15K

Temperature

of entering air

.Tr := 248.15K

Temperature

of chilled air

T2 ;=348J5'J(

Temperature

of warm air

x.Cp.(Tr - To) + (1 - x).Cp.(T2 - To)

x := 0.3

(guess)

Given
x := Find(x)

0.5

Thus x = 0.5, and the process produces equal amounts of chilled and warmed
air. The only remaining question is whether the process violates the second
law. On the basis of 1mole of entering air, the total entropy change is as
follows.
.....

Po:= 5bar

CP:~2'R

"Stoul :~ x Cp

u{~~J +

{I -

P:= l-bar

J - m(:oJ

X).CP.'{ ~~

Ans.
Since this is positive, there is no violation of the second law.

5.30

Tl .= 523.15K

T2

Tres :== 303.15 K

.. .
J
Work:=;...:;1800.-...
..
. .. mol

Cv := Cp.-'- R

t=

353J,5K

Q = ,1U - Work
106

c.p :.=:: -R
7
2

-Q

L1Sres= 5.718--

L1Sres:= -

mol-K

Tres

3 J
-1.733 x 10-

mol

liS= -2.301-molK

~1~:;~,~~:,~t:I!~'~!I:

PROCESS IS POSSIBLE .

:_'.'-:_'-;";~-.~

k,,_,i

'--.?_.~ ';';_""

;-/:,:':

533 For the process of cooling the brine:

.
..
kJ
Cp := 3.5'--.-.
Kt:= -40K

k
mdot :.=.20 ~
..sec

kg-K

(273. I 5 + 25) K

Tl

T2 := (273.15 - 15)-K

T2

= 258.15K

TO' ;= (273.15 + 30)K

TO' = 303.15K

L1H := Cpo L1T

L1H= -140-

Tl

;=

~.'

l'lt:= 0.27

298.15K

kJ

kg

kJ

L1S= -0.504-kgK
Eq. (5.26):

Wdotideal

By Eq. (5.28): Wdot:=

:= mdot-(L1H - Tcr'L1S)

Wdotideal::::: 256.938kW

Wdotideal
'I1t

5.34 E:= LlO-volt

i:= 9.7amp

Wdotmech:;::::; -1.25hp

To-:= 300K

Wdotelect := j-E

At steady state: Qdot + Wdotelect + Wdotmech

W doteJect

= -d
dt

Qdot
-+SdotG
TO'

= -S =
dt
107

1.067 x lOW

Qdot

Qdot := - Wdotelect - Wdotmech

-134.875W

-Qdot
Sdotrj r= -TIT

5.35

n:=

ADS.

Wdotelect :=

To .:==300 K

i:= lOamp

25ohm

?n

At steady state:

Wdotelect

2.5 x 10 W

Qdot + Wdotelect

= -d Ut = 0

Qdot := - Wdotelect

dt

Qdot

-+ Sdotrj = - S = 0
Tcr
dt
Qdot

-2.5 x 10 watt

... kmol

5.38 mdot.r= 10. hr

T1

-Qdot
t= --

Tcr
ADS.

.=

(25 + 273.15)K

P2:== 1.2bar
7

"{ ;;; .,.,-

Cp:= -R

.5

(a) Assuming an isenthaJpic process:

T2

~S
(b)- =
R

Sdotrj

Cp 1
--dT
R T

-In(-J
P2

T2 ;= Tj

.. ''~fJ!~;J;,~~p:ADS.

Eq. (5.14)

PI

Tl

Ans.

(c) SdotG;= mdot~S

(d) T&:== (20+273.15)K

ADs.
108

5.39 (a) Ti :;,; 500K

PI:~

TO";:::: 30()K

6bai

T2':=j71K

Basis: 1 mol

till :~n-Cp.(T2 - TI)

~S :~

~S

Wideal

Eq. (5.30)

Wlost := IWideal - Wsl

Eq. (5.39)

SG:=--

4.698

:= (~H - To'~S)

ADS.

~~~{s~t!~1g~:[~11
ADS.

f:::~':II_

Wlost

To

w,

Wideal

W10st

-3753.8J

-5163J

1409.3J

4.698

(b) -2460.9J

-2953.9J

493J

1.643

(c)

-3063.71

-4193.71

1130J

3.767

!._

(d)

-3853.51

-4952.4J

1098.8J

3.663

(e)

-3055.41

-4119.21

1063.81

3.546

-RI{:~)

~s :~

."

Irnol

n{cp.m(~~)- m(:~))

PI:= 2500kPa

-e_;.\~;.%R.
.':.:

Ws:= .6H

Eq. (5.27)

(a)

5.41

:==

1>2.:=: ~.:2~ar

P2:~ 150kPci
~S

SG

K
K

T c := 300K

molK
ADS.

109

IK

O.023~

Sdotrj := mdot-Af

ADS.

K
.............'.'

mol

mdot ;= 2Q-' .

sec

5.42

QH := 1kJ

TH := (250

W := 0.45kJ

+ 273.1S)K

TH~ 523.1SK

Ie := (25 + 273.15)K

nacruat ?"

JwJ

IQHI

l1actual

Te
Tlmax:=

1--

l1max

TH

Ie =298~15K

= O.4S
0.43

:~Mi.~~;~.~i1:~~!~~~~~,t~~,~e~g~ij~~~"~t~~#R~~_ilile~
5.43

Qfi;=

~150kJ

IH:=550~K

lOQkJ

Ql := 50kJ

Q2 :=

II :=350K

T2 :=250K

T(J :=
300+K
. '.
'.
ADs.

(a)

Ans.

(b)

5.44

WO()t ::::;..,.750.MW
TH
(a) Tlmax := 1 --

Te = 293J5K

S88.1SK

Te

ADs.

TH
JWdotJ
QdotH := -'--_...:....
11 max

Qdotc

;=

QdotH - JW dot]

g~r,:'~,"::~~~1:~:~~
(minimum
(b)

QdotH:=

Tl := 0.6Tlmax

JWdotJ

n
Qdote

;=

QdotH - /WdotJ

QdotH

2.492 x 10 W

,'3
, m
River temperature rise: Vdot : 165.-,' -.
,S

value)

(actual value)

'pO ._ '.1'.-.
gm.,
,.

."""';,

..

'.,

em

Qdote

.1T:=----

Vdot-p-Cp

110

Ans.