SUMATRA CONSUMER

CONSULTATIVE Consumer
COUNCIL Protection
Seminar for SUMATRA CCC MEMBER’S CAPACITY Framework
BUILDING ON TANZANIA CONSUMER
PROTECTION MODEL for Surface
HELD AT HILUX HOTEL, MOROGORO
5th & 6th JUNE, 2008
and Marine
Transport
Services in
Tanzania

THE CASE OF
SUMATRA
CONSUMER
CONSULTATIVE
COUNCIL

Dr. R. Willy Tenga.

(Chairperson, National
Consumer Advocacy Council
[NCAC]).
 Page 2 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

Consumer Protection Framework for

Surface and Marine Transport Services

in Tanzania: The Case of SUMATRA-CCC.

By R.W. Tenga
Chairperson, National Consumer Advocacy Council

1. INTRODUCTION
The Terms of reference given to me by the Chairman of SUMATRA-CCC
(Surface and Marine Transport Authority – Consumer Consultative Council)
for this presentation gave a list of five (5) items that are to be covered
here. These were written in Kiswahili and my, not so precise, translation
into English gave me the following terms:

i. The rights and responsibilities of consumers of surface

transport services under the jurisdiction of SUMATRA.

ii. The Responsibility of the SUMATRA CCC in formulation of the

Council’s vision and policies.

iii. The Council’s responsibility in strengthening the competition

framework in the market

iv. The Relevancy of the Council to Consumers of surface

transport services.

v. The Council’s task in facilitating, promoting and

strengthening surface transport consumer networks in the
civil society

For ease of presentation I divide these terms into two main topics, first,
an overview the rights and duties of consumers of surface transport
 Page 3 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

services; and, secondly, the statutory mandates of SUMATRA’s Consumer

Consultative Council. Obviously items (ii) to (v) above will be sub-topics
of the second part of this paper.

It is important here to note that transport services play the role of a

‘lubricant’ to the economic and social space. When we talk of access to
the market or commercial activity in general the underlying assumption is
that mobility of goods and services would be facilitated through a system
of transportation. The human agents themselves have to be mobile in
order to attain both social and economic objectives. The law makes a
distinction of the various modes of transport and the most basic one is
that between surface and air transport. We do have therefore in
Tanzania two separate regulatory frameworks one for surface and marine
transport and that is SUMATRA, and the other for air transportation, that
is TCAA. The National Transport Policy, 2003 gives an outline of the
Transport Sector and the government’s role in it. The core functions of
overseeing the sector are with the Ministry of Infrastructure Development.
For purposes of brevity the focus here is on surface transport.

2. The Rights and Duties of Consumers of Surface Transport Services

Rights and Duties.

To comprehend properly the rights and duties of the consumers of

transport services it is imperative that we undertake a rights based
analysis of the sector. The socio-economic activity in the area has
generated certain perceived rights of the consumer and the legal
framework is a fertile source of generating a fair overview of such rights
and their protections. The papers presented by Prof. Nditi, ‘Consumer
Concept, Rights and Obligations.’, and Songoro’s ‘The Concept of
Regulatory Framework (Dhana ya Udhibiti’ have both outlined the
general consumer rights and duties and now we need to focus on thematic
areas that are relevant to consumers of transport services. These themes
characterise the modus operandi for advocacy and consultation in
 Page 4 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

representing consumers. We have, as noted by the two presenters, 8

general consumer rights and 5 duties:

A. Consumer Rights:
1) The Right to Satisfy Basic Needs
2) The Right to Safety
3) The Right to be Informed
4) The Right to Choice
5) The Right to be Heard
6) The Right to Redress
7) The Right to a Healthy Environment
8) The Right to Consumer Education
 Incipient Rights:
(i) The Right to Boycott
(ii) The Right to Opportunity

B. Consumer Responsibilities:
1) Critical Awareness
2) Action
3) Social Concern
4) Environmental Concern/Sustainable Consumption
5) Working Together/Collective Action

At any level one can easily see that the Transport consumer is no different
from other consumers. Each right and duty has specific impacts on the
transport consumer and Nditi’s and Songoro’s papers have outlined these.

The freedom of movement, for example, is guaranteed by Article 17 of

the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977. Loss of liberty
and freedom often means the inability to be freely mobile in both
motorized mode and non-motorized mode. In line with the consumers
right to basic needs it makes sense to identify mobility as a basic human
need that each consumer has the right to satisfy, and protection of which
is guaranteed by the constitution. Without mobility many rights and
 Page 5 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

freedoms may be rendered useless, e.g. right of association, right to

education, health and work, etc. are all dependent on mobility.

Similarly, the Right to Safety is a core right here where consumers are
faced with unsafe means of transportation. Without safety guarantees
roads can easily turn into ‘killing fields’. Tanzania has in the past faced
serious fatalities on the roads due to night travel by passenger buses and
government had to ban long distance passenger night travel to save
transport users from the carnage. We can go through the list of consumer
rights and see that each is of relevance to this sector’s consumer.

On the question of duties it is the passenger, the transport consumer, who

is the recipient of unsafe service, abusive business conduct, overloading,
hiked fares, etc.; and activism and awareness on his part could be a key
to higher standards in the sector.

To have a complete perception of the overview for defence of consumer

rights in the transport sector it is important to understand the present day
consumer protection framework. This has largely been done by the
person responsible for designing and executing this framework, Mr.
Godfrey Mkocha, the Director General of the Fair Competition Commission
(FCC) in his paper this morning on the ‘FAIR COMPETITION MODEL
(DHANA YA USHINDANI KATIKA UCHUMI WA SOKO)’. What I want to have
the Members of the Council consider is the consumer protection
perspective in that framework. We may style the current model as a co –
regulation compliance framework. How does it work?

This compliance framework involves the creation of a statutory framework

on the basis of which all market players “Self-regulate” themselves. The
Consumers, Suppliers of the Means of Transport, and Government are the
key players in this framework. Regulators provide the medium for setting
transport service standards and codes with the participation of
Transporters and Consumer representatives. Once the standards and
codes are agreed upon suppliers and their organisations are expected to
enforce them. The Regulators have the power to intervene, but only in
cases where enforcement is ineffective. The participatory approach to
 Page 6 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

this kind of compliance framework has the advantage of allowing all

parties to be involved in the design of standards and codes. It allows self-
regulation but has a safety net of regulator intervention. Critical to this
framework is consumer participation. And adequate Consumer
participation is ineffective where Consumers are not aware of their rights
and responsibilities. This brings to the fore the central issue of consumer
education and the role of the SUMATRA CCC to enhance this knowledge
for the growth of a confident and pro-active consumer. The assumption
of the framework is that the key players (Suppliers of the means of
transportation, Government and Consumers of transport services) may
actually co-regulate the industry. In the pre – 2001 scenario more often
than not one would hardly find a Consumer Consultation process in
regulatory frameworks or legislative enforcement. For example, the 1986
National Road Safety Council Regulation (GN. No. 392/1986) is set under
Part VII of the Road Traffic Act, Cap 168 (SS. 96 – 99) but both in its
functions and composition it does not refer specifically to transport
consumers’ participation. The Council members are individual appointees
of the responsible minister. A similar view may be noted in the licensing
function, under the Transport Licensing Act, 1973. It is therefore an
appropriate and laudable innovation that the SUMATRA Act in 2001 makes
provision for systematic consumer representation.

Yet having considered the basic rights and duties; and the existing
consumer protection framework there is need to identify, as stated
earlier, the guiding strategic themes that inform the representation,
consultation and advocacy function of the SUMATRA CCC.

What are the Central Concerns of Transport Consumers?

Just last month the World Bank published a report which reviews its work
in the transport sector and details its strategy for years 2008 – 2012. The
Report is entitled “Safe, Clean, and Affordable – Transport for
Development” (WB. May, 2008). The virtue of this report is that it
 Page 7 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

merges its strategic objectives to the Millennium development goals

(MDGs). It is also a reflection of ongoing work in collaboration with
stakeholders such as TANROADS and SUMATRA that has produced a fair
amount of research on the transport sector in Tanzania. The three words
‘safe, clean, affordable’ are not only a starting point for regulation of
competition and support of businesses, they also encapsulate the running
themes that inform the strategies and concerns of consumers in the
transport sector.

A. Safe Transport!

First, the safety of transport users, transport workers and society at large
is Primary both to the Consumer and government. In terms of health
alone 40% to 60% of people living in developing countries live more than 8
Kilometres from healthcare facilities. In terms of fatalities road accidents
kill worldwide almost 1.2 Million people annually and injure 50 million –
more than hall are pedestrians and cyclists. Thus transport mishaps affect
the majority poor disproportionately. In Tanzania studies from the
College of Engineering and Technology [COET], University of Dar es
Salaam, from way back in 1999, to those sponsored by SUMATRA on road
safety indicate a similar pattern. The World Bank for the next 4 years,
the report shows would give ‘special emphasis to road safety’. The
SUMATRA CCC better take heed as the present tenure of the Council
would run alongside this strategic period for the Bank, which, more often
than not, sets the ‘development vision’ for the donor community including
the all powerful G8.

B. Clean Transport!

The Second issue of concern is Clean Transport which would enhance

positive environmental protection in line with MDGs concerns on air
quality. The Report notes that 90% of Urban air pollution is generated by
Motor Vehicles and kills 800,000 people would wide yearly. The focus here
is how to eliminate high pollution from vehicular traffic. Transport also
 Page 8 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

produces about 15% of global green-gas emission. The strategy would aim
at promoting “changes in travel behaviour, logistics decision, technology
choices, and transport modes’ Development funding would be made
available for projects that take account of such matters.

It is imperative that we as Consumer. Should say environment protection

is a banner we carry high and in our consultative advocacy support
environmentally “Clean” regulatory frameworks.

C. Affordable Transport!

The Third central objective is that of Affordable Transport. The World

bank declares efficient and affordable personal mobility is essential, in
both urban and rural areas, to make cities work better and to diversify
rural economies “ (P.2). It is noted that a majority of the world’s poor
live in low income countries and lack access to all weather roads. Now
where people lack mobility they become isolated and inclusion in national
social or economic life becomes a mere dream. It is imperative that
advocacy for consumer rights should rally to make transport affordable to
enhance mobility and inclusion. The World bank concentrate in assisting
the private Sector and businesses in this regard but the consumers, which
as they see this market initiative advantageous, they should be wary of
the excesses of private supply of transport services. The ‘dala –dala’
phenomenon has shown its dark sick of private enterprises. Reports are
replete of excessive Consumer abuse. SUMATRA CCC is to be commended
for its consultation initiative of Dala Dala operators and its published
report on the matter. It is imperative that as “affordability” is a term
used by the Bank to encourage transport business, the concern of the
consumer lobby should focus on to be to enhancement of participation
and access to processes that create affordable transportation.
 Page 9 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

Traffic Safety: The Case of Tanzania

For purposes of reflection on the advocacy role of SUMATRA CCC let us

consider the issue of safe transport, particularly Road Traffic safety in
Tanzania, in more detail just to show certain complexities that are
peculiar to this sector. As stated earlier some two major studies have
been made recently in relation to traffic safety. What they show is a
complex of institutional relations that may diffuse focus on the safety
issue. And a World Bank study entitled ‘The Transport Sector in
Tanzania – A snapshot” by Cordula Thum, of May, 2004 notes the
following:

“In common with other developing countries, road safety is a

serious problem in Tanzania. From 1998 to 2002, the number
of road motor vehicle accidents reported in Tanzania grew by
52 percent, according to official statistics. Accidents per
10,000 vehicles registered increased from 342 to 368 over a
period of 1998 to 2002 with a fatality rate increasing from 5 to
6 per 100,000 inhabitants. The results of a study in 1998 show
that most vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and non-
motorized vehicle riders (bicyclists) are involved in over half of
all road fatalities. In detail, pedestrians account for the
largest fatality class (41 percent). Followed by passengers (37
percent) and bicyclists (14 percent). A practical assumption in
this context is that whilst not all pedestrians are poor, the
poor will be pedestrians”
For the two years that is 1998 and 2002 recorded accidents totalled
12,234 and 18,550, respectively. This continuous escalation of the
accident rate has been increasing yearly and safety studies by both
TANROADS and SUMATRA show this.

The Victoria Institute of Transport in Australia publishes an Online

Encyclopaedia on Transport and in it a general, and most useful, model of
traffic safety framework is presented. I have taken my que from that
model and applied it to the Tanzania situation. The result is a tentative
diagrammatic detail sketched with regard to the safety framework and its
appendixed hereby as Appendix A and Appendix B.
 Page 10 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

According to the model a Traffic Safety Framework may have two

components: Engineering Factor and Behavioural Factor. The Engineering
factor has two components: Safer Vehicles; and, Safer Roads. The
Behaviour factor has 3 elements: Mobility Management; More Cautious
Driving; and, Occupant Safety. Each element has several sub- elements to
consider. But clearly the law regulates more the Behaviour factor since
here, as in most developing countries, the suppliers of transport services
are rarely original manufacturers, and infrastructure, i.e. roads, are
supplied by the Government.

Considering each element separately and the studies that presently show the
status of traffic safety several issues loom large.

(i) A brief overview of legislative schemes dealing with mobility

management show not less than 8 pieces of legislation.

(i) Highways Act, Cap. 167,

(ii) Town & Country Planning Laws,

(iii) Environmental Protection Acts,

(iv) The Road Traffic Act,

(v) Local Government Acts;

(vi) SUMATRA Act,

(vii) Transport licensing Act,

(viii) Motor Vehicle Insurance Act, etc)

Each statutory scheme has a Specific institutional role to play and

probably is under different ministerial jurisdiction. Here mention
must be made to other correlative regulatory frameworks such as
EWURA which regulates energy and fuel, which in turn has serious
impacts on affordability of transportation. The case of Dala Dala
owners strike in Morogoro given as an example by the Regional
Commissioner of Morogoro, who was the guest of honour at the
opening ceremony to this Seminar, is a telling example of this
challenge. The SUMATRA CCC must network through the Maze to
 Page 11 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

achieve certain general ends, and focus plus understanding of the

different roles is important.

(b) Similarly on the element of ‘More Cautious Driving’ we have about

6 statutory schemes (The Road Traffic Act; local Government Act,
Institute of Transport Act; Cap. 163 Driving Schools Licensing Act;
SUMATRA Act; Transport licensing Act.). The institutions created
there must work in liason with consumer representatives, especially
this Council.

(c) For the ‘Occupant Safety’ component we could repeat Traffic Act,
Licensing Act, etc. including the Ministry of Health. The World
Health Organisation (WHO) has taken transport to be a serious
challenge in the realisation of MDGs for most developing countries.
A safety section in the Ministry of Health deals directly with WHO
on this issues. Please visit WHO’s Website.

(d) The networking of the SUMATRA CCC must therefore extent to

several institutions:

(i) The National Road Safety Council.

(ii) The Road Safety Section (TANROADS)

(iii) The COET (College of Engineering and Technology of UDSM)

Transport Engineering Section.

(iv) SUMATRA

(v) Ministry of Lands (Planning) etc.

Learning from the Traffic safety component alone it is easy to see what
advocacy and consultative roles SUMATRA’s CCC must play. There are
many recommendations on what has to be done and reports have been
filed with respective authorities. But without the active push and
advocacy of consumers and their representatives these will just gather
dust in the drawers, maybe not intentionally but through lack of will. The
voters in the market are the consumers they must provide the will which
is lacking.
 Page 12 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

3. The Statutory mandates of SUMATRA’s CCC (herein the

Council)

The Council is established under Section 29 of the Surface and Marine

Transportation Regulatory Authority (SUMATRA) Cap. 413. The
Composition and function of the Council follows closely similar mandates
given to the National Consumer Advocacy Council (NCAC) established
under Section 92 of the Fair Competition Act, 2003, and those for EWRA
CCC, TCAA CCC, and TCRACC.

The composition of the Council is made up of 7 members all appointed by

the minister for Infrastructure Development.

The Functions and powers of the Council are enumerated under Section
304 of the SUMATRA Act and they include:

(a). To represent the interests of consumers by making

submissions to, providing views and information to
and consulting with the Authority, Minister and
sector Ministers;
(b). To receive and disseminate information and views
on matters of interest to consumers of regulated
goods and services;
(c). To establish regional and sector consumer
committees and consult with them;
(d). To consult with industry, government and other
consumer groups on matters of interests to
consumers of regulated goods and services;
(e). To establish local and sector consumer committees
and consult with them.
The council is supported by a Secretariat and it is allowed to regulate its
own procedure in the performance of its business. The Chairman, in
Consultation with the other Members, establishes the Meeting almanac
and places of meeting. The quorum for the Council to do business is 5
members.
 Page 13 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

Under Section 31 the Council’s Sources of funds are enumerated it has

reporting requirements that must be submitted to SUMATRA.

To recap the concerns enumerated in the terms of reference all I can

relate is my own experience in the National Consumer Advocacy Council,
if this would be of any help to add to your deliberations:

The Case of NCAC

The NCAC is established under Section 92 of the Fair Competition Act. It
is styled as an Advocacy Council, but an analysis of the Functions of the
Council tends to be highly advisory rather than those of Advocacy.
The Minister is empowered under Section 92(2) to appoint between 5 and
10 persons who shall be Members of the Council. The Minister has already
done so in September/October 2005. Its Chairman is appointed by the
Minister, and the Deputy Chairman by the Members amongst themselves.
The current term of the Council shall expire in July 2008, i.e next month.
The Actual Composition of the present membership of the NCAC,
constituted by six members, is as follows:
 Dr. R.W. Tenga
 Mr. Method A. Kashonda
 Ms. Rosemary H. Kitilya
 Ms. Hawa Ng'humbi
 Ms. Shainul Bhanji
 Dr. Bernadette K. Ndabikunze
Functions and powers of the Council. [Section 93]
 Represent the interests of consumers by making submissions to,
providing views and information to and consulting with the
Commission, regulatory authorities and government ministries;
 Receive and disseminate information and views on matters
of interest to consumers;
 Establish regional and sector consumer committees and consult
with them;
 Page 14 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

 Consult with industry, government and other consumer groups

on matters of interest to consumers.
The Commission is mandated by statute to provide for Secretarial
Functions to the Council in its first three years of existence and after that
the Council is required to maintain its own Secretariat. In pursuance of
this mandate the FCC's Directorate of Consumer Affairs has been assigned
to provide secretarial and logistical support to the council. Yet due to the
late initiation of the organizational support, only made it possible to start
implementation of our mandate in April, 2007. It means we have actually
been active for a year only. But so far there has been a fair and
satisfactory progress towards fulfilling our mandate under the
custodianship of the FCC’s directorate for consumer affairs. During the
year the NCAC has managed to start Zonal Consumer Committees
initiatives through the Consumer Awareness Seminars hosted by FCC in
Mwanza, Dodoma, Arusha, and Mbeya next week. The point is to invite
the Civil Society in the Zonal Centre and relate them to Consumer
Advocacy. For NCAC, the rallying point of enthusiasm has been the work
of the Counterfeits Unit of FCC. This has proven to be a very useful
starting point for encouraging NGOs to think of organising themselves into
a Zonal Consumer Councils. Logistics of achieving this and the funding
support is still unclear but the spirit is there and the willingness is
astonishing.

The NCAC in following its mandate worked out an Annual Work Plan with
the Working Mandate “To be the Consumer Advocacy and Advisory Organ,
so as to safeguard their Interests”. The desired outcome of the Work Plan
is to create a ‘An informed and Pro-Active Consumer’. Truly, amongst our
priorities for this ending year is ‘Public Awareness and Education’ whose
major activity is to formulate public awareness/education strategy on
consumer rights and obligations. In this regard four sub-activities were
identified:
 To develop terms of reference for consultancy work on strategy
formulation
 Page 15 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

 To Publicise the mandate and functions, objectives and

activities of NCAC to the public and institutional stakeholders.
In this NCAC shall disseminate Brochures, Leaflets and issue a
Newsletter to the Public.
 To construct a NCAC WebSite.
 To participate in the forthcoming Saba-Saba International
Trade Fair (2008)
 In tandem with the above activities NCAC intended to carry out
a Consumer affairs Stakeholders Survey in order to have a
working profile and in addition participate in the FCC’s process
of designing a clear complaints handling procedure. The
SUMATRA CCC is lucky in this regard as SUMATRA has already a
Complaints Procedure in Draft and may be viewed in SUMATRA’s
Website.
The Annual Plan has been our basis for proposing a Budget. As our
facilitator told us at our retreat last year ‘a budget is nothing else that
putting money into a Plan’. So the lesson is – Plan first and Budget later.
This way the Council has the basis of raising funds and defending its
Budget. We were told though that a Strategic Plan running over several
years is the best option as it gives guidance to the Council over several
years rather than the year to year planning.

This effort was complementary to the efforts already carried out by the
Sectoral Consumer Councils, especially TCRA-CCC, EWURA-CCC and
SUMATRA-CCC. On the basis of this the Consumer Councils have drafted a
Memorandum of Understanding for Inter Consumer Councils Networking
which was passed recently by the Joint Council’s Chairpersons to provide
a framework for working together. . One of the main joint activities is
‘Consumer Education and Enlightening programmes’. We therefore
believe that a firm and workable framework is already in place on the
basis of which a proper strategy for consumer education can be pursued.
 Page 16 of 16
Consumer Protection Framework for Surface Transport Services in Tanzania
By: Dr. R.W. Tenga
[SUMATRA CCC Workshop, Morogoro, June 6, 2008]

The Challenge to SUMATRA CCC

Clealy there is no magic formula to the way that SUMATRA CCC may work
out its mandates. It seems that a Planning Cycle is important since the
Council would debate on what it must do and set out its priorities based
on its mission and vision. One would say that the themes of ‘Safe,
Affordable and Clean’ transport could be organising themes for tackling
consumer rights and duties. In doing so the Council should seriously
strategise on how to carry ought public education on its mandate and
prepare a basis for its advocacy. Certain laudable steps have been seen,
for example, consideration of the Dala Dala issue in Dar Es Salaam.
Participation in the formulation of Bus Fare maximum limits by SUMATRA,
and so on. The Council still has a Website within SUMATRA’s website, a
thought of migrating to an independent domain would augur well the
statutory autonomy of the Council.
As anyone can see the Council has competent people of learning and
experience, it is my view that it would be an effective organ for
mobilising and representing surface and marine transport consumers in
Tanzania.
Thank you for your Attention.

……………………………………XXXXX………………………………….
 APPENDIX A - BRIEF SKETCH

TRAFFIC SAFETY

1. ENGINEERING 2. BEHAVIOUR

1.1. SAFER VEHICLES SAFER ROADS MOBILITY MORE CAUTIOUS 2.3. OCCUPANT SAFETY
[CAP.167 THE 2.1. MANAGEMENT 2.2. DRIVING
1.1.1. IMPROVED VEHICLE DESIGN 1.2. HIGHWAYS ACT ] USE SEAT BELTS &
2.1.1. LAND USE OBSERVE TRAFFIC RULES 2.3.1. HELMETS
PUBLIC CARRIER'S IMPROVED ROAD [THE ROAD TRAFFIC
VEHICLE STANDARDS 2.1.2. REDUCE TRAFFIC SPEED 2.2.1. ACT CAP. 168 ]
1.2.1. DESIGN
[STANDARDS ACT - 2.3.2.
2.1.3. MODE SHIFT 2.2.2. BETTER TRAINING
TBS - SUMATRA 1.2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
TECHNICAL SAFETY
TANZANIA NATIONAL 2.2.3. NOT DISTRACTED
1.1.2. REGULATIONS]
ROADS AGENCY -
FUELLING MOTORIZED TANROADS: TRUNK
1.1.3. TRANSPORT 1.2.3. ROADS 2.1.4.

2.1.5. INSURANCE SCHEMES

1.2.4. 2.1.6.

2.1.6.1.

2.1.6.1.1

2.1.6.1.2

2.1.6.1.3

2.1.6.1.4

2.1.6.1.5

2.1.6.2.
2.1.6.3.

TRAFFIC SAFETY.mmap - 6/4/2008 - Dr. R.W. Tenga

 APPENDIX B - DETAILED SKETCH

TRAFFIC SAFETY

1. ENGINEERING 2. BEHAVIOUR

1.1. SAFER VEHICLES
1.1.1. IMPROVED VEHICLE DESIGN
IMPROVED VEHICLE
1.1.1.1. CONTROL
IMPROVED
1.1.1.1.1 MAINTENANCE
1.1.1.1.2 ANTI-LOCK BRAKES
1.1.1.1.3 REFLECTIVE TAGS
PUBLIC CARRIER'S
VEHICLE STANDARDS
[STANDARDS ACT -
TBS - SUMATRA
TECHNICAL SAFETY
1.1.2. REGULATIONS]
FUELLING MOTORIZED
1.1.3. TRANSPORT
1.1.3.1. HYDROCARBONS FUEL
1.1.3.2. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
1.1.3.3. EWURA
SAFER ROADS MOBILITY MORE CAUTIOUS 2.3. OCCUPANT SAFETY
[CAP.167 THE 2.1. MANAGEMENT 2.2. DRIVING
1.2. HIGHWAYS ACT ] USE SEAT BELTS &
2.1.1. LAND USE OBSERVE TRAFFIC RULES 2.3.1. HELMETS
IMPROVED ROAD [THE ROAD TRAFFIC
2.1.1.1. 2.2.1. ACT CAP. 168 ]
1.2.1. DESIGN
2.3.2.
1.2.1.1. CRASH PROTECTION
2.1.1.2. 2.2.1.1.
1.2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
2.1.1.3. 2.2.1.1.1
2.3.2.1.
1.2.2.1. TRUNK ROADS 2.2.1.1.2 DRIVER/CREW LICENSING
2.1.2. REDUCE TRAFFIC SPEED
1.2.2.2. REGIONAL ROADS 2.2.1.1.3 VEHICLE INSPECTIONS
1.2.2.3. DISTRICT ROADS 2.2.1.2. SOBRIETY
2.1.2.1. IMPROVED TRAFFIC LAW
1.2.2.4. FEEDER ROADS
2.2.1.3. ENFORCEMENT
1.2.2.5. URBAN ROADS
2.1.2.2.
TANZANIA NATIONAL 2.2.1.4.
ROADS AGENCY -
2.1.3. MODE SHIFT
TANROADS: TRUNK 2.2.2. BETTER TRAINING
2.1.3.1. PUBLIC TRANSPORT
1.2.3. ROADS
2.1.3.2. PRIVATE CARS
1.2.3.1. ROADS FUND NON MOTORISED
2.1.3.3. TRANSPORT
2.2.2.1.
1.2.4.

2.1.4.
2.1.4.1.
2.2.2.2.

2.1.4.2.
2.2.2.3.

2.1.4.2.1 2.2.3. NOT DISTRACTED

DRIVERS AVOIDING USE

OF MOBILE PHONES OR
OTHER ELECTRONIC
2.2.3.1. EQUIPMENTS

2.1.4.3.
2.1.4.4.

2.1.4.4.1

2.1.4.4.2

2.1.5. INSURANCE SCHEMES

CAP. 169 MOTOR

VEHICLES INSURANCE
2.1.5.1. ACT

THIRD PARTY INSURANCE

COVERAGE [SS. 4, 5, &
2.1.5.1.1 16 CAP 169]

2.1.6.

2.1.6.1.

2.1.6.1.1

2.1.6.1.2

2.1.6.1.3

2.1.6.1.4

2.1.6.1.5

2.1.6.2.
2.1.6.3.

TRAFFIC SAFETY.mmap - 6/4/2008 - Dr. R.W. Tenga