SUBSTATION

PROTECTION 2

SOMPOL C.

Busbar Protection

Busbar Protection
Bus arrangement
1. Radial bus
2. Main and transfer
3. Double breaker double bus
4. Ring bus
5. Breaker and a half

Busbar Protection
Main Bus

Disconnect
Switch
Circuit Breaker

Circuit

Radial bus

Busbar Protection
1. Radial bus
Advantages
Lowest cost
Small land area required
Easy to expand
Simple to operate
Simple protective relay

Busbar Protection
1. Radial bus
Disadvantages
Low reliability
Low flexibility of operation for maintenance
Bus fault and failure of breaker requires substation
be removed from service

Busbar Protection
Main Bus

Disconnect
Switch
Transfer
Circuit
Breaker
(N.O.)

N.O.

N.O.

N.O.

Circuit Breaker

Transfer
Switch

Transfer Bus
Circuits

Circuits

Main and transfer

Busbar Protection
2. Main and transfer
Advantages
Small land area required
Easy to expand
Increased flexibility of operation over radial bus
Any breaker can be removed from service without
an outage

Busbar Protection
2. Main and transfer
Disadvantages
Increased cost over radial bus
Increased complexity of operation over radial bus
Increased complexity of protection over radial bus
Low reliability

Busbar Protection
Circuits

Bus No. 1
Disconnect
Switch
Circuit Breaker

Circuit Breaker

Circuits

Bus No. 2

Double breaker double bus

Busbar Protection
3. Double breaker double bus
Advantages
Very high reliability
Very flexibility operation
Any breaker can be removed from service without
an outage

Busbar Protection
3. Double breaker double bus
Disadvantages
High cost
Large land area required
Complex protective relaying and control

Busbar Protection
Load
Line Disconnect
Switch

Source
Disconnect
Switch
Circuit Breaker

Source

Load

Ring bus

Busbar Protection
4. Ring bus
Advantages
High reliability
Flexibility operation
Low cost
Any breaker can be removed from service without outage
Expandable to breaker and a half configuration

Busbar Protection
4. Ring bus
Disadvantages
Complex protective relaying and control
Failed breaker during fault caused outage of one
additional circuit

Busbar Protection
Circuits

Main Bus No. 1

Line Disconnect
Switch

Disconnect Switch

Circuit Breaker

Circuits

Breaker and a half

Main Bus No. 2

Busbar Protection
5. Breaker and a half
Advantages
Very high reliability
Very flexibility operation
Any breaker can be removed from service without
an outage

Busbar Protection
5. Breaker and a half
Disadvantages
Large land area required
High cost
Complex protective relaying and control

Busbar Protection
Approximate per unit cost

Reliability

Main and transfer

1.2

Ring bus

1.25

Breaker and a half

1.45

Double breaker double bus

1.75

Radial

Busbar Protection

Radial bus

Busbar Protection

Main and transfer

Busbar Protection

Double breaker double bus

Busbar Protection

Breaker and a half

Practice 0

- What kind of bus arrangement

in single line diagram 1 and 2 ?
- Where is the zone of protection
of 87B1 and 87B2 ?

Busbar Protection
Criteria of Bus Differential relay (87B)
Check the difference current between
the current flow in and out of the
protected bus ( vector summation at
relay = 0 )

Busbar Protection
Bus differential has 2 types
1. High impedance
2. Low impedance

Busbar Protection
High impedance bus differential
1. Every bay must use same class and CT ratio
2. Suitable for non switching substation
3. Easy to expand
4. Easy to use

Because of fault current at bus bar is

very high, so some CT may saturate
and make 87B misoperation on
external fault..

Assume one CT saturate on external fault

saturate
Voltage = 0
at 87B

CT saturation
- Equivalent circuit ( saturate )
Ip/n
Is Rct

saturate

Im

Lm

Ip/n

Is

Rct

Lm = 0
Im =

Rct
E

If

Equivalent circuit = Rct

Assume one CT saturate on external fault

Rct

87B
Voltage > 0
at 87B

Ex Calculation of 87B
Data
- 3 phase fault current at bus = 25000 A ( If - 3phase )
- 1 phase fault current at bus = 23600 A ( If - 1phase )
- CT ratio 2000/5 ( N )
- Rct = 1.2
- RL = 1.5 ( lead resistance between relay and CT )
- Relay setting range ; 175, 225, 275, 325 v
- Vk = 800 v

Setting of 87B ( Vs )
Vs1 >= ( If / N )* ( Rct + 2RL ) ; 1phase fault
Vs3 >= ( If / N )* ( Rct + RL ) ; 3 phase fault
Vs1 = 249.6 v
Vs3 = 169.8 v

So set Vs = 325 v;
( Vk >= 2Vs )

Practice 1

- From single line diagram 2, if

- 3phase fault =17000 A
- 1phase fault = 13000 A
What is the setting of Vs ?

Busbar Protection
Low impedance bus differential
1. Can use difference CT ratio for each bay
2. Suitable for switching substation
3. Not easy to expand

Busbar Protection
Function of bus differential
Trip all circuit breakers that connected
to the fault bus via 86B ( bus differential
lockout relay ) and interlock all circuit
breakers also.

Practice 2
From single line diagram 2
- Which circuit breaker should be tripped if 87B1
operated?
- What is the operating time of 87B?

Transmission line Protection

Transmission line protection

Since the impedance of a transmission line
is proportional to its length, for distance
measurement it is appropriate to use a relay
capable of measuring the impedance of a
line up to a predetermined point. Such a
relay is called distance relay ( 21 ).

Transmission line protection

The basic principle of impedance measurement
( Z ) involves the comparison of the fault
current ( I ) with the voltage ( V ) seen by
the relay at the relaying point.

Zr = Vr / Ir

Transmission line protection

Relay point

ZS

Vs

Z line

Ir

Vr

Zr

Z load

Impedance seen by relay Zr = Zline + Zload

Transmission line protection

Operating condition :

Basic operation of distance relay

Transmission line protection

Since the relay see current via CT and voltage
via VT, so actual impedance that relay seen is :

Z relay = Zr * CT ratio / PT ratio

Transmission line protection

We use R-X diagram to represent the line
impedance:

Z = R + jX

Relation between rectangular and polar form

Rectangular form
Polar form

R = P cos
X = P sin

Z = R + jX
P
P

2
2
= R + X

-1
= tan X/R

Transmission line protection

We use R-X diagram to represent the line
impedance:

Z = R + jX

Transmission line protection

jX
P1 1

Z1=R1+jX1

P2 2

Z2=R2+jX2
2

Load area

R-X diagram

Transmission line protection

jX

Plain impedance

Transmission line protection

Plain
impedance
has no
direction !

Transmission line protection

Plain
impedance
with direction

Transmission line protection

jX

Mho
R

Transmission line protection

jX

Offset mho

Transmission line protection

Quadrilateral

Transmission line protection

Stepped distance protection
- 3 zone of protection, zone1, zone2, zone3
- 3 difference tripping time
T3A
T2
Z1A

Z2A

Z1C

Z3C

Z2C
T3C

T2
Z1B

Z1B
T2B

Z3A

T2C

Transmission line protection

Example criteria
Zone1 = 85 % line , instantaneous trip
Zone2 = 120 % line , delay trip T2
Zone3 = 100 % line+120 % next line
delay trip T3

Ex Calculation of 21
Data
- Base voltage =115 kV
- Base MVA = 100 MVA
- CT ratio = 800/5
- PT ratio 115/115 kV/V
- Conductor type : 477 MCM AAC 590 A

Data
- Length of line AB = 70 km, line BC = 30 km, line BD = 50 km
- Impedance data :
AB : z1= z2 = 9.7 + j29.1 p , z0 = 25.4 + j101 p
BC : z1= z2 = 5.8 + j16.9 p
BD : z1= z2 = 8 + j25 p
C
21

Multiply by 0.16, so
AB : z1= z2 = 1.55 + j4.65 s , z0 = 4 + j16.1 s
= 4.91 71.5 s
BC : z1= z2 = 0.92 + j2.7 s
BD : z1= z2 = 1.28 + j4 s
Setting
Zone 1 = 85% line AB = 4.17 71.5 s
Zone2 = 120% line AB = 5 71.5 s , 0.5 sec
Zone3 = 100% line AB + 120% line AB = 9.17 71.5 s ,1 sec

jX

zone3
zone2
B

71.5
A

zone1

Earth fault compensate

Kn = ( z0 z1 ) / 3z1
= 2.51 + j11.51 = 11.78 77.6
4.67 + j13.97
14.73 71.5
= 0.799 6.15

Practice 3
From single line diagram 2
- Which circuit breaker should be tripped if 21
line 1 operated ( both primary and back up )?
- Which circuit breaker should be reclosed?
- Where is the zone of protection of 21?

Transmission line protection

Zone1 can over trip due to :
- CT, PT error
- Impedance data and calculation error
- Relay error

So zone1 should not set 100 % line

Tele Protection

Transmission line protection

Because zone 1 cannot clear fault at the end
of line ( 15 % ), fault must be cleared by
zone 2 with delay time T2. Too slow!
To solve this problem communication system
is required.

Transmission line protection

Teleprotection scheme
1. Permissive underreach transfer trip ( PUTT )
2. Permissive overreach transfer trip ( POTT )

Transmission line protection

1. Permissive underreach transfer trip ( PUTT )
- Send carrier by zone 1
- High speed trip ( by pass T2 ) when

zone 2 start and carrier received

Transmission line protection

2. Permissive overreach transfer trip ( POTT )
- Send carrier by zone 2
- High speed trip ( bypass T2 ) when

zone 2 start and carrier received

Transmission line protection

Benefit of teleprotection
- clear fault 100% line as fast as zone 1
- on more over trip
- also initiate recloser as zone 1

Transmission line protection

Other functions in distance relay
* Power swing blocking
* Fuse failure
* Switch onto fault ( SOTF )

Transmission line protection

Power Swing Blocking
distance relay operate by detect impedance in its
zone, and sometime voltage and current in the
system are disturb by fault. System impedance
also change and if impedance move into relays
zone, Its trip.
Wrong operation!

Transmission line protection

To prevent this situation, relay use PSB. By
detect rate of change of the impedance, relay will
know which one is fault which one is power swing
and block itself to trip

Transmission line protection

Fuse failure
Distance relay calculate impedance by the
ratio of voltage to current. If voltage goes to zero,
impedance will be zero also. Zero impedance
means fault is very close to distance relay and
should trip the transmission line.

Transmission line protection

PT fuse blows can make distance relay see
zero impedance in spite of no fault in high
voltage system. Distance relay use zero sequence
concept to protect itself from misoperation

Transmission line protection

Switch OnTo Fault ( SOTF )
For safty in transmission line maintenance, the
line should be grounded for all 3 phases. After
finish the job, sometime ground are forgotten to
remove from line. When CB is closed, it closed to
fault.

Transmission line protection

Distance relay use healthy voltage for
reference, so when close into 3 phase fault , no
voltage reference at all. Its possible that all the
zones are not trip!. Memory feature is now used
to make high speed trip instead. Its SOTF.

Transmission line protection

Auto recloser relay ( 79 )

- Close circuit breaker after tripped by distance relay
( only trip by high speed zone )
- Single or multi shots
- Single or three poles
- Dead time and reclaim time should be set properly
- Helpful for temporary fault

Trip & reclose

Dead time

Transmission line protection

Synchrocheck relay ( 25 )
- Supervise recloser relay befor close circuit breaker
by check voltage level, frequency, and phase angle
at both sides of circuit breaker ( sync. Function ,
BH-LH or LL-LB)
- Only check voltage level for charge line function
( voltage check Function, BH-LD or DL-LB )

Back up Protection

Back up Protection
In protection system, each equipment
should have 2 sets of protective relay. One
set we call primary protection and the
another is call back up protection.

Example :

Back up Protection

Transformer
Primary 87K, self protection, Back up 51T, BF
Feeder
Primary 51/51G, Back up 51T, BF

Back up Protection

Transmission line
Primary zone1, Back up zone2, zone3
and others distance relay ( 115 kV ), BF
Primary protection primary, Back up
protection back up and others distance
relay ( 230 kV ) , BF

Back up Protection

Bus bar
Primary 87B, Back up zone2, zone3 of
others distance relay at remote end
substation ( 115 kV ), BF

Back up Protection
Principle of Breaker failure
Measure the duration of fault current from the
instance at which any relay operates to trip
circuit breaker. If current is still flowing after
preselected time delay, it is considered that the
circuit breaker has failed to trip.

Back up Protection
Principle of Breaker failure
Normally breaker failure timer should less than
zone 2 timer of distance relay at remote end
substation to limit the tripping area only in
substation that breaker fail.

Back up Protection
Element of Breaker failure
1. Main protection operate
2. Current detector operate ( 50BF)
3. Breaker fail timer operate ( 62BF)
4. On this function by cut off switch ( BFCO)

Back up Protection
Function of Breaker failure
When breaker fail to trip, the tripping and
interlocking of all other circuit breakers
connected to the failed circuit breaker will be
initiated. Another lockout relay, 86BF, is
required.

Practice 4
From single line diagram 2
- If circuit breaker 80722 fail to trip, which circuit
breakers should be tripped?
From single line diagram 1
- If circuit breaker 7052 fail to trip, which circuit
breakers should be tripped?

Question ?

Have a nice day!

The end