FORMULAE

FORMULAE FOR
QUANTITATIVE METHODS
Mean of ungrouped data:
x
x =
n

Geometric
mean ofdata:
ungrouped data:
FORMULAE
FOR QUANTITATIVE METHODS
Mean of grouped
Mean of ungrouped
data:
fxn

xGM
= = x
n
x
x =
(where

represents
the product
n
Median of grouped data:

of)

Mean of grouped

n Fdata:
Median = L + 2
f

fx
x =
n

(where L is the lower boundary of the median class, F is the cumulative frequency
Median
grouped
data:f is the frequency of the median class and i is the width of
up to theofmedian
class,
the median class)
n F
Median = L + 2
i
f data:
Mode of grouped

f m f mboundary
1
(where
Mode =LL is
+ the lower
i of the median class, F is the cumulative frequency
2 f m f m 1 f m +1

up to the median class, f is the frequency of the median class and i is the width of
the median class)
(where L is the lower boundary of the modal class, fm is the frequency of the modal
Mode of
data:
is the frequency
of the pre-modal class, fm+1 is the frequency of the postclass,
fm1grouped
modal class and i is the width of the modal class)

f m f m 1

Mode = L deviation
+
i
Standard
ungrouped
data:
2 f m f mof
1 f m +1
2
(x x )

x of the modal class, f is the frequency of the modal

(whereL=is thenlower= boundary
n
m
class, fm1 is the frequency of the pre-modal class, fm+1 is the frequency of the postmodal
class
and i isofthe
width ofdata:
the modal class)
Standard
deviation
grouped

Standard deviation2 of ungrouped

data:
2
f (x x )
fx
=
x2
f
f
(x x )2
x2
=
=
x2
n
n

Coefficient of skewness:
Standard deviation of grouped data:
3(x x )
(where x is the median and s is the standard deviation)
2
s f (x x )2
fx
=
=
x2
f
f

Sk =

QMBM0609
QMBM1210

Coefficient of skewness:

9
10

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Coefficient of skewness:
Sk =

3(x x )
(where x is the median and s is the standard deviation)
s

Regression:
y = a + bx ,
n xy x y
b=
2
n x 2 ( x )
a = y bx

Pearson correlation:
R=

(n x

R= b

n xy x y
( x )

)(n y

( y )

x
y

Spearmans rank correlation:

R =1

6 d 2
n n 2 1

Laspeyres price index

Paasche price index

p1q 0
100
p 0q 0
p1q1
100
=
p 0 q1
=

Binomial distribution:
P( x ) = n C x p x q n x

Poisson distribution:
P( x ) =

x e
x!

Standard normal distribution:

z =

Confidence interval for a mean:

=x z

QMBM1210
QMBM0609

11 
10

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Confidence interval for a proportion:

pq
n

= p z

Test statistic for a single mean:

z =

x 0

Test statistic for a difference between means:

z=

x1 x 2

12
n1

22
n2

Test statistic for a single proportion:

z=

p 0
0 (1 0 )
n

Test statistic for a difference between proportions:

z =

p1 p 2

1 + 1
pq
n1 n 2

, where p =

n 1 p1 + n 2 p 2
and q = 1 p
n1 + n 2

Chi-squared test statistic:

2 =

(O E)2

QMBM1210
QMBM0609

12
11

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Areas in the right-hand tail of the Normal distribution

Area in the table

zZ

O
z
0. 0
0. 1
0. 2
0. 3
0. 4

.00
. 5000
. 4602
. 4207
. 3821
. 3446

.01
.4960
.4562
.4168
.3783
.3409

.02
.4920
.4522
.4129
.3745
.3372

.03
.4880
.4483
.4090
.3707
.3336

.04
.4840
.4443
.4052
.3669
.3300

.05
.4801
.4404
.4013
.3632
.3264

.06
.4761
.4364
.3974
.3594
.3228

.07
.4721
.4325
.3936
.3557
.3192

.08
.4681
.4286
.3897
.3520
.3156

.09
.4641
.4247
.3859
.3483
.3121

0. 5
0. 6
0. 7
0. 8
0. 9

. 3085
. 2743
. 2420
. 2119
. 1841

.3050
.2709
.2389
.2090
.1814

.3015
.2676
.2358
.2061
.1788

.2981
.2643
.2327
.2033
.1762

.2946
.2611
.2296
.2005
.1736

.2912
.2578
.2266
.1977
.1711

.2877
.2546
.2236
.1949
.1685

.2843
.2514
.2206
.1922
.1660

.2810
.2483
.2177
.1894
.1635

.2776
.2451
.2148
.1867
.1611

1. 0
1. 1
1. 2
1. 3
1. 4

. 1587
. 1357
. 1151
. 0968
. 0808

.1562
.1335
.1132
.0951
.0793

.1539
.1314
.1112
.0934
.0778

.1515
.1292
.1093
.0918
.0764

.1492
.1271
.1075
.0901
.0749

.1496
.1251
.1056
.0885
.0735

.1446
.1230
.1038
.0869
.0721

.1423
.1210
.1020
.0853
.0708

.1401
.1190
.1003
.0838
.0694

.1379
.1170
.0985
.0823
.0681

1. 5
1. 6
1. 7
1. 8
1. 9

. 0668
. 0548
. 0446
. 0359
. 0287

.0655
.0537
.0436
.0351
.0281

.0643
.0526
.0427
.0344
.0274

.0630
.0516
.0418
.0336
.0268

.0618
.0505
.0409
.0329
.0262

.0606
.0495
.0401
.0322
.0256

.0594
.0485
.0392
.0314
.0250

.0582
.0475
.0384
.0307
.0244

.0571
.0465
.0375
.0301
.0239

.0559
.0455
.0367
.0294
.0233

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.02275
.01786
.01390
.01072
.00820

.02222
.01743
.01355
.01044
.00798

.02169
.01700
.01321
.01017
.00776

.02118
.01659
.01287
.00990
.00755

.02068
.01618
.01255
.00964
.00734

.02018
.01578
.01222
.00939
.00714

.01970
.01539
.01191
.00914
.00695

.01923
.01500
.01160
.00889
.00676

.01876
.01463
.01130
.00866
.00657

.01831
.01426
.01101
.00842
.00639

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

.00621
.00466
.00347
.00256
.00187

.00604
.00453
.00336
.00248
.00181

.00587
.00440
.00326
.00240
.00175

.00570
.00427
.00317
.00233
.00169

.00554
.00415
.00307
.00226
.00164

.00539
.00402
.00298
.00219
.00159

.00523
.00391
.00289
.00212
.00154

.00508
.00379
.00280
.00205
.00149

.00494
.00368
.00272
.00199
.00144

.00480
.00357
.00264
.00193
.00139

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

.00135
.00097
.00069
.00048
.00034

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

.00023
.00016
.00011
.00007
.00005

4.0

.00003

QMBM1210
QMBM0609

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Chi-Squared Critical Values

df
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
80
100

0.25 0.20 0.15

1.32
2.77
4.11
5.39
6.63
7.84
9.04
10.22
11.39
12.55
13.70
14.85
15.93
17.12
18.25
19.37
20.49
21.60
22.72
23.83
24.93
26.04
27.14
28.24
29.34
30.43
31.53
32.62
33.71
34.80
45.62
56.33
66.98
88.13
109.1

QMBM1210
QMBM0609

1.64
3.22
4.64
5.59
7.29
8.56
9.80
11.03
12.24
13.44
14.63
15.81
16.98
18.15
19.31
20.47
21.61
22.76
23.90
25.04
26.17
27.30
28.43
29.55
30.68
31.79
32.91
34.03
35.14
36.25
47.27
53.16
68.97
90.41
111.7

2.07
3.79
5.32
6.74
8.12
9.45
10.75
12.03
13.29
14.53
15.77
16.99
18.90
19.40
20.60
21.79
22.98
24.16
25.33
26.50
27.66
28.82
29.98
31.13
32.28
33.43
34.57
35.71
36.85
37.99
49.24
60.35
71.34
93.11
114.7

p value
0.10 0.05 0.025 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.0025 0.001 0.0005

2.71
4.61
6.25
7.78
9.24
10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68
15.99
17.29
18.55
19.81
21.06
22.31
23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20
28.41
29.62
30.81
32.01
33.20
34.38
35.56
36.74
37.92
39.09
40.26
51.81
63.17
74.40
96.58
118.5

3.84
5.99
7.81
9.49
11.07
12.53
14.07
15.51
16.92
18.31
19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68
25.00
26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14
31.41
32.67
33.92
35.17
36.42
37.65
38.89
40.11
41.34
42.56
43.77
55.76
67.50
79.08
101.9
124.3

5.02
7.38
9.35
11.14
12.83
14.45
16.01
17.53
19.02
20.48
21.92
23.34
24.74
26.12
27.49
28.85
30.19
31.53
32.85
34.17
35.48
36.78
38.08
39.36
40.65
41.92
43.19
44.46
45.72
46.98
59.34
71.42
83.30
106.6
129.6

5.41
7.82
9.84
11.67
13.33
15.03
16.62
18.17
19.63
21.16
22.62
24.05
25.47
26.87
28.26
29.63
31.00
32.35
33.69
35.02
36.34
37.66
38.97
40.27
41.57
42.86
44.14
45.42
46.69
47.96
60.44
72.61
84.58
108.1
131.1

14
13

6.63
9.21
11.34
13.23
15.09
16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67
23.21
24.72
26.22
27.69
29.14
30.58
32.00
33.41
34.81
36.19
37.57
38.93
40.29
41.64
42.98
44.31
45.64
46.96
48.28
49.59
50.89
63.69
76.15
88.38
112.3
135.8

7.88
10.60
12.84
14.86
16.75
13.55
20.28
21.95
23.59
25.19
26.76
28.30
29.82
31.32
32.80
34.27
35.72
37.16
38.58
40.00
41.40
42.80
44.18
45.56
46.93
48.29
49.64
50.99
52.34
53.67
66.77
79.49
91.95
116.3
140.2

9.14
11.98
14.32
16.42
18.39
20.25
22.04
23.77
25.46
27.11
28.73
30.32
31.88
33.43
34.95
36.46
37.95
39.42
40.88
42.34
43.78
45.20
46.62
48.03
49.44
50.83
52.22
53.59
54.97
56.33
69.70
82.66
95.34
120.1
144.3

10.83
13.82
16.27
18.47
20.51
22.46
24.32
26.12
27.83
29.59
31.26
32.91
34.53
36.12
37.70
39.25
40.79
42.31
43.82
45.31
46.80
48.27
49.73
51.18
52.62
54.05
55.48
56.89
58.30
59.70
73.40
86.66
99.61
124.8
149.4

12.12
15.20
17.73
20.00
22.11
24.10
26.02
27.87
29.67
31.42
33.14
34.82
36.48
38.11
39.72
41.31
42.88
44.43
45.97
47.50
49.01
50.51
52.00
53.48
54.95
56.41
57.86
59.30
60.73
62.16
76.09
89.56
102.7
128.3
153.2

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