CHAPTER 3

CASE STUDIES
3.1 Introduction
Because rice is the most important food in Indonesia, the government of Indonesia has
introduced several programs to boost the rice production. In early 1980, the government
implemented Bimas (Bimbingan Masyarakat = Society Guidance) and Insus (Intensifikasi
Khusus= Special Intensification). that provide subisdies and training. Through Bimas,
farmers were trained so that farmers understand technical paddy plantation. In order to
support farmers that are mostly from poor communities, the government provided some
subsidies such as seed, fertilizer and pesticide through Insus. In 1990s, the government
introduced IPM (Integrated Pest Management) to farmers. IPM aims to reduce pesticide
consumption, leading to environmentally agricultural practises. Later, since one decade
ago, the government of Indonesia has implemented the Program of Increase of the
National Rice Production (P2BN). This program aims to provide some subsidies such as
fertilizer, seed, tools and agricultural machinery in order to raise the paddy production.
As one of the national rice buffers, farmers in West Nusa Tenggara have been supplied
with some subsidies through P2BN. The province is estimated to contribute of paddy more
than 70,000 tonnes of dried milled grain or equal to 40,000 tonnes of rice per year (the
WNT Agricultural Office, 2008). However, the region may not fulfill this target if some
aspects of climate change such as higher temperatures and sea-level rise may affect the rice
supply chain. Therefore, understanding the impacts of climate change on the rice supply
chain is highly valuable.
In order to estimate the impacts of climate change on the rice supply chain, this chapter
displays some facets relate to changing climate such as detection of climate change,
prediction of submerged land and agricultural practises in WNT. This chapter is also
equipped with projections of climate projection of the region.
Predicted submerged land
The region is a mountainous area with 16 mountains: 9 mountains in Sumbawa and 7
mountains in Lombok. Rinjani mountain of the height 3,775 m is the second highest
mountain in Indonesia. As a result, ten capitals of municipalities in the region have a
height range between 11 and 148 m. As shown later, the inundated area due to sea level
rise is relatively small compared to the total land in the region.

Regency /

Capital

Altitude

Municipality
1. Lombok Barat
2. Lombok Tengah
3. Lombok Timur

(Meter)
16
101
148

Mataram
Praya
Selong
Sumbawa
4. Sumbawa
Besar
20
5. D o m p u
Dompu
50
6. B i m a
Raba
13
7. Kota Mataram
Mataram
16
8. Kota Bima
Raba
13
9.Sumbawa Barat
Taliwang
11
10.Lombok Utara
Tanjung
12
Table 3.3 The Altitude of Each Regency Capital
Name of
Altitude
Island
Mountains
(Meter)
1. Lombok
Rinjani
3.775
Mareje
716
Timanuk
2.362
Nangi
2.330
Parigi
1.532
Pelawangan
2.638
Baru
2.376
2. Sumbawa
Batu Lanteh
1.730
Tukan
1.400
Jaran Pusang
1.283
Soromandi/Donggo
1.467
Tambora
2.851
Sangiang
1.449
Dodu
1.447
Pajo
728
Sambi
697
Table 3.4 Names and Altitudes of Mountains

IPCC (2013) projects that southern Indonesia such as WNT will experience sea-level rise
in the range of 0.4-0.8 metre by 2100 (RCP 4.5 scenario, relative to the period 1986-2005).
The highest possible sea-level rise is based on RCP 8.5scenario, that is, between 0.5 1 m
by 2100.
Figure 3.8 shows the land elevation of WNT, in which red shows an elevation range
between 0 and 1 m, blue is from 1 to 1,000 m and green covers all area upper 1,000 m. It is
likely that some land in northern Sumbawa, southern and northern Lombok may be
submerged due to sea-level rise. It is projected that the total inundated area by 2100 (sea
level rise is 1 m, similar to RCP 8.5 scenario) is about 200 Ha (Butler et al., 2011). This
also means that the total submerged land by 2100 is only 0.24 % compared to the total the
possible farming land in WNT (the total possible farming land in WNT is about 830,000
Ha).

Figure 3.1. Land elevation ranges in the region (red is from 0 m to 1 m, blue is from 1 m to 1,000 and green is upper 1,000 m)