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Email: hisham.elsherif@guc.edu.

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Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Schedule of Classes
Lectures:
- Sunday 13:45 pm to 15:30 in B2-312.
Instructor office hours every Tuesday
from 12:30 pm to 1:30 p.m. in C3 room 215
Tutorials :
- Included in Lectures
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Tutorials
Every week the instructor will assign a problem set from the text
book that deals with the covered sections in the lectures.
In the tutorial, some of the assigned problems will be worked out on
the board.
At the end of some tutorials you will be asked to solve and submit
one or two of the assigned problems. (At least three quizzes will be
conducted during this course).
At the beginning of the following week you will be asked to hand in
another set of problems (assignment).
The full solutions of each problem set will be posted at the end of
the week.
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Marking Scheme

Lab Activity

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

5%

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Course Objectives
Upon successful completion of this course, you should be able to:

Identify the main components of electric circuits.

Write the equations that govern the operation of Direct Current (D.C.)
electric circuits.

Apply frequency domain analysis technique to solve Alternating


Current (A.C.) circuits.

Examine the circuit response under different frequencies.

Determine the main characteristics of electronic analog and digital


circuits.

Analyze the performance of practical electrical systems.


Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Course Contents
I- Circuit concepts.
II- Circuit Analysis Techniques.
III- Time Dependent Circuit analysis.
IV- Analog Building Blocks and Operational Amplifiers.
V- Semiconductor Devices.
VI. Practical Applications.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Text Book
Recommended Textbook
Alexander & Sadiku, Fundamental of Electric Circuits.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Useful Advices
Please try to attend all lectures, and tutorials for your own
benefits and be on time.
Please hand in the assignments and quizzes on time, late
assignments will be rejected.
Update your instructor with any problem that might arise in
the tutorial.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Why study electric circuits?


Building block of any electrical system.

What are electric circuits?


A model of real life electrical system.
Interconnections between electric elements.

What are the main circuit components?


Energy Sources. (batteries)
Energy storing or consuming elements. (resistors)

What are the main circuit variables?


Voltage, current and Power.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Chapter 1
Circuit Elements

Objectives.

Introduction.
Current.
Voltage.
Power and Energy
Circuits Elements
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Objectives

To introduce the active and passive circuit elements.

To be able to identify the ideal voltage and current sources.

To define the characteristics of the different types of dependent


sources.

To write the mathematical expression for the voltage- current


relationship of resistors (Ohms Law).

To be able to write KVL for every loop in the circuit. And to solve the
KVL equations, especially for simple circuits.

To be able to write KCL at every node in the circuit and to solve the
KCL equations, especially for simple circuits.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Introduction
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

Simple Electric Circuit

complicated real circuit

this circuit can be


analyzed using the
techniques we shall
cover

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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DC Circuits
Charge and Current
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter
consists, measured in coulombs (C).
The flow of electric charges. Is a unique feature of electric charge.
Electricity is the fact that it is mobile; that is, it can be transferred from one
place to another.
It can be converted to another form of energy.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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As each electron moves uniformly through a conductor, it


pushes on the one ahead of it, such that all the electrons
move together as a group.

The tube is full of marbles, just as a conductor is full of


free electrons ready to be moved by an outside influence.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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current flow

When a conducting wire (consisting of several atoms) is connected


to a battery (a source of electromotive force).
The charges are compelled to move; positive charges move in one direction
while negative charges move in the opposite direction.
This motion of charges creates electric current.
It is conventional to take the current flow direction as the movement of
positive charges,
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Current (I)
Current: measures flow of charge in time. Symbol: i; Unit: Ampere (A)

dq
i=
dt

Mathematically, the
relationship between current
i, charge q, and time t

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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The charge transferred between time t0 and t is obtained by integrating


both sides.

If the current does not change with time,


but remains constant, we
call it a direct current (dc).
A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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A time-varying current is represented by


the symbol i. A common
form of time-varying current is the
sinusoidal current or alternating
current (ac).

An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Voltage (V)
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge
through an element, measured in volts (V).

Voltage: Potential to do Work


Symbol: V
Unit: Volts (V)

1 Volt is 1 Joule/1 Coulomb


mathematically,

dw
v=
dq

where
w is energy in joules (J)
q is charge in coulombs (C).

i.e. potential energy per unit charge


Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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(1)

(2)

The figure shows the voltage across an element. connected to points a and b.
The plus (+) and minus () signs are used to define reference direction or
voltage polarity.
The vab can be interpreted in two ways:
(1) point a is at a potential of vab volts higher than point b, or
(2) the potential at point a with respect to point b is vab.

vab = vba
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Power and Energy


Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).

Symbol: p
Units: Watts (W)

dw
dw
p=
=
dt
dq
P=vi

dq
dt

Where
p is power in watts (W),
w is energy in joules (J),
t is time in seconds (s)

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Default Sign Convention


Passive sign convention : current should enter
the positive voltage terminal.
I
+

Circuit Element

P=VI
Positive (+) Power: element absorbs power
Negative (-) Power: element supplies power
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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The power P = v i is a time-varying quantity and is called the instantaneous power


Thus,
the power absorbed or supplied by an element is the product of the voltage and
the current .
If the power has a + sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by the element.
If, the power has a sign, power is being supplied by the element.

How to know that P is +ve or -ve sign

By the passive sign convention

when the current enters through the positive terminal of an element p = +vi.
When the current enters through the negative terminal, p = vi.
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Example
Find the power delivered or absorbed by each element
Absorbing
Element

Absorbing
element
p=4 3
= 12 W,

Absorbing
element
p=4 3
= 12 W,

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

Supplying
element
p = 4 (3)
= 12 W,

Supplying
element
p = 4 (3)
= 12 W,

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Example

Calculate the power delivered or absorbed by each element in the


shown circuit. Show that the sum of the delivered power = sum of the
absorbed power.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Solution

P5

P2

P6

P3
P1

P4

P1 " # $$ $ " # $$$%


&( " )$ ' " *$$%
&) " # $ ' " #'$%

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

&' " '$ $ " '$$%


+ " ($ ' " (*$%
&* " #,$ ' " # +$%

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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P2

P6

P3
P1

P4

P (supplied) = (-1000) + (-20) + (-140) = -1160 W


P (absorbed) = 200 + 600 + 360 = 1160 W
P (supplied) + P (absorbed) = 0
Power absorbed = Power supplied
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Circuit Elements
Types of elements found in electric circuits:
Active elements; are capable to generating energy (sources)..
Example
generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers.
Passive elements; don'
t generate energy, they are energy consuming
(storing) elements
.
Example
resistors, capacitors, and inductors..

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Active Elements

The most important active elements are voltage or current sources


that generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them. There are
two kinds of sources:
Independent sources
Dependent sources.
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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An ideal independent source is an active element that provides


a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of
other circuit variables.

used for constant or


time-varying voltage

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

used for
constant voltage (dc).

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Ideal Voltage Source

The ideal voltage source explicitly defines

Vs

the voltage between its terminals.


Constant (DC) voltage source:

Vs = 5 V

Time-Varying voltage source: Vs = 10 sin(t) V


Examples: batteries, wall outlet, function generator.
The ideal voltage source does not provide any information about the current
flowing through it.
The current through the voltage source is defined by the rest of the circuit to
which the source is attached. Current cannot be determined by the value of
the voltage.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Ideal Current Source


An ideal independent current source is an active element that provides a
specified current completely independent of the voltage across the source.
That is,
the current source delivers to the circuit whatever voltage is necessary to
maintain the designated current.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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The ideal current source sets the


Is
value of the current running through it.
Constant (DC) current source: Is = 2 A
Time-Varying current source: Is = -3 sin(t) A
Examples: few in real life!
The ideal current source has known current, but unknown voltage.
The voltage across the voltage source is defined by the rest of the circuit to
which the source is attached.
Voltage cannot be determined by the value of the current.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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I-V Relationships Graphically


i

Ideal Voltage
Source: Vertical
line

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

Ideal Current
Source:
Horizontal line

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Source Combinations

v1
v2

v1 + v2

Voltage sources in series can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source:

Current sources in parallel can be replaced by an equivalent current source:

i1

i2

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

i1+ i2
ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Dependent Source
An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the
source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.

dependent
voltage source

dependent
current source.

Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols,

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Example: You watch a certain voltmeter V1 and manually adjust


a voltage source Vs to be 2 times this value. This constitutes a
voltage-dependent voltage source.

Circuit A

+
V1
-

2V1

+
-

Circuit B

This is just a manual example, but we can create such dependent


source electronically.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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We can have voltage or current sources depending on voltages or currents


elsewhere in the circuit.
Here, the voltage V provided by the dependent source (right) is proportional
to the voltage drop over Element X. The dependent source does not need
to be attached to the Element X in any way.

+
Element x

VX

+
-

V = A V VX

A diamond-shaped symbol is used for dependent sources, just as a


reminder that its a dependent source.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

39

There are four possible types of dependent sources


1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).
Example of a current controlled voltage source

the voltage 10i of the voltage source depends on the current I through element C

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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The 4 Basic Dependent Sources

Voltage-controlled voltage source V = Av Vcd


Current-controlled voltage source V = Rm Ic
Current-controlled current source I = Ai Ic
Voltage-controlled current source I = Gm Vcd

+
_

Av Vcd

+
_

Rm Ic

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

Ai Ic

Gm Vcd

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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For the following circuits:


Calculate the source output voltage or current.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Example

Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element

P1 = -(20)(5) = -100W

P2 = (12)(5) = 60W

P3 = (8)(6) = 48W

P4 = -(8)(0.2)(5) = 8W

P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = 100 + 60 + 48 8 = 0

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Example

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif


Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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P1 = -(10)(3) = -30W

P2 = -(6)(2) = -12W

P3 = (6)(I0) = 6I0W

P4 = -(12)(9) =-108W

P5 = -(4)(8) =-32W

P6 = (8)(2)(11) = 176W
6I0 -32 -12 -108 +176 = -182 + 6I0 +176 = 0

Hisham
El-Sherif
I oDr.-Eng.
=
1
[
A
]
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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Example
Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component of the circuit

P1 = -(5)(8) = -40W

P2 = (2)(8) = 16W

P3 = (0.6)(5)(3) = 9W

P4 = (3)(5) = 15W

Absorbed Power = 16 + 9 + 15 = 40W


Supplied Power = - 40W
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department

ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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