MEC 3609 H T Conduction

Conduction
Convection
MEC 3609: HEAT TRANSFER
Radiation
Dr M N A Hawlader
Office: E1-05 8.1
e-mail: mehawlader@iium.edu.my
Tel. 6196 6518 (O)
0102796097 (M)
What is Heat Transfer?

Energy in Transit is called Heat.
Heat Transfer is a process by which energy
transfer takes place.
A knowledge of heat transfer is necessary in order
to evaluate cost, the feasibility, and the size of the
equipment to transfer a specified amount of heat
in a given time.
For example, power generation, heating and
cooling, and many industrial and domestic
applications.
Conduction, Convection and

Radiation
Heat
Transfer
Conduction Heat Transfer:
Fourier's law of conduction, one dimensional heat conduction
through composite wall, tubes and spheres.
Derivation of general transient conduction equation with a heat
source. Steady state 1D conduction with and without energy
generation; overall heat transfer coefficient, critical and
economic thickness of insulation.
Extended Surfaces: derivation of fin equation for simpler cases,
fin efficiency and effectiveness.
Unsteady heat conduction, lumped -system analysis, numerical
method.
Convection Heat Transfer

Forced and free convection;
Laminar and turbulent flow;
Mass, Momentum and Energy Equation;
External and internal flows;
Heat Exchangers;
Boiling and condensation.
Radiation Heat Transfer

Laws of blackbody and gray body radiation; semitransparent and opaque material.
Intensity, emissive power, emittance, absorptance,
reflectance, transmittance; Shape factor.
Radiation exchange between blackbody and gray
surfaces; radiation shield.
Thermal Power Plant
Steam Turbine
Heat Exchangers
Basic Modes of Heat Transfer

Three distinct modes of heat transfer: conduction,
convection and radiation.
Heat transfer in a solid or fluid at rest takes place by
conduction.
Heat transfer in a fluid in motion takes place by
convection.
Both conduction and convection require a medium,
whereas, radiation heat transfer requires no medium.
Conduction Heat Transfer

T
Conduction heat transfer

Qx A dT/dx
x
Heat transfer in x direction is given by
Qx = -kA dT/dx
(Fourier Law of Conduction)
k, constant of proportionality, called thermal
conductivity, W/m.K
Conduction Heat Transfer

dT/dx >0
Q<0
dT/dx <0
Q>0
Sign Convention for the direction of heat flow
Thermal Conductivities
Materials
Copper
Aluminium
Carbon steel, 1%C
Glass
Plastics
Water
Air
Styrofoam
k at 300K (W/m.K)
399.0
237.0
43.0
0.81
0.2 - 0.3
0.6
0.026
0.030
Convective Heat Transfer

Convective heat transfer between a surface
and a fluid can be calculated by
Qc = hc A T, Newton Law of Cooling
Qc = rate of heat transfer, W
hc = average convective heat
transfer coefficient, W/m2.K
A = heat transfer area, m2
T = Temp diff between surface
(Ts) and the fluid (Tf), K
Convective heat transfer

coefficient
Fluid
Air, free convection
Superheated steam or
air, forced convection
Oil, forced convection
Water, forced convection
Water, boiling
Steam, condensing
W/m2K
6 - 30
30 - 300
60 - 1,800
300 - 6,000
3,000 - 60,000
6,000 - 120,000
Radiation Heat Transfer

The amount of radiation leaving a surface
depends on the absolute temperature (K)
and the nature of the surface.
A perfect radiator (blackbody) emits
radiation from the surface at the rate
Qr = A1T14, W
A1 = surface area, m2
T1= surface temperature, K
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.67x10-8,W/m2K4
Basic Equations of Heat

Transfer
Conduction: Fourier Law of Conduction

Qx = -kA dT/dx, W
Convection: Newton Law of Cooling
Qc = hc A T, W
Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann Equation
Qr = A1T14, W
Example 1:
In a manufacturing plant, the walls and ceiling of an

oven are made of 200 mm thick fire-clay brick having
a thermal conductivity of 1.5 W/m.K. During steadystate operation, measurements reveal an inner surface
temperature of 1200oC and an outer surface
temperature of 200oC. The internal dimensions of the
oven are as follows: Length = 4m, Width=3m and the
Height =3 m.
What is the rate of heat input required to maintain
steady-state temperature inside the oven?
Solution of Example 1:
1200oC
200oC
3m
Tm = 0.5(1200+200)
= 700oC
km = 1.5
3m
200 mm
4m
2(4x3+3x3)+4x3 = Internal HT area = 54 m2

Four walls Ceiling
Heat Flux, Q/A = -k dT/dx = - k (To - Ti)/t

= 1.5(W/m.K)[(1200 - 200)(K)]/0.20( m)
= 7500 W/m2
Rate of heat input required = 7500 x 54 = 405 kW
Example 2:
An insulated pipe supplying steam from a boiler
runs through a room where the air and walls are
at 30oC. The outer diameter of the pipe is 100 mm
and its surface temperature is 250oC. The natural
convection heat transfer coefficient from the
surface to the air is 20 W/m2K. Find the rate of
heat transfer from the surface due to convection
and radiation per unit length of pipe. For
radiation heat loss, the outer surface of the pipe
may be treated as blackbody surface.
Solution for Example 2:

Heat loss due to convection, Q
250oC
Do = 100 mm
= hA (To - T),(W/m2K)(m2)(K); h=20 W/m2K

= h( DoL) (To - T)
Q/L = 1382.3 W/m = Qcon
T=30oC
Heat loss due to radiation,Q

= A (To 4 - T 4 ), Temp, T in K
= ( DoL) (To 4 - T 4 )
Q/L = (5.67x10-8,W/m2K4) (0.1m)( 5234 -3034)(K4)
= 1182.58, W/m = Qrad

Qtotal = Qcon + Qrad =1382.3 + 1182.58 = 2564.88, W/m
Example 3
The temperature in a house located at latitude 40o N is
maintained at 23oC with a temperature controller. The
temperature of the inner surfaces of walls, floors and the
ceiling of the house are found to be at an average
temperature of 12oC in winter and 27oC in summer. A
person with an external body surface area of 1.2 m2 and
temperature of 32oC remains in standing position for
fifteen minutes inside the room, where the temperature is
23oC. Find the rate of radiation exchange between the
person and surrounding surfaces.
Solution Example 3
The emittance of person (external surfaces of the skin) =0.95
The rate of radiation heat exchange is given by
Q As (Ts T
4
4
surr
For summer,
Q (0.95)(5.67 x10 8 W / m 2 .K 4 )(1.2m 2 )(305 4 300 4 )( K 4 )

= 35.78 W
For winter,
Q (0.95)(5.67 x10 8 W / m 2 .K 4 )(1.2m 2 )(3054 2854 )(K 4 )

=132.9W
Note: T is the Absolute Temperature in K
Although the thermostat setting is same, one feels chilly in winter
and warm in summer.

Transfer
Conduction: Fourier
Law of Conduction
Qx = -kA dT/dx, W
Qc = hc A T, W
Qr = A1T14, W
Exercise-1A
1. In a cold climate, a house is heated either using electricity or gas or coal to maintain
the desired temperature. The roof of such a house is 5 m long and 7 m wide, and 0.20 m
thick, and is made of concrete having a thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/m.K. On a winter
night , the temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the roof are measured as 16oC
and 2oC, respectively, for a period of 8 hours. Determine (i) the rate of heat loss through
the roof and (ii) the cost of heat loss to the home owner if the cost of electricity is $0.17
per kWh.
2. An electrical heater, which consists of a rod 300 mm long and 10 mm in diameter, is

placed in room at 12oC in steady state operation. Heat is generated in the rod as a result
of resistance heating and the surface temperature is 140oC under steady state operation.
The voltage drop and the current through the rod are measured and found to be 50 V and
2 A, respectively. Considering negligible heat losses by radiation, estimate the
convective heat transfer coefficient between the outer surface of the rod and the air in
the room
3. A blackbody at 25oC is exposed to solar radiation and the temperature increased to

95o C. Estimate the increase in radiation heat transfer.
Exercise-1A
1. In a cold climate, a house is heated either using
electricity or gas or coal to maintain the desired
temperature. The roof of such a house is 5 m long and
7 m wide, and 0.20 m thick, and is made of concrete
having a thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/m.K. On a
winter night , the temperatures of the inner and outer
surfaces of the roof are measured as 16oC and 2oC,
respectively, for a period of 8 hours. Determine (i)
the rate of heat loss through the roof and (ii) the cost
of heat loss to the home owner if the cost of
electricity is $0.17 per kWh.
Exercise-1A
Brief outline of solution
Question 1
Heat loss from the roof
q = kA[(T1 T2)/t], where t = thickness of
in kW
the roof
Amount of heat lost during 8 hours
Q = q x no of hours, kWh
Cost = (amount of energy in kWh) x(unit cost of
energy)
Exercise-1A
Question 2
An electrical heater, which consists of a rod 300
mm long and 10 mm in diameter, is placed in
room at 12oC in steady state operation. Heat is
generated in the rod as a result of resistance
heating and the surface temperature is 140oC
under steady state operation. The voltage drop
and the current through the rod are measured and
found to be 50 V and 2 A, respectively.
Considering negligible heat losses by radiation,
estimate the convective heat transfer coefficient
between the outer surface of the rod and the air in
the room.
Exercise-1A
Question 2
Neglect radiation heat loss
Under steady state operation, heat loss from the
surface by convection equals energy generated
within the rod due to resistance heating.
q = energy generated = VI = (voltage drop, V) x
(current, A), W
= heat lost =hAs(Ts Ta), W

h = q /[As(Ts Ta)] =
,W/m2 K
Exercise-1A
Question 3
A blackbody at 25oC is exposed to solar
radiation and the temperature increased to
95o C. Estimate the increase in radiation
heat transfer.
Exercise-1A
Question 3
Calculate emissive power at both
temperatures. Increase in radiant heat
transfer is equal to the difference in
emissive power.
E1 = T14 , W/m2
E2 = T24 , W/m2
Increase in radiant heat transfer = E2 E1
SECTION 2
CONDUCTION EQUATIONS
Conduction equation is a mathematical tool.

Describe energy distribution within the body
of the material.
Derived by performing an energy
balance on an elemental volume.
Steady state problem - the temperature
of the body of the material is independent
of time.
Transient or unsteady problem - the
temperature of the material is a function
of time.
CONDUCTION EQUATIONS (contd)
T = f(x,t) ...one dimensional,

transient problem
T = f(x)
One dimensional,
steady state
T = f(x,y,z,t) three dimensional,
transient problem
T = f(r,,t) Cylindrical coordinate, 2D, transient
T = f(r,)
2D, steady
1-D CONDUCTION EQUATIONS

y
dy
dz
dx
q+dq
T(x,t)
x
x
z
Figure 1.1: Control volume in rectangular co-ordinates
Qx >>Qy, Qz
CONDUCTION EQUATIONS
Plane Wall
Considering temperature variation in the control

volume in x-direction only, T = f(x)
Rate of energy conducted into control volume
= Rate of energy conducted out of control volume
y
At x, heat conducted into the element

= Qx
=-kA dT/dx
x
At x+dx, heat conducted out of the element
L
= Qx+dx = -kA dT/dx
x=0
T=T
+[d(-kAdT/dx)/dx]dx
o
For steady state conduction,

Qx Qx+dx =0
x+dx
x=L
T=TL
d dT
k
0
dx dx
d 2T
k 2 0
dx
k cons tan t
solution
T C1 x C2
becomes
d2T/dx2=0
Integrate
twice
STEADY STATE CONDUCTIO0N

1-D system without heat generation
Rectangular Coordinates
T = C1x + C2
Boundary Conditions:
Fluid Flow
1. T(0) = T0
2. T(L) = TL
Heat Flux
at T , h
W/m2K
x = 0, T=To,
C2 = To;
x = L, T=TL,
TL = C1 L + To
C1 =( TL To)/L
Hence, T = x ( TL To)/L + To
(T To)/(TL To) = x/L
x=0
T0
x=L
TL

Rectangular Coordinates
Solution:
T(x) T0
x
= x/L
(2.3)
TL - T0
Fluid Flow
Q = -kA dT/dx
Heat Flux
=kA(T0 - TL)/L
= (T0 - TL)/(L/ kA)
Rt.cond = L/kA
W/m2K
(2.6)
T0
TL
Rt,cond
at T , h
x=0
T0
x=L
TL
When convection at x=0 and x=L is

taken into account
L/kA
1/hiA
Ti
Qc=hiA(Ti-T0)
= (Ti-T0)/(1/hiA)
To
1/hoA
TL

Rectangular Coordinates-Composite walls
x
q = Ttotal/ Rt
Q = hA(T4 - T)
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
R4= 1/hA
R1 = L1/k1A1
2
L1
R2= L2/k2A2
R3= L3/k3A3
Heat Flux
R4= 1/hA
W/m2K
Fluid Flow
L2
L3
at T , h
T
q
T1
T2
T3
T4
R1 = L1/k1A1
R2= L2/k2A2
R3= L3/k3A3
R4= 1/hA
Taking convection into account on

the left surface
Qx=
Ti-T1 =Qx(1/hiA)
T1-T2= Qx(L1/k1A)
T2-T3 = Qx(L2/k2A)
T3-T4=Qx(L3/k3A)
Ti
To
T4-To =Qx(1/hoA)
Ti To = Qx(1/hiA+L1/k1A+L2/k2A+L3/k3A+1/hoA) =T
Qx = UA T where UA= 1/ Rtotal
(2.13)
Example 2.1B
A double glazed window (height:1m and
width:1.5m consists of two 4mm-thick layers of
glass (k=0.78 W/mK) separated by a 10mm thick
stagnant air space (k=0.026 W/mK). Determine
the steady rate of heat transfer through this
double-glazed window. The temperature inside the
room is maintained at 22oC while the ambient
(outdoor) is 32oC. The convective heat transfer
coefficient of the inner and outer surfaces of the
window are hi=12 W/m2K and h0=48 W/m2K,
respectively, which include the effect of radiation.
Solution Example 2.1B

Solution:
l1
Ri
1
1
0.055 K W
h i A 12 W m 2 K 1.5m 2
R1
l1
0.004m
0.0034 K W
2
k 1A 0.78 W mK 1.5m
l2
l3
22 C
32 C
l2
0.001m
0.256 K W
2
k 2 A 0.026 W mK 1.5m
R 3 R 1 0.0034 K W
R2
R0
1
1
0.0139 K W
2
2
h o A 48 W m K 1.5m
R total R 0.3317 K W
Q
T
32 22
30.15W
R totoal 0.3317
Ri
R1
R2
R3
Ro
Exercise 2A
1. In an aluminum pan placed on a heater, heat is transferred

steadily to the boiling water. Find the outer surface temperature of
the bottom of the pan and the boiling heat transfer coefficient under
the following conditions:
The inner surface temperature of the bottom of the pan: 108oC.
Rate of heat transfer to the bottom of the pan
: 600 J/s
Thermal conductivity of the aluminum pan material : 237 W/m.K
The diameter of the pan
: 250 mm
Temperature of water inside the pan
: 95 oC
The thickness of the pan material
: 5 mm
Ans: 942 W/m2K;108 oC
Exercise 2A-contd
2. The temperature inside a house is maintained at 20 oC with a gas

heater, where the outside temperature is 10 oC on a winter night.
Heat is lost through roof, 300 m2 in area and thickness 150 mm, to
the surroundings air at 10 oC. The roof may be considered black
with an emittance value of 1. The thermal conductivity of the roof
material is 2 W/m.K. The roof exchange radiation with the sky at
260K. The convective heat transfer coefficients for the inner and
outer surfaces of the roof are 5 and 12 W/m2K, respectively.
Determine
the rate of heat loss from the roof;

for a period of 14 hours, find the amount of money lost, if the energy
cost is 2 cents/MJ.
Ans:37.44 kW; $38.00
Steady state conduction

Cylindrical coordinate
Fig 2.4
Heat Trasnsfer from a
hollow cylinder
dT
dx
Steady state heat conduction

Cylindrical coordinate system
For steady heat transfer in radial direction
qr - qr+dr = 0
qr [qr+dr] = 0
(2.16)
qr [qr+(dqr/dr)dr]=0
Fourier law of conduction gives
qr = - kA
(2.17)
where A = 2 r.L
L = length of cylinder
Substitution of equation (2.17) into equation (2.16) results in the following equation:
-(2 rL)k
dT
dT
d dT
+ (2 rL)k
+ (2 kL) r
dr
dr
dr dr
(2 kL)
d dT
r
0
dr dr
d dT
r
dr dr
dr =0
dr =0
d dT
r 0
dr dr
(2.18)
Integrating equation (2.18) twice gives
T= C1Ln r + C2
(1) T(ri) =Ti
(2) T(ro ) =To
d dT
r
0
dr dr
Integrate
dT
r
C
1
dr
C
dT 1 dr
r
T C Lnr C
1
2
T C1 Lnr C2
Boundary Conditions (BC)
T ri Ti
1
T r To
2
BC 1 gives Ti C1 Lnri C2 (1)
BC 2 gives To C1 Lnro C2 (2)
Subtract (2) from (1)
ri
Ti To C1 ( Lnri Lnro ) C1 Ln
ro
Ti To
Hence, C1 Ln(r / r )
i
o
Insert C1 in equation 1, giving

Ti To
Ti
Lnri C 2
Ln(ri / ro )
Ti To
Ti
Lnri C 2
Ln(ri / ro )
Hence, the solution for the local temperature, T(r) is

T(r ) Ti Ti To
where,
C1
Ti To
Ln ri r o
and
Ln r ri
Ln ri r o
C2 Ti Ti To
Ln ri
Ln ri ro
Hence, heat flow through the wall
dT
dT
Q r k A ( r ) d r k (2 rL ) d r
L n ro ri
Ti To
Ti To
Ti To
2 kL
;Rt
R
2 k L
t
L n ro ri
L n ro ri
2 k L
Ln r2 r1
1
R1
R2
2 r1 h1 L
2 k 1L
R4
ln( r4 / r3 )
2k 3 L
R3
Ln r3 r2
2 k 2L
1
R5
2r4 ho L
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5
Example 2.2B
Steam at a temperature of 300oC flows through a

cast iron pipe (k=75 W/mK) whose inner and
outer diameters are 50mm and 55mm
respectively. The pipe is covered with 25mmthick glass wool insulation (k=0.05 W/mK).
Heat is lost to the surroundings at 30oC by
convection and radiation, with a combined heat
transfer coefficient of 25 W/m 2K. The heat
transfer coefficient at the inner wall of the pipe
is 65 W/m2K. Find the rate of heat loss from the
steam per unit length of the pipe. Find the
temperature drop across the wall of the pipe and
the insulation. Also find (UA) for the pipe.
Example 2.2B: Solution

Ti
T1
R1
=1/h 1 A 1
T3
T2
T3
R3
R2
Ti
T1
T2
T0
R4
T3
To
r1
T2
r2
Ti = Fluid temperature inside the tube

T1 = Temperature of the inner wall of the tube
T2 = Temperature of the outer wall of the tube
T3 = Temperature of the outer surface of
To
insulation
To = Surrounding fluid temperature
R1
1
h i A1
R2
Ln r3 r2
R3
2k 2 L
Ln r2 r1
2k 1L
1
R4
hoAo
Considering L=1m , A1 = 2r1 =

2(0.025) = 0.1571 m2
A0 = A3 = 2r3 = 2(0.0525)
= 0.3299 m2
R1
R2
65 W
mK
Ln 27.5
0.1571m
0.098 K W
25 0.0002 K W
2 75 W mK
Ln 52.5
27.5 2.058 K W
R3
20.05 W mK
1
R4
0.1212 K W
25x 0.3299
Rtotal R 0.098 0.002 2.058 0.1212

2.2774 K W
Q = steady state heat loss

= (300 30) / 2.2774 = 118.55W
Temperature d rop across pipe wall (pw)
T pw QR 2
= (118.55W)(0.0002 K/W)
= 0.02 o C
T insulation QR 3
= (118.5W)(2.058 K/W)
= 243.97 o C
Q
T1
T2
R2
Ti To
Q UAT
, where T Ti To
R total
Hence,
UA
R total
1 2.2774 0.439 W mK

Transfer
Conduction: Fourier Law of Conduction

Qx = -kA dT/dx, W
Qc = hc A T, W
Qr = A1T14, W

Spherical coordinate

Spherical coordinate
dT
qr kA
dr
qr dr kA
dT d
dT
kA dr
dr dr
dr
For steady state, qr q r+dr = 0

For A=4r2
d
2 dT
r
k
dr 0
dr
dr
For constant thermal conductivity

d 2 dT
r
0
dr dr

Spherical Coordinates
ro
ri

Spherical Coordinates
C1
T (r ) C2
r
1)
2)
T(ri) = Ti;
T(ro) = To
C1
Ti
C2
ri
C1
C2
To = ro
Hence,
C1
Ti To
(1 / ro ) (1 / ri )
T Ti
r
r
o [1 i ]
Ti To ri ro
r
Ti To
C
(
1
/
r
)
i
i
and 2
(1 / r ) (1 / r )
o

Summary of Results
Confuguration
Plane wall
Hollow Cylinder
Hollow sphere
Heat flow rate q
q
q
kA
T
L
2kL
Ln ro r i
Thermal Resistance
L
kA
T
4kri ro
T
q
ri ro
Ln ro r i
2kL
ro ri
4kri ro
Class Test: upto this point

(Just before this slide)
Date of Class test:

Thursday 6 Sept 2007 at 5pm
Class Test: 20%

Lab: 20%
Final Exam:60%

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
q = UA (T)total
(21)
Like Newton's law of cooling

q = hA (T)
2
both U and h have the same dimensions, W/m K.

For composite walls:
1
UA
( L1 / k1 A1 ) ( L2 / k 2 A2 ) ( L3 / k 3 A3 )
For , A1 A2 A3
1
U
( L1 / k1 ) ( L2 / k 2 ) ( L3 / k 3 )

For composite cylinders, Figure 2.5
Ti
T1 T
q UA (T)
R t ;where
and
1
UA
Rt
(2.23)
Lnr2 r1 Lnr3 r2 Ln(r4 / r3 )

1
1
Rt
hi 2ri L
2k1 L
2k 2 L
2k 3 L ho 2r3 L
Steady state heat conduction

critical thickness of insulation
Ti T
q
Lnro ri 1
2kL 2hro L
q q L
Ti T
Ln ro ri
1
2k h 2ro
(2.24)
1/2hro
Ln(ro/ri)/2k
Critical thickness of insulation
Resistance
Condition for optimum heat flow

The condition of optimum heat flow can be obtained by
differentiating equation (2.24) with respect to ro and setting
the resultant equation to zero.
This condition is h ro/k = 1.0, where h ro/k is known as
Biot number, Bi
Hence the optimum heat transfer occurs from the cylinder
when the Biot Number is 1 and the critical radius,
rcrit = k/h
(2.25)
At Bi = 1,
heat transfer rate reaches a maximum;

resistance to heat transfer is minimum.
At Bi < 1,
addition of insulation increases heat

transfer rate. Electric cables are designed
for maximum heat dissipation, hence the
insulation value should be around the
critical value.
At Bi > 1,
addition of insulation decreases heat

transfer rate. To reduce heat losses, the
insulation thickness should be much
greater than the critical thickness of
insulation.
Example 2.2C
An electric wire, diameter d=3mm and length L=5m, is
tightly wrapped with a 2mm-thick plastic cover (thermal
conductivity k=0.15 W/mK). Measurements indicate that
a current of 10A passes through the wire causing a
voltage drop of 8V. The wire is exposed to an
environment at 32oC with a convective heat transfer
coefficient h=12 W/m2K. Determine the temperature at
the interface of the wire and the plastic cover in steady
operation. Also, evaluate whether doubling the thickness
of the plastic cover will increase or decrease this
interface temperature.
Example 2.2C - solution

Under steady operating condition, rate of heat transfer is equal to the heat generated within the wire.
Q = VI = (8V)(10A)
= 80 W
T2
k
A2 = (2r2)L = 2(0.0035m)(5m)
= 0.1099 m2
r1
R con
1
1
0.758 K W
hA 2 (12 W mK )(0.1099m 2 )
R plastic
Ln r2 r1
Ln 35 15
2kL
20.15 W mK 5m
= 0.1798 K W
Rtotal R Rcon R plastic 0.758 0.1798 0.9378 K W
T1
r2
T1
T2
Rplastic
Ta
Rcon
T1 To
Q
T1 To QR total
R total
32 80W 0.9378 K W
= 107.02 oC
The critical thickness of insulation:
rcr
k 0.15 W mK
h 12 W m 2 K
= 0.0125 m
= 12.5 mm
1-D steady state heat conduction

with energy generation
Considering an element in a wall with a uniformly
distributed heat source
in x-direction
q net
dT d
dT
kA
(kA )dx
dx
dx dx
dx
x kA dT
energy generated within the control volume = qg A dx
Energy balance gives,
d 2T
k dx 2 q g 0

1-D system with heat generation
Poissons Equation
]
T1
2T
qg
k
X= 0
qg
X= L
d2T/dx2 +qg/k = 0
insulated
1. T(0) = T1
Boundary Conditions
T(x) = - [qg/2k]x2 + C1x +C2
2. q x=L= - k dT/dx at x=L

=0
d T qg
0
2
dx
k
dT qg
x C1
dx k
qg 2
T
x C1 x C2
2k
(1)T (0) T1
dT
(2)( ) x L 0
dx
qg L
C1
; C2 T1
k
qg 2 qg L
T
x
T1
2k
k

T ( x) T1 q g xL
x
T1
kT1 2 L
The temperature distribution is parabolic
with x
and the maximum value occurs at the
insulated
2
surface, x = L.
q L
T ( L) Tmax T1
2k
Conduction in cylinders with

energy generation
1-D steady state conduction equation in cylindrical coordinate is given by
Q r Q r dr Q g 0
dT
dT
d
dT
) [2kL(r
) 2kL (r
)dr ]
dr
dr
dr dr
2rLdrq g 0
2kL(r
After rearrangements
qg
1 d dT
(r
)
0
r dr dr
k

Cylindrical Coordinates
Current flowing through a wire
qg = I2R/V
d (rdT/dr)/rdr + qg/k = 0
T(r) = C1 Ln r - qgr2/4k +C2
Boundary conditions:
1. T(ro) = To
2. dT/drr=o = 0
ro

T (r ) To q r
To
4kTo
2
g o
r2
1 2
r
o
Maximum temperature occurs at the centre
T(o) = Tmax = To + qgro2/4k

Example 5:
A 2-kW resistance water heater is used to boil
water in a kettle. The cylindrical heating element
has a diameter of 5 mm and length 0.6 m, where
thermal conductivity, k= 15 W/m.K. If the outer
surface temperature is 110oC, estimate the
temperature at the centre of the element.

Solution:
qg = Qgen/Vele =2000(W)/ (0.0025)2(m2) 0.6 (m)
= 0.1697x109 W/m3
T(r=0) = To + qgro2/4k
=110+0. 1697x109 (W/m3) (0.0025)2(m2)
/4x15 (W/m.K)
= 127.7oC

Heat Transfer from Fins

Heat transfer from a surface to air or gas is
rather slow due to lower heat transfer
coefficient.
One of the ways of increasing heat transfer
is to provide additional surface area,
perhaps in the form of fins, which may be
of different designs and geometries.

Fins in Electronic Cooling

Energy balance across

the element:
x
x
hAs[T(x ])-T
-kA dT/dx
qx
-kA dT/dx
+d(-kAdT/dx) x/dx
qc
qx+ x
q x q x x qc
dT
dT
d
dT
kA kA
kA dx hAs T ( x ) T ,
dx x
dx x dx
dx
or
d
dT
kA
hP
dx
dx
T ( x) T = 0
As
where A = Pdx
P= Perimeter
(2.34)

d
2
0
2
dx
2
Where = T - T
m2 = h P/ kA
Equation representing
temperature distribution in
a straight fin of constant
x-section
Solution, = C1 e-mx + C2 e mx
= C1 cosh mx + C2 sinh mx


Two boundary conditions are required:
1. x=0, = To - T
2. Other boundary condition depends
on the physical situation
Case 1: Very long fin, T x= T
Case 2: Negligible heat losses from the tip of the fin,

dT/dx] x=L= 0
Case 3: Fin of finite length, heat losses from the tip by

convection, -k dT/dx] x=L= h [ TL - T]
Different Boundary Conditions


Case 1. Long Fin
x , = To - T 0
x=0, = o
Temperature distribution,
= C1 e-mx + C2 e mx
C1 = o and C2 = 0
/ o = (T- T)/( To - T) = e -mx
Heat Transfer
x L
x 0
hP dx
= -kA d/dx| x=0

Q = kA om = o[hpkA] 1/2


Case 2. Fins with insulated tip
= C1 e-mx + C2 e mx
dT/dx] x=L= 0
C1= o /(1+e -2mL)
C2= o /(1+e 2mL)
x=0, T = To
o
-mx
-2mL
mx
2mL
/ o = [e /(1+e
)] + [e /(1+e )]
Q = -kA d/dx| x=0
= kA om[1/(1+e 2mL) - 1/(1+e -2mL)]

= o [hpkA] 1/2 tanh (mL)


Case 3. Fins with convection at the tip
Temp Distribution:
/ o = (T- T)/( To - T) = A/B
where,
A = cosh m(L-x) +(h/mk) sinh m(L-x)
B = cosh mL + (h/mk) sinh mL
Heat Transfer:
Q = (hpkA)1/2 ( To - T) C/D
where,
C = sinh mL + (h/mk) cosh mL
D = cosh mL + (h/mk) sinh mL
-kdT/dx]x=L
= hL(T x=L - T)


Fin Efficiency:
A ratio of actual heat transfer to heat which would
be transferred if the entire fin were at the base

temperature
f = o (hpkA)1/2/(hpL o )
=(1/L)(kA/hp)1/2
=1/mL, for Long Fins


Effectiveness of Fins:
= ( Q with fin)/ (Q without fin)

= f Af h o /(hAb o )
= f Af h /(hAb)
= f Af/Ab = [kP/hA]0.5
where, Af = PL
Ab = A

Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer Equation

Straight Fins with constant area
(L) = 0
= T - T
b= Tb - T
qf = M, where M= (hpkAc)1/2 b
Infinite fin
/ b = e-mx
Finite fin no heat loss from the tip,

d/dx = 0 at x=L
/ b = A/B, A=cosh m(L-x); B=cosh mL
qf = M tanh mL
m2= hp/kAc
Temperature Profile and Heat Transfer Equation

Straight Fins with constant area
Finite fin convective heat loss from the tip of

the fin
h(L) = -k d/dx x=0
/ b = C/D, C= coshm(L-x)+(h/mk)sinh m(L-x)
D= coshmL+(h/mk)sinmL
qf = M /, = sinhmL+(h/mk)coshmL
= coshmL+(h/mk)sinmL


Example 2.3A:
A copper pin fin 2.5 mm in diameter protrudes from a
wall at 100oC into an air at 28oC. The heat transfer is
mainly by natural convection with a heat transfer
coefficient of 12 W/m2.K.
Calculate heat losses from the fin assumingi) the fin is infinitely long;
ii) the fin is 30 mm long and the tip of the
fin is insulated;
iii) the fin 30 mm long having convective
losses, with h = 12 W/m2.K
Solution 2.3 A
The fin temperature is a function of length and varies
between 100oC and 28oC. We evaluate thermal
100 28
64 oC,
conductivity at an average temperature of
2
k=396.0 W/mK.
PhkA = (0.0025m) x (12 W/mK)

x (396 W/mK) x (/4)(0.0025m)2
= 1.834x10-4 (W2/K2)
phkA = 0.0135 W/K
i)
Considering the fin infinitely long, L

Q 0 PhkA
= 72 x 0.0135 W
= 0.9745 W
= To-T = 72
2.3A- (ii)
d
The tip of
the fin is insulated, dx x L 0
Q 0 PhkA tanh mL
= 0.9745 x 0.2058
= 0.2005 W
hP
kA
12x( 0.0025)
396x ( 0.0025) 2
4
6.963
mL = 6.963 x 0.03
= 0.2088
2.3A-(iii)
i)
Convective heat transfer fro m the tip,
sinh mL h mk cosh mL
Q 0 PhkA
cosh mL h
sinh mL
mk
0.21 0.00435x1.02
0.9745x
1.02 0.00435x 0.21
0.2144
0.9745x
1.02
0.205W
sinh mL = 0.21
cosh mL = 1.02
h
12
mk 6.963x 396
= 0.00435
Example 2.3B
An array of 10 aluminum alloy fins, each 3 mm
wide, 0.4 mm thick, and 40 mm long, is used to
cool a transistor. When the base is at 67oC and
the ambient is at 27oC, how much power do they
dissipate if the combined convection and
radiation heat transfer coefficient is estimated to
be 8 W/m2K? The alloy has a conductivity of
175 W/m.K. The heat transfer from the tip of
the fin is negligible. Also, find the efficiency
and effectiveness of the fin.
Solution Outline
For one fin:
A= (0.003)(0.0004)=1.2x10-6m2
P=2(0.003+0.0004)=6.8x10-3m
m2= hP/kA=(8.0W/m2.K)(6.8x10-3m)
/(175W/m.K)(1.2x10-6m2)
=259 m -2
m = 16.1 m -1; mL= (16.1 m-1)(0.040 m)
= 0.644
PL=(6.8x10-3m)(0.040 m)= 2.72x10-4m2
1. Finite fin negligible tip losses:

Qmax = h(PL)(To T)
= (8 W/m2K)(2.72x10-4m2)(340-300)K
= 0.087 W for 10 fins, QT=0.87 W
= (1/mL)tanh mL
= (1/0.644)tanh (0.644)
= 0.881
Q = Qmax= 0.0764W per fin
QT= 10x Q=0.764 W
TRANSIENT HAET CONDUCTIO0N

General Heat Transfer Equation:
2T + qg/k = (1/)T/ t
Newtons Law,
q/As =h (Ts - T) = T/(1/h)
Fourier Law,
q/A = -k dT/dx = T/(Lc/k)
Bi = Biot Number
= h Lc/k = (Lc/k)/(1/h) < 0.1

Lumped Capacitance Method
q = hAs (T - T) = Vc dT/dt
dT/(T - T) = -(hAs/ Vc) dt
Integration between, t=0, T=Ti
and t=t, T =T
(T - T)/(Ti - T) =e - t
where, = (hAs/ Vc)
T
T
=density
c=sp ht
V=volume

Heat transfer over a period of time t
t'
Qc =
hA
(
T
T
)
dt
s
Qc = Vc (Ti - T)
[1 - exp(-hAs/ Vc)t]
Qmax = Vc (Ti - T)
Qc/Qmax =1- exp(-hAs/Vc)t
Steel ball bearings are required to be subjected to heat treatment to

obtain the desired surface characteristics. The balls are heated to a
temperature of 650oC and then quenched in a pool of oil that has a
temperature 55oC. The ball bearings have a diameter of 40 mm. The
convective heat transfer coefficient between the ball bearings and oil is
300 W/m2.K. Determine
a) the length of time that the bearings must remain in the oil
before their temperature drops to 200oC,
b) total amount of heat removed from each bearing during this

time interval, and
c) instantaneous heat transfer rate from the bearings when they

are first placed in the oil and when they reach 200oC.
The properties of steel ball bearings are as follows:
k = 50W/m.K; = k/cp =1.3x10-5 m2/s
Outline of Solution:
hAst/Vcp =(hLc/k) (t/Lc2) = (Bi) (Fo)
Where, (Bi) = (hLc/k = h(ro/3)/k =0.04
(Fo) = (t/Lc2) = t/(ro/3)2 = 0.293t
a) (200-55)/(650-55) = e (0.04)(0.293t)
t = 120.5 s
Find t from above eqn
b) Q =hAs(Ti - T)[1- e -(Bi) (Fo) ] t/ (Bi) (Fo)
= 5.79x104 J
t = 0, Q = 897 W
t = 120.5 s, Q = 218 W

Example:
The hot plate of a cooker has a surface area of 0.05 m2 and
is made of steel (density:7,820 kg/m3) having a total weight
of 1.4 kg. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 17
W/m2K between the plate and its surroundings at 27oC.
How long, after being switched on, would the plate take to
attain a temperature of 117oC? The plate heater is rated at
500Watts and initially at the temperature of the
surroundings. The thermal conductivity of the plate is 17.3
W/m.K.
Solution
d
Vc
q g V hAs
dt
where = T - T
d
a b
dt
where
a
b
qg
c
hAs
Vc
Separating the variable and integrating
t
bd
b dt
o
a b
a b
Ln
bt
a
1
a b
t Ln
126 sec
b
a
where,
qg
0.775
hAs
b
1.318 x10 3
Vc

Example 2
The temperature of a stream of natural gas flowing through
a pipe at 100oC is to be measured by a thermocouple
whose junction can be approximated as a 1-mm diameter
sphere. The properties of the junction are as follows: k=35
W/mK, =8500 kg/m3 and Cp = 320 J/kg.K. The
convection heat transfer coefficient between the junction
and the gas, h=210 W/m2K. The thermocouple is initially
at 28oC. Determine the time constant of the thermocouple.
Also, find the time taken to read 99% of the initial gas
temperature difference.
Example 2- solution outline

V
D3 / 6
4
Lc
1.67
x
10
m
2
As
D
hLc
check 0.1
k
T T
0.01
Ti T
Bi
hAs
0.462 s 1 b
Vc
T T
e bt t 10 s
Ti T

MEC 3609 H T Conduction

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MEC 3609 H T Conduction

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Conduction

What is Heat Transfer?

Conduction, Convection and

Convection Heat Transfer

Boiling and condensation.

Radiation Heat Transfer

Thermal Power Plant

Basic Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction Heat Transfer

Conduction heat transfer

Conduction Heat Transfer

Sign Convention for the direction of heat flow

Convective Heat Transfer

Convective heat transfer

Radiation Heat Transfer

Basic Equations of Heat

Conduction: Fourier Law of Conduction

Convection: Newton Law of Cooling

In a manufacturing plant, the walls and ceiling of an

2(4x3+3x3)+4x3 = Internal HT area = 54 m2

Heat Flux, Q/A = -k dT/dx = - k (To - Ti)/t

Solution for Example 2:

= hA (To - T),(W/m2K)(m2)(K); h=20 W/m2K

Heat loss due to radiation,Q

= 1182.58, W/m = Qrad

Q (0.95)(5.67 x10 8 W / m 2 .K 4 )(1.2m 2 )(305 4 300 4 )( K 4 )

Q (0.95)(5.67 x10 8 W / m 2 .K 4 )(1.2m 2 )(3054 2854 )(K 4 )

Basic Equations of Heat

Convection: Newton Law of Cooling

2. An electrical heater, which consists of a rod 300 mm long and 10 mm in diameter, is

3. A blackbody at 25oC is exposed to solar radiation and the temperature increased to

= heat lost =hAs(Ts Ta), W

Increase in radiant heat transfer = E2 E1

Conduction equation is a mathematical tool.

CONDUCTION EQUATIONS (contd)

T = f(x,t) ...one dimensional,

1-D CONDUCTION EQUATIONS

Figure 1.1: Control volume in rectangular co-ordinates

Considering temperature variation in the control

At x, heat conducted into the element

For steady state conduction,

STEADY STATE CONDUCTIO0N

STEADY STATE CONDUCTIO0N

When convection at x=0 and x=L is

STEADY STATE CONDUCTIO0N

Taking convection into account on

Solution Example 2.1B

1. In an aluminum pan placed on a heater, heat is transferred

2. The temperature inside a house is maintained at 20 oC with a gas

the rate of heat loss from the roof;

Ans:37.44 kW; $38.00

Steady state conduction

Steady state heat conduction

Insert C1 in equation 1, giving

Hence, the solution for the local temperature, T(r) is

Hence, heat flow through the wall

Steam at a temperature of 300oC flows through a

Example 2.2B: Solution

Ti = Fluid temperature inside the tube

Considering L=1m , A1 = 2r1 =

Rtotal R 0.098 0.002 2.058 0.1212

Q = steady state heat loss

Basic Equations of Heat

Conduction: Fourier Law of Conduction