Water pipes are pipes or tubes, frequently made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC/uPVC), ductile

iron, steel, cast iron, polypropylene, polyethylene, or copper, that carry pressurized and treated
fresh water to buildings (as part of a municipal water system), as well as inside the building.
For many centuries, lead was the favoured material for water pipes, due to its malleability (this
use was so common that the word "plumbing" derives from the Latin word for lead). This was a
source of lead-related health problems in the years before the health hazards of ingesting lead
were fully understood; among these were stillbirths and high rates of infant mortality. Lead water
pipes were still in common use in the early 20th century and remain in many households. Leadtin alloy solder was commonly used to join copper pipes, but modern practice uses tin-antimony
alloy solder to join copper in order to eliminate lead hazards.
Despite the Romans common use of lead pipes, they were rarely poisoned by them. Unlike other
parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, the Roman water had so much calcium in it,
that a layer of plaque prevented the water contacting the lead itself[citation needed]. What often causes
confusion is the large amount of evidence of widespread lead poisoning, particularly amongst
those who would have had easy access to piped water. This was an unfortunate result of lead
being used in cookware and as an additive to processed food and drink, such as a preservative in
wine.[1] Roman lead pipe inscriptions provided information on the owner to prevent water theft.
Wooden pipes were used in London and elsewhere during the 16th and 17th centuries. The pipes
were hollowed-out logs, which were tapered at the end with a small hole in which the water
would pass through. The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat. They were
often used in Montreal and Boston in the 1800s, and built-up wooden tubes were widely used in
the USA during the 20th century. These pipes, used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced
concrete pipes, were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood. Locking of adjacent rings
with hardwood dowel pins produced a flexible structure. About 100,000 feet of these wooden
pipes were installed during WW2 in drainage culverts, storm sewers and conduits, under
highways and at army camps, naval stations, airfields and ordnance plants.
Cast iron and ductile iron pipe was long a lower-cost alternative to copper, before the advent of
durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to
be made to other metallic pipes, except for terminal fittings, in order to avoid corrosion owing to
electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals (see galvanic cell).
Bronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various
materials.