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iv.
Construction is simple.
v. Fault can be detected very easily.
vi.
There is no converter device required.
5. Write the disadvantages of A.C transmission.
The disadvantages of A.C transmission are:
i. More copper is required than D.C.
ii.
Construction is complicated than D.C.
iii. Presence of skin effect to increase the effective resistance of th
e line.
iv. In A.C system due to the presence of capacitance there is continuou
s
loss of power due to charging current even when the line is open.
6. Mention the limitations of high transmission voltage.
The limitations of high transmission voltage are:
? The cost of insulating the conductor is very high.
? Cost of transformer, switchgear and other terminal apparatus are very high.
8. What is a feeder?
Feeder is defined as lines, which connect the distribution station and distribut
or.
9. What is a distributor?
Distributor is defined as a common bus bar, which connect the service main and f
eeder.
10. Distinguish between over head system and underground system.
S.NoOver head systemUnderground system1Construction cost is less.Construction co
st is high.2To occupy the more spaces in metropolitan area.To enhance the city b
eauty3It is operated above 66KV.It is limits upto 66KV.4Fault can be easily dete
cted and rectified.Fault cannot be easily detected.
3
Generating station
Step up transformer
Step down transformer
Transmission line
?
?
?
?
?
?
Switching station
Primary distribution line
Secondary distribution line
Feeder
Distributor and
Consumer
Nature of current
Type of construction
Scheme of connection
D.C distribution.
11. Write down the comparison between single circuit and double circuit.
Sl.NoSingle circuitDouble circuit1.This type of arrangement is less
dangerous during repair work.This
type
of
arrangement
is
comparatively dangerous.2.From continuity of supply point of
view, the circuit is less reliableWith reference to continuity of
supply, the circuit is much reliable3.It requires lesser foundation and less
weight of steel tower memberIt requires more foundation as the
structure is of heavier. The height of
tower is more4.The spacing of conductors required is
greaterThe spacing of conductors required is
lesser.
12. Write down the depending factors of electrostatic effects.
The electrostatic effect mainly depends on what is the distance between power an
d communication circuits and length of the route over which they are parallel.
13. What is mean by proximity effect?
The current distribution may be non uniform because of another effect known a
s
proximity effect. Consider two wire line as shown in fig, let each of the conduc
tor is assumed
to be divided into three sections having equal cross sectional area. Three paral
lel loops are
formed by the pairs xx , yy and zz . The flux linking loop xx is least and it increase
s for the
remaining loops. Thus the inductance of inner loop is less. Thus the current den
sity is highest
at inner edges of conductor.
14. Write down the depending factors for skin effect.
(i)
Nature of the material
8
(ii)
Diameter of the wire
(iii)
Frequency of supply
(iv)
Shape of wire
15. What are the advantages of bundled conductor?
(i)
low radio interference and corona loss
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
5.
What are the types of medium transmission line?
? End condenser method
? Nominal T method
? Nominal ? method
6.
Define voltage regulation.
The difference in voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line at
the no load and
full load is termed as voltage regulation expressed in terms of percentage of re
ceiving end
voltage
% voltage regulation = (Vnoload - Vfull load / Vfull load ) X100
7.
10.
Corona loss=r/d
Where,
d - Diameter of the conductor.
Hence lower the diameter of the conductor, higher is the loss.
26. What is local corona?
The corona does not start simultaneously on the whole surface, but it takes
place at different points of the conductor which are pointed is known as local
corona.
UNIT IV
INSULATORS AND CABLES
15
3. What are the advantages of suspension type insulator?
(i)
Suspension type insulators are cheaper than pin type insulators
(ii)
Each unit or disc of suspension type insulator is designed for low volta
ge
(iii) If any one disc is damaged the hole string does not affected
(iv)
Greater flexibility the line
4. Define string efficiency?
The ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of number of discs a
nd the voltage across the disc nearest to the conductor is known as string effic
iency.
5. What are the methods of improving string efficiency?
(i)
By using longer cross arms
(ii)
By grading the insulators
(iii) By using a guard ring
6. What is mean by insulators?
The insulators provide necessary insulation between line conductors and supports
and thus prevent any leakage current from conductors to earth.
7. What are the materials using in insulators?
(i)
Porcelain
(ii)
Glass
(iii) Synthetic resin
8. What is mean by annealing?
The glass also can be used instead of porcelain. The glass is made tough by heat
treatment which is called annealing.
9. What are the advantages of glass insulators
(i)
As transparent cracks bubbles and defects in the insulator can be easily
detected by inspection
(ii)
The dielectric strength is very high
(iii) Cheaper than the porcelain
16
(iv)
The resistivity is very high
10. What are the disadvantages of glass insulators?
(i)
Chances of moisture condensation on the surface are higher so le
akage current
is high
(ii)
Less stronger than the porcelain
(iii)
High tension system
(iv)
Cannot be moulded in irregular shape.
11. What are the advantages of synthetic resin?
(i)
High tensile strength
(ii)
The weight is low
(iii)
Cost is low
12. What is mean by self or mutual capacitance?
The porcelain portion which is an insulator is in between the two metal fitti
ngs. Thus it forms a capacitor. This is called self or mutual capacitance.
13. What is mean by shunt capacitance?
In transmission line towers in addition to the self capacitance there will be
capacitance between each metal fittings and the earth. i.e. tower the air act a
s a insulating medium such a capacitance is called shunt capacitance.
14. What are the advantages of suspension insulators?
(i)
The voltage distribution is not uniform
(ii)
The charging currents through various mutual capacitors are varied
(iii) Voltage across bottom insulator is high
(iv)
Electrical stress is high
15. What is mean by guard ring?
The transmission line tower a large metal ring surrounding the line unit and
connected to the metal part of the bottom of the line unit is used. Such a ring
is called guard ring.
17
(i)
Due to individual lead sheath core to core fault possibility get
s minimized
(ii)
The electrical stress are radial in nature
(iii)
Bedding of cable is easy
(iv)
Increases the current carrying capacity
20. What are the types of super tension cable?
(i)
Oil filled cables
(ii)
Gas pressure cables
18
(iv)
Vulcanized India rubber
30. What are disadvantages of gas pressure cable?
The only disadvantage of this cable is very high initial cost
UNIT-5
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF LINES AND GROUNDING
1. What is substation?
Substation is the assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristic
s of electric
supply.
2. Give the conditions of laying out a substation. The conditions for laying out
a substation are:
? It should be located at a proper site.
? It should provide safe and reliable arrangement.
20
Step-up substation
Primary grid substation
Secondary substation
Distribution substation
5. Define busbar.
Busbar is defined as a conductor to which a number of circuits are connected.
21
What is an interconnector?
The interconnector or inter connected network is a common development of si
mple ring system to reduce the power loss and voltage drop.
14. What is an interconnected system?
Interconnected system is a system in which the feeder ring is energized by
two or more than two generating stations or substations.
14.
25
s essential
constituent sections.
(ii) What are the AC transmission and distribution level voltages we have in Ind
ia? (iii) What are the different kinds of DC links? Draw relevant diagrams.
5. (i) Explain why EHV transmission is preferred? What are the problems involv
ed in EHV AC transmission?
(ii) With neat schematic, explain the principle of HVDC system operation.
6. Explain about FACTS and its controllers with neat diagram
7. (i) Compare EHVAC and HVDC transmission.
(ii) Explain the applications of HVDC transmission System.
8. Explain TCSC and SVC systems .
9. Explain with neat diagram about STATCOM and UPFC.
27
10. A transmission line conductor at a river crossing is supported from two towe
rs at a height of
50 and 80 meters above water level. The horizontal distance between towers is 30
0m. If tension in conductor is 200kg, find clearance between conductor and water
at a point midway between towers. Weight of conductor/meter = 0.844kg. Derive f
ormula used.
11. An overhead line has a span of 336m. The line is supported at a water crossi
ng from two towers whose heights are 33.6m and 29m above water level. The weight
of conductor is 8.33N/m and tension in the conductor is not to exceed 3.34*104N
.Find 1)Clearance between lowest point on conductor and water 2) Horizontal dist
ance of this point from lower support.
12. Explain the principle of operation of compensators used for voltage control.
(6)
13. What are the advantages of high transmission voltage for the transmission of
electric power ? Explain. (8)
14. A 50km long transmission line supplies a load of 5MVA at 0.8pf lagging at 33
kV.The efficiency of transmission line is 90%. Calculate the volume of Al conduc
tor required for the line when 3 phase 3 wire system is used. The specific resi
stance of Al is 2.85*10-8 m.
15.Derive an expression for sag calculation in a transmission line
(i) When the supports are at equal heights
(8)
(ii) When the supports are at unequal heights (8)
Assume shape of overhead line is a parabola.
UNIT- II
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
PART-A
1. Define Skin effect. On what factors does the skin effect depend.
2. What is meant by proximity effect?
3. Differentiate the stranded conductor and bundled conductor.
28
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
nductance.
11.i) Derive the expression for the voltage induced in communication lines due
to current in
power lines.
(8)
ii) Explain the various factors affecting corona loss and methods of minimizi
ng those
(8)
30
12. Derive the expression for inductance of a 3 phase line with Unsymmetrical &
symmetrical
spacing.
13. A 220KV, 50Hz, 200Km long three phase line has its conductors on the corners
of a triangle
with sides 6m,6m and 12m. The conductor radius is 1.81cm. Find the capacitance p
er phase per
km, capacitive reactance per phase, charging current and total charging Mega vol
t amperes.
14. Derive the equation of capacitance of a 3 phase unsymmetrically spaced & sym
metrically spaced overhead lines.
15. Calculate the loop inductance per km of a single phase line comprising of 2
parallel conductors 1m apart and 1 cm in diameter, when the material of the cond
uctor is
i) Copper ii) Steel of relative permittivity 50
16. Calculate the capacitance of a 100km long 3 phase,50 Hz overhead transmissio
n line
consisting of 3 conductors each of diameter 2 cm and spaced 2.5m at the corners
of an equilateral
triangle.
UNIT-III
MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES
PART-A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
31
9. What is the use of power circle diagram?
10. What are the causes of voltage drop and line loss in a transmission line?
11. What are the advantages of using series compensation?
12. What are the factors which govern the performance of a transmission line?
13. What is shunt compensation?
14. Distinguish attenuation and phase constant.
15. Define surge impedance
16. Draw the phasor representation of short transmission line.
17. For controlling reactive power what adjustment should be done in transformer
present in
the system.
PART-B
1. Determine the efficiency and regulation of a 3phase, 100 Km, 50 Hz transmis
sion line delivering 20 MW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging and 66 kV to a balan
ced load. The conductors are of copper, each having resistance 0.1 ? / Km, 1.5 c
m outside dia, spaced equilaterally 2 meters between centres.Use nominal T metho
d.
2. A three phase 5 km long transmission line, having resistance of 0.5 ? / km an
d inductance of
1.76 mH / km is delivering power at 0.8 pf lagging. The receiving end voltage
is 32kV. If the supply end voltage is 33 kV, 50 Hz, find line current, regula
tion and efficiency of the transmission line.
3. Derive the expressions for sending end voltage in nominal T method and end Co
ndenser
method.
4. i) What is an equivalent circuit of long line? Derive expression for paramet
ers of this circuit in terms of line parameters.
ii) A 50Hz transmission line 300 km long total series impedance of 40 + j25 ?
and total shunt admittance of 10-3 mho. The 220 KV with 0.8 lagging powerfactor
. Find the sending end voltage, current, power and power factor using
nomina
l method.
32
5. i) Define regulation of a transmission line and derive the approximate expres
sion for the regulation of a short transmission line.
ii) What is corona loss? How do you determine this loss?
6. A 220 kV, 3 ? transmission line has an impedance per phase of (40
+ j200)
? and an admittance of (0 + j0.0015) mho. Determine the sending end voltage a
nd sending end current when the receiving end current is 200 A at 0.95 pf laggin
g. Use nominal T method.
7. Determine the efficiency and regulation of a three phase 200 km, 50 Hz transm
ission line delivering 100 MW at a pf of 0.8 lagging and 33 kV to a balanced lo
ad. The conductors are of copper, each having resistance 0.1 ? / km, and 1.5 cm
outside diameter, spaced equilaterally 2 m between Centers. Neglect leakage reac
tance and use nominal T and ? methods.
8. i) Explain the Ferranti effect with a phasor diagram and its causes.
ii) Explain the classification of lines based on their length of transmission. i
ii) What are ABCD constants.
9. A 3 phase line having an impedance of (5+j20)? per phase delivers a load of 3
0MW at a power factor of 0.8 lag and voltage of 33 kV. Determine the capacity o
f the phase modifier to be installed at the receiving end if the voltage at the
sending end is to be maintained at 33kV. Assume the shunt admittance is neglecte
d.
10. Write short notes on
i) Shunt compensation ii) Series compensation
11. A 3 phase, 50Hz, 150 km line has a resistance, inductive reactance and capac
itive shunt
admittance of 0.1?, 0.5? and 3*10-6 mho per km per phase. If the line delivers 5
0MW at 110kV
and 0.8pf lagging. Determine the sending end voltage and current. Assume nominal
? circuit for
the line.
12. A 15 km long 3 phase overhead line delivers 5 MW at 11kV at 0.8 lagging pf l
ine loss is 12% of power delivers. Line inductance is 1.1mH per km per phase. Fi
nd the sending end voltage and regulation.
13.i) Explain surge impedance loading with respect to an overhead transmission l
ine .
ii) Explain the end condenser method for medium transmission lines.
33
14. The A,B,C,D constants of a
3 phase transmission line are A=D=
0.936+j0.016,
B=33.5+j138?, C=(-0.9280+j901.223)*10-6 mho. The load at the receiving end is 40
MW at
220kV with power factor of 0.86 lagging. Find the magnitude of the sending end v
oltage,
current, power, line efficiency and voltage regulation. Assume the magnitude of
the sending end
voltage remains constant.
15. Deduce an expression for the sending end and receiving end power of a line i
n terms of voltage and ABCD constants. Show that the real power transferred is d
ependent on the power angle and reactive power transferred is dependent on the v
oltage drop in the line.
UNIT-IV
INSULATORS AND CABLES
PART-A
1. What is the purpose of insulator?
2. What is the main purpose of armouring?
3. What is meant by efficiency of an insulator string?
4. List out various types of insulators used for overhead transmission lines.
5. Mention the advantages of the pin type insulator
6. What are the main causes for failure of insulators?
7. What are the different tests that are conducted on an insulator?
8. Define string efficiency and what are the methods for improving string effic
iency?
9. Write short notes on puncture test.
10. Define impulse ratio.
11. State advantage of polymeric insulators over porcelain insulators.
12. What are the routine tests conducted on insulators?
13. What are the performance tests conducted on insulators?
34
14. What are the merits of under ground cables?
15. How are cables classified based on operating voltage.
16. What is the main purpose of bedding?
17. What are the common materials used for insulation?
18. What is the main purpose of armouring?
19. What is serving?
20. What is dielectric stress?
21. What is grading of cables and give the methods of grading.
22. What are the main advantages of suspension type insulators over pin type one
s?
23. Why the potential distribution across the string units of insulator is not u
niform.
24. Name the two methods of locating cable faults.
25. State two types of faults in a cable.
26. Show that insulation resistance of cable is inversely proportional to its le
ngth.
27. What are the advantages of string insulators?
28. Why loss angle of cable should be very small?
PART-B
1. Discuss any two methods to increase the value of string efficiency, with suit
able sketches.
2. Explain any two methods of grading of cables with necessary diagrams.
3. i) What are different methods to improve string efficiency of an insulator?
ii) In a 3-unit insulator, the joint to tower capacitance is 20 % of the capac
itance of each unit.
By how much should the capacitance of the lowest unit be increased to get a str
ing efficiency of
90 %. The remaining two units are left
unchanged.
4. i) Derive the expression for insulator resistance, capacitance and electric s
tress in a single core cable. Where is the stress maximum and minimum?
35
ii) A single core 66 kV cable working on 3-phase system has a conductor diamet
er of 2cm and sheath of inside diameter 5.3 cm. If two inner sheaths are introdu
ced in such a way that the stress varies between the same maximum and minimum in
the three layers find:
a) position of inner sheaths
b) voltage on the linear sheaths
c) maximum and minimum stress
5. i) Draw the schematic diagram of a pin type & suspension type insulator and
explain its
function.
ii) A 3 phase overhead transmission line is being supported by three disc insu
lators. The
potential across top unit
(i.e. near the tower) and the middle unit are
8 kV and 11 kV
respectively. Calculate,
a) The ratio of capacitance between pin and earth to the self capacitance of eac
h unit
b) Line Voltage
c) String Efficiency
6. i) Describe with the neat sketch, the construction of a 3 core belted type ca
ble.
ii) A conductor of 1cm diameter passes centrally through porcelain cylinder of
internal diameter 2 cms and external diameter 7 cms. The cylinder is surrounded
by a tightly fitting metal sheath. The permittivity of porcelain is 5 and the p
eak voltage gradient in air must not exceed 34 kV / cm. Determine the maximum s
afe working voltage.
7.i) What are the various properties of insulators? Also briefly explain about s
uspension type
insulators.
ii) Calculate the most economical diameter of a single core cable to be used o
n 132 kV, 3 phase system. Find also the overall diameter of the insulation, if t
he peak permissible stress does not exceed 60 kV / cm. also derive the formula
used here.
8. i) Briefly explain about various types of cables used in underground system.
ii) A string of 4 insulator units has a self capacitance equal to 4 times the
pin to earth capacitance. Calculate,
a) Voltage distribution as a % of total voltage
36
b) String efficiency
9. i) Give any six properties of a good insulator.
ii) With a neat diagram, explain the strain and stay insulators.
iii) A cable is graded with three dielectrics of permittivities
4,3 and
2. The maximum permissible potential gradient for all dielectrics is same and eq
ual to 30 kV/cm. The core diameter is 1.5cm and sheath diameter is 5.5 cm. Deter
mine the working voltage.
10. Explain the constructional features of various types of cables
11. i) Compare and contrast overhead lines and underground cables.
ii)List out the properties of insulating materials used for cables
12. An insulator string consist of three units, insulator nearest to the line ha
ving a safe working voltage of 20kV. The ratio of self to shunt capacitance is 6
:1. Determine the line voltage and string efficiency.
UNIT-V
MECHANICAL DESIGN OF LINES AND GROUNDING
PART-A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
What is substation?
What are the classifications of substation according to service?
What are the types of transformer substations?
What are the factors to be considered for busbar design?
What is neutral grounding or neutral earthing?
What are the equipments used in a transformer substation?
What are the different types of bus bar arrangements in substations?
What is bus bar and what are its components?
What are the materials mainly used in busbars?
What are the factors to be considered for busbar design?
Which tests are necessary on station busbars?
What is neutral grounding or neutral earthing?
37
13. What is equipment grounding?
14. What are the advantages of neutral grounding?
15. What is earth resistance?
16. What are the devices used for DC power at the substation by usin
g converting
machinery?
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
are
27.
28.
29.
30.
PART-B
1. With a neat sketch explain double bus with double breaker and double bus with
single breaker. State their advantages and disadvantages.
2. Explain the following:
(i) Neutral grounding
38
(ii) Resistance grounding.
3. Explain about the various types of substations
4. Write short notes on
i. Sub mains
ii. Stepped and tapered mains
5. Explain the various types of bus bar arrangements in a substation.
6. Write short notes on
i. Busbar arrangement in substation ii. Grounding grids
7. i) Explain the design principles of substation grounding system. ii) Explain
the equipments in a transformer substation.
8. Draw the circuit arrangement and explain the various elements of the followi
ng bus bar arrangements.
i)Single bus scheme
ii)Double bus bar scheme
iii) Double bus bar with bypass isolators iv)Main and transfer bus bar
v)Mesh scheme
9. Discuss briefly each of the following
i)Feeders
ii)Radial distribution
iii)Ring main distribution
iv)Interconnected system
10. A DC ring main distributor is fed at A and the load is tapped at points B,C
,D. The distributor length is 400m long and points B,C,D are 50m,250m,375m from
A. Loads are 150A,40A,200A respectively. If resistance/100 m of single conducto
r is 0.04? and VA = 220V.
Calculate i) Current in each distributor ii) Voltage at points B,C,D.
39
11. Discuss and compare radial and ring main distribution system. What is the ro
le of interconnectors in distribution system.
12. Discuss the design of primary distribution system with respect to following
i) Selection of voltage ii)Choice of scheme iii)Size of feeders
40
Transmission and Distribution
OASITM