Eliment-1

Workplace Hazards And Risk Control

Health & Safety Effects Of Inadequate Lighting:

Eye Strain
Headaches
Poor Posture
Tripping Over Unseen Objects
Increased Likelihood Of Error
Increased Time To Evacuate

Factors To Consider In The Provision Of Adequate Lighting:

The Task Being Undertaken

The Layout And Size Of Work Area
The Equipment Being Used
Availability Of Natural Lighting
Suitability Of Artificial Lighting
The Shift Patterns
Glare From Computer Screens
Areas In Shadow
Maintenance/Replacement Of Faulty Lighting
Requirement For Emergency Lighting

Working In Hot Environment:Health Effects

Skin Burns
Dehydration
Heat Exhaustion
Heat Cramps
Heat Cataracts
Heat Strokes
Heat Stress
Radiant Heat Burns

Protective Measures

Medical Pre-Selection
Acclimatisation
Cold Drinks

Mininise Exposure
Shielding And Refuges
Regular Work Breaks
Ventilation
Control Of Humidity
Suitable Clothing
Heat Surveillance
Reducing Hot/Cold At Source
Mechanical Aids

Working In A Cold Environment:Health Effects

Onset Of Fatigue
Shivering
Loss Of Dexterity
Cold Burns
Frostbite
Hypothermia

Precautions

Thermal Clothing
Reduced Exposure
Monitoring
Follow Safe Mechanisms
Alarms For Cold Stores
Workstations And Seating

The Health Effects Of Working In A Seated Position:

Vertebral And Muscular Damage

High Blood Pressure
Circulation Problems E.G. Thermobasis

Suitable Seat For Sedentary Work:

Good Lumber Support

Ability To Adjust The Seat Back And Seat Height
Provision Of Foot Rest
Stability Of The Seat Base
Swivel Ability

Provision Of Arms Rest

Suitable Seat Material For The Environment

Welfare Requirements

Sanitary Conveniences
Washing Facilities
Drinking Water
Accomodation For Clothing
Facilities For Changing Clothing
Facilities For Eating Meals

Working Environment Factors That Can Cause Stress:

Inadequate Lighting
Cramped/Dirty/Untidy Conditions
Poor Layout(Privacy/Security)
Glare,Temperature/Humidity
Inadequate Ventilation/Stale Air
Noise,Viberation
Inadequate Welfare Facilities
Inclement Weather Conditions
Violence At Work

Hse Definition:Any Incident In Which A Person Abused,Threatened Or Assulted In Circumstances Relating To Their
Work.
Areas Of Violence At Work

Internal Violence:By Fellow Employees And This Can Involve Bullying.

External Violence:Physical,Verbal Aggressionand Assult By People Outside The Organisation.

Persons At Risk(Violence)

Work Involving Direct Contact With Public(Hospitals/Shops)

Work Where Money Or Valuables Stores
Stressful And Emotive Circumstances Exist
Retail Petrol And Late Night Shopping Mall And Other Similar Operations

Work With People Suffering Mental Impairments(Illness,Injury)

Working Alone(Taxi Drivers,Police And Security Guards)

Preventing Measures:

Queue Management And Information

Less Face To Face Contact
Use Cashless Systems I.E. Direct Debit Or Card Payment
Check Credentials And Locations
Avoid Lone Working In High Risk Areas
Call In Systems For Lone Workers,Video Cameras,Alarms
Arrangements For Staff Working Late And Employee Training
Change Public Waiting Areas,Wider Counters
Provide Staff With Escape Routes And Protective Screens/Security Codes

Signs Of Drug Misuse Which You Might Look For Include:

Sudden Mood Changes

Unusual Irritabilit Or Aggression
A Tedenvcy To Become Confused
Abnormal Fluctuactions In Concentration And Energy
Impaired Job Performance
Poor Time Keeping
Increased Short Term Sickness Absence
A Detrioration In Relationships With Collegues,Customers Or Management
Dishonesty And Theft

Establing Drugs And Alcohol Policy At Work:

All New Applicants Will Be Screened

Random Testing Will Be Applied Automatically
Test Will Apply To All Staff
Testing Will Be Carried Out After Specific Incidents
Training For Supervision To Recognise The Problem
What Help The Employer Will Make Available To The Employee
If An Employee Brings To The Attention Of The Employer They Have A Problem It Will Be
Treated With Confidence
What Are The Disciplinary Actions The Employer Will Take

Movement Of The People In Workplace:

Falls From Height

Falls On The Same Level

Factors Contributing To Slips,Trips:

The Floor Surface:-Slippary Surface,Holes,Uneven Surface Etc.

Contaminations:-Spillages,Leakes
Obstructions:-Rubbish,Trailing Cables,Rugs Etc.
The Task:-Carrying Loads,Space To Work
Enironment:-Lighting
Footwear:-Unsuitable Foot Wear
The People:-Unaware Of The Dangers

Slips And Trips Precautions:

Designated Walkways Where Possible

Ensure Walkways Are Level
Ensure Walkways Are Non Slip
Well Lit And Clearly Marked Walk Ways
Procedures To Identify Problems Quickly
Eliminate Need To Carry Loads
Make Employer Aware Of The Hazards

Employees Precautions To Avoid Slips:

Follow Designated Walking Routes

Wear Appropriate Footwear
Avoid Walking On Uneven Surfaces
Avoid Areas Where Spillages Have Occured
Avoid Poorly Lit Areas
Report Any Problems Immediately

Causes Of Slips On Stairs:

Inadequate Design
Poor Housekeeping
Poor Lighting
Slippary Surfaces Or Unsuitanle Footwear
Damaged Flooring Or Coverings
Manual Handling/Rushing

Action To Prevent Slips On Stairs:

Adequate Width Of Walkways/Stairs And Handrails Fitted

Remove Obstructions/Trailing Cables
Improve Lighting Level And Install Emergency Lighting
Non Slip Surfaces/Spillages Procedures/Covered Stairs

Maintenance/Repair And Report Defects

Use Lifts For Loads/Site Rues
Working At Height

Precautions:

All Work At Height Is Properly Planned And Organised

Those Involved In Work At Height Are Competent
Work At Height Is Risk Assessed And Appropriate Work Equipment Is Selected
Risk From Fragile Surfaces Are Properly Controlled
Equipment Is Properly Inspected And Maintained
Working At Height Hierarchy

Avoid Working At Height Wherever Possible

Use Work Equipment Or Other Measures To Prevent Falls Where Working At Height Cannot Be
Avoided
Where The Risk Of Falls Cannot Be Eliminated Use Work Equipment Or Other Measures To
Minimise The Distance And Consequences Of A Fall Should One Occur

Hazards To Pedestrains

Struck By Moving,Falling Or Flying Objects

Striking Against Fixed Or Stationary Objects
Housekeeping Issues
Housekeeping

A Place For Everything,Everything In Its Place.

Hazards:

Someone Could Trip Or Fall

Increased Risk Of Fire
Fire Exits Could Be Blocked
There Is A Risk Of Infection
Chemicals Are Being Used
Infestation(That Allows Breeding Of Rats,Cockroaches Etc)
Vehicle Collosions
Falling Materials

Precautions:

Identify Housekeeping Requirements

Responsibilities For Housekeeping

Resources For Good Housekeeping
Train Staff In Use Of Equipment
Regular Inspections

Controlmeasures For Pedestrain Hazards:

The Floor Surface

Contamination
Obstructions
The Task
Environment
Footwear
The People

Construction-Effective Management:-

Management Of Significant Construction Project

The Five Key Parties Are:1.
2.
3.
4.

The Client
Consultants
Designers
The Principal Contractor

5. Other Contractors
Clients Duties:

Appoint Competent Consultant

Appoint Competent Designers
Appoint Competent Principal Contractor
Ensure Those Appointed Have Adequate Resources

Consultants Duties:

Advise Client On Selection Of Designers,Contractors Etc

Collect Pre-Construction Information
Ensure Co-Operation Between Different Designers
Give Advice To Clients And Contractors
Provide Client With Relevent Documentation

Designers Duties:

Ensure Clients Kept Informed

Structures Designers To Avoid Risks To Health And Safety While Being Built And Maintained
Ensure To Avoid Or Minimise Risks
Provide Information About Materials
Co-Operate With Other Designers
Provide Information To Consultants

Principal Contractors Duties:

Provide Information To Client And Consultant

Consider Health And Safety When Preparing Tender
Develop Safety Plan For Construction
Co-Ordinate Activities Of All Contractors
Ensure All On Site Company With Health And Safety Rules
Take Steps To Ensure Only Authorised Persons On Site
Provide Health And Safety Information To All Necessary

Sub-Contractors Duties:

Must Co-Operate With Principal Contractor

Provide Relevent Infotrmation To Principal Contractor
Comply With Directions Given By Principal Contractors
Should Provide Principal Contractor With Information On Accidents

Other Requirements (Client/Management)

Pre Construction Information

Construction Phase Of The Project
The Project File
Site Precautions
Additional Precautions For Children

Site Security:Precautions For Preventing Children To Gain Access Include:

Fencing
Hoardings
Warning Signs
Security Boards
Visiting Schools
Viewing Panels

Precautions To Be Taken Should Access Be Gained By Unauthorised Trespassers:

Covering Or Fencing Excavations

Removing Ladders
Immobilising Plant/Machinery
Locking Away Chemicals/Tools
Reducing Height Of Materials
Isolating Services
Clearing Away Rubbish And Debris

Construction Hazards:

Falls From Height

Fragile Roofs
Falling Objects,Slips,Trips
Excavations
Demolition
Explosives
Working In Or On Water
Working In Tunnels
Vehicles
Traffic Movements
Plant And Equipment
Doors And Gates
Lighting And Weather Stability
Fire

Material Storage

Methods Of Demolition:1.
2.

3.

By Hand
By Machine
Pusher Arm
Demolition Ball
Impact Hammer
By Chemical Agent
Demolition By Explosives
Hydraulic Bursters
Hot Cutting
Expanding Demolition Agents
High Pressure Water Jetting

Hazards Of Demolition:

Falling Debris,Masonary
Premature Collapse Of Building
Falls From Height Or On Same Level
Services E.G. Gas And Water
Explosion And Fire
Chemical Contamination E.G. Lead Dust,Silica Dust
Asbestos
Biological Hazards
Manual Handling
The Use Of Explosives
Collision With Heavy Plant
Noise E.G. Neumatic Drills,Power Tools

Safe System Of Work (Demolition):1.

2.

Protection Of Public
Restricted Areas
Safe Distances
Airbone Contamination
Protection Of Workforce
Sequence Of Demolition
Permit Systems
Existing/Temporary Services
Flammables
Segeration

Ppe

Precautions During Demolition:

Identification And Isolation Of Services

Barriers,Fences Restricted Access
Means Of Preventing Falls
Means Of Suppressing Dust
Identification/Removal Of Hazardous Substances
Competent Staff-Clear Responsibilities
Preventing Premature Collapse
Sequence Of Demolition Followed
Properly Maintained Equipment

Hazards Of Roof Work:

Fragile Roof Materials

Roof Edges
Slippary Sloping Roof Surfaces
Materials Falling From Roof
Contact With Overhead Electricity Cables
Hot Bitumen
Liquified Patroleum Gases
Manual Handling

Types Of Roofs:

Pitched Roofs
Flat Roofs
Fragile Roofs
Roof Work

Falling Off

Falling Through

No Edge Protection
Slippary Surfaces
Handling Materials

Fragile Materiaals
No Crawling Boards

Pitched Roof Precautions:-

Carry Out Survey

Safe Means Of Access
Roof Edge Barriers
Roof Ladders/Crawling Boards
Facilities To Raise And Lower Materials
Protection For Persons Below
Provision Of Harness
No Work In Severe Weather
Competent Workers

Bitumen Flat Roof Precautions:

Safe Use Of Bitumen Boilers

Safe Use Of Burning Gases
Training In Manual Handling

Fragile Roof Precautions:

Crawl Boards
Running Line And Safety Harness
Barriers Or Covers To Roof
Roof Edge Protection
Covers To Roof Lights

Fall Arrest Equipment:

Harness And Running Line

Netting
Safety Belt
Fall Arrester
Full Body Harness

Ladders Hazards:

Over Reaching From Ladder

Unsecured/Unstable Ladder
Ladder Not Extended Above Step Off Point
Using A Damaged/Worn Ladder
Metal Ladder Contact With Electrical Cables
Falling Material Being Carried Up Ladder
Vehicle Collision With Base Of Ladder
Manual Handling

Unsuitable Use Of Ladder:-

Dont Use Maake Shift Ladder

Dont Use A Ladder Which Is Too Short
Dont Stand A Ladder On A Drum,Box Or Other Unsteady Base
Dont Overload A Ladder
Over Reaching
Dont Use Ladders With Cracked Or Broken Rungs

Minimise Hazards Of Ladder Use:-(Preventions)

Ladder Rested On A Firm Level Base

Use Of Stabilization Devices Or Otherwise Footed
Secure Ladder By Correct Angle 75* Or 1:4 Ratio
Tied Off At Top
Extend Suitable Distance Above Step Off Point (1 Metre Min)
The Top Of The Ladder Against A Solid Surface
Use Wooden Ladder Near Overhead Cables
Provide Equipment Raise Materiaals
Provide Holsters To Carry Loads
Only One Person At One Time On A Ladder
Rungs Should Be Clear Of Grease,Oil Or Other Slippary Substance
Barriers Of Base And Display Warning Signs
Use Of Ladder By Only Trained Users
Assistance When Moving/Erecting Ladder
Inspection And Maintenance Of Ladders
Ladder Register

Step Ladder Precautions:

Inspected For Defects Before Use

Correctly Positioned On Even Ground
Suitable For Task
Footed If Necessary
Avoid Over Reaching
Not Overloaded
Positioned On Even Ground
No Work Carried Off Top Step
Worker Maintains Three Point Contact
Properly Errected And Legs Fully Extended

Tied Scaffold

Through Tie
Reveal Tie

Scaffold Types And Spacings:Duty

Very Light Duty

Use Of Platform
Inspection,Painting,Stone Cleaning,
Access
Light Duty
Plastering,Painting,Glazing,Pointing
General Purpose
General Building
E.G. Brick Work
Heavy Duty
Block Work,Brick Work,
Heavy Cladding
Masonary Or Special Duty Masonary,Concrete,Block,Very Heavy
Cladding
Reasons For Scaffold Collapse:

Wrong Materials
Unstable Foundations
Improperly Designed
Improper Irection
Overloading
Modified Incorrectly
Undermined By Excavations
Hit By Machinery
Excessive Winds/Rain

Inspection Of Scaffold:

Base-Firm Ground And Sole Plates

Line Of Standards And Ledger
Spacing Of Transoms To Support Boards
Boards Good Condition
Guardrails And Toe Boards
Bracing
Means Of Access
Ties-Number And Position
Correct Couplers
Joint Staggered

Scaffold Towers

Max. Bay
2.7m
2.4m
2.1m
2.0m
1.8m

Hazards

Overturning
Collapse
Fall From Height
Falling Objects
Overhead Obstructions

Scaffold Tower Stability

Affected By:

Sheeted In Strong Winds

Overload With Equipment Or Materials
Used To Hoist Heavy Materials Or Support Rubbish Chutes
Used For Operations Such Ass Grit Blasting Or Water Jetting
Climbed From The Outside
Used To Support Ladder

Precautions Scaffold Tower:

Mobile Towers Only Be Used On Firm And Level Ground

Towers Only Be Moved By Pulling Or Pushing At Base
Working Platform Be Clear Of Men And Materials When Scaffold Is Being Moved
Wheels Be Turned Outwards And Locked When Tower Being Used
Correct Height To Width Ratio
Diagonal Bracing
Platform Must Be Fully Boarded With Guardrail And Toe Boards
Not Overload
Access Be On The Inside Of The Narrowest Side
Inspected Every 7 Days

Mobile Elevating Working Platforms

Hazards

Equipment Failure
Unsuitable Ground Conditions
Defective Or Unused Outriggers
Overloaded Carrier
Carrier Struck By A Slung Load

Mewp Struck By Another Vehicle

Precautions:

Trained And Competent

Guardrails And Toeboards
Firm/Level Ground
Not Overloaded
Clear Of Overhead Obstructions
Area Cordoned Off
Outriggers Extended
Procedures If Machine Fails
Well Fit

Self Propelled Awp (Arial Work Platform)

Will Pass Through Standard Door Ways

1.36 M Long
0.76 M Wide
Turns 360* In 1.5 M Radius
Max. Height 5.8 M
Swl 227 Kg

Do Not (Awp)

Work Close To Overhead Cbles

Allow Arm To Portrude Into Traffic Route
Move With Platform Raised
Check Lomitations
Suspended Access Equipment

Precautions:

Regular Inspection
Safe Working Load
Competent Staff
Safety Equipment Working
Platform Edge Protection
Guard Rails And Toe Boards Fitted
Adverse Weather Rules
Protected Electricity Supplies
Communication
Emergency Procedures

Excavation Hazards

Collapse Of The Sides

Over Running Of Vehicles
Persons Falling Into The Excavation
Materials Falling Into Excavations
Underground Services
Access And Egress
Hahardous Atmospheres
Undermining Adjacent Structures
Flooding
Buried Services
Excavation Assessment

Soil Types And Conditions

Existing Structures And Tools
Underground Services
Flooding
Protection Of Public
Depth-Support
Surcharge Loads
Access And Egress
Lighting
Experienced Operations
Ppe

Precautions To Prevent Trench Collapse:

Slope Or Bench The Sides Of The Excavations

Support The Sides Of The Excavation,Or Place Ashield Between The Side Of The Excavation And
The Work Area

Construction Health Hazards

Noise
Vibration
Solvent And Cleaners
Fumes And Radiation
Biological Hazards
Dusts: Saw Dust
Lead Dust

Silica Dust
Asbestos Fibres

Cement:

Irritant Dermatitis
Allergic Dermatitis
Skin Burns And Ulcers

Storage Of Materials

Sand And Aggregate

Bricks,Blocks,Rooftiles
Roof Trusses
Various Pipes

Hazards:

Falling From Lorries

Tripping Hazards
Obstructing Traffic/Walkways
Materials Falling From Piles
Causing Dust Hazards

Precautions

Minimum Quantities
Effective Storing
Low Or Possible
Clearly Marked Areas
Ensure Good Housekeeping

Storage Of Flammable Materials (Precautions)

Keep Quantities To A Minimum

Secure Storage Area
Storage Area Properly Ventilated
Containers And Cylinders Returned To Storage At End Of Day
Prohibit Smoking And Other Ignition Sources From Storage Area
Suitable And Properly Labelled Containers For Decanted Materials
Protection Of Storage Area From Vehicle Impact
Inspection Of Gas Cylinders To Ensure Valves Fully Closed
Correct And Right Number Of Fire Extinguishers

Safe Practices For The Use,Collection And Removal Of Skips From Site:

Suitable Skip From Reputable Supplier/Contractor

Hazardous Waste Stored Separately
Skip In Good Condition
Skip Not Overloaded
Located On Firm Level Ground
Adequate Room For Delivery/Removal
Chutes For Filling
Netting Or Sheeting For Removal
Ppe For Staff

Safe Use Of Portable Tools On Site:

Ensuring Suitable Equipment

Reduced Voltage 110 Volt Supply System
Extra Low Voltage For Wet Locations
Use Of Residual Current Devices (Rcds)
Double Insulated Tools
Battery Operated Tools
Suitable Connections
Pre-Use Inspections
Inpection,Testing And Maintenance
Competence Of Workers

Precautions For Electricity On Construction Site:

Use Cat Scanner (Cable Detector Scanner Upto 3m)

Use Of Crossing Parts
Use Of Goal Posts
Overhead Power Cables

The Minimum Recommended Safe Working Distance Is 6 Metres From The Nearst Part Of The Crane.If
The Minimum Distance Cannot Be Maintained The Electricity Supply Should Be Disconnected.
Overhead Electrical Services(Precautions):

Isolation Of Power If Possible

Safe Path Marked (Use Of Barriers,Fencing)
Height Restrictions Marked By Goal Posts
Working Notices
Ban Equipment Cabable Of Reaching Overhead Lines
Limiters Fitted To Cranes

Supervision

Underground Services Controls:

Planning The Work

Locating The Services
Identifying The Services
Safe Digging Practices

Plid
All Services Should Be Assumed Live Unless Proven Otherwise.
Safe Digging Practice:

Trial Holes Using Suitable Hand Tools

Special When Digging Above Or Close To The Line Of A Service
No Non-Held Power Tools Or Mechanical Excavators Close To Underground Services
Excavtions Along Side The Service Rather Than Directly Above It
Final Exposure By Horizontal Digging Using Hand Tools
Shovels With Curved Edges/Gentle Foot Pressure
Proprietary Air Digging Tools

Element-2
Transport Hazards And Risk Control
Workplace Transport Accidents

Majority Involve:

People/Vehicle Collision
Collisions With Other Vehicles
Falling From Vehicles
Being Struck By Insecure Loads
Vehicles Overturning
Associated Activities,Battery Charging

Site Vehicles (Qualities)

Suitable For The Environment

Suitable For The Task
Provided With Warning Aids
Protection From Falling Materials
Checked Daily
Properly Maintained

Precautions When Organising Traffic Routes:

Segeration If Possible
Seperate Routes
High Visibility Clothing
Clearly Marked/Signed Routes
Gangways Suitable Width And Clearance
Speed Limits
Adequate Lighting
Clear Direction Signs And Door Marking
Sharp Bends Avoided
Good Floor Conditions/Gentle Gradients
Sufficient Parking
Avoid Reversing
Alerting People To Hazards

Precautions When Pedestrains Working In Areas Where Vehicles Are Moving:

Segregation Of Vehicles And Pedestrains

Appropriate Road Markings
Maintaining Good Visibility (Mirrors/Lighting)
Audible Warning On Vehicles
Drawing Up And Enforcement Of Site Rules
Wearing Of High Visibility Clothing
Good Standard Of Housekeeping

Training And Supervision

Reversing Of Vehicles:Avoid Reversing

One-Way Systems
Drive Through Systems
Turning Circles

If Must Reverse

Seperation
Suitable Design
Audible Alarms
Mirrors
Adequate Lighting
Banksmen
High Visibility Clothing
Site Rules/Training

Driver Selection:

Reliable And Mature

Pre-Employement Medical
Physically Fit
Routine Medicles
Licensed
Trained And Competent
Supervised And Monitored
Given Refresher Training

Training Programme For Vehicle Drivers In Workplace:Should Include:

Personal Responsibilities
Safe Working Load Estimations
Pre-Use Vehicle Inspection
Suitable Maintenance
Safe Parking And Security
Speed Restrictions
Safe Rules And Signs
Floor Conditions

Vehicle Reversing

Vehicle Fuels Hazards:

Petrol,Diesel,Lpg Hazards
Flames Or Sparks
Exhaust Fumes Including Carbon Monoxide
Surface Temperature Of Exhaust System/Hot Surfaces
Noise
Manual Handling Of Lpg Cylinders

Battery Charging:Hazards

Give Off Hydrogen Gas

Electrical Short Circuits
Corrsive Effect Of Acids
Manual Handling

Precautions

Ensure Good Ventilation

No Sources Of Ignition/Smoking
Suitable Ppe
Insulated Tools
Lifting Equipment

Long Distance Delivery Vehicles

1.
2.
3.
4.

The Job:-Duration Of Journey,Road Condition,Means Of Communication,Security

The Driver:-Physical And Psychological Capabilities,Level Of Training
The Vehicle:-Suitable For The Load,Design And Layout Of Cab,Maintenance
The Load:-Properly Labelled If Hazardous,Spillages Procedures,Weight,Value

Fork Lift Truck Mounted Working Platform:

Small As Possible
Not To Carry More Than Two People
Edge Protection
Locked Gate
Guard To Protect Against Moving Parts
Safety Harness And Fitting Points

Reasons Of Fork Lift Trucks Overturn:-

Travelling On Gradients Too Steep

Travelling Towards When Descending Slopes
Being Overloaded,Unevenly Loaded Or Carrying Unsuitable Loads
Travelling On Soft/Uneven Ground
Travelling Too Fast Especially Arround Corners
Travelling Over Curbs,Steps Etc
Poor Maintenance Of Trucks/Roads
Poor Driving/Driver Training
Not Suitable For The Task
Carrying Loads At Dangerous Heights

Hazards To Drivers:

Fumes (Diesel/Petrol)
Fire/Explosion
Collision With Building
Manual Handling
Falling Objects
Noise
Vibration
Ergonomics
Electrical Hazards

Pre-Use Check On Fork Lift Trucks:

Condition And Pressure Of Tyres

Functioning Of Lights,Horns,Brakes
Warning Devices Working
Suitable Mirrors
Engine For Oil Leaks
Water Leaks
Seat Securely Fixed/Suitable Restraints
Damage To Bodywork/Lifting Mechanisms
Security Of Equipment Fitted I.E Lpg Tank

Parking Of Fork Lift Trucks:

Designated Parking Area

Applying Brakes
Controls In Neutral Position
Switch Off Engine
Removing Key And Returning To Responsible Person

Forks Resting On Floor

Mast Titled Slightly Forward
Not Obstructing Walkways
Not Obstructing Fire Exits/Fire Points

Examination Of Fork Lift Trucks:Fork Lift Trucks Should Be Inspected:

Before Its First Use

Daily By The Driver
12 Monthly Intervals (6 Months If Carrying Persons) By A Competent Person
Comply With Schedule
Circumstances That May Compromise Safety Of The Truck

Element-3
Fire Safety
Fire Triangle Of Fire

Oxygen

Heat (Source Of Igniion)

(Smothering)

(Cooling)

Fuel
(Starving)

Sources Of Ignition:

Naked Flames
Electricity (Overheating/Arcing)
Smoking Materials
Hot Work (Welding,Burning)
Chemical Appliances (Hot Surfaces)
Friction (Inadequate Lubrication)
Static Electricity
Lightning
Improper Storage Of Flammable Materials
Lack Of Supervision And Inspection

Harm To Persons From Fire:Main Effects

Being Burnt
Inhaling Toxic Fumes
Effects Of Smoke Inhalation
Deplemention Of Oxygen Supply

Other Effects

Collapse Of Building
Crush Or Other Injury Sustained While Escaping

Some Important Definitions:

Flash Point
Fire Point
Auto-Ignition Temperature:-Temperature At Which Gasses Or Vapour Will Ignite Without Any
External Source Of Ignition.
Flammable:-Which Flash Point B/W 32 Degree Celcius And 55 Degree Celcius
Highly Flammable:-Liquids With A Flash Point Below 32 Degree Celcius

Principle Causes Of Spread Of Fire:1)Conduction

2)Convection

Movement Of Heat

Movement Of Hotter Gasses Up

Through Materials
3)Radiation
Transfer Of Heat Through
The Air

Deliberate(Arson)
Electrical Faults
Misuse Of Electrical Equipment
Smoke Materials
Smoking In Prohibited Areas
Loss Of Control Burning Rubbish
Heating Equipment
Unsafe Storage Of Materials
Flammable Liquids/Gases
Welding/Hot Work
Mechanical Heat(Friction)

Classification Of Fires:

4)Direct Burning
Combustial Materials In Contact
With Naked Flame

Causes Of Fire:

Through The Air

A:-Combustible Solids
B:-Flammable Liquids Or Liquified Solids
C:-Flammable Gases
D:-Flammable Metals
F:-Combustible Cooking Media
Fires Involving Electrical Equipment:-

Electrical Classified According To The Source Of

Ignition Rather Than Fuel Source.

Class
A
B
C
D
F
Electrical

Types Of Extinguishers
Water,Dry Powder, Co2, Foam
Foam,Co2,Dry Powder
Dry Powder,Water Mist,Foam
Sand,Soda Ash,Talc
The Foam Congeals On The Top Of The Oil
Co2,Dry Powder

Minimising Risk Of Electrical Fire:

Pre-Inspection By Users
Suitability Of Equipment
Inspection/Maintenance By Competent Person
Avoid Misuse Of Equipment
Prevent Overloading Of Circuit
Correct Design And Rating For Task
Isolate If Not In Use
Improved Means Of Protection E.G. Rcd
High Standards Of Housekeeping
Staff Awareness Training

Fire Risks Assessment:1. Identify Hazards:- The Three Elements Of Fire Triangle.
2. Identify Who Could Be Harmed:- Persons At Risk Particularly The Disabled Etc.
3. Evaluate The Risk And Adequacy Of Precautions:- Considering Prevntion,Protection And
Precautions.
4. Record Finding:- Prepare An Emergency Plan
5. Review:- If No Longer Valid.

Factors To Consider In Fire Risk Assessment:

Construction And Use Of Building

Flammable Materials
Sources Of Ignition

Work Activities Generating Heat

Methods Of Control
Means Of Fire Detection
Means Of Raising The Alarm
Means Of Fighting Fire/Maintenance Of Equipment
Evacuation Routes/Protection Of Routes
Numbers Of Persons At Risk
Pre-Prevention Trailing/Fire Drills.

Terms:

Fire Prevention:-Control Measures To Reduce The Risk Of Fire.

Fire Protection:-Structural Measures To Reduce The Risk Of Fire Spreading.
Fire Precautions:-Measures Taken To Reduce The Risk In The Event Of Fire.

Fire Preventions:Aim To Keep The Three Sides Of The Fire Triangle Apart:

Eliminate Or Reduce The Storage Of Flammable Materials

Control Of Ignition Sources
Control Smoking Materials
Good Housekeeping
Lubrication Of Machinery To Prevent Friction
No Overloading Of Electrical Systems
Ventilation Outlets Not Obstructed
Controlling Hot Work With Permits Etc
Proper Storage Of Flammable Materials
Segeration Of Incompatible Chemicals
Security To Prevent Arson
Regular Inspection And Supervision

Storage Of Highly Combustible (Flammable) Liquids And Gases:

Minimum Quantities
Suitable Fixed Storage Tanks
Keep Upright In Well Ventilated Area
Clear Making Of Containers
Clearly Marked Storage Area
Spillage Controls
Adequate Ventilation
Suitable Fire Fighting Equipment
Trained Competent Staff

Adequate Warning Signs

Fire Protection:Compartmentation:-Splitting A Building Into Separate Sealed Areas Made Of Fire-Resisting Materials.
Restricts The Spread Of Fire And Smoke Within A Building Depends Upon:

The Use Of The Building

Building Height
Floor Area
Compartment Volume

Fire Resistant Materials:

1.
2.
3.

Primary Construction:-The Main Fabric Of The Building.

Secondary Construction:-Internal Partitioning
Bricks
Concrete
Structural Steel

Fire Precautions:

Fire/Smoke Detection
Fire Alarms
Means Of Escape
Means Of Fighting The Fire
Emergency Evacuation Procedures

Fire Alarms:

Gongs,Bells Etc

-Break Glass Points

Automatic Systems

-Continuous Detection
-Alarm Sounding

Call The Fire Brigade

-Indicate Location Of Fire

-Trigger Extinguishers

Means Of EscapeDefinition)
A Means Of Escape Is A Continuous Path Along Which A Person Can Travel From Wherever He/She May
Be In The Building And Reach Safely By His Own Unaided Efforts.
Suitability Of A Means Of Escape:

Number Of Employees To Use It

Any People With Special Needs
Fire Resistance Of Structure
Position/Number Of Escape Routes
Contents Which Are Readily Ignitable
Open Weels,Open Staircases
Use Of Building

Means Of Escape-Main Requirements:

Multiple Exits
Fire Resistance Of Structure
Adequate Size Of Numbers
Travel Distance
Clearly Marked Exits
Emergency Lighting
Exit Free Of Obstructions
Final Exit Door
Unblocked Openings Outwards
Fire Smoke Doors Self Closing
Fixed Stairs To Upper Floors
Exit To Safe Place
Suitable Assembly Point

Fixed Fire Fighting Equipment

Hose Reel
Sprinkler

Hose Reel:Permanently Connected To The Main Water Supply.Should Be Sitted In A Location Which Covers The
Whole Area.
Advantages:

Inexpensive,Effective
Harmless To Health

Unlimited Supply Of Water At Good Pressure

Greater Force Than Sprinkler
Operators Need Not To Be Too Close To The Fire

Disadvantages:

Only Suitable For Class A Fires

Poor Sitting May Cause Inadequate Coverage
Hose Could Be Kinked
Could Stop Fire Doors Closing
May Create Trip Hazards

Automatic Sprinkler Systems:A Network Of Water Pipes With Spray Heads Normally At Ceiling Height Is Installed In Vulnerable Areas.
Advantages:

Large Coverage Of Water To Prevent The Spread Of Fire In Large Open Plan Buildings Where
Compartmentalisation Is Not Practical.

Disadvantages:

Only Suiatable For Class A Fires

Causes Damage To Equipment And Furnishings

Total Flooding Systems:

A High Concentration Of An Extinguishing Gas (Usually Co2) Is Automatically Dumped In An

Enclosed Area.

Advantages:

Exxtinguishes Fire Without Causing Unnecessary Damage To Important Equipment Such As

Electrical Equipment And Computer Rooms

Disadvantages:

Harmful To Health
System Must Be Disconnected When People Enter The Protected Area

Fire Extinguishers:1.

Water:-Class A
Lowers The Ignition Tempertature
Prevents Re-Ignition
Only To Be Used On Class A Fires

2.

3.

4.

Foam:-Class B
Excludes Oxygen-Blanket Effect
Suitable For Class B Fires
Aqueous Film Forming Foam
Dry Powder:-Class A,B,C
Powder Has A Smothering Effect But No Cooling Properties
Can Be Used On All Types Of Fire
Carbondioxid:-Class B,E
High Pressure Cylinder Containing Liquified Co2
Liquid Vapourises In Contact With Air
Safe To Use On Electrical Fires And Burning Liquids

Inspection And Maintenance Of Fire Extinguishers

Inspection:Routine (Perhaps Monthly) Visual Check To Ensure Extinguishers Are Place,Not Been Discharged Or
Damaged.
Maintenance:Involves An Annual Examination By A Competent Person With The Removal And Replacement Of
Equipment Found Faulty And The Date Af The Inspection Recorded.

Daily Checks (Fire Warden)

Weekly Inspection (Fire Warden)
Annualy Serviced (Competent Person)
Five Yearly Extended Service/Discharge

Sitting Of Fire Extinguishers:

Accessibility
Proximity To Exits/Escape Routes
Visibility And Signage
Locate Off Ground With Adequate Support
Suitable Type
Protection Against Damage And Weather

Emergency Evacuation Procedured:

Means Of Raising The Alarm

Contacting The Emergency Services
Fire Evacuation Routes
Fire Evacuation Signs

Who Are And The Role Of Fire Marshals

Type Of Fire Extinguishers
Not To Use Lifts
Evacuation In An Orderly Fashion

Practice Drills:Practice Drills Should Be Undertaken To:

Checking Alarm Can Be Heard Throughout The Premises

Testing The Effectiveness Of Evacuation Procedure
Familiarising Employees With The Alarms Etc
Giving Fire Awards To Practice Their Roles
Satisfy A Legal Requirement

Element-4
Electrical Safety
Ohms Law:The Higher The Electrical Pressure (V) Or The Lower The Circuit Resistance (R),The Higher Is The Current
That Flows In An Electric Circuit.

I=V/R
I=Is Measured In Ams (A),Which Is The Electron Flow Or Current
V=Is Measured In Voltas (V),Potential Difference Or Pressure
R=The Resistance Is Measured In Ohms
Electrical Power=Voltage*Current
Main Dangers Of Electricity:1. Electric Shock:-Contact With Live Parts.
Direct Contact:Coming Into Contact With A Conductor That Is Supposed To Be Live.

Indirect Contact:Coming Into Contact With A Conductor That Is Not Live In Normal Conditions But Has
Become Live Due To A Fault.

2. Arcing
3. Fire And Explosion
4. Burns
Severity Of Electric Shock:

Current In Amperes
Length Of Contact Time
Path Through The Body
Conductivity/Resistance Of The Body
The Voltage
Conductivity Of The Environment
Nature Of The Current
Nature Of Contact
Age And Health Status Of Victim

If A Person Hass Received An Electric Shock:

Dont Touch Injured Person Until The Current Is Switched Off

If The Current Cannot Be Switched Off,Stand On Some Dry Insulating Material And Use A
Wooden Or Plastic Implement To Remove The Injured Person From The Electric Source
Administer First-Aid If Qualified

Call Professional Help

Causes Of Electric Fire:

Inadequate Circuits For The Current

Overloaded Circuits
Incorrect Fuses
Damaged Wiring And Insulation
Loose Connections
Overheating Of Cables
Overheating Due To Thermal Insulation
Overheating Due To Lack Of Ventilation
Flammable Materials Too Close To Electrical Equipment

Effects Of Electricity On Body:

Damage To The Nervous System

Fibrillation (Irregular Heartbeat)
Tissue Burns At Entry And Exit
Damage To Internal Organs
Muscular Contractions
Physical Trauma
Stopping Breathing
Stopping The Heart
Secondary Effects:

Falls From Height

Unintentional Movement Of Machinery
Failure Of Control Measures And Security Systems
Corporate Reputation
Throw Off

Electricity Protection Devices:

Fuses
Circuit Breaker
Earthing
Isolation
Reduced Voltage
Battery Operated Tools
Residual Current Devices (Rcd)
Double Insulation

Fuse:A Specialy Designed Weak Link Which Is Designed To Melt At A Predetermined Value Of Current.
Advantages:

Cheap And Rapidly Available

Protects Equipment

Disadvantages:

Will Not Protect Individuals

Slow To Operate
Inaccurate
Unsuitable Or Wrong Fuse May Be Used
Easy To Overwide
Needs Tool To Replace

Circuit Breakers:Electromagnetic Devices Which Perform The Same Function As Fuses But Operate Faster.
Advantages:

Automatically Trip Under Fault Conditions

No Tools Required To Reset
Not Easy To Defeat
Protects Equipment From Overload

Disadvantages:

May Be Mistaken For An Rcd

Do Not Protect The Individual

Earthing:Electricity Will Always Try To Reach Earth And Earthing Is Means Of Providing A Low Resistance Path To
Earth.
Advantages:

Prevent Indirect Electric Shock

Readily Identified

Disadvantages:

Specialist Testing And Maintenance,Professional Installation

No Protection If Removed

Isolation:Shutting Off The Electric Supply To An Item Or Equipment And Preventing The System From Being
Mistakenly Reconnected.
Advantages:

Safest Option As It Eliminates Electricity

May Be Physically Locked Off

Disadvantages:

May Be Isolate Other Equipment

May Be Reconnected Without Lock Off
Prevents Live Fault Finding

Reduced Voltage System:Reducing The Mains Voltage By Means Of A Transformer To A Lower Safer Voltage E.G. 110 Volts Or 55
Volts.
Advantages:

At 55v-Injury Is Highly Unlikely

Colour Coded Cabling System For Easy Recognition

Disadvantages:

Specialist Equipment E.G. Transformer Required

Lead From Supply To Transfer At Highr Voltages,Needing Protection With Rcd

Battery Operated Tools:Advantages:

Little Risk During Normal Use

Not Restricted By Cable
Not Trailing Cable

Disadvantages:

Limited Use
Low Power Output
Constant Charging Required

Residual Current Device (Rcd):Compares The Electricity Flow To The Equipment With The Return Flow And If A Difference Is Detected
The Equipment Is Isolated.
Advantages:

Rapid And Sensitive

Difficult To Defeat
Easy To Use,Test And Reset
Cannot Be Reset With A Fault On The Circuit

Disadvantages:

May Isolate Crucial Equipment If One Rcd Covers A Number Of Distribution Points E.G. Freezers
And Computers
Mechanical Device Which Could Fail
No Overload Protection

Double Isolation:Two Separate Layers Of Insulation Are Provided Which Allows For Fault Detection Where One Layer Has
Failed The Other Still Provides Protection.
Advantages:

Two Layers Of Insulation Prevent User Contact With Any Live Parts
No Earth Required

Disadvantages:

Physical Damage May Defeat Double Insulation

No Earth Therefore No Protection If Used With Equipment That Requires Earth

Portable Electrical Equipments:Accidents Caused By:

Using Unsuitable Apparatus

Inadequate Maintenance Or Misuse
Using Defective Apparatus
Modifications By Unauthorised Person
Modifications Whilst The Appliance Is Live
Using Equipment In Unsuitable Environments
No System Of Inspection Or Removal Of Damaged Equipment

Precautions (Portable Equipments):

Reduced Voltage Operation

Use Of Residual Current Circuit Breakers
Protected Against Overload
Cables Insulated
Sufficient Socket Outlets
Use Of Cable Drums
Properly Trained Staff
Regular Inspections And Checks
Correct Sheathing

Types Of Inspection:

User Checks
Formal Visual Inspection
Combined Inspection And Test (Pat)

Frequency Of Inspections And Test:

Manufacturers Recommendations
Age Of Equipment
Robustness Of Equipment
Double Insulated Or Earthed
Type Of Cable
Extent Of Use
Users Of Equipment
Environment
Abuse Or Misuse
History Of Equipment

Reasons To Keep Records Of Inspection And Testing Of Electrical Equipment:

Inspection By Authorised Person

In Case Test Label Removed
Test Frequencies Maintained
Record Actions Of Faults Rectified

Electrical Safety In Office Environment:

Equipment Of Approved Standard

Maintenance Of Fixed Electrical Installations
There Is A Means Of Isolation
Connections,Wiring Free From Defects

Correct Fuses
Plugs Correctly Wired
No Overloading Of Sockets
Appliances Switched Off When Not In Use
Pat Testing In Date
Cables Correctly Routed
Rcds Used
System For Reporting Of Defects

Precautions For On Working Live Parts:

Trained And Competent Staff

Accompanied By Another Person
Adequate Information About The Risks
Suitable Insulated Tools
Insulated Barriers On Screens
Suitable Instruments And Test Probes
Ppe
Permit To Work
Restricted Access

Element-5
Musculaskeletal Hazards And Risk Control

Ergonomics:Study Of Relationship Between A Worker And The Working Environment.

People Vary Enormously In Height,Weight,Strength Etc.

The Equipment Designed To Avg. Man

This Leads To Physical Injuries

Ergonomic Assessment

Organisation:Supervision,Procedures,Breaks,Shift Patterns.

Equipment Or Process:Human Limitations,Analyse Task Etc.

The Individual:Physical Capabilities,Knowledge Attitude.

Environment:Temperature,Noise,Space,Lighting Etc.

Causes Of Wrulds:W=Work
R=Related
U=Upper
L=Limb
D=Disorders
Wrulds Are Caused By:

Repetitive Finger,Hand Or Arm Movements,E.G. Assembly Line Work,Keyboard Operators

Twisting Movements,E.G. Meat And Poultry Preparation
Squeezing,E.G. Using Pliers,Scissors
Pushing,Pulling,Lifting Or Reaching Movements,E.G. Assembling Packing Boxes
Work On A Production Line
Bricklying

Symptoms Of Wrulds

Numbness Or Tingling In Fingers Etc.

Pain
Restriction In Joint Movement
Saft Tissue Swelling

In Addition To Symptoms:-Redness,Swelling And Limitation Of Movement.

Wrulds Prevention:

Identify Of Risk Jobs

Reduce The Force Frequency And Duration
Design Of The Equipment
Automate The Process
Design Of The Work Station
Job Rotation
Regular Breaks
Training Employees In Correct Use Of Tools
Medical Surveillance
Assessment Of Individual For The Task

Health Effects Of Dse:D=Display

S=Screen
E=Equipments

Musculoskeletol Disorders (Hand,Arm,Shoulder)

Eye And Eyesight Problems
Fatigue And Stress
Epilespy
Facial Dermatitis
Radiation
Effects On Pregnant Women

D.S.E Assessment

Organisation:Job Rotation,Breaks.

Individual:Physical Characteristics,Training.

Environment:Noise,Lighting,Glare,Temperature,Space Etc.

Equipment:-

Height/Position Of Keyboard And Screen,Seating Posture,Design Of Chair,Screen Definition And

Colour,Adjustibility Of Equipment.
Dse Workstation Layout

Good Lighting
No Glare,Distracting Reflection
Noise To Minimum
Aple Legroom To Allow Postural Movement
Minimise Glare (Windows)
Suitable Software
Screen Suitable Position
Ample Work Surfaces
Suitable Chair/Adjustable
Footrest If Necessary
Suitable Environment

Other D.S.E Requirements

Plan Work With Breaks

-Provision Of Eye/Eyesight Test

Training And Information

-Risks From Dse Work
-Importance Of Good Posture
Laptops(Design,Usage)
The Mouse(Good Posture And Technique)

Manual Handling
Supporting Or Any Transport Of A Load By Hand Or Body Force,Including:

Pulling
Putting Down
Pushing
Lifting
Carrying
Moving
Holding

Manual Handling Aids

Pallet Jack
Pallet Jack Scissor Lift
Coil Lifting Jig
Tilting Barrel Lifting
Hydraulic Jack
Conveyer

Causes Of Accidents From Manual Handling

Slips,Trips And Falls

Poor Lifting Techniques
Loads Which Are Too Heavy For The Individual Undertaking The Task
Unexpectedly Heavy Loads
Poor Posture
The Environment

Employees At Risk Of Manual Handilg Injuries

Construction Workers
Ware House
Care And Health Workers
Postmen,Refuse Collectors,Furniture Movers Etc.

Types Of Injuries Caused By Manual Handling

External

Cuts And Abrasions,Mostly Involving The Upper Body And Libs

Bruises,Crush Injuries,Lacerations

Internal

Fractures,Either As A Result Of Falls Or Dropping Heavy Objects Onto The Body

Strains And Muscle Injuries Involving The Spine
Strains And Muscle Injuries Involving Other Parts Of The Body

General Guidelines On Safe Manual Handling Of Loads

1. Filters Twisting:Guidance Weights Should Be Reduced By10% If Thee Work Involves A Twisting Action Through
45 Degree Or More By 20% If A Twist Through 90 Degree Or More Is Involved.A Seated Person Should
Not Attempt To Lift More Than 5kg.
2. Filters Pushing And Pulling

Pushing/Pulling Motion
Starting A Load
Keeping The Load In Motion
(But Not Exceed To 20m)
Manual Handling Assessment
L=Oad
I=Ndividual
T=Ask
E=Nvironment
Load Factors:

Physical Weight (Heavy)

Size (Bulky)
Shape (Difficult To Grasp)
Rigidity (Contents Liable To Shift)
Outside Surfaces (Sharp)
Stability Of Contents (Unstable)
Other Hazards (Hot/Cold/Sharp Etc)

Individual Factors:

Sex
Physical Health
Stature (Physique,Height Etc)
State Of Health
Level Of Training
Hazards To Prgnant Women
Persons Perception Of Their Ability

Task Factors:

Holding Loads Away From Trunk

Twisting/Stooping/Reaching
Large Vertical Movements
Distances Involved
Strenuous Pulling And Pushing Loads
Repetitive Handling
Unpredictable Movement Of Load

Men
20kg
10kg

Women
15kg
7kg

Insufficient Rest Or Recovery Period

A Work Rate Imposed By The Process

Environment Factor:

Lighting (Poor)
Ventilation (Strong Air)
Obstacles
Height Of Work Surface
Temperature (Hot/Cold)
Floor Conditions
Space Available

Practical Measures To Avoid Manual Handling Injuries:

Avoid Manual Handling

Risk Reduction
Automation And Mechanism
Team Handling
Training
Smaller/Lighter Load
Selection (Individual And Mechanical Aid)
Good Environment (Spacing,Flooring,Temperature)

Elements Of Mechanical Handling And Lifting Equipment:

The Load
The Workplace
The Handling Equipment
The Employees Involved

Precautons In Mobile Crane:

Crane Suiablity For The Task

Stable Ground Conditions
Outriggers Fully Extended
Avoid Obstructions
Consider Overhead Power Lines
Assign Designated And Protected Area
Properly Tested And Maintained Lifting Tackl
Use Of Correct Slinging
Competenc Of Personal
Load Near Ground If Travelling

Good Vivibility,Communications
Monitoring Wind Speed

Main Hazards In Crane Operations:

Crane Overturning
Overloading
Collision With Other Crane,Overhead Cables
Crushing B/W The Load And Another Object Or B/W The Sling And The Load Or The Sling And
The Hook
Failure Of Support I.E. Outriggers Not Fully Extended
Loss Of Load Due To Rope,Chain Or Sling Failure
Failure Of Load Bearing Part I.E. Jib Breaking
Heavy Wind And Rain

Precautions Needed For Employees Safety During Lifting:

Not Exceed Safe Working Load

Trained Person (Operator,Slinger)
Good Communication B/W All Operatives
Properly Maintained Equipment
Equipment Has Undergone Statutory Inspection
All Lifting Accessories Free From Defect
Make Sure Load Is Secured And Lifted Vertically Up To Correct Hight
Warning Of Lift Taking Place
Moved At Appropriate Speed Ensuring Path Free From Obstacles
Consider Overhead Power Lines
Put Down In Safe Position And Tension Released Under Close Supervision
Wear Your Helmets,High Visibility Cloth

Lifting Accessories (Tackle) Hazards:

Overloading
Incorrect Slinging Arrangements
Damaged Attachments
Textile Slings Damaged,Cut,Abraded Or Stretched
Chains-Deformed,Cracked Or Streched Links
Broken Wires Or Kinks
No Examination Or Pre-Use Inspection
Damage To Accessories During Use
Lack Of Training

Conveyor System And Its Hazards:-

Types:

Belt
Roller
Screw Conveyors

Hazards:

Trapping
Contact
Entaglement
Striking
Impact
Items Falling Off
Slips
Manual Handling
Noise And Vibration
Sharp Edges

Precautions When Using Lifting Accessories:

All Accessories Properly Certified/Tested

Properly Inspected By A Competent Person
Safe Working Load Clearly Marked
Inspection Prior To Use
No Repair To Accessories On Site
Not To Be Used For Unintended Purpose
Packing B/W Accessory And Load
Properly Stored After Use
Training For Staff In Safe Use

Hazard Control Measures (Conveyor)

Fixed/Interlocked Guards On Drum

Side Guards,Enclosing Items To Be Conveyed
Trip Wires With Conveyor For Full Length
Emergency Stop Buttons
Safe Access At Regular Intervals
Avoiding Loose Clothing,Rings Etc
Restricted Access To The Running Conveyor
Head Protection
Regular Maintenance By Competent Person

Safety In Lifting Operations:Lifting Equipment:

Sufficient Strength,Tested
Through Examination
Inspected At Regular Intervals
Suitably Marked

Lifting Operations:

Planned And Supervised

Correctly Positioned
Loads Not Carried Over Persons
Good Visibility And Communication

Hoist:

Chain Hoist
Goods Hoist
Patient Hoist

Control Measures On Use Of Hoist:

Regular Maintenance
Training And Refresher Training For All Operators
Carry Out Hoist Operation From One Position
Driver Must Have Good Visibility Of Landings
Clear Signals/Audible Warning Be Given Prior To Lifting Operation
Goods Properly Secured,No Loose Items Of Material In Goods Lift
Gates Correctly And Properly Secured Before Lifting

Precautions When Using Hoist:

Controls Only Operated From One Position

Clear Visibility Of Landings
Clear Signals
Secure Objects Being Carried On Goods Hoists
Items Not Overfilled
Do Not Carry Loose Items
No Passengers On Goods Lift
Safe Working Loads Clearly Marked
Hoist Properly Examined And Tested
Suitable Fancing And Gates At All Levels

Training Staff In Use Of Hoists

Element-6
Physical And Psychological Health Hazards And Control
Noise:-Sound Is Propagated By Compressions And Rarefactions In The Air.

Pressure Changes Are Detected By The Human Ear

Speed Of Sound Is Around 330m/S In Air

Unwanted Sound:Sound Travels A Pressure Wave Which Has Two Characteristics.

Intensity

Frequency

Db (Decible)=Unit Of Measure Of Loudness

Lepd=Daily Personal Noise Exposure
Health Effect Of Noise:Chronic

Tinnitus
Permanent Threshold Shift
Loss Of Frequency

Acute

Trauma From Loud Noise

Temporary Threshold Shift
Short Term Tinnitus
Secondary Effects

How Does Noise Get To Us:

Direct:-Through The Air From Noise Source To Receiver.

Reflected:-Via Walls,Ceilings And Other Structures.
Ground And Structure:-Structure Borne Through Wall Or Floor.

Noise Control Techniques:1. Source:-Design,Maintenance/Lubrication,Reduce Speed,Energy.

2. Path:-Location,Enclosure,Silencers,Absorption,Damping,Isolation,Screens.
3. Receiver:-Ear Protection,Job Protection.
Source Reduction On Plant:

Tighten Loose Equipment

Regular Lubrication
Eliminate Unnecessary Leaks
Properly Adjust Machinery
Padded Containers For Catching Components
Switch Equipment Off Especially Fans
Use Rubber Or Plastic Bushers
Specify Noise Emissions Levels In Orders
Check Conditions And Performance Of Installed Noise Control Equipment

Path Of Noise Prevention Techniques:-

Location
Enclosure
Silencers
Absorbers
Damping
Isolation
Lagging
Screens

Practical Measures To Reduce Eposure To Excessive Noise:

Lubrication And Maintenance

Change The Process/Design
Reduce Energy
Isolation
Silencing
Enclosure
Absorption
Damping
Reduce Time Of Exposure
Ppe

Types Of Hearing Protection:

Ear Plugs
-Comfort
-Hygiene

Ear Defenders
-Comfort
-Reusable

Reasons For Lack Of Wearing Ofhearing Protection:

Poorfit
Resistance To Use
Uncomfortable
Incompatibility
Interfence
Hygiene

Supervision
Deterioration
Abuse

Health Effects Of Vibrating Tools

1. Acute:-Tingling Or Pins Needles In Hands And Extremities
2. Chronic: Numbness And Balancing Of The Fingers
Swollen Painful Joints
Reduction In Manual Dexterity
Reduction In The Sensation Of Touch
Risk Factors Of Vibrating Tools

Frequency Of The Equipment

Magnitude Of The Energy
Strength Of The Grip And Other Forces
Time Of Exposure
Frequency Of Exposure
Low Temperature
Individual Factors

Control Measures For Vibrating Tools

Eliminate The Use Of Vibrating Tools

Selct The Low Vibration Equipment
Maintenance Of Equipment And Tools
Reducing Grip Force Required
Reducing Exposure Time
Introducing Health Surveillance
Orovision Of Gloves And Heated Pads
Information And Training On Risks And Indication Of Injury

Types Of Ionising Radiation

Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X-Ray
Neutron

Penetration Power Of Radiation

Skin Or Paper Stops Alpha

Thin Alluminium Stops Beta
Thick Lead Stops Gamma

Why Is Radioactivity So Useful?

Easy To Detect
Radiation Can Be Very Penetrating
Radiation Can Destroy Living Cells

Harmful Effects Of Ionising Radiation

Acute Effects
1.

2.

Somatic:Mild Nausea To Severe Illness

Diarrhoea
Headaches
Hair Loss
Redness Of Skin
Genetic:Damage To Reproductive Cells

Chronic Effects
1.

2.

Somatic:Complete Hair Loss

Lungs Cancer Etc
Genetic:Damage To Offspring Of Exposed

Protection Against Ionising

Time-Reduce Exposure
Distance-Increase Distance
Shielding-Use Barriers
Ppe
Environmental And Personal Monitoring
Training And Supervision
Correct Disposal Of Radiation Material
Good Hygiene Practices

Employer May Have To Appoint

Radiation Protection Advisor

Radiation Protection Supervisor

Non-Ionising Radiation

Ultra-Violet
Infra-Red
Lasers
Microwave

Ultra-Violet
Welding,Sun Rays.Two Main Hazards Effects On Skin And Eyes.
Infra-Red
Hot Metal E.G. Foundaries.Heat And For Eyes Risk Of Cataracts.
Lasers In Use

Cutting
Surgery

Hazards

Eyes Are More Vulnerable To Damage From Mild Retina Burns To Permanent Blindness

Protection Against Non-Ionising Radiation

Shielding
Distance B/W Suorce And Person
Reducing Duration Of Exposure
Ppe
Protective Creams

Stress
Stress Is Defined As The Reaction People Have To Excessive Pressures Or Other Types Of Demands
Placed Upon Them.
Home:

Sickness
Children
Marital
Financial
Travel

Work:

Kind Of Work
Physical Conditions
Uncertainty
Conflict
Kind Of Jobs

Health Effects Of Stress

1.

2.

Physical Effects
Raised Heart Rate
Increased Sweating
Headaches
Dizziness
Blured Vision
Arching Neck
Skin Rashes
Lower Resistance To Infection
Behavioural Effects
Increased Anxiety
Irritability And Sudden Mood Changes
Drink Or Smoke More
Difficulty Sleeping
Poor Concentration
Inability To Deal With Tasks

Work Problems Of Stress Results

Lack Of Motivation
Lack Of Commitment
Poor Time Keeping
Increases In Mistakes
Poor Decision Making
Poor Planing
Increases In Absense

This Reflects In Relationships At Work As

Tension B/W Collegues And Supervisors

Poor Service To Clients
Individual Relationship Problems
Increase In Discipline Problems

Problems That Lead To Stress

Culture Of The Organisation

Shift Work,Unsociable Hours,Excessive Overtime
Job Insecurity
Repetitive /Monotonous Work
Lack Of Breaks And Control Over Job
Work Rate Too High Or Too Low
The Working Environment
Relationships
Harassment And Bullying
Fear Of Violence
Lack Of Communication
Personal And Social Factors

Management Action To Avoid Stress

Clear Company Objectives

Good Communication
Realstic Work Schedules
Close Employee Involvement
Training And Development Of Staff
Impartial Investigation Of Stress
Policies To Recognise And Deal With Stress
Good Management Support
Consistency Of Treatment

Welding Hazards

Electric Shock
Oxygen Enrichment
Manual Handling
Fire Risk
Eye Damage
Burns
Fume Inhalation
Tripping Over Cables

Hazards Of Busy Hotel Kitchen

Electrical And Mechanical Hazards Associated With Machinery Such As Food Mixers And
Processors
Hot Surfaces

Sharp Implements
Wet Or Obstructed Floors Increasing The Risk Of Slips,Trips And Falls
Boiling Water And Hot Cooking Oils Causing Burns
Manual Handling Hazards
Hot,Busy Environment Of A Commercial Kitchen
Health Hazards

Element-7
Working Equipment Hazard & Risk Control
Suitability Of Work Equipment

Initial Integrity And Properly Designed

Fit For Purpose For Which It Is Being Used
Meets Safety Requirements
Used For Purpose Manufacturer Indeeded

Factors To Be Considered When Installing New Machines

1. Hazards
Heat Or Cold Problems

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Chemicals
Biological
Suitability Guarded
The Location
Cable Of Being Isolated/Lock Off
Safe Access And Egress
Personnel Trained And Competent
Any Other Specified Risks

Safe Operation Of Work Equipment

Appropriate Protection
People Not Come Into Contact
Clear Layout Of Controls
Means Of Isolation
Stable
Adequate Lighting
Maintenance
Appropriate Markings
Warning Devices

Responsibilities Of Users

Information And Instructions

Training
Not Put Them Or Others At Risk Because Of Their Actions
Making Use Of Any Safe System Of Work And Precautions Provided For Them,E.G. Machene
Guards,Eye Protection Etc
Reporting Any Problems With The Work Equipment To Their Employer

Safety In Maintenance Operations

Safe Working Procedures Should Be Planned

Personnel Should Receive Training
Suitable Safety Equipment To Be Provided
Management Organisation
Adequate Sources

Maintenance Hazards

Entry Into Vessels,Confined Spaces/Machines

Hot Work Which May Cause For Or Explosion
Construction Work Such As Work On Roofs In Excavations

Cutting Into Pipework Carrying Hazardous Subtances

Mechanical Or Electrical Work Requiring Isolation Of Power Or Fuel Supplies
Fumes,Gas,Liquids Or Steam

Machinery Hazards

Unintentional Starting Of Machinery

Release Of Stored Energy
Movement To Gravity
Residual High Or Low Pressure
Restricted Access/Egress
Residues E.G. Toxic,Flammables,Corrosives
Mechanical Hazards
Heat Or Cold
Biological Hazards
Confined Spaces
Working At Heights

Factors To Consider Prior To Maintenance

Location Of Equipment
Capable Of Being Isolated?
Can Stored Energy Be Dissipated?
Can We Segeregate?
Is There Safe Access And Egress?
Is Ppe Required?
Are Personnel Trained?
Are There Heat Or Cold Problems?
Are There Chemical Residues?
Are There Biological Hazards?

Precautions When Undertaking Machinery Maintenance

Isolate Electrical Power

Permit To Work
Isolate Pipelines
Release Loads
Allow Hot Machinery To Cool Provide Adequate Lighting
Means Of Access
Providing Suitable Ppe
Provide Barriers
Ventilate Work Area

Adequate Supervision

Hand-Held Tools
Hand Tools:-Tools Which Are Entirely Powered Manually. I.E.Axes,Wrenches Etc.
Portable Power Tool:-Tools Which Have An External Power Sources Such As Electricity,Compressed
Liquid,Air Etc. I.E. Pneumatic Drill,Electric Screw Driver.
Hazards Of Hand Held Tools

Hitting Hammer On Ones Thumb

Using A Chisel As Screw Driver
Flying Particles
Sharp Edges

Hazards Of Portable Power Tools

Mechanical Hazards:

Entanglement
Cutting
Abrasions
Ejected Material

Non-Mechanical Hazards:

Dust
Electricity
Ergonomics
Manual Handling
Noise Vibration

Precautions Portable Power Tools

Do Not Use Power Tools You Are Not Trained On

Do Not Lift Or Carry Power Tools By Their Power Cord
Keep Power Cords Out The Paths Of The Power Tool
Do Not Leave Tools Unattended
Do Not Stand In Water Or Wet Surfaces When Running A Power Tool
Hold All Power Tols By The Plastic Hand Grips Or Other Conductive Areas
Do Not Plug Multiple Electrical Cords Into A Single Outlet
Do Not Use Power Tools Or Extension Cords With A Missing Prong
Ground All Tools Unless Double Insulated

Mechanical Hazards
(Acronym-Entice)
En=Entanglement
T=Traps:Shearing,Crushing,Drawing In
I=Impact
C=Contact:Cutting,Friction And Abrasion,Puncture
E=Ejection (Flying Particles)
Entanglement:-Where Hair,Clothes,Jewellary Etc. Are Caught In Parts Of A Revolving Machine.
Traps:-Where Parts Of The Body (As Hands Or Finger) Are Caught Or Trapped In Parts Of Moving
Machines.
Impact:-Where The Body Is Impacted By Moving Parts Or Processed Items.
Contact:-Contact Lead To Following Injuries:

Burns
Lacerations
Abrasions
Puncture
Cuts

Ejection:-Where The Parts Of The Machine Or Materials Being Used Fly Out And Hit The Body.
Other Machinery Hazards
Office Machinery
Common Hazards:

Electrical
Ergonomic
Noise
Stability

Photocopiers:

Drawing Into Rollers

Trap B/W Moving Parts

Chemicals
Uv Light/Heat
Manual Handling

Document Shredders:

Drawing Into Cutters

Contact With Cutters
Dust

Manufacturing/Maintenance Machinery
Bench Top Grinder Hazrds

Contact With Rotating Wheel

Drawing Into Trap
Ejection Of Parts Of Wheel
Fire And Sparks
Vibration/Noise

Pedestal Drill Hazards

Entanglement (Hair/Clothing)
Contact (Stabbing/Puncture)
Impact (Unsecured Workpiece)
Cutting From Swarf
Ejection (Drill Bit/Material)

Agricultural/Horticultural Machinery Hazards

(Note-Same Mechanical Hazrds)
Cylinder Mover Hazrds

Contact With Rotating Blades

Entanglement In Blades

Strimmer/Chainsaw

Contact With Cutter/Saw

Entaglement Cutter/Saw

Associated Hazards With Retail Machinery

Waste Compactor Hazards

Impact
Crushing
Noxious Substances And Fumes
Biological Infection

Check Out Conveyor

Drawing In Traps
Non-Ionising Radiation
Crushing
Spillages And Breakages Of Material

Construction Machinery Associated Hazards

Circular Saw Hazards

Drawing Into Blade

Contact
Ejection Of Materials
Vibration
Saw Dust

Cement Mixer Hazards

Entaglement
Chemicals
Noise
Manual Handing

Methods Of Machine Safe Guarding

The Features Of Guards Includes:

Suitable For Purpose And Compatible With Process

Good Construction,Sound Material,Adequate Strength
Maintained In Efficient State/Working Order And Good Repair
Not To Be Easily By Passed Or Disabled
At Sufficient Distance From The Danger Zone
Not To Unduly Restrict The View Of The Operating Cycle Of The Machinery,Where Such A View
Is Necessary
Not Increase Risk To Health And Safety

Continue,If Poosible,To Protect Even When Maintenance Is In Progress I.E. Allow Maintenance
Without Guard Removal

Hierarchy Of Control For Machinery Guards

Fixed Enclosing Guards

Other Guards Or Protection Devices
Protective Appliances Such As Jigs,Holders,Push Sticks
Provision Of Information,Instruction,Training And Supervision

Order Of Guarding
(Remember-Fiat)
F=Fixed
I=Interlock
A=Automatic
T=Trip (Safety Devices)
Methods Of Machine Safeguarding
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

Guards
Fixed
Interlocked
Adjustable
Self-Adjusting
Devices
Presence Sencing
Safety Controls(Trip Wire Cable,Two Hand Control)
Gates
Pullback
Location/Distance
Feeding And Ejection Methods
Miscellaneous Aids
Awareness Barriers
Protective Shields
Hand-Feeding Tools

Fixed Guard

It Is A Physical Barrier That Prevent Access To Danger Area

Its Not Connected Machine Motion Controls
With Out Any Moving Parts
Fixed On Any Part That It Requires A Special Tool To Remove It

Fixed Guard Advantages

Creats A Physical Barrier

Require A Tool To Remove It
No Moving Parts
Little Maintenance
Easy To Inspect

Disadvantages

No Protection If Removed
Requires A Tool To Remove
If Solid Hampers Visual Inspection
If Solid May Cause Heat Problems

Interlock Guard

It Have Movable Parts That Are Interconnected With The Control System
Usually Electrical,Mechanically Or Pneumatic Interconnections
Machinery Will Not Operate Unless Guard Is Closed
Less Likely To Slow Production
Generally Move Expensive And Require More Checking And Maintenance

Advantages Of Inter-Lock Guards

Convenient For Access

Give Flexibity Of Design
A Time Delay Can Be Built In

Disadvantages

More Complex
Difficult To Inspect
Difficult To Maintain
Subject To Wear
Subject To Operator Abuse
If A Gateoperator Can Step Inside

Automatic/Pushaway Guards

Removes Person From Hazard

Automatically Operated
Operated By Electrically,Hydraucally Or Air

Adjustable Guards
Provides A Barrier Which May Be Adjusted To Facilitate A Variety Of Production Operations.
Self Adjusting Guards
Provides A Barrier Which Moves According To The Size Of The Stock Entering The Danger Area.
Pullback Devices

Utilizes A Series Of Cables Attached To The Operators Hands,Wrists And/Or Arms

Primarly Used On Machines With Stroking Actions
Allow Access To The Point Of Operation When The Slide/Ram Is Up
With Draws Hands When The Slide/Ram Begins To Descend

Gate

Movable Barrier Device Which Protects The Operator At The Point Of Operation Before The
Machine Cycle Can Be Started
If The Gate Does Not Fully Close Machine Will Not Function

Safe Guarding By Distance/Location

Locate The Machine Or Its Dangerous Moving Parts So That They Are Not Accessible Or Do Not
Present A Worker During Normal Operation
Maintain A Safe Distance From The Danger Area

Element-8
Chemical & Biological Health Hazards And Risk Control
Classification Of Occupational Health Hazards

Physical:-Machinery,Electricity,Heat,Noise
Chemical:-Acids,Alkalis,Asbestos
Biological:-Hiv Virus,Legionella,Bacteria

Ergonomic:-Posture Problems,Fatigue
Psychological:-Stress,Shock,Anxiety

Biological Hazards

Legionnaires Disease
Hepatitis
Weils Disease
Anthrax
Rabies

Biological Hazards Control Measures

Cleaning/Disinfecting
Water Treatment Programmes
Vermin Control
Procedures For Handling,Containment And Disposal
Personal Hygiene
Immunisation
Health Surveillance
Specific Training
Ppe

Physical Forms Of Hazardous Substances

Gases
Vapour
Mists And Aerosols
Smoke
Fumes
Dusts
Liquids
Solids

Toxicology:-The Study Of How Different Materials Will Affect The Human Body.
Factors:

Route Of Entry
Toxicity
Dose And Response

Routes Of Entry

Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
Injection (Direct Entry)

Toxicity:-The Potential Of A Substance To Cause Harm To Living Things.

Dose:-How Much Of A Substance You Are Exposed To And How Long The Exposure Lasts.
Response:-How The Body Reacts To The Exposure.
Factors Affecting Response

Body Weight
Age
Skin Type
Sex
Diet
Health

Toxic Effects
Acute

Headaches
Dizziness
Nausea
Inflammation
Eye Irritation
Unconsciousness
Death

Chronic

Cancers
Death
Local Systemic
Sensilisation

Dermatitis:-Removal Of Natural Oils From Skin Which Causes Reddening,Soreness,Cracking And Bleeding
Of Exposed Skin,Usually Occurs To Arms And Hands.

Causative Agents:

Solvents
Detergents
Mineral Oils
Diesel Fuel
Cement
Dust Etc.

Measures To Prevent Dermatitis