Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B2
Contenidos.-
Diseo de Portada
e impresin.impreso en
[info @ grupoeuroformac.com]
[stylo @ stylodigital.com]
Espaa/printed in Spain
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Ingls
NIVEL B2
INGLS B2
Grammar
Verb tenses review
Indefinite pronouns
Conditionals
Vocabulary
At the airport
Grammar
Lack of obligation
Make vs. Do
Emphatic
Indirect speech
Vocabulary
The human body
Illnesses
Activity
At the doctors
Grammar
Prepositions
Anaphoric 'to'
When to use and not to use the article 'the'
Vocabulary
Physical description. Appearence and personality(collocations)
Activities
Amelia Earhart
Ingls
NIVEL B2
Unit 1
B2
Ingls
NIVEL B2
B2 UNIT 1
NEGATIVO
want
You
We
He
She Studies
It
They
Wants
goes
You
We
Do
not/dont
He
She
Study
want
It
go
They
INTERROGACIN
Aux (do/does)+S+V ( base form )+C+?
I
You
Do
We
want?
Does
They
He
Want?
She
study?
It
Go?
EXERCISE1
CONJUGATE THE VERBS
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
PARIS
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
We (live) . in Paris.
George (sell) . peaches and apples.
I always (visit) . my grandmother.
Alice (go) . to the church.
They (be) . my best friends.
You always (pay) . the tickets.
London (be) . a big and nice city.
My cousin (paint) . the house.
I (study) . and (work) . in Madrid.
Mike never (do) . the homework.
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+V
(ing)+C
S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+Neg+V
(ing)+C
I am walking
I am not
walking
He
You
We
are
walking
is
She
walking You
It
We
He
She
are not It
walking
is not
walking
They
They
INTERROGACIN
We
Is
walking?
They
She
It
walking?
Ingls
NIVEL B2
EXERCISE1
CONJUGATE THE VERBS
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
The future
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
You
We
He
Will
travel
She
Will
travel
It
They
You
We
Will
not
travel
They
He
She
Will not
travel
It
INTERROGACIN
Aux (will)+S+V ( base form )+C+?
I
Will
You
We
He
travel?
Will
She
It
They
travel?
EXERCISE1
CONJUGATE THE VERBS
1. You (earn)
a lot of money.
2. You (travel)
3. You (meet)
4. Everybody (adore)
you.
any problems.
you.
7. They (anticipate)
your wishes.
9. Everything (be)
perfect.
if you marry me.
James, 18 years old, asked an ugly fortune teller about his future. Here is what
she told him: (fill in the gaps)
1. You (be)
very happy.
2. You (get)
a lot of money.
3. You (buy)
a beautiful house.
you.
a beautiful girl.
6. You (marry)
her.
Ingls
NIVEL B2
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ Aux(will)+Neg+be(base
form)+V (ing)+C
I will be lending
I will not be
lending
He
She
You
We
will be It
lending
Will be
lending
will not
be
lending
She
You
will not
It
be
lending
We
They
They
He
INTERROGACIN
Aux (will)+S+be (base form)+V (ing)+C+?
Will I be lending?
He
You
Will
Be
lending?
We
Will
She
be lending?
It
They
a party.
a talk show.
their homework this afternoon.
to music.
this evening.
home this afternoon?
tomorrow morning
again?
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+V (pasado)+C
I
You
We
They
-Studied
He -Studied
-Vb.irreg
(2
columna)
She -Vb.irreg
(2
It
columna)
He
You did not
did not
She
study
study
We
It
They
INTERROGACIN
Aux (did)+S+V ( base form )+C+?
I
Did
He
You
study?
We
Did
3. I (visit)
friends of mine .
to England on holiday.
fantastic.
lots of interesting places. I (be)
to pubs.
strangely fine.
7. It (not / rain)
a lot.
8. But we (see)
study?
It
They
2. It (be)
She
10
with two
Ingls
NIVEL B2
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+V
(ing)+C
S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+Neg+V
(ing)+C
I was driving
He
was
You
She
driving
were
We
We
driving It
They
They
You
INTERROGACIN
11
were
not
driving
She
It
was not
driving
Was
Were We
driving?
driving?
She
It
They
monopoly.
dinner.
4. I (practice)
5. We (not / cycle)
all day.
in the park.
yesterday?
in
cards.
12
TV.
Ingls
NIVEL B2
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(have/has)+V (P.p)+C
S+ Aux.(have/has)+Neg+V (P.p)+C
I have bought
He
You
We
have
bought
They
(youve)
has
She bought
(hes)
It
You
We
They
have not
bought
(havent)
She
It
has not
bought
(hasnt)
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(have/has)+S+V (P.p)+C+?
Have I bought?
He
You
Have We
Has
bought?
She
bought?
It
They
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
13
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(had)+V (P.p)+C
S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+V (P.p)+C
I had bought
(Id)
I had not
bought
You
We
had
bought
They
(youd)
He
She
It
had
bought You
(hed)
We
He
She
They
had not
bought It
(hadnt)
had not
bought
(hadnt)
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(had)+S+V (P.p)+C+?
Had I bought?
He
You
Had
We
Had
bought?
She
Bought?
It
They
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
14
Ingls
i.
j.
NIVEL B2
NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+V (P.p)+C
S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+V
(P.p)+C
I will have
bought
He
You
We
They
will
have
bought You
(hell
have) We
They
He
will not She
have
bought It
(wont
have)
will not
have
bought
(wont
have)
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(will)+S+(have)+V (P.p)+C+?
Will I have bought?
He
You
Will
Will
have bought?
We
She
have
bought?
It
They
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
15
NEGATIVO
S+
S+
Aux.(have/has)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C Aux.(have/has)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C
I have not been
selling
I have been
selling
He
You
We
They
have
been
selling
She
It
has
been
selling
(hes
been)
(youve
been)
He
You
We
They
have not
been
selling
(hasnt
been)
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(have/has)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+?
Have I been selling?
He
You
Have
We
Has
been selling?
She
It
They
16
been selling?
Ingls
1) She
2) I
NIVEL B2
3) You
4) We
5) He
6) They
7) I
8) She
9) It
10) You
11) I
(not/work) today.
17
12) You
13) We
(not/exercise) enough.
14) She
(not/study).
15) They
16) It
(not/snow).
17) He
18) We
19) I
20) They
18
Ingls
NIVEL B2
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+
Aux.(had)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C
S+
Aux.(had)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C
I had been
selling
You
We
had
She
been
selling It
They (youd
been)
had
been
selling You
(hed
been) We
They
He
had not
been
selling
(hadnt
been)
She
It
had not
been
selling
(hadnt
been)
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(had)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+?
Had I been selling?
He
You
Had
We
Had
been selling?
She
been selling?
It
They
Practice 1: Complete these sentences with the word(s) in brackets using the past
perfect continuous. Remember to use contractions ("I'd" not "I had") where possible.
? (he, drink?)
19
Practice 2: Past Perfect Simple or Continuous? Choose the best tense to complete the
following sentences. Again, remember to use contractions. And remember that simple
tenses are used for states or short, finished actions when we say how many.
Continuous is used for long, unfinished or repeated actions.
1. He was hungry because
true. (come)
7.
8.
down with a book when the phone rang. (I, just, sit)
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+
S+
Aux.(will)+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C
I will not have been
selling
You
We
They
will have
been
selling
He
She
It
(youll have
been)
will
have
been
selling You
(hell
We
have
been) They
will not
have
been
selling
(wont
have
been)
He
She
It
will not
have
been
selling
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(will)+S+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C+?
Will I have been selling?
He
You
Will
We
Will
have been selling?
They
20
She
It
have been
selling?
Ingls
NIVEL B2
Practice: Complete each sentence using the future continuous, future perfect simple,
or future perfect continuous.
Sarah has just finished her medical degree, and she starts her new job soon.
In September, she
as a doctor. (work)
By Christmas, she
I'm going on holiday four times this year. The first holiday is next week.
This time next week, I
dinner. (make)
Phone me at 8 o'clock - I
21
by then.
in underwater cities!!!
http://vimeo.com/8189067#at=0
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
SOMEBODY/NOBODY/ ANYBODY/ EVERYBODY
22
Ingls
NIVEL B2
23
Exercise7. Find extra words in these sentences. If there is an extra word just cross it
out, but if there isnt any extra word, write a tick next to the sentence.
Excersice2. Find extra words in these sentences. If there is an extra word just cross it,
but if there isnt any extra word, write a tick next to the sentence.
24
Ingls
NIVEL B2
CONDITIONALS
The Zero Conditional: if + present simple + present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100
degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular
situation. The result of the 'if clause' is always the main cluase.
The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the
meaning.
25
Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs given to make the first
conditional.
1. If you
2. The children
6. If you
7. If Jane
8.
9. If Andrew
Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs given to make the second
conditional.
1. If i
26
Ingls
NIVEL B2
Fill in the gaps with the right form of the verbs given to make either the first
or the second conditional.
her? (call)
5. If i were you, i
6. If Sue
7. I
8. If Zack
9. If you
27
CONDITIONALS ACTIVITY
You are going to watch a short film based on a moral dilemma. As you watch the film
you should answer the question:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=QrKnhOJ-R80
28
Ingls
NIVEL B2
VOCABULARY
AT THE AIRPORT
WAITING ROO
TOILETS/RESTROOMS
SEATS
NEWSSTAND
29
TICKET OFFICE
LUGGAGE RACK
PLATFORM
TURNSTILES
CARRIAGE
LEFT LUGGAGE LOCKERS
30
Ingls
NIVEL B2
SLEEPER
TICKET COLLECTOR
INFORMATION OFFICE
GIFTSHOP
31
STEAM TRAIN
32
Ingls
NIVEL B2
LUGGAGE COMPARTMENT
COMPARTMENT
Compartment
Dining car/ Restaurant carriage
33
1) What happens in this scene? Can you write some lines about it?
a. Viktor comes to the JFK Airport in New York from Krokozia, a fake
country that stops being recognised by the USA because its inner
conflicts. Therefore, he cannot enter the USA nor get back to Krakozia,
so he must stay in the airport until his countrys situation changes.
b. In this scene, Viktor translates a passengers words because they speak
a similar language. This passenger wants to carry some medicine to his
dying father but the customs agents tell him it is illegal.
2) Why is Viktor (Tom Hanks) required?
a. He is required as a translator and in exchange, he will get the
documents to leave the airport.
3) Why is this man so nervous?
a. Because he wants to give this medicine to his dying father and they tell
him its not allowed.
4) What information is contained in the blue immigration form?
a. The blue immigration form says that you cannot import and/or export
medicine to the USA except if it is for animals.
5) What happens to the goat?
a. There is no goat. Viktor knows about the blue immigration form and
makes the customs agents think the medicine is for his goat because it
is the only way he can leave the USA with the medicine for his dying
father.
6) Why does the agent get angry with Viktor?
a. Because he knows Viktor is lying.
7) Can you identify some Viktors language mistakes?
34
Ingls
NIVEL B2
http://youtu.be/3GtRJezhIbY
- Sir.
- Yeah.
- Sir, we have a situation upstairs.
- It'll have to wait.
- No. This won't wait.When the . from Toronto landed, they found four prescriptions
without an MPL. They tried to take the pills away and he went nuts. There he is. We
think they're for his father.
Sir, sir, calm down.
Put your weapons down.
- Where's he from?
- Russia.
35
- Viktor. Viktor.
- [Viktor speaks Bulgarian]
Oh... I need your help. His name is Milodragovich. He lives near you. He may not
speak your dialect, but I need you to translate and help me out.
- I help you? Why?
- I don't want anybody to get hurt. This guy's very upset. Just calm him down and I'll let
you back in the terminal.
- No. New York. No red stamp. Green. I green.
- New York.
- OK, yes.
- You say yes?
- Yes.
- OK. OK, OK, OK.
- Stay out!
- It doesn't matter.
His plane landed in the US. He needs to have the right form.
[speaks Bulgarian]
- He did not know he need this document. No one say to him he need document form.
-I'm saying it to him. He needs to have the form signed by the hospital who is treating
his father. These medicines have to stay in the United States. They have to stay here.
36
Ingls
NIVEL B2
[speaks Bulgarian]
- He... He's begging you.
- I know. I can see that he's begging. I'm sorry, sir. You'll have to take a flight in the
morning. The medicine stays here. I'm sorry.
[speaks Bulgarian]
[woman] Send him down!
[Milodragovich sobs]
- Thank you, Viktor. Good job. Let's go.
-Whoa. Goat.
- What?
- Goat. It medicine is for goat.
- Goat?
- Yes. Medicine is for goat. Goat.
[whimpers]
- He said that?
- Yes.
He say...We not understand. I not understand "goat".
-Why? What are you saying? You misunderstood him? It's not for his dying father?
- No. No.
The... Krakozhia...The name for "father"...sound like "goat". I make mistake.
[chuckles]
-Why are you doing this, Viktor?
-Medicine is for... goat.
- No, it's not.
- Yes.
- No.
- Yes.
-You read the blue immigration form.
- Blue?
- Yes. Blue.
- Blue?
- Blue. The blue form. The one that says if it's an animal, he doesn't need the license.
Then he can bring the drugs in. That's good, Viktor. That's very good. Why are you
doing this? Huh? You don't know him. You don't know the rules. Look at me. I was
going to help you. Now I want you to ask him...No, not you. I want you to ask him. I
want to hear him say it. I want to hear him say who the medicine is for. Please. Who
the medicine is for.
[speaks Bulgarian]
-Answer him, Mr. Milodragovich. Who are the pills for?... OK. The pills stay. He goes.
That's it.
37
-Goat.
-Please. For goat. Medicine for goat. Medicine for goat. Medicine for goat.
-Give him the pills.
-Medicine for goat. Medicine...
[Viktor speaks Bulgarian]
[man] Come on now, it's all over.
- He love that goat.
- Do you think I need an excuse to put you back in that cell to keep you there for five
years? You go to war with me, and you go to war with the United States. Then you'll
know why Krakozhians wait in line for cheap toilet paper while Uncle Sam wipes his
ass with Charmin two-ply.
LACK OF OBLIGATION
Need to + verbo en infinitivo:
Indica obligacin de una accin. Se debe conjugar el verbo need segn hablemos en
tiempo pasado, presente o futuro.
38
Ingls
NIVEL B2
*Se debe conjugar el verbo need segn hablemos en tiempo pasado, presente o
futuro.
I dont have many things to do, so you dont need to come at 9am.
(No tengo muchas cosas que hacer, as que no es necesario que vengas a las
9h).
I went to the shop and I bought some oil. When I got home, I found that my
husband had already bought some, so I neednt have gone.
(Fui a la tienda y compr aceite. Cuando llegu a casa, vi que mi marido ya
haba comprado, as que yo no tena porqu haber ido).
Ejercicio 8. Fill in the gaps with need to / dont need to / neednt / neednt have:
1. She __________ (go) by bike. I would have given her a lift in my car.
2. You __________ (wait), as real VIPs, you can use the back entrance.
3. I __________ (cleaned) the entire house; our cleaning lady just phone to say she
is coming tomorrow.
4. Im afraid you __________ (work) overtime tomorrow Mr.Smith, were very busy.
5. I __________ (write) her phone number in my diary, otherwise Ill forget.
39
6. I __________ (write) her phone number in my diary; I have such a good memory!
7. You __________ (buy) me a present, but I do appreciate the gesture.
8. I __________ (tell) her what I felt for her; it was written all over my face.
4. MAKE vs. DO
He would do anything for his mother. (Lo hara todo por su madre).
40
Ingls
NIVEL B2
Utilizamos make para hablar de acciones de las cuales resulta un objeto fsico.
41
42
Ingls
NIVEL B2
me a favour?
lots of mistakes.
a speech on behalf of
43
DO ENFTICO
El verbo to do, adems de verbo hacer y auxiliar, podemos usarlo para dar nfasis a
la forma afirmativa de verbos en presente, pasado e imperativo. Lo colocamos entre el
sujeto y el verbo; excepto en el caso de las oraciones imperativas, donde no hay
sujeto, el do va delante del verbo.
Recuerda que para la tercera persona del singular (he, she, it) usamos does y no le
aadimos al verbo la s final como marca de tercera persona.
He does live with her. (Claro que vive con ella)
44
Ingls
NIVEL B2
REPORTED SPEECH
El Reported Speech o Indirect Speech se usa para decir lo que alguien ha dicho
anteriormente, y lo hacemos con una frase subordinada:
She told me: you are working too much. > Direct Speech
(Ella me dijo: ests trabajando demasiado)
She told me that I was working too much. > Indirect Speech
(Ella me dijo que yo estaba trabajando demasiado).
Cuando pasamos de estilo directo a indirecto, debemos tener en cuenta los cambios
que sufre el tiempo verbal. Los sealamos en negrita en el ejemplo anterior. Y a
continuacin mostramos un cuadro que resume estos cambios de tiempo:
45
DIRECT
SPEECH
INDIRECT
SPEECH
Simple Present
Simple Past
I go
I went
Voy
Fui/ Iba
Present Progressive
Past Progressive
I am going
I was going
Voy
Fu/ Iba
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
I have gone
I had gone
He ido
Haba ido
Simple Past
Past Perfect
I went
I had gone
Fu/ Iba
Haba ido
Past Progressive
I was going
Estaba yendo
Progressive
I was going/ I had been going
Estaba yendo/ Haba estado yendo
He estado yendo
Future
Conditional
I am going to go
I would go
Voy a ir
Ira
46
Ingls
NIVEL B2
Can
Could
I can go
I could go
Puedo ir
Podra ir
May
Might
I may go
I might go
Puedo ir
Podra ir
Must
Must/ Had to
I must go
Debo ir
Will
Would
I will go
I would go
Ir
Ira
Shall
Should/ Would
I shall go
Ir
Ira
Para pasar de estilo directo a indirecto, tambin debemos tener en cuenta los
cambios de pronombre o adverbios. A continuacin mostramos un cuadro con
algunos de estos cambios:
I went to the cinema yesterday > Direct Speech (Fu al cine ayer)
She told me that she had gone to the cinema the day before. > Indirect Speech
(Me dijo que haba ido al cine el da anterior)
47
DIRECT SPEECH
Pronoun
Time
Place
INDIRECT SPEECH
He/ She
Me
Him/ Her
Mine
His/ Her
We
They
Us
Them
Our
Their
Ours
Theirs
Now
Then
Today
That day
Tonight
That night
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Ago
Before
Here
There
This/ These
Enunciativas > En estas oraciones, tanto en las afirmativas como en las negativas,
usamos un that-clause. Aunque podemos omitir el that. El verbo ms comn para
introducir la oracin subordinada es to say o to tell (decir):
48
Ingls
She said: I love fruit
NIVEL B2
Yes- no questions son las que se responden con yes o no y en la oracin indirecta
van introducidas por if o whether. Ambas significan si pero el uso de if es ms
comn:
Wh- questions son las formadas con una partcula interrogativa y que requieren
informacin especfica. En la forma indirecta, la oracin subordinada que sigue a la
partcula interrogativa se forma con la estructura de una oracin afirmativa, y no
interrogativa, es decir, sujeto + verbo:
eating.
49
50
Ingls
NIVEL B2
Exercise 4. Yesterday you ran into a friend of yours, Helen. She told you a lot of
things. Here are some of the things Helen said to you:
Later that day, you tell another friend what Helen said. Use reported speech.
Exercise 5. Write what you would say in these situations .Example:
Ann says, "I'm tired." Five minutes later she says, "Let's play tennis."
What do you say? You said you were tired..
1. Your friend says, "I'm hungry," so you go to a restaurant. When you get there he
says, "I don't want to eat." What do you say?
"You said ."
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2.Tom tells you, "Ann has gone away." Later that day you meet her. What do you say?
"Tom told ."
3. George said, "I don't smoke." A few days later you see him smoking a cigarette.
What do you say to him?
"You said ."
4. You arranged to meet Jack. He said, "I won't be late." At last he arrives - 20 minutes
late. What do you say?
"You said.. .
5. Sue said, "I can't come to the party tonight." That night you see her at the party.
What do you say to her?
6. Ann says, "I'm working tomorrow evening." Later that day she says, "Let's go out
tomorrow evening." What do you say?
"You said"
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VOCABULARY
THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS ILLNESSES
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INTERNAL ORGANS
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Temperature (fiebre)
Headache (dolor de cabeza)
Toothache (dolor de muelas)
Stomach age (dolor de estmago)
Cold (resfriado)
To have a cold (estar resfriado)
To catch a cold (coger un resfriado)
I dont want you to catch my cold (no quiero contagiarte el resfriado)
Measels (sarampin)
Your son/daughter has measles (su hijo/hija tiene sarampin)
Mumps (paperas)
Your son/daughter has mumps (su hijo/hija tiene paperas)
Chickenpox (varicela)
Your son/daughter has chickenpox (su hijo/hija tiene varicela)
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CHRONIC DISEASES:
Allergy (alergia)
Diabetes (diabetes)
Obesity (obesidad)
My uncle is obese (mi to es obeso)
Cancer (cancer)
Tumor (tumor)
She has lung/breast cancer ((Ella) tiene (un) tumor de pulmn/mama)
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Mdico de Familia
Instrucciones
Breathe in
(Inspire)
(Aguante la respiracin)
(Tmbese en el asiento/camilla)
Get up
(Levntese)
Sit down
(Sintese)
Relax
(Reljese)
Vocabulary
Altitude sickness
mal de altura
Allergy
alergia
Illness
enfermedad en general
Sickness
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Disease
Ache // Pain
dolor
To hurt
Health
salud
Side effects
efectos secundarios
Damaging
perjudicial
Information
Are you allergic?
Se encuentra bien?
Pregunte a su doctor
Prescription
receta (mdica)
Diagnosis
(Diagnstico)
Cough syrup
Pills// tablets
comprimido // pastillas
Blood test
anlisis de sangre
Urine test
anlisis de orina
x-ray
rayos x
Stool
muestra de eces
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Professions
Doctor
mdico
Nurse
enfermera/-o
Hospital attendant
celador/celadora
Cleaner
personal de limpieza
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Activities:
-.
.?
.?
-.
-.
.?
.?
.?
-.
-.
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PREPOSITIONS
Las preposiciones nos sirven para unir distintos elemento en la misma oracin:
(to look = mirar) Look at me. (Mrame) - Look after me. (Cudame)
Por regla general, las preposiciones van delante del sustantivo al que afectan:
The bakery is behind the school. (La panadera est detrs de la escuela).
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The girl I was living with. (La chica con la que estaba viviendo).
En lugar de: [The girl with whom I was living]
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Preposiciones de Tiempo:
USOS
on
in
EJEMPLOS
on Monday
months / seasons
in August / in winter
time of day
in the morning
year
in 2006
in an hour
(when?)
at
for night
at night
for weekend
at the weekend
(when?)
since
since 1980
for 2 years
2 years ago
before
before 2004
time
to
past
to / till /
until
till / until
by
up to a certain time
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Preposiciones de Lugar:
USOS
in
EJEMPLOS
country
in the book
car, taxi
picture, world
at
object
at the table
for table
for events
work
being on a surface
on the table
on the left
reside
something
under
on
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USOS
below
EJEMPLOS
over
across)
overcoming an obstacle
above
across
over)
movement to person or
go to the cinema
building
go to London / Ireland
movement to a place or
go to bed
country
for bed
into
towards
something
from
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Otras Preposiciones:
USOS
EJEMPLO
who gave it
of
by
who made it
walking or riding on
on foot, on horseback
from
on
horseback
off
vehicle
out of
by
percent
or horseriding)
by car, by bus
at
for age
about
about
Exercise 6. Fill in with the correct preposition; choose among the following:
On-by-in-off-above- over of-onto-below-from
1. He lives in a house .
the sea
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3. The picture is
NIVEL B2
the wall.
that lamp
France.
our heads.
the world.
my bed.
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ANAPHORIC TO
I dont know whether hes going to Lisbon, but I think hes planning to.
(to = to go to Lisbon)
Dont worry about passing the test; I know youll manage to.
(to = to pass the test)
Recuerda que hay una lista de verbos que van seguidos de un verbo en
infinitivo con to, entre los cuales destacan:
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Can you tell the teacher to send me more examples? Yes, Ill tell him to.
(to = to send you more examples).
- Are you sure you would like her to tell you the truth?
- Of course Id like her to!
(to = to tell me the truth)
- Used to.
Imagine that Charles used to smoke a packet of cigarettes a day last year.
This year, he smokes 10 cigarettes per day. We can say:
- Ought to.
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Now imagine that Charles girlfriend always asks him to give up smoking.
However, he refuses to do so. We can say:
Charles doesnt want to give up smoking, but his girlfriend thinks that he
ought to. (to = to give up smoking)
- Have to.
Eventually, Charles goes to the doctors. He tells Charles that he must give
up smoking in order not to have serious health problems. We can say:
a. Nancy says that you dont need to buy her anything for her birthday. However,
she is your friend and I think you should get her something.
Nancy says that you dont need to buy her anything, but I
b. Frank felt like going out on Sunday night and he did so. On Monday, his alarm
clock rings at 7 a.m. but he doesnt want to go to work.
c. Sam would like his sister to call him. He wont see her until next week, so he
asks his mother to tell her.
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El artculo determinado (el, la, los, las the) no se usa en los mismos casos en
ingls y en espaol. A continuacin encontramos dos listados donde se describe el
uso y la omisin de dicho artculo.
En cuanto a su pronunciacin (/d/), recuerda que vara (/di/) si va seguido de una
palabra que empieza por vocal (The elephant we saw was huge).
the Sun, the sky, the sea, the mountain, the universe, the
countryside
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the theatre, the bank, the post office, the bakers, the city centre
e. Instrumentos musicales.
the guitar, the piano, the drums, the keyboard, the saxophone
f.
the Japanese, the Irish, the Swiss, the Scottish, the Chinese
i.
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d. Nombres de deportes.
e. Nombres de idiomas.
f.
Las palabras bed, church, hospital, prison, school, college y university cuando
nos referimos a su funcin y no al aspecto fsico.
Voy a hacerle una foto a la iglesia. = Ill take a picture of the church.
La cama roja es la ms barata. = The red bed is the cheapest one.
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i.
Porcentajes.
El 70% del planeta es agua = Water covers the 70% of the Earth.
Exercise2. Circle the definite article the where its use becomes necessary:
Nowadays, [-] [the] Internet users have access to information from all around
[-] [the] world. [-] [the] messages can be sent almost instantaneously
through [-] [the] Web system, which poses [-] [the] problem of controlling
authorised access to [-] [the] information in order to protect [-] [the] children.
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Exercise4. Circle the definite article the where its use becomes necessary:
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VOCABULARY
lively
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Stewart: Well, Kaz was not an easy person to work with. He had a very thinly
disguised5 dislike of the music industry and the people in it. Politeness wasn't his
strong point! He had a real stubborn streak6 that made him unpopular with
managers and agents. But, you know, behind that gruff7 exterior he had a sharp
wit8.
Interviewer: You say gruff, some would say downright rude. Would that be too
harsh? He always seemed full of pent-up anger9 towards the world in
general. Stewart: Well, `rude' is a bit unfair. Yeah, he had a forthrightl10 manner,
and he was capable of open hostility if he thought we were being manipulated.
Interviewer: Yes, he did display some rather scary characteristics.
5
barely hidden
10
direct
I'm surprised you find Jack unfriendly. He's always been perfectly friendly to
me.
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EXERCISES:
Amanda often had a blank expression on her face.
1.Match these two columns to form collocations. Then match them with the
definitions below:
Blunk
Personality
Gruff
Streak
Striking
Reception
Cool
Exterior
Stubborn
Resemblance
Bubbly
Expression
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2.Complete this conversation using collocations from the box in the appropriate
form so that Nell always agrees with Zo.
Bear a striking resemblance to / boost your confidence / burst with energy / has a lot
of admirable qualities / strong points / forthright manner
1 Zo: Tom looks a bit like Brad Pitt, doesn't he?
Nell: Yes, he does. He.him.
2 Zo: And he's very good at making you feel more confident, isn't he?
Nell: Yes, he's great at ......................................................
3 Zo: Though of course he does say what he thinks directly to you.
Nell: Yes, he sometimes has a ratherbut I like that.
4 Zo: Me too. In fact, I think that it might be one of his best characteristics.
Nell: Yes, you could say it is one of his .., I suppose.
5 Zo: Well, he has a lot of good points.
Nell: Yes, I'd certainly agree that he..
6 Zo: He's very energetic, for example.
Nell: Yes, I love the way he's always.. It's very attractive.
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ACTIVITY
stressed
alert
motivated
sad
trusting
Chose some of the emotions from the list above and discuss whether you think more or
less of each one when they you in love. Example:
I think you feel more alert and attractive, but less sad and anxious.
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Unit 2
B2
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B2 UNIT 2
THE 3r CONDITIONAL
Utilizamos el tercer condicional para hablar de situaciones que podran haber tenido
lugar en el pasado pero finalmente no lo hicieron.
Las dos construcciones que forman el tercer condicional ([a] ,[b]) pueden aparecer
en el orden inverso ([b] [a]) sin que esto suponga ningn cambio en el significado.
Sin embargo, a la hora de escribir la oracin slo es necesaria la coma cuando la frase
con If aparece en primer lugar.
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Exercise7. Match the sentences on the left (1-5) with the ones on the right (a-e):
1. If the cook hadnt ran out of flour,
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Exercise8. Complete each sentence with as long as, unless, in case or provided that:
1. They dont go abroad __________ the language of the country is the same as theirs.
2. __________ you do it in the smoking area, you are allowed to have a cigarette.
3. I offered some snacks and refreshments __________ they were hungry and thirsty.
4. Shes arriving this evening __________ there arent any delays.
5. __________ anything unexpected happens, I do the same thing every day.
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PHRASAL VERBS
Un verbo frasal es un verbo seguido de una partcula que puede ser una preposicin
o un adverbio, y que cambia el significado para crear un verbo nuevo.
Shes looking after her little sister ( look + after = cuidar de)
I will give up smoking next week (give + up = dejar de)
If he find out, he will feel very sad (find + out = descubrir)
Alguno verbos frasales son Intransitivos > esto significa que no puede ir seguido de
un objeto.
Algunos verbos frasales son Transitivos > esto significa que puede ir seguido de un
objeto.
I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car. [my mother es el objeto de
la oracin].
She looked the phone number up. [the phone number es el objeto de la
oracin].
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Be about to
Be against
something)
Be opposed to
new
law.(Algunos
miembros
del
Be back
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Be off
Be over
Be finished
Be up to
Be somebodys
responsibility
Be doing or thinking of
Blow up
Explode
Inflate.
Become angry
Break down
Stop working
Lose control and cry
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examen final).
Break in
into)
Break off
Separate by breaking
Stop, disrupt
Break up
End
Bring about
Cause to happen
Mention a subject
el
tema
para
conseguir
nuestra
atencin).
Bring up
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Brush up
Call back
later
Calm down
Relax
Carry on
Continue (with)
Do a task
Catch up
certain level
Check in
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Check out
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true
Feel happier
Come across
Find (something/
someone) by chance
(Me lo
Come round
Visit
Recover consciousness
my
new
furniture.
(Cundo
vendrs
recuper
el
conocimiento
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no
Come up
Come up with
Approach
Think of
Produce
Count on
Rely on someone
Cut down
Reduce
Cut off
Disconnect
Stop providing something
Do up
Fasten
Make improvements
Refurbish
Drop off
You neednt take the bus, Ill drop you off. (No
Decrease
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Fill in
Complete
Fill up
Become full
Find out
Discover
Get in /into
Get into the plane and look for your seat (Sube
al avin y busca tu asiento).
Get in they are waiting for you there! (Entra, te
estn esperando ah!).
Get on
Get off
Leave a vehicle
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Recover
Get up
Give away
Give in
End resistance to
something/someone
Give off
radiation)
Give out
Distribute
Give up
Leave a habit
Stop using something
Stop trying to do
something
Go back
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Go off
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Grow up
Hold on
Wait
Hold up
Delay
Let down
Disappoint
Look after
Take care of
someone/something
Look down on
Regard as inferior
mayor
siempre
lo
despreciaba
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Look for
someone
Look into
Investigate, consider,
study
Look up
Look up to
Respect someone
Look
forward to
Be excited about
happen (followed by a
noun or ing)
Make up
Invent
Pick up
Collect
Win something
Put down
Stop holding
Put off
Postpone
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Put on
Wear something
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Put up with
Stand
something/somebody
Run across
Find accidentally
Find by chance
Run down
Run into
Express a negative
opinion of someone
Crash, collide
Set off.
Finish
acabado el caf).
Start on a journey
Leave
Start a chain of events
Start someone doing
something
Set up
Place in position
Erect
Establish, open
Slow down
slowly
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Show up
Arrive
Show off
Act ostentatiously
Sort out
Organize
Arrange or order by
classes
or categories
Solve a problem
Do you think we could sort out the question
somehow? (Crees que podemos resolver la
cuestin de algn modo?).
Speak up
Take after
Resemble an ancestor
Take off
Remove
Leave the ground, rise into
the air
Persuade (followed by
noun or ing)
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Tell off
Reprove, scold
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Throw away
Turn back
Turn down
Get rid of
(someone/something)
Turn in a reverse or
contrary direction
Turn on
switch
Turn off
using a switch
Turn over
Stop sleeping
Work out
problem or question
Elaborate something
Write down
Record something by
tu ayuda).
As he was talking to me, I was writing down
everything he was saying. (Mientras l me
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writing
Write up
Example:
I feel sleepy; I ______up very early today. > I feel sleepy; I got up very early today.
a) Peter, stop__________ the little girl off! She didnt break anything!
b) The play will start at seven, so I will __________you up at half past six and we will
arrive at the theatre on time.
c) Dont __________her down, she needs you.
d) Mark got really angry, he __________up and said something terrible to Susan.
e) I dont know what you __________up to, but please be careful.
f) Could I speak to Walter, please? Sorry, he __________away on a business trip.
He will __________back in three or four days.
g) I would never live in this area; there are factories with chimneys that __________off
noxious fumes.
h) I think Alice is not reading, she __________over the pages of the magazine too
quickly.
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Example:
She is always criticising me. I dont like her. = She is always criticising me. I cant put
up with her.
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Exercise:
Use the following verbs (believe, fill, get, look, put, switch, take, throw, turn, try) and the
prepositions (away, down, for, in, off, on, out) an form meaningful sentences.
1) Quick!
it.
these jeans?
your coat.
it
ghosts?
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http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=339
Watch the video and put the lines in each stanza in the
correct order.
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to remove
(3) pack up
to expose; reveal
(6) sweep up
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2- Keep
:Continue doing
3- Let
:Allow to enter
4- Hang
5- Look
: Investigate
6- Hang
7- Look
8- Keep
9- Pass
: Die
10- Look
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VOCABULARY - PRESENTATIONS
3. PRESENTATIONS
3.1 OPENINGS
For most of us, giving presentations is important for our professional career. Presenting
our products, challenges and solutions this is the key element of business
communication, where money is often made or lost. And, in todays international
business environment, we are increasingly required to give presentations in English.
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INTRODUCTION
B. Introducing yourself
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F.
G.
Sequencing
Point one deals with ... , point two ... , and point three...
First, Ill be looking at... , second... ,and third ...
Ill begin / start off by ... .
Then Ill move on to ...
Then / Next / After that ... Ill end with ...
E. Timing
My presentation will take about 30 minutes.
It will take about 20 minutes to cover these issues.
This wont take more than...
F.
Handouts
Does everybody have a handout / brochure / copy of the report?
Please take one and pass them on.
Dont worry about taking notes. Ive put all the important statistics on a handout
for you.
Ill be handing out copies of the slides at the end of my talk.
I can email the PowerPoint presentation to anybody who wants it.
G.
Questions
There will be time for questions after my presentation.
We will have about 10 minutes for questions in the question and answer period.
If you have any questions, feel free to interrupt me at any time.
Feel free to ask questions at any time during my talk.
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H. Rhetorical questions
Is market research important for brand development?
Do we really need quality assurance?
I.
Interesting facts
According to an article I read recently, ...
Did you know that ...?
Id like to share an amazing fact / figure with you.
J.
K.
B.
C.
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D.
E.
Going back
As I said / mentioned earlier, ...
Let me come back to what I said before ...
Lets go back to what we were discussing earlier.
As Ive already explained, ...
As I pointed out in the first section, ...
F.
G. Adding ideas
In addition to this, Id like to say that our IT business is going very well.
Moreover / Furthermore, there are other interesting facts we should take a look
at.
Apart from being too expensive, this model is too big.
Talking about (difficult) issues I think we first need to identify the problem.
Of course well have to clarify a few points before we start.
We will have to deal with the problem of increasing prices.
How shall we cope with unfair business practices?
The question is: why dont we tackle the distribution problems?
If we dont solve this problem now, well get / run into serious trouble soon.
We will have to take care of this problem now.
We are currently having difficulties with ...
H.
Rhetorical questions
What conclusion can we draw from this?
So, what does this mean?
So, just how good are the results?
So, how are we going to deal with this increase?
So, where do we go from here? Why do I say that?
Because...
Do we really want to miss this opportunity to ... ?
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3.3 CONCLUSION
A.
B.
Summarizing points
Before I stop, let me go over the key issues again.
Just to summarize the main points of my talk ...
Id like to run through my main points again ...
To conclude / In conclusion, Id like to ...
To sum up (then), we ...
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Weve all taken part in some quite boring presentations. And in those cases, weve all
seen complex charts and graphs that tell us either way too much or absolutely nothing
at all. For the most part, visuals arent naturally interesting or informative. Its what we
do with them that is important.
You cant just put a graph on a screen and then explain each point on the graph. And
you cant put up a table of figures and then read out each column and row.
What you really need to do is tell the story of the data and to bring the visuals to life.
What should people focus on? What is the important number on the screen? What
does the graph actually tell us?
Bringing visuals to life is necessary if you want to give effective presentations. Well
look at how to do this. In this lesson, well cover several important functions, including
using analogy, defining terms, using rhetorical questions, and highlighting key
numbers.
Charts and graphs are very useful for presenting information, especially numbers. But
you must learn how to use them properly. If you dont, your presentation might not have
the expected effect. That might mean its seen as dull, but it could also mean that you
fail to convince someone of your idea.
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TYPES OF CHARTS:
Pie chart
Bar chart
Line graph
ADJECTIVE + FALL:
Dramatic fall
Market fall
Gradual fall
Rapid fall
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Moderate fall
Significant fall
Slight fall
Sharp fall
Sudden fall
ADJECTIVE + INCREASE
Gradual increase
Market increase
Rapid increase
Moderate increase
Significant increase
Slight increase
Steady increase
Steep increase
DESCRIBING POSITION
Highest level
Lowest level
Peaked
Reached a peak
Stood at
NOUNS OF MOVEMENT
Decline
Decrease
Drop
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Fall
Fluctuation
Improvement
Increase
Recovery
Reduction
Rise
VERBS OF MOVEMENT
Bottom out
Doubled to
Fluctuate
Level off
Plunge
Soar
Go up`
Rise
Jump
TRENDS
Upward trend
Downward trend
GLOSARY:
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A good presentation is one that connects to your audience with a clear, organized
message that can be easily understood. So, what can we do to make an impact? How
can we connect our message to the audience? What do we need to think about when
preparing our presentation? And how do we work to our strengths and minimize the
challenges of presenting in English?
SHORT: Try this: after you prepare your presentation, go through and cut out 30%.
You should be able to do that without damaging your central message. What
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remains will have much more impact because its not surrounded by fluff. This applies
to PowerPoint slides, charts, and diagrams as well. As a general rule, try to limit
slides to one per minute.
SIMPLE: Simple means organized and clear. Start with the purpose of your
presentation, which you should be able to summarize in one sentence. Simple also
applies to your language and visuals. Dont try to impress people with technical
lingo. It wont work. And keep PowerPoint slides simple. No confusing charts or
graphs. Only the essential information, in simple form. The text on your slides
should not be too hard to see, no smaller than a 30-point font. This will force you to
keep the text simple. I promise you, people will appreciate that.
ENGAGING: You need to catch and hold peoples attention. You want them to be
interested. And how do we do that? They include repetition, rhetorical questions,
metaphors, and visualizing facts and figures. One thing that is not engaging is
information overload. Dont overwhelm your audience. Use pictures and other
visual aids to illustrate your points. If youre doing a PowerPoint, dont put two
informational slides right after each other. Mix it up. Give some information, then use
a picture to help people understand what youre saying, then give more information.
Being engaging also means being interactive. Ask questions. Look at people. Ask
for input. Get people to do something besides just listen to you talk.
REAL: Try using an anecdote or story a story that everyone can connect with,
something that everyone experiences. Tell them why your topic matters. Tell them how
it affects them, their jobs, and their lives. Connect yourself with the people and
connect the people with the topic. Another part of keeping it real is working within
your abilities. If youre not comfortable telling a joke in English, dont tell a joke. If
you have to keep the words simple, keep them simple. Presentations are hard enough
as it is. Dont try to push yourself too far outside your normal communication
style.
SPEAKING PRACTICE:
1. Do you think PowerPoint is used effectively?
2. How long can you keep an audience focused during a presentation?
3. Think about the good presentations youve seen. What qualities did the
speaker have?
4. What is the most difficult part of speaking in front of a group of people?
5. What different types of visual aids are commonly used in presentations?
6. When you give a presentation, do you usually stand in one place or
move around?
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VOCABULARY:
Take a look at the words below:
Body language the ideas or feelings you communicate with your body, gestures,
and facial expressions. NOTE: During a presentation make sure your
body language shows confidence and interest
Drone on to talk about something for a long time in a boring way
Dynamic constantly changing or very active
Engage to attract or hold someones attention
Get on someones nerves to annoy or bother someone
Illustrate a point to make an idea clear by using examples, pictures or
comparison
Input information, opinion or viewpoint given to a person or process
Know your stuff to understand a certain subject very well
Move on to continue to the next topic
Prop an object or thing that helps you during a presentation
Scan to look over quickly
Shoot up to increase suddenly and a lot
Short attention span if you have short attention span, you cant focus on a
topic for a very long time
Sink in if a message or point sinks in it means the listener understands it
completely
Tune someone out- to stop listening to someone, especially because you are
bothered or bored.
Universal true about everyone in all places
Wander to move around without a clear purpose; if your mind or attention
wanders, it means you stop focusing on one thing.
Work into to insert or use something within something else
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Business people often have to answer questions. You may have to respond to
questions during a meeting or negotiation or after you have given a presentation. There
are several possible responses to such questions. You can:
1. answer directly ("Yes", "No", "I'm..", etc)
2. ask for clarification of the question
3. reassure the questioner
4. give yourself time to think
5. avoid answering
The language you use becomes very important. It can provide you with certain helpful
tactics to use in various situations. Look at these useful phrases:
Reactions to questions
Have I understood
you correctly?
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SEEKING CLARIFICATION
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If I understand you
you're asking...
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GIVING REASSURANCE
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I can understand
your concern but...
GIVING YOURSELF
TIME TO THINK
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That's a very
interesting question
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AVOIDANCE
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Perhaps I could
answer that
question later
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2. Giving opinions
a. I'm inclined to think ...
b. I think ...
c. My opinion is ...
d. It's my feeling that ...
e. I'm absolutely sure that ...
f.
3. Agreeing
a. I completely agree with you.
b. I agree.
c. Well, yes.
d. That's right.
e. I couldn't agree more.
f.
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4. Disagreeing
a. I agree up to a point, but ...
b. I don't agree at all.
c. I'm afraid I don't entirely agree with you.
d. I totally disagree with you.
e. I disagree.
f.
VOCABULARY: (agreement)
Ways to agree:
So do I / I do too = I think so too (strong agreement)
Using synonyms:
That was just a miserable day! Awful
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By using an example:
This food is great Especially the chicken
PRACTICE WRITING
You are a boss and one of your employees calls you and asks for the following
things very politely.
I WISH / IF ONLY
I wish o if only se usan para expresar un deseo o bien lamentarnos de algo que ha
ocurrido en el pasado y se traduce normalmente como ojal, aunque el uso de If only
es mucho ms enftico. Despus de I wish/ If only usamos los siguientes tiempos
verbales:
Simple Past > para expresar el deseo de que algo sea diferente a como es en
realidad (en espaol, pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo). En el lenguaje ms
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formal se suele usar las forma were con todas las formas personales detrs de
I wish/ If only.
Would + infinitivo > para expresar el deseo de que algo ocurra en el futuro o
para expresar una queja referida a una accin que nos gustara que cambiara
(en espaol, pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo). Would no se usa para la
primera persona ni para hablar de algo que no depende de la voluntad del
sujeto.
Past Perfect > para expresar el deseo de que algo hubiera ocurrido de forma
diferente o expresar arrepentimiento por haber hecho algo (en espaol,
pretrito pluscuamperfecto del subjuntivo).
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PASSIVE VOICE
La voz activa se emplea cuando el sujeto del verbo hace referencia a la persona o
cosa que realiza la accin significada por el verbo. Por el contrario, la voz pasiva se
emplea cuando el sujeto del verbo hace referencia a la persona o cosa que sufre,
que recibe, la accin significada por el verbo.
Slo pueden usarse en voz pasiva aquellos verbos que puedan llevar objeto.
I am shown
you are
he is
he is shown
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Present Continuous
I am being
I am being shown
he is being
he is being shown
Present Perfect
Present Perfect
I have been
he has been
Simple Past
Simple Past
I was
I was shown
you were
he was
he was shown
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Past Continuous
Past Continuous
I was being
he was being
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
I had been
he had been
Simple Future
Simple Future
I will (shall) be
you will be
he will be
he will be shown
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Future Continuous
Future Continuous
he will be being
Future Perfect
Future Perfect
Interrogativas:
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(You were shown the sights) Were you shown the sights?
(She is being shown the sights) Is she being shown the sights?
(He will have been shown the sights) Will he have been shown the sights?
(We should be shown the sights) Should we be shown the sights?
Negativas:
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The wind is rippling the water. [el verbo is rippling tiene como sujeto wind y
como objeto water. Cuando el verbo pasa a pasiva y se mantiene el significado
de la frase, lo que antes era objeto, water, se convierte en el sujeto del verbo y
lo que antes era sujeto, wind, se convierte en el agente (objeto de la
preposicin by)].
The water is being rippled by the wind.
Active: The squirrel ate the nut.
Passive: The nut was eaten by the squirrel.
Active: The child will open the parcel.
Passive: The parcel will be opened by the child.
Cuando se cambia la voz del verbo en una frase manteniendo el significado de la
misma, es necesario asegurarse de que el verbo concuerde con el nuevo sujeto.
Active: The boys are mowing the lawn.
Passive: The lawn is being mowed by the boys.
[En la primera frase, el sujeto boys es plural; por tanto, debe usarse el auxiliar are;
en la segunda frase, el sujeto lawn es singular; por tanto, se emplea el auxiliar is].
- Cambio de pasiva a activa > Cuando un verbo pasa de pasiva a activa, para
mantener el significado de la frase, el que es el sujeto pasa a ser el objeto del verbo y,
si la frase incluye una proposicin introducida por la preposicin by, el que es objeto
de la preposicin pasa a ser el sujeto del verbo.
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Cuando un verbo en voz activa lleva tanto objeto directo como objeto indirecto,
cualquiera de ellos puede convertirse en el sujeto del verbo al pasarse la oracin a
pasiva, mantenindose el significado de la misma. El objeto que no pasa a ser sujeto
queda como objeto. Cuando un verbo en pasiva lleva objeto indirecto, ste va
normalmente precedido por una preposicin.
[En la primera frase (Active) el verbo will show lleva el objeto directo museum, y el
objeto indirecto you. En las frases segunda y tercera el verbo will be shown est en
pasiva, y el significado se ha mantenido al alterar el orden de las palabras y usar la
preposicin by. En la segunda frase, el que era objeto indirecto, you, es ahora el sujeto
del verbo, y el que era el objeto directo, museum, se mantiene como objeto directo. En
la tercera frase, el que era objeto directo, museum, ha pasado a ser el sujeto del
verbo, y el que era objeto indirecto, you, ahora va precedido de la preposicin to].
Active: The policeman gave you a medal.
Passive: You were given a medal by the policeman.
Passive: A medal was given to you by the policeman.
Simple Past
I am shown
I were shown
he is shown
he were shown
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Present Continuous
Past Continuous
I am being shown
he is being shown
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
b) Formas del pasado del subjuntivo > se emplea para expresar deseos y condiciones
falsas o improbables.
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Exercise4. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the
underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Active Voice to the
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corresponding tense in the Passive Voice. Take note of the resulting change in
the meaning of the sentence. For example:
I will pay.
Simple Future: I will be paid.
Exercise5. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the
underlined verb, and then change the verb from the Passive Voice to the
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corresponding tense in the Active Voice. Take note of the resulting change in the
meaning of the sentence. For example:
Exercise6. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the
Active Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Passive Voice. Preserve the
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meaning of the sentences by using the preposition by and making the necessary
changes in word order. For example:
The president of the company will thank the members of all the departments.
The members of all the departments will be thanked by the president of the
company
company.
The children can understand the text.
The text can be understood by the children.
1. That woman founded this association.
2. This picture won the prize.
3. The girl is playing the piano.
4. The mailman has already delivered all the letters.
5. The pilot can fly the aeroplane.
6. The child bought the white t-shirt.
7. The cat chased the mouse.
8. The workers will paint the walls.
9. The stranger could have stolen the wallet.
10. The dealer has sold the jewels.
11. The dog splashed the water.
12. The man has watered the flowers.
Exercise7. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the
Passive Voice to the corresponding tenses in the Active Voice. Preserve the
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She ordered that the most important details _______ known. (to make)
She ordered that the most important details be made known.
1. They demand that the change of plans _____________ at nine o'clock. (to report)
2. It is necessary that their accomplishments ____________. (to recognize)
4. It is crucial that we _____________ of any change. (to inform)
5. He asks that his papers and documents ____________ in order. (to put)
6. They requested that their qualifications ______________. (to accept)
7. We insist that he not _____________ his rights. (to deny)
8. It is important that the requirements _____________. (to meet)
9. She requests that the most experienced candidate ___________. (to choose)
10. It is recommended that care __________ in making the repairs. (to take)
11. He insists that smoking ______________. (to forbid)
VOCABULARY
Ooops! Dont put your foot in it! (No metas la pata!)
*When talking about hope or something that will happen in the future, we need: subject
+hope + subject + verb in present simple
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2.How do you say in English Cada individuo tiene que tomar su propia
decisin? Every individual has to make his own decision?
NOOOOO
We need to say:
3.How do you say in English Por fin han aparecido las llaves de mi coche!
Finally, my keys have appeared?
NOOOO
We say: Finally, my keys have turned up! or My keys have finally turned up, or
just Ive finally found my keys
INTENSIFIERS 1
We use words like very, really and extremely to make adjectives stronger:
Its a very interesting story
Everyone was very excited.
Its a really interesting story.
Everyone was extremely excited
Exceptionally
incredibly
remarkably
Particularly
Unusually
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We also use enough to say more about an adjective, but enough comes after its
adjective:
If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car.
I cant wear those shoes. Theyre not big enough.
Intensifiers with strong adjectives:
Strong adjectives are words like:
enormous, huge = very big
tiny = very small
brilliant = very clever
awful; terrible; disgusting; dreadful = very bad
certain = very sure
excellent; perfect; ideal; wonderful; splendid = very good
delicious = very tasty
We do not normally use very with these adjectives. We do not say something is "very
enormous" or someone is "very brilliant".
With strong adjectives, we normally use intensifiers like:
absolutely completely
really
totally
utterly
Exercise 1:
Choose the correct intensifier:
1.absolutely / really
A:How was your exam?
B: Not good. It wasdifficult
2.extremely / absolutely
A:Are you hungry?
B.Hungry? I am starving!
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3.totally/very
A:So, did you like the movie?
B:No, I thought it was.awful!
4.extremely / totally
A: Do you think well get a pay rise this year?
B:Well, if we do, it will be.small!
5.really/very
A:Did you have a good holiday?
B:Yes, thanks. It was ..fantastic.
6.absolutely, very
A: I dont like politics.
B: No? I find it .interesting.
INTENSIFIERS 2
Certain adjectives have their own 'special' intensifiers which are often used with them.
Here are some common ones:
blind drunk
He was blind drunk and behaved really badly.
bone dry
I must have a drink. I'm bone dry.
brand new
I've just bought a brand new car.
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crystal clear
The sea near Rhodes is crystal clear.
dead easy
That exam was dead easy. I've certainly passed.
He's won three lottery prizes this year. He's dead lucky.
dead right
I agree entirely. You are dead right.
dirt cheap
I bought my car for a dirt cheap price from an old lady who had hardly
driven it.
fast asleep / sound asleep
I was in bed and fast asleep by nine.
I was sound asleep and I didn't hear anything.
paper thin
These office walls are paper thin. You can hear everything said in the
next office.
pitch black
There's no moon. It's pitch black out there.
razor sharp
Be careful with that knife- it's razor sharp.
rock hard
It's impossible to dig this soil it's rock hard.
stark naked
The hotel door slammed behind me and I was left standing stark naked
in the middle of the corridor.
stone deaf
He can't hear a thing. He's stone deaf.
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wide awake
I was wide awake by six.
wide open
Who left the door wide open?
EXERCISE 2
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:
NEWCOMER
If youve never seen this word before, you might be able to work out its meaning from
the two words that it contains: newand come. As you might expect, it means
someone who has recently arrived in a place, for example: She is a newcomer to
the company. The place in question doesnt need to be physical or geographical
either; you can be a newcomer to a particular activity or situation: Im a newcomer to
politics
COMEBACK
If you know what the verb to come back means , then youll probably be able to work
out that this noun means a vuelta of some kind. Its most commonly used in the field
of entertainment or sport when someone returns to the activity that they used to be
successful at: He made a comeback to the team after being injured for two years
The other meaning of a comeback is when you make a quick and usually witty
(ingenioso) response to a critical remark.
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COMEDOWN
Again, this word has two uses. First, it can be used when people have experienced a
loss of status or importance in their jobs or lives. For example: Playing for Oviedo was
a bit of a comedown for him after having played for Real Madrid.
The other meaning is to describe a feeling of disappointment or depression and in
particular after a drug ceases to produce an effect.
COME-ON
And finally, as we always like to show you the most curious uses of English, ...if
somebody gives you the come-on , youre lucky...or maybe not! IIt means that they
are insinundose
QUICK QUIZ:
a)come-on
a)a comedown
b)a comeback
a)a newcomer
b)comedown
b)a comeback
GRAMMAR
HARDLY / SCARCELY AND NO SOONER
These three expressions can be used (often with a past perfect tense) to suggest that
one thing happened very soon after another. Note the sentence structure:
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..hardlywhen/before..
..scarcely. when/before..
no sooner..than
Examples:
She was hardly/scarcely inside the house after the kids started screaming.
No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she started to have doubts.
EXCLAMATIONS: STRUCTURES
Exclamations are often constructed with how and what or with so and such;
negative questions forms are also common.
1.Exclamations with how
These are often felt to be a little formal or old-fashioned
How + adjective
Strawberries! How nice!
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What a surprise!
What fools!
What a beautiful smile your sister has! (NOT: has your sister!)
So + adjective
Youre so kind!
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Americans and some British speakers may use ordinary (non-negative) question forms
in exclamations.
Boy, am I hungry!
Was I furious!
VOCABULARY
ADJECTIVES FOR AN INTERVIEW
Trabajador
Puntual
Diligente
Tenaz
Motivado
Extrovertido
Determinado
Fiable
Paciente
Organizado
De confianza
Hard-working
Punctual
Diligent
Tenacious
Motivated
Outgoing
Driven
Reliable
Patient
Organized
Trustworthy
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EXERCISE 1:
The HR responsible is on a medical leave and asked you to be in charge of a job
interview. Its up to you to decide whether or not you want to hire a candidate. As you
want to make the right decision, we want to confirm it with your team mates. Continue
as shown in the example:
E.g. Mark carta de presentacin Before we decide whether were going to hire / to
employ this candidate, lets have another look at his cover letter
EXERCISE 2:
Remember the useful verb weve seen before? If not, let us remind you that it was to
prove (demonstrar) .
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Determinado trabajar hasta tarde por la noche hasta terminar los proyectos
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Unit 3
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B2 UNIT 3
AT / ON / IN TIME
At + clock time
In + part of the day
On + particular day
At + weekend, public holiday
In + long period
1.Clock times: at
*In an informal style, we usually use plurals (days, etc.) with no prepositions.
Would you rather work days or nights?
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*We use on if we say which morning / afternoon etc. we are talking about, or if we
describe the morning / afternoon etc.
3.Days: on
5.Longer periods: in
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6.Other uses of in
In can also be used to say how soon something will happen and to say how long
something takes to happen.
The expression ins time is used to say how soon something will happen, not
how long something takes. Compare:
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EXERCISE 1:
1.I ......... my car to make sure it worked about ten minutes before I drove to work.
a)began
b)started
c)begin
d)start
2.My car very rarely ......... first time when the weather is really cold.
a)begins
b)beginning
c)starting
d)starts
3.We ......... off early on the first day of summer so that we could see the sun rise.
a)began
b)started
c)starting
d)beggining
4. I read the ......... of that book but I couldn't possibly read the whole story
a)starting
b)start
c)beggining
d)begin
5. I can't ......... to understand why anyone would want to be cruel to animals.
a)start
b)begin
c)starts
d)begins
6. He ......... off at me again simply because I had forgotten to lock the back door after I
came home.
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a)started
b)began
c)begun
d)starts
7. I won a lot of money by betting on that horse but it was simply a case of ......... luck.
a)starts
b)starters
c)beginners
d)beginnings
8. As far as I was concerned when the accident happened, it was the ......... of the end.
a)start
b)begin
c)starting
d)beginning
9. Who would like to ......... off the debate?
a)begin
b)start
c)begins
d)starting
10. I would greatly appreciate it if you didn't ......... up that old argument again.
a)start
b)begin
c)starts
d)begins
We use the reciprocal pronouns each other and one another when two or more
people do the same thing. Traditionally, each other refers to two people and one
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another refers to more than two people, but this distinction is disappearing in modern
English.
We also use the possessive forms each others and one anothers:
They helped to look after each others children.
We often stayed in one anothers houses.
NOTE: We do not use reciprocal pronouns as the subject of a clause.
EXERCISE:
Complete the sentences with 'each other' or 'one another' so that they mean the
same as the first sentence. You should use the distinction that was traditionally used.
2. Paula sent Paul text messages and Paul sent her back text messages.
They sent ............... text messages.
5. He wore his brother's clothes and his brother wore his clothes.
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VOCABULARY
DEADLINES
Your projects deadline is getting closer and closer. You are on time (up to date) on
some of the aspects but you are falling behind on some others. Your boss wants you
to catch up on all of themIN ENGLISH!
So, youd better start learning the vocabulary below:
Fecha tope
Deadline
Meet a deadline
Miss a deadline
Ponerse a da
Catch up
Quedarse atrs
Fall behind
Mantener el ritmo
Keep up
Estar al da
Be up to date
Atrasado
Behind schedule
En fecha
On schedule
Antes de lo previsto
Ahead of schedule
NOTE: ON is the preposition you need for these verbs: to fall behind on, to catch up
on, etc.
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EXERCISE
You are the project manager of your company (Eres el director de proyectos de tu
empresa). One of your responsibilities is to keep your boss up to date every Monday
morning. As your boss is English all the meetings are held in English. One of the
employees has just given you the report, but as he is Spanish, everything comes in
Spanish, of course, and you need to translate it on the spot (en el acto). Dont get
nervous, you now know all the vocabulary you need!
The first one has been done for you:
Were not going to meet the deadline / Were going to miss the deadline on Project C.
Were catching up on Project A.
Were ahead of schedule on Project B.
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POLITENESS
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We usually ask people to do things for us asking yes/no questions. (This suggests that
the hearer can choose whether to agree or not)
Could you tell me the time please? (Much more polite than: Please tell me the
time!)
Could you possibly tell me the way to the station? (very polite)
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Typical expressions:
4.Negative questions
Negative questions are not used in polite requests.
Could you give me a light? (NOT: Couldnt you give me a light? this sounds like a
complaint)
But negative statements with question tags are used in informal requests.
I dont suppose you could give me a light, could you? (very polite)
5.Expressions of opinion
Expressions of opinion can be made less direct by turning them into questions.
Compare:
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Wouldnt it be better to paint it green? (less direct: negative question asking for
agreement)
GRAMMAR
One and ones
We use one (singular) and ones (plural) to avoid unnecessary repetition.
See those two girls? Helen is the tall one and Jane is the short one.
Which is your car, the red one or the blue one?
My trousers are torn. I need some new ones.
See those two girls. Helen is the one on the left.
Lets look at the photographs. The ones you took in Paris.
EXERCISE:
Complete the sentences by typing 'one' or 'ones' into the gaps.
1.How old are my children? The younger is four and the older .is seven.
2.The new mobiles are much lighter than the old
3.I dont mind what kind of car it is, I just want..that gets me there.
4.Which do you prefer, this.or that .?
5.I need some new glasses. The..I have at the moment are broken.
6.I hope this holiday will be to remember.
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IT AND THERE
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It
We use it to talk about:
times and dates:
Its nearly one oclock.
Its my birthday.
weather:
Its raining.
Its a lovely day.
It was getting cold.
to give an opinion about a place:
Its very cold in here.
It will be nice when we get home.
Its very comfortable in my new apartment.
to give an opinion followed by to-infinitive:
Its nice to meet you.
It will be great to go on holiday.
It was interesting to meet your brother at last.
to give an opinion followed by an -ing verb:
Its great living in Spain.
Its awful driving in this heavy traffic.
It can be hard work looking after young children.
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EXERCISE 1
Choose the correct subject, 'it' or 'there', to complete each sentence.
1. s a party at Nicks tonight. Do you want to go?
2. s half past ten. We should go home soon.
3.If youre hungry, _____s some lasagne in the fridge
4. Dont forget, _____s your mums birthday tomorrow.
5.. s very warm in here. Can we open a window?
6.OK, lets start the meeting. _____s a lot to talk about!
7. The last time we had a holiday, _____ rained all the time.
8. isnt easy being a nurse.
9. s red wine or white. Which would you prefer?
10. s stupid to drink and drive.
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VOCABULARY
SOCIAL LANGUAGE
Every language has fixed expressions which are used on particular social occasions
for example when people meet, leave each other, go on a journey, sit down to meals
and so on. Here are some of the most important English expressions of this kind.
1.Introductions
Common ways of introducing strangers to each other are:
2.Greetings
When meeting people (formal):
Good bye!
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Bye! (informal)
See you!
How is it going?
Formal answers:
Informal answers:
All right!
So-so!
It could be worse!
Musnt grumble!
4.Special greetings
Greeting for special occasions are:
Happy birthday!
Merry Christmas!
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Happy anniversary!
5.Small talk
British people often begin polite conversations by talking about the weather.
7.Apologies
British people Excuse me before interrupting or disturbing somebody, and sorry
after doing so? Compare:
Excuse me. Could I get past? Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot?
8.Drinking
When people begin drinking alcoholic drinks socially, they often raise their glasses and
say something. Common expressions are Cheers! (BrE) and Your health . When
you drink to celebrate an occasion (such as a birthday, a wedding, or a promotion), we
often say: Heres to!
Heres to Betty!
9. Good wishes
Typical expressions are Give my best wishes / regards / greetings / love to X.,
Remember me to X, Say hello to X for me. When the wishes are passed on,
common expressions are: X sends his / her best wishes / regards, X says hello!
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10.Sympathy
Common formulas in letters of sympathy (for example someones death) are:
I was very / terribly / extremely sorry to hear about.. and Please accept my
deepest sympathy
11.Sleep
When someone goes to bed, people often say Sleep well. In the morning, we may
ask Did you sleep well? or How did you sleep?
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Hi Nadia,
How was your weekend? My old school friend Emma came on a flying visit1, which
was fun. We had a giris' night out on Saturday with a couple of other friends. We
went out for a meal to a local restaurant. So much for me sticking to my diet!
Emma was here for a surprise party for her parents on Sunday. She and her brother
wanted to spring a surprise on2 them for their 30th wedding3 anniversary - they
thought 30 years together definitely called for a celebration - so they decided to
throw a party for them. They had it at a hotel near their house and invited all their
parents' oid friends. The vicar who'd married them even put in an appearance4! They
asked me along too and it was lovely, a really special occasion with a fun
atmosphere. i was just sorry I couldn't spend much quality time with Emma, but she
promised the next time she comes it won't be7 such a whirlwind visit. Anyway, what
about you? Is life its usual busy social whirl ? Do you still go clubbing every
weekend? Claire
Useful vocabulary:
1.a visit that doesn't last long
2.
to surprise
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time where people can give their complete attention to each other
Formal entertaining
Penniston International Youth Festival
Mark Janowski (Conimittee Chair)
To: Councillor D. M. Patel - County Hall, Swithick
Useful vocabulary:
1.provide the facilities for
EXERCISES:
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4 You've passed your exam! Well, that takes I gives I calls for a
celebration!
5 We hope you will give I find I spend time to visit our exhibition of
students' artwork.
6 It's important to try to spend plenty of welcome I convivial I quality
time with your family.
7 My sister's life is a constant special / active I social whirl.
8 I recommend you pay / spend / go a visit to the folk museum while you're
in Dekksu.
9 Athens threw I gave / played host to the first modern Olympic Games in
1896.
SPEAKING:
1. Which do you prefer:
GRAMMAR
Common problems with count/uncount nouns
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death
industry
marriage
power
tax
time
victory
use
work
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property
Activities:
Games:
Diseases:
5: Group nouns
Some nouns, like army, refer to groups of people, animals or things, and we can use
them either as singular nouns or as plural nouns.
army
audience
committee
company
crew
enemy
family
flock
gang
government
group
herd
media
public
regiment
staff
team
We can use these group nouns either as singular nouns or as plural nouns:
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The names of many organisations and teams are also group nouns, but they are
usually plural in spoken English:
6: Two-part nouns
A few plural nouns, like binoculars, refer to things that have two parts.
glasses
jeans
knickers
pincers
pants
pliers
pyjamas
scissors
shorts
spectacles
tights
trainers
trousers
tweezers
EXERCISE 1
Choose the correct sentence.
1.
a)Tea is grown in Sri Lanka.
b)A tea is grown in Sri Lanka.
2.
a)Do you eat a cheese before or after your meal?
b)Do you eat cheese before or after your meal?
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3.
a)It was difficult marriage.
b)It was a difficult marriage.
4.
a)Thats very interesting property. How much is it?
b)Thats a very interesting property. How much is it?
5.
a)Its not easy to run a business and raise a family.
b)Its not easy to run business and raise a family!
6.
a)Physics are not my best subject.
b)Physics is not my best subject.
7.
a)Can you lend me some scissors?
b)Can you lend me a scissors?
8.
a)I need to buy a new trousers.
b)I need to buy some new trousers.
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VOCABULARY
Situational language: fixed expressions
The expressions that used in typical situations are often idiomatic in the same sense.
Some examples:
Could you check the oil? (More natural than Could you inspect the oil?
orCould you see how much oil there is in the engine)
Sorry I kept you waiting! (More natural than Sorry I made you wait)
Could I book a table for three for eight oclock. (More natural than Could
you keep me a table for three people for eight oclock?)
The point is
I wouldnt be surprised if
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