Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 3
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 3
1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 4
2.1
Definition ............................................................................................................ 5
2.2
Applications ........................................................................................................ 6
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
3.2
3.2.1
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
4.2
4.3
CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................... 39
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 39
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to Dr. Amin
Hammad for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement
throughout the course of this project.
I also extend my gratitude to my colleagues Xue Bai and Camila Omori without whom
the development of the model would not be possible and also for helping me and
allowing me to be part of a great working team.
I would also like to thank all my officemates Mohammad Soltani, Mohamad Langari
Hassaan Siddiqui and Khaled El Ammari for their advice and guidance.
I am obliged to staff members of Magil Construction, for the valuable information
provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during this
period.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays there is a growing interest in the implementation of Building Information
Modeling (BIM) in order to improve the construction processes since the first stages of
the project and during its life cycle. The first part of this report includes an overview of
BIM it includes the definition, applications, benefits, challenges, tools available and
finally 4D BIM. In order to really understand this concepts, a 4D model of the
Roccabella building that is actually under construction in downtown Montreal was
developed (case of study).
During the process of gathering information for the development of the 4D model, we
realized the large number of buildings that are under construction in downtown
Montreal. This prompted us to expand the concept to urban planning that in turn led us
to CityGML and GIS. The second part of this report includes the definition and
applications of the GIS and CityGML. Also a description of the Montreal CityGML model
and the issues that we faced with the available data. Finally a description of the new
buildings in the study area selected its main characteristics and some of the impacts
that they can cause in the downtown was included.
INTRODUCTION
Architecture, engineering and construction areas have experienced in the last decade a
significant increase in productivity at the same time that they have improved the
sustainability of the construction process. Where is the key to such a major change?
After analyzing the major causes of delay and cost overrun in projects we can conclude
that most of the delays were consequence of incidents caused within workflows that
produced delays and misunderstandings between project managers, contractors and
suppliers. Any changes made to the project needed at least a week to be
communicated to the other agents involved.
In construction projects the technical information that is handled is usually represented
by two dimensional CAD drawings. Although it is possible to make accurate
measurements, the information contained in the those files are not updated or linked to
the construction process (foundation, drainage, masonry, installation, painting, etc.) and
the agents involved (architect, engineer, manufacturer, lender, contractor, etc.).
If materials are budgeted from the design phase, models are developed in 3D, and the
project is planned, all information were integrated and linked, project management is
simplified, not only during construction, but also to over the life cycle of the building. In
response to this need was born the Building Information Modeling (BIM).
Now, despite all its advantages, the BIM only focuses on the building environment. In
order to extend it to other applications like urban planning in larger areas (city or
metropolitan area) or a group of buildings other international standards like as CityGML
and GIS can be used.
The following chapters present a description of the BIM, GIS and CityGML. A case of
study is also included.
2
2.1
Building information modeling (BIM) is a revolutionary technology and process that has
transformed the way buildings are designed, analyzed, constructed, and managed.
BIM is basically three dimensional representation of a building and its inherent
characteristics generated with the use of specialized software. It can be considered as a
platform to share knowledge and communicate between project participants. The model
contains the information related to the structure, which includes physical/functional
characteristics and project life cycle information, in what is called series of smart
objects. For example, inside a building the heating system will contain the information
about the suppliers, technical information (like temperature limits, flow rates, etc.), how
it should be operated and how it should be maintained (S. Azhar, 2011).
BIM can be used in a basic level, just to share the concept of the facility in 3D, but
further information will not be included, which means that it is not use in its full extent.
Generally it is use by contractors in order to obtain jobs.
Another case is when just one of the participants in the project creates a BIM model for
its use but it does not share it with the other participants. For example, a designer
company is hired to design a new building and they use BIM due to the advantages
offered by the method but the final product will be submitted in 2D, so the developer and
the constructor will not have access to the model (Vardaro, 2009).
Another approach will be a social BIM (see Figure 1), which will be developed and
shared by all the participants in the project. For example the design engineers/architects
will create the basic model and it will be improved with the help of the construction
manager and the contractors. All the systems of the building can be added by the
responsible designer (structural system, hydraulic system, etc.). Later it can be modified
to show the as built work (Hergunsel, 2011).
2.2
Applications
Building Information Modeling has several applications, the most representatives ones
are (S. Azhar, 2011):
-
Cost estimating
Safety planning, by reviewing higher risk tasks in the model before performing
them
-
The Figure 2 illustrates the general applications of BIM and its relationship.
2.3
BIM offers a three dimensional representation of the facility under study. For the first
stage of the project, the bidding phase, it will help to get a better understanding and
analysis of the proposal. Further benefits will be seen when the decisions about
aesthetics and spaces are required.
Considering the large number of software available on the market, BIM also
implements Industry foundation classes (IFC) compatibility. IFC is a file format
specification. It is an object-based file format with a data model developed
by building
SMART.
It
aims
to
facilitate interoperability in
the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry (BuildingSMART
International home of open BIM, 2014).
One of the major advantages of the BIM is that it facilitates obtaining faster and
more effective processes. This will be achieved due that sharing and adding or
modifying information this way is easier and it can be reused (S. Azhar, 2011).
The Model can be used to estimate the costs of the project. The more accurate and
complete the inputs the more accurate the outcome (for example if it is developed
including hydraulic and electric design). It can be used in the first stage for example
for bidding purposes, and later for more accurate cost estimation and during the
construction for expenses control.
BIM also enables great reduction of waste and environmental control. By having
more exact quantity take-offs we are ensuring that materials will not be over-ordered
it will also enables more efficient materials handling and waste recovery.
Summarizing, all the benefits mentioned will be reflected into better productivity and
quality, accuracy in cost estimating, time saving, safety and better operation due that it
can be used during the whole life cycle of the facility.
2.4
Challenges of BIM
The development of the initial framework of a Building Information Model will require
more effort than the traditional methods. The design requires extra works
considering that must of the professionals are not use to think in 3 dimensions. The
8
initial pre visualization is more demanding than the 2D methods (Precise Drafting
Inc, 2014).
One of the biggest advantages of a BIM is the easier way to perform changes above
the whole design. That can also be translated into a disadvantage because the
client may keep requiring changes that could generate great impact in construction
and design costs (Precise Drafting Inc, 2014).
This system, a difference with the traditional, requires that the equipment used
which includes hardware and software, perform in a higher level and the generated
files will be much greater in size as well (Precise Drafting Inc, 2014).
The design requires extra efforts considering that must of the professionals are not
use to think in 3 dimensions. The initial pre visualization is more demanding than the
2D methods (Precise Drafting Inc, 2014).
Another big challenge is the shared information. A complete BIM will include
relevant information for example about suppliers, cost, times, etc. It can generate
copyright issues. Also in this case the party sharing this data may be in risk of giving
much to other that later on can use it to compete for jobs. Now, this also can create
another issue that the initial developer of the model may not want to share it with for
example owners and constructors, and if it does it, the problem would be how the
costs of its development and operation must be divided (S. Azhar, 2011).
2.5
After mentioning all the benefits that BIM can offer for the design, construction and lifecycle of a facility, now it is important to mention the tools that are available for its
implementation.
BIM tool is all software application that manipulates the model in order to obtain a
specific outcome. The software must be able to not just allow the development of the 3D
model, also it must be able to add, modify, delete and reuse information (Fernandes,
2013).
Table 1 shows the BIM authoring tools and their primary functions.
Table 2 presents BIM tools for structural, mechanical, electrical and plumbing
contractors and for drawing and fabrication.
10
Table 2 BIM Tools for Shop drawing and Fabrication (Reinhardt, 2009)
Other complementing tools are available for construction management and scheduling
as shown in Table 3 BIM Construction Management and Scheduling Tools Table 3
below.
From all the above mentioned the one that is of interest to this report is Autodesk
Navisworks Manage due that it includes a feature called Timeliner to simulate
construction schedules. This subject will be addressed more detailed in further
chapters.
2.6
4D BIM is the term used to describe the link between the three dimensional model
(physical aspect) with time or schedule of the work. This will allow the visualization of
the construction sequence in the same order that it is planned (McKinney, 1996).
11
This is a powerful tool, because it will help, not just with the time control, it will also help
to prevent and solve problems before the construction. A good example would be the
avoidance of work conflicts, that will improve the time and organization of the work
making the process more efficient (Dixit, 2007).
Nowadays, as shown in Table 3 above, we can find several tools to develop a 4
dimensional model by linking the 3D model with the schedule of the work.
2.7
It facilitates the design changes and it automatically upgrades data and the schedule
of the work.
Due to the 3D views it facilitates the design presentations for approvals, also
improves de understanding and communication with clients and builders
13
Figure 4 shows the views offered by Revit. You can generate the floor plans, the
elevation, and general 3D view. It is also shown (top left) some of the options available
for the walls.
15
In the contemporary world cities are the center where the society focuses all kind of
activities especially the related ones with administration and work. This fact makes the
downtown of the cities particularly desirable for young people, workers and investors.
To control and organize the cities, proper urban planning is essential.
Urban Planning nowadays is a complex task that requires a comprehensive view of the
phenomena that drive the growth. This process must include, not just the physical
distribution in the space, also the economic, social and cultural aspects because all of
them have great influence in the development of the cities.
There are several disciplines that an Urban Planner should consider for example the
geography, the administrative science and the law. Among all the economical science is
the most important and inside this area the analysis of value of the terrain must be
considered. Now, the value of the terrain of certain area is influenced by the number of
people that desire that space and the government is part of the regulation of this
process (Gonzalez, 2010).
Tools that are currently used by urban planners in order to develop models that facilitate
management and understanding are GIS and more recently CityGML, in the following
sections a description of each of them is presented.
3.1
GIS considers the disposal, in layers (Figure 5), of its data sets. That feature makes
possible to analyze thematic and spatial characteristics in order to obtain a better
understanding of the area which facilitates the work of the urban planner.
Mapping locations: GIS can be used to map locations. It allows the creation of maps
using automated cartographic, data capture and analysis tools.
Quantitative maps: Population maps, which are used to locate places that meet
specific demographic criteria and make decisions, or to see the existent
relationships between different places. This provides an additional information level
beyond the simple location maps used by the entities.
Distance calculation: GIS can be used to know what is happening within a certain
radius around an entity.
17
3.2
Mapping and change detection: GIS can be used to map the change in an area to
anticipate future conditions, make decisions, and evaluate the results of an action or
a specific policy (National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, 1990)
City GML
Most of the information available about the new developments of the CityGML is related
to the algorithms and programming languages used for it.
Considering that this is not part of the scope of the project this overview focused in the
definitions and uses of the cityGML.
3 Dimensional models of cities are commonly used just due to the visualization features.
To better explode the potential of the models in fields like urban planning, environmental
simulations, disaster management, etc. more information must be added to it.
In order to combine objects and attributes CityGML was developed.
To better understand the definition of cityGML is important to consider the definition of
semantics: The general definition of semantics refers to the study of meanings-of the
message behind the words. For this case, semantics means "from the user's
perspective." And a semantic model is a set of representations that are interpreted for
computer software allowing modeling an area of knowledge (The Data Administration
News Letter, 2014).
CityGML (City Geography Markup Language) is a common information model XMLbased format used for the representation of 3D urban objects. . It represents semantics,
geometry, topology, and appearance. Which means that it defines, not just features,
also different relations for the most relevant topographic objects in the cities (Kolbe T.,
2008)
Figure 6 shows the modules in which CityGML is divided. The core, appearance, and
generics are used to define the structures that are going to be applied to the thematic
modules which are shown in the vertical bars.
18
CityGML offers the possibility of create a model with different levels of details depending
of the requirements of accuracy and data available. Thus, five well-defined consecutive
levels of detail (LOD) are established to define the complexity of the 3D model.
1. LOD0: it is the roughest level. Consist basically in a 2.5D digital terrain model
2. LOD1: consist in the representation of buildings as blocks. It means the model does
not include the shape of the roofs.
3. LOD2: it is more complete, the roof structures and larger building installations are
represented in the model.
4. LOD3: It is a more architectural detailed model; it includes more complex structures
like wall and roof shapes and textures, doors, windows, bays, vegetation and
transportation objects.
5. LOD4: It complements LOD3 model adding the interior structures like apartment
interior divisions, furniture, decoration, etc (Kolbe T., 2008).
19
CityGML uses the ISO 19100 framework for the modeling of geographic features, which
are defined as an abstraction of a real world phenomenon.
Within virtual 3D models the cityGML includes for the semantics of the most important
geographic features class definitions, normative regulations, and explanations.
Another important concept of CityGML is CityObject. It is defined as the base class of all
thematic classes; it includes the attributes name, description, and GML ID.
Other abstract classes like BoundarySurface and its subclasses RoofSurface,
WallSurface, GroundSurface, ClosureSurface, etc. are derived from class CityObject, as
a consequence, starting from LOD2 they inherit its attributes and relations (Kolbe T.,
2008).
CityGML represents geometries of geographic features as objects and substructures.
The volumetric geometries are bounded by a closed surface and all coordinates are in a
world coordinate reference system (CRS) not allowing any local transformation. The
advantage is that that each object belongs to exactly one fixed place in space allowing
to create and maintain in an easier way spatial indexes in geodatabases (Kolbe T.,
2008).
CityGML offers 0D to 3D geometry aggregates and 1D to 3D composite geometries.
Geometrical Level of Detail 0 (GLoD0): The object is represented by a planar surface
within the model. It is considered that the elevation Z is a function of the horizontal
position z=f(x,y), it means 2.5D representation.
Geometrical Level of Detail 1 (GLoD1): The object is represented as a block in the
model. No roof or surface details are shown.
20
Inside the model, one of the most important is the topological accuracy, the parts of the
objects can touch each other but they cannot be in the same space, it means one space
for every object. The CityGML follows the line of full decomposition of n-dimensional
topological primitives into (n-1)-dimensional primitives, which again are decomposed
down to the level of nodes (0D) (Kolbe T., 2008).
Appearances (for example textures of the surfaces) are added to the semantics and
spatial properties of the objects. They represent also categories like infrared radiation,
noise, sunlight emission, etc those are named Themes and it works as analysis and
visualization tool.
Considering the necessity of exchanging or storing extra attributes or 3D objects that
are out of the defined classes, cityGML considers 2 extensions:
1. The module "generics" contains generic city objects that can contain many additional
generic attributes.
2. Application Domain Extensions (ADE)
is expressed as a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) made from spot heights of elevation and
different lines of constraints (Montreal City - Geomatics Division, 2014).
The model is used by the city in applications like promotion of the Montreal built
environment, presenting construction projects, the design and simulation of spatial
urban territory.
It is use also to analyze and better understand problems like road traffic, freight, runoff,
noise levels, radio waves propagation limits, etc.
22
23
Second suggested option is, Snowflake GML viewer, and just the 2D map was
visualized. The viewer is not user friendly, to access the tutorials payment is required
and the Help option is not available for the free trial (Figure 12).
24
3.3
In the mentioned area 10 new buildings were found, some of them are projects that are
going to start soon, few are almost finished, the rest is currently under construction.
After a visit to the sales office of almost every project, and checking the websites of
each of them, the main characteristics of the buildings were collected and summarized
in the Table 5.
Table 5 Main Characteristics Buildings Area of Study (Info provided by projects sales offices and its websites)
No. Building Name
10
Address
1160 rue
MacKay
Montreal,Quebe
c H3G 2H4
1205 Mackay
Douze05
Street
Mackay
Montreal,
Condominiums Quebec
H3G 2H5
1235 rue
Flex
Bishop
Condominiums Montreal,
Quebec
H3G 2E2
1155-1189
Axis Condos
Bishop Street
1400 boul.
Ren-Lvesque
O.
Destination YUL
Montreal,
Quebec H3G
1T6
1190 Mackay
Condos
Crecent
Icone
Roccabella
L'Avenue
Tour Des
Canadiens
1220 Crescent
Street
1175 de la
Montagne,
Montreal,
Quebec H3G
1Z2
Web site
Estimated
completion
Tyeon
www.condosma
ckay.com/contac
tfr.html
July 2016
Developer
No.
No. of No. of
Parking
storeys units
spaces
Description
Sales information
20
158
116
$55
$146
$180 $231
$284
Belcourt
www.belcourtcon
dos.com/properti Delivered started
es/douze052015 / will finish
mackay2016
condominiums
11
129
29
$55
$136
$171 $237
Belcourt
www.belcourtcon
dos.com/properti Completed
es/flex-condos/
11
214
90
$50
$154 $281
$451
Company
axiscondos.ca/in
december 2015
dex-en.php
58
31
$55
$225 $367
$528
BRIVIA GROUP
+ T.G. BECO /
Construction
SDK and
Associates +
Pageau Morel
destinationyul.co
Spring 2017
m/en
38
900
320
$55
$162
(+1th
per
floor)
Inca
Development
www.condoscre
scent.com/accue Winter 2014
il/
11
90
90*
$55
$208
$237 $305
358*
$55
$181 to
$339
$60
Metropolitan
Parking /
construction
performed by
SNC lavalin
www.iconecondo
Winter / Spring
minium.com/201
2016 (first tower)
4/en/
38
358
$1,600
$286 $421
$832 to
to
to
$863
$500 $651
N/A
N/A
$699
1300 Boulevard
Ren-Lvesque
Ouest,
MC Finance
Montreal,
Quebec
www.roccabella.
Fall/Winter 2015
ca
40
592
500
Avenue des
Broccolini and
Canadiens-Rue
Carttera Private
DrummondEquities
Montral, QC
50
303
243
$55
N/A
$379
$300
to $595 to
TO
$1,31 $2,401
$410
0
N/A
Club De Hockey
Canadien,
Canderel
tourdescanadien Fall / Winter
Residential,
s.com/en/
2015
Cadillac Fairview
Corp. and Fonds
de Solidarit FTQ
50
552
N/A
$60
$170
N/A
Sold out
Rue de la
Montagne &
Avenue des
Canadiens-deMontral
* The seller is not sure of the exact number but an approximate value was provided
26
a.
b.
Figure 14 Comparison study area 2010 (a.) and 2013 (b.) (Google Earth, 2010 - 2013)
27
28
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Building
Name
No. of
storeys
No. of
units
No. Parking
spaces in
the building
Approx. No.
Parking spaces in
the parking lot
1190 Mackay
Douze05
Mackay
Condominiums
20
158
116
75
11
129
29
60
Flex
Condominiums
Axis Condos
Destination
YUL
Condos
Crecent
Icone
Roccabella
L'Avenue
Tour Des
Canadiens
11
214
90
160
58
31
40
38
900
320
285
11
90
90
50
38
40
50
358
592
303
358
500
243
140
280
155
50
552
442
Total
2219
1245
Looking at the numbers in the table, and considering the approximations made, it is
possible to see that the number of cars is going to be almost the double once the
projects are completed.
According to a report made by Martin Turcotte for Statistics Canada, the percentage of
population aged 18 and over making all trips by car (as a driver or passenger) on the
reference day, by census metropolitan area (CMA / Metropolitan area boundaries used
in the 2005 General Social Survey are those established in the 2001 Census) are above
70%.
Now assuming that the parking lots will function at its 70% capacity all the time, we can
sustain that the increase in traffic in downtown will be 50% on the next 2 years.
29
4
4.1
Roccabella is a new condominium building comprising 592 units divided into two 40storey towers each one housing 298 units. The project is located on boulevard RenLvesque, between de la Montagne and Drummond, the exact address is 1300
Boulevard Ren-Lvesque west (see Figure 15). This area is in downtown Montreal,
close to Bell Centre, and subway stations Peel, Stanley, Lucien LAllier and GuyConcordia.
The building has 5 levels of indoor parking, commercial areas in the 2 first levels, gym,
BBQ, pool, party room, Jacuzzi, theater room, terrace, conference room, spa, 1, 2 or 3
bedrooms units and penthouses.
The smaller unit has an area of 763 square feet, and the penthouses have, for their
part, an area up to 2,600 square feet. The prices for the apartments and other
characteristics of the building are shown in Table 5.
30
4.2
mezzanine on 2nd floor; 9. 3rd floor; 10. Typical floor from 4th to 32nd floor; 11. 32nd
floor; 12. Typical floor from 33rd to 39th; 13. Penthouse on 40th floor; 14. Sheds
on
41st & 42nd floor; 15. Shed on 42nd floor; 16. Main roof and shed type; 17. North
elevation; 18. Elevation of rooftop structure.
The complete model was developed by three different students:
First 3 levels were developed by Camila Omori, forth to thirty second level by Maria
Malpica and thirty third to last level by Xue Bai.
The procedure that follows corresponds to the model for the forth to thirty second level.
Student licensed version of Revit Architecture 2014 was downloaded from Autodesks
student community website to create the 3D model.
Taking advantage of the compatibility of AutoCAD and Revit, the first step is importing
the dwg. file to Revit using the "Import CAD" option.
After importing the file, the process starts by drawing the walls, and there is when we
faced the first difficulty. The information available was not enough, the details of the
apartments were not included, and also important features like material of the walls,
type of windows, doors, etc, was not clear.
Therefore the first assumptions were made: the walls were selected as a generic type,
regardless of the materials, the covering of the structural elements was drawn as a
generic wall as well (Figure 16). The details for the apartments were taken from the
Roccabella website, but since those drawings are for marketing purposes some
measures are missing, some of them are not exactly matching the design drawings (see
Figure 17).
Regarding the envelope of the building, it was not clear if just curtain walls were used,
so a combination of curtain wall and generic walls were used as shown in the figure
bellow.
32
Figure 16 Roccabella typical floor: Walls drawn on top of the CAD file and first
assumptions made.
As mentioned this figure shows some of the main assumptions taken, for example, to
better understand, in the left top corner it is possible to see different kind of walls
available in the software, and the one that was chosen.
These kinds of decisions are very important because maybe the physical appearance
will not be drastically affected but features like quantity takeoff can vary enormously.
33
Figure 17 Example of differences between unit C1 on the website and the design
drawings
Once the envelop and interior structure are defined, the next step is adding details like
the doors, windows, railing, ect. (Figure 18)
The final touch for the main floor is adding furniture and/or appliances in order to
facilitate the differentiation of the rooms with the living room, kitchen, bathroom, closets,
and laundry room. Some of them can be found in the software using the place a
component option and if required loading families available on Revit.
Other accessories, like for example showers, stoves, bathtubs, washing machines, etc.
were downloaded from websites of the suppliers (Figure 18).
34
Now, the next step is adding the slab and creating the levels up to the 32, when the last
part or the building begins.
This process was done drawing the levels and after it just using the copy and paste
options (Figure 19).
The problem faced with this procedure is that the model becomes too heavy making it
very slow. The most likely cause is that the furniture and small details added before are
too much for this stage of the process.
35
As mentioned before, the complete model of the tower was developed by 3 different
people. When the whole model was tried to put together the first inconvenient was to
make all the files matching.
The different parts of the model were developed in separate and independent files (no
related one to another) so unifying them was very complicated. Then as a result of lack
of details in the initial drawings and lack of communication the assumptions made for
each person were not the same making the final product inaccurate and with an
external appearance different between the typical levels and the rest, even after several
efforts to unify it, the differences are visible, as it can be appreciate in the figure below.
36
Evident Differences
Developed by Maria M.
Developed by Camila O.
4.3
After developing the 3D model in Revit, the use of Navisworks Manage 2014 is required
to link it with the schedule. It is important that the 2 software are from the same version.
The first trial was using Navisworks Manage 2015 and it was not possible to import the
model.
The schedule used was created and divided by building levels using Microsoft Project
and then it was imported to Navisworks.
Initially the 3D model was imported from Navisworks directly from Revit, but the
resulting model was not including the elements of the building by levels, making the
linking process impossible.
37
The issue was fixed downloading Add-Ins plugin to Revit and exporting the model to the
other software.
The process of linking the schedule can be automatic if the components of the building
are numbered level by level in Revit when drawing them and corresponding to the items
on the schedule.
In this case the linking was made element by element, because the numbered was not
included and the 3D model was completed not level by level, instead copy paste option
was used.
The process can be seen in the figure sequence below:
CONCLUSIONS
BIM is devoted just to the building environment. in order to enlarge its application the
models can be converted to IFC in order to facilitate interoperability.
In the field of GIS, city models are based on GML and particularly in CityGML, which
allows representing the entities that make up a model of urban landscape and even the
exterior and interior details of the buildings.
REFERENCES
AECOM, 2014. www.aecom.com. [Online].
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