Professional Documents
Culture Documents
User Manual
v 4.01
09/01/14
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CONTENT
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 9
I.1
I.2
I.3
I.4
I.5
I.6
I.7
I.8
I.9
II
PRE-PROCESSOR ............................................................................. 17
II.1
II.1.1
II.1.2
II.1.3
II.1.4
II.1.5
II.1.6
II.2
Databases ..............................................................................................................25
II.2.1
II.2.2
II.2.3
II.2.4
II.3
Input modules.........................................................................................................29
II.3.1
II.3.2
II.3.3
II.3.4
II.3.5
II.3.6
II.3.7
II.3.8
II.3.9
II.3.10
II.3.11
II.3.12
II.3.13
II.3.14
II.3.15
II.3.16
II.3.17
II.3.18
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II.3.19
II.3.20
II.3.21
II.3.22
II.3.23
II.3.24
II.4
II.5
Options...................................................................................................................71
II.5.1
II.5.2
III.1
III.1.1
III.1.2
III.1.3
III.2
III.3
III.2.1
III.2.2
III.2.3
III.3.1
III.3.2
III.3.3
III.3.4
III.3.5
III.3.6
III.3.7
III.3.8
III.3.9
III.3.10
III.3.11
III.3.12
III.3.13
IV
II.4.1
II.4.2
II.4.3
II.4.4
II.4.5
II.4.6
II.4.7
III
IV.1
IV.1.1
IV.1.2
IV.1.3
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IV.1.4
IV.2
IV.4.1
IV.4.2
IV.4.3
IV.4.4
IV.4.5
IV.4.6
IV.4.7
IV.3.1
IV.3.2
IV.3.3
IV.4
Loads ...................................................................................................................110
IV.2.1
IV.2.2
IV.2.3
IV.2.4
IV.2.5
IV.2.6
IV.2.7
IV.2.8
IV.2.9
IV.2.10
IV.3
V.3
V.3.1
V.3.2
V.3.3
V.3.4
V.4
V.4.1
V.4.2
V.4.3
V.4.4
V.5
V.5.1
V.5.2
V.5.3
V.6
General ................................................................................................................157
Elastic properties of cross-sections ......................................................................158
Concrete in casting phase ............................................................................................... 158
Uncracked concrete ......................................................................................................... 161
Cracked concrete............................................................................................................. 164
Cross-sections at concrete crossbeams ......................................................................... 167
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V.7
V.7.1
V.7.2
V.7.3
V.7.4
V.7.5
V.7.6
V.7.7
V.7.8
V.7.9
V.7.10
V.7.11
V.7.12
V.8
V.8.1
V.8.2
V.8.3
V.8.4
V.8.5
V.8.6
V.8.7
V.8.8
V.8.9
V.9
V.9.1
V.9.2
V.9.3
V.9.4
V.9.5
V.9.6
V.10
V.10.1
V.10.2
V.10.3
VI
VI.1
VI.1.1
VI.1.2
VI.1.3
VI.2
VI.3
VI.3.1
VI.4
VI.5
VI.6
VI.6.1
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VI.6.2
VI.6.3
VI.6.4
VI.7
VI.7.1
VI.7.2
VI.7.3
VI.7.4
VI.7.5
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CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
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I.1
This Manual gives indications for the use of ACOBRI software. It is uptodate with version 4.01 of the
program. Even if it isnt the main objective, technical specifications are also given. Nevertheless, this
document doesnt constitute a guide for the design of composite bridges. Users are assumed to
understand the technical backgrounds of bridge design and of Eurocodes.
I.2
The purpose of the ACOBRI software is to help in the pre-design of the rolled-steel main beams of
composite steel and concrete bridges, in accordance with Eurocodes and National Annexes from
different countries. The software interface is generally simple and user-friendly, but because of its very
specific purpose, it is vital that users have the requisite knowledge on the design of composite bridges
and are familiar with the relevant design rules. It is the responsibility of the User to ensure that the
software is consistent with the problem to be solved by referring to the scope of application defined in
this Manual.
ACOBRI can be used only at the pre-design stage, in order to compare different technical solutions. In
so far as the program does not take sufficient account of all the parameters involved in the design of a
composite bridge, the results cannot be used directly in the final substantiation of bridge design.
I.3
WARNING
ACOBRI facilitates the preliminary engineering studies with respect to steel constructions. Based on
calculation methods complying with the principles of the applied standards, this software enables to
make a certain number of verifications in view of evaluating a solution for a pre-design. It does not
enable to analyse all situations and to make in an exhaustive way all relevant calculations needed for
a study of execution which requires in every case the advice of an external Engineering Office.
Given the complexity of the calculation methods, this software is only intended for professional users
active in the sector of steel constructions (who are fully aware of the possibilities, limits and its
adequacy thereof for specific practical cases). The User shall use the software under his own
responsibility and at his own risks.
ACOBRI may be used free of charge. No right is granted to the User of the software, the property and
intellectual rights of which continue to belong exclusively to ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections S.A.
(or, depending on the case, to the company of the ArcelorMittal Group who is owner of these rights.)
No warranty is granted to the User. ArcelorMittal Commercial Sections S.A. and/or any other
subsidiaries of the ArcelorMittal Group cannot be held liable for any loss or damage directly and/or
indirectly sustained as a result of the use of the software. The User undertakes to hold ArcelorMittal
Commercial Sections S.A. free and harmless from any claim and any direct, indirect and/or
consequential damages, in particular those resulting from an incorrect or inappropriate use or a use
made for an inadequate or inappropriate purpose of the software.
I.4
SCOPE OF APPLICATION
This chapter describes only the main applications of ACOBRI software. More specific details are given
in the description of data input in the pre-processor (see Chapter II).
ACOBRI can be used for the pre-design of the main beams of the superstructure of a composite (steel
and concrete) bridge. The bridges types covered are the following:
road bridges,
railway bridges,
footbridges.
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Pre-design calculations are carried out according to Eurocodes EN rules, with the following choices for
Nationally Determined Parameters:
recommended values,
French National Annexes,
German National Annexes,
Italian National Annexes.
ACOBRI considers only straight bridges and addresses neither bridges curved in plan or elevation, nor
skew bridges.
The bridge dealt with can be built from simply supported beams resting on two supports, or continuous
beams over several spans, or succession of isostatic spans.
All the main beams are composite beams using I sections from the ArcelorMittal Sales programme.
ACOBRI can be used to pre-design the following types of beams:
Conventional beams, with a concrete deck slab connected to the top flange of the beams.
Box girders
A superstructure using steel box girders is similar to the conventional beam and slab
superstructure, the only difference being that each I-beam is replaced by a box girder made
from two identical I sections whose flanges are welded together continuously along their
edges. The torsional stiffness of the main beams is thus considerably improved.
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Filler-beam decks
A filler-beam deck is essentially a concrete slab with stiff longitudinal reinforcement made of
closely spaced rolled beams and transverse reinforcement made of steel bars. The steel
beams act as a support for the permanent formwork which is placed on the lower flanges.
Transverse reinforcing bars are threaded through holes drilled in the webs of the steel beams.
Concrete fills the space between beams and covers the upper flanges.
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For supports, ACOBRI offers the possibility to deal with concrete crossbeams at intermediate piers.
Given specific conditions, it is also possible to calculate bridges with integral abutments.
I.5
COMPUTER CONFIGURATION
ACOBRI runs on windows systems under 32 bits and 64 bits configurations. It is compatible with
Microsoft XP, Seven and Windows 8 systems.
Once installed, the program takes about 16 Mb of hard-disk space.
I.6
ACOBRI is delivered with a package that should be run for the installation of the program. For 4.01
version, the installation package is the file Install ACOBRI_v401.exe.
By default, the program is installed in the directory C:/Programs/ACOBRI401 (version 4.01), but this
directory can be modified by the user during the installation process. It is recommended to choose an
installation directory on C drive.
The installation procedure creates the following shortcuts:
a directory ACOBRI401 is created in the launch menu of windows, which contains shortcuts
for the program, the User Manual and the uninstall procedure.
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When the program is executed for the first time, the Configuration window is displayed, allowing the
setting of software parameters. All these parameters are saved in the configuration file.
It is to be noted that the preliminary design notes generated by ACOBRI cannot be directly saved in an
independent file. An application generating PDF files is required in order to be able to save theses predesign reports. The configuration window proposes an internet link for the PDF Creator freeware
product.
I.7
FILES MANAGEMENT
Indications for files and directories management are given in Annex VI.1.
I.8
ACOBRI can be used under two modes: by default, it is set with the Normal mode, where all
parameters are limited to the scope of application of the program. But it is possible to bypass some of
these limitations under the Expert mode, with full responsibility of the User. ArcelorMittal should be
contacted in order to run the Expert mode.
I.9
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3 : design of steel structures - Part 1-1 : general rules and rules for
buildings 2005
[5]
EN 1993-1-5: Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-5 : plated structural elements
2007
[6]
[7]
EN 1994-2: Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 2 : general
rules and rules for bridges - 2006
[8]
[9]
[10]
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CHAPTER
II
II PRE-PROCESSOR
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a title bar;
a menu bar, which gives access to menus File, Display, Edit, Options and ?;
the main toolbar, used to access the different input and processing modules;
a status bar.
II.1.2
Menu bar
"File" menu
The File menu contains the following choices:
New:
Save:
Re-sets data prior to processing a new bridge study. The New input module
is displayed.
Saves the existing file (name displayed in the status bar). If no name has yet
been given, the software opens the dialogue box where the user can enter
one.
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Exit:
"Display" menu
The "Display" menu contains the following choices:
Cross-section;
Elevation;
Plan view, these three first choices are used to select the type of view displayed in the
graphic area of the interface;
Display options, used to define the level of information shown on the graphic displays of
the bridge.
All the graphic functionalities of the interface are described in greater detail in II.1.4
"Edit" menu
The Edit menu contains access to ACOBRI databases:
Stud catalogue, edits the file containing the shear stud database;
PSS catalogue, edits the file containing the database of profiled steel sheeting (PSS) for
concrete slabs;
Load model Catalogue, edits the file in which the special vehicles are defined.
The Edit menu also contains graphic functionalities:
Copy image, which places the image displayed in the graphic area in the clipboard; this
bitmap image can then be pasted and processed with other software;
Print image, which prints the contents of the graphic area directly.
"Options" menu
The Options menu contains the following choices:
Langage brings up the dialogue box for choosing the language to be used for the
current session (doesnt modify the software configuration);
Units brings up the dialogue box for choosing the units of force and length to be used
for the current session (doesnt modify the software configuration);
Configuration displays the dialogue box for defining the parameters to be used for
each work session;
Factors sub-menus, for the definition of the values of different factors required for the
bridge study.
Precobeams parameters.
In expert mode, this menu also gives access to the following choices:
Scope of bridges;
Calculation parameters;
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II.1.3
Main toolbar
The input windows most frequently used for defining a bridge and its loading and for running
calculations and processing the results are accessible directly from the tool bar. The logical order in
which these modules are organized is from left to right. ACOBRI does authorize access to modules
accessed previously, but it must be remembered that any modification to data in one module might
have consequences on the data defined in a module further to the right on the tool bar.
Some modules, and thus the associated buttons, are available only under certain conditions, mainly
the bridge type.
File functions
gives direct access to the menu File / Open
gives direct access to the menu File / Save
Project parameters
Definition of project references
Definition of bridges
Definition of superstructure
Definition of concrete slab characteristics
Definition of material properties
Definition of stiffness of abutments and concrete crossbeams at intermediate
supports
Definition of diaphragms and changes in cross-section
Definition of structural steel sections
Definition of cracked regions
Definition of support height adjustments and settlements
Definition of factors for the bridge study
Specific parameters for road bridges
Definition of footways and vehicle restraint systems
Definition of superimposed dead loads
Definition of loads on footways
Location of slow lanes on the slab for the Fatigue Load Model
Definition of truck load models
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II.1.4
Graphic functions
General functions
The graphic area of the main window can display three types of view of the bridge studied:
an elevation,
a plan view.
The view can be changed by selecting the required view from the "Display" window or by
using one of the following three buttons in the graphic toolbar:
Selection of cross-section
Selection of elevation
Selection of plan view
When an elevation or a plan view is displayed, a cursor in the form of a vertical line appears,
indicating the position in the longitudinal direction of the cross-section displayed. This cursor
can be moved with the mouse, by holding the left button down. When the mouse button is
released, the display switches to the cross-section thus selected.
A double-click on the display of a cross-section switches from one view to another.
The "Display/Display options " menu brings up a dialogue box for selecting certain display
options (dimensions, section labels, etc.).
Display options
The display options are used to select the information required to be shown on the graphic
displays.
The information that can be displayed on a cross-section view is:
the position of the cross-section, displayed in the box in the top left-hand corner
dimensions
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section labels
Zoom functions
The zoom function is activated by holding down the left mouse button. The mouse cursor then
becomes a cross "+". The user must select the zone he wishes to zoom in on by holding down
the left mouse button and moving the mouse. When the button is released the zone selected
occupies the entire graphic area.
A double click on the left mouse button returns from the zoom to the initial representation.
II.1.5
Options
Language
In its current version, the software operates in English, German and French. The dialogue box
that appears when "Language" in the "Options" menu is clicked is used to select the
language the software will use (in accordance with the translations available at the time of
installation). The language selected in this module applies only to the current session.
Units
When "Units" in the "Options" menu is clicked, a dialogue box for selecting the unit of force
and the unit of length appears. It is in the units selected here that the data will be entered in
the different dialogue boxes, with the sole exception of stresses which are always to be
2
entered in MPa (i.e. N/mm ) (yield strength, for example).
By default, the units selected are the units defined in the Configuration menu. The units
selected in this module apply only to the current session.
Results are always displayed in fixed units, independent of the units selected here.
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Configuration
The Options / Configuration menu displays a window for defining the parameters used in
each session.
This window comes up automatically the first time the software is run after installation.
There are four tabs in the menu:
- Parameters tab:
The Parameters tab is used to define the general parameters of the software: User
name, Company name, Software language, and Display size of the main window of
the interface.
- Directory tab:
The Directory tab is used to define the working directory. The working directory is the
default directory for all file opening and save operations.
The directory proposed when the software is first run is the directory My Documents.
It is recommended that a separate directory be created.
- Units tab:
The Units tab is used to define the units for defining lengths and forces.
- PDF Creator tab:
To be able to save the Pre-design report as a file that can be edited independently of
ACOBRI, it is necessary to have software for creating files in PDF format. If the
computer on which ACOBRI is installed does not have such software, it is possible to
install the PDF Creator freeware. The PDF Creator tab display a link to an internet
page where it is possible to download this product. Any other equivalent product can
be used.
Factors
The definition of nationally determined factors could be accessed from the Menu
Options/Factors or directly from the toolbar (see II.1.3).
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II.1.6
Management of units
The User can choose the units used for the definition of parameters:
The unit of force can be chosen among:
newton (N)
decanewton (daN)
kilonewton (kN).
The unit of dimensions and lengths can be selected from:
millimeter (mm)
centimeter (cm)
meter (m)
The general principle is to use uniform units for input. The units selected are displayed in the status
bar at the bottom of the main screen. If a unit is changed, the values displayed are converted
automatically.
The choice of units can be made through the menu Options / Units for the current session of ACOBRI
or through the Configuration window for each use of the software.
Units in the Pre-design report are fixed and cannot be modified by the User, e.g.:
etc.
2
4
II.2 DATABASES
II.2.1
This is the database of rolled steel I sections from the ArcelorMittal sales programme. It contains the
dimensions of structural steel sections. It is a binary file that cannot be modified by the User.
Cross-section characteristics (cross-sectional area, moments of inertia, etc.) are calculated by the
program in accordance with the dimensions.
II.2.2
This file contains the characteristics of shear connectors (welded headed studs). It is simply a text file
in ASCII format that can be displayed with a conventional text editor (Windows Notepad, for example).
It can be modified and complemented by the user on condition that the same format is used.
The file can be edited by clicking on "Edit / Edit stud catalogue" in the "Edit" menu: the software uses
the Notepad text editor.
The first line is a brief reminder of the content of the file. It must not be modified.
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the label of the shear stud, which must end with a comma
II.2.3
This file contains the steel sheeting characteristics required. It is simply a text file in ASCII format that
can be displayed with a conventional text editor (Windows Notepad, for example). It can be modified
and complemented by the User on condition that the same format is used.
The file can be edited by clicking on "Edit PSS catalogue" in the "Edit" menu: the software uses the
Notepad text editor.
The first line is a brief reminder of the content of the file. It must not be modified. Every other line must
contain:
the label of the profiled steel sheeting, which must end with a comma,
the pitch e,
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II.2.4
In the case of a road bridge, the user can choose to design the bridge for traffic corresponding to an
abnormal vehicle load. The abnormal load model is chosen from the window for the Definition of Truck
Load Models (see II.3.20), from a list of special vehicles defined in special file UserLoads.db. This is
an editable file in ASCII format. It can be edited using the "Edit / Edit Load Model catalogue" menu, or
with a standard text editor such as NOTEPAD, for example. It is located in the software working
directory. It already contains a certain number of load models and can be extended by the user to suit
requirements.
When a new version of ACOBRI is installed, it is possible either to keep the previous database or to
replace it by the one contained in the new installation package. The choice is given to the User at the
first execution of the new version.
This chapter describes the files format of the database.
Units and convention:
The load model must be defined with the following system of units:
Lengths
cm
Point loads
daN
General description:
A load model is defined by a set (block) of lines of instructions in the database. The first line of
the block always starts with the symbol #, followed by the name of the load model. This is the
name that will appear in the available choices in the Truck load model input module. The key
words are indicated afterwards in capital letters.
For example:
The symbol ! is used to introduce a comment on any instruction line. Any text after the symboll
! will thus not be interpreted.
For example:
Ligne n
Instructions
Obligatory Instruction
TRANSVERSAL NUMBER IMPOSED 1
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5
6+i
7+j
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The instructions generating Load Model type D (280 t) of old French code are:
#Load model type D (280 t)
SURFACIC LOADS 2
TRANSVERSAL NUMBER IMPOSED 1
LONGITUDINAL NUMBER IMPOSED 1
LOAD 1 fz=-0.38568 x=0 y=0 x=1100 y=330
LOAD 2 fz=-0.38568 x=1800 y=0 x=2900 y=330
Starting window
Each time ACOBRI is executed, a first window is proposed to the User in order to choice which study
to begin with:
start a new project (with the same choice as in the window New bridge, cf. II.3.2);
open a previous project through the list of the ten last opened or saved file.
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II.3.2
New bridge
The New bridge module is accessed from the File / New menu.
When the user chooses to create a new project (File/New menu), a dialogue box appears for selecting
the fundamental options of the study to be addressed:
Type of bridge:
Road bridge
Railway bridge
Footbridge
Design code:
In normal mode, all calculations are carried out according to Eurocode EN rules. The User can
define in this window which Nationally Determined Parameters will be considered by ACOBRI,
among one of the following options:
Recommended values;
In expert mode, an access to the design codes available in previous versions of ACOBRI is
possible (DIN Fachberichte 2009, Eurocode ENV, French code).
These choices cannot be modified subsequently. They appear in the status bar at the bottom of
the main window.
Note: This manual contains explanation and information concerning only the Eurocode rules.
Explanation and information for other codes should be found in previous revisions of the
document.
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II.3.3
References
The module for defining the references of the project is accessed by clicking on this
button on the tool bar
a comment.
II.3.4
Superstructure parameters
The module for defining general parameters of the superstructure is accessed by clicking
on this button on the tool bar
This module is used to define the general geometry of the bridge superstructure. The User should
define the following parameters:
Type of beam:
filler-beam deck,
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For partially prefabricated composite beam, the dimensions of the slab to be defined are:
the slabs depth (between 10 and 50 cm), including precast panel and in-situ concrete
For box girder beams, the dimensions of the slab to be defined are:
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For concrete filled box girder beams, the dimensions of the slab to be defined are:
the spacing between the two profiles of a box girder (between 0 and 50 cm)
the thickness of the permanent formwork between profiles (between 0 and 15 cm).
The dimensions of both overhangs are defined in a specific window (button Overhangs cf.
II.3.5).
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For simple partially prefabricated Precobeams, the dimensions of the slab to be defined are:
the slabs depth (between 10 and 50 cm) , including precast panel and in-situ concrete
For double partially prefabricated Precobeams, the dimensions of the slab to be defined are:
the slabs depth (between 10 and 50 cm) , including precast panel and in-situ concrete
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Specific limitations are applied to Precobeams and may restrain the values of parameters
defined by the User. See Annex VI.5.
In all cases, the minimum slabs width is 4 m for railway bridges and road bridges and 1 m for
footbridges.
Transverse distribution of beams:
The transverse distribution of beams can be defined by clicking on the command "Transverse
distribution " which opens a new dialog box where the user can define:
the number of beams in longitudinal direction (minimum: 2; maximum: 20, except in the case
of filler-beam decks where the maximum number of beam lines is 50).
the distance from the centerline of the outer beams to the edge of the slab.
When the contents of this dialog box are validated, the beam lines are positioned with a constant
center distance. The position of each beam line appears in the table and can be modified by simply
clicking on the corresponding cell.
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II.3.5
Overhangs
This module for defining overhangs can be accessed only for filler-beam decks, by clicking on the
button Overhang in the Superstructure Parameters input module.
The Overhang input module is used to define the geometry of overhangs (wings) and the way in
which they are concreted.
Geometry of overhangs:
The first tab of this module is used to define the left-hand and right-hand overhangs of the
deck slab, using the following parameters:
width of overhang.
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Concreting of overhangs:
The second tab of this module is used to define the parameters for concreting the overhangs.
These parameters affect the calculation of dead load (see IV.2.2.1).
A first parameter serves to choose one of the following two options for the concreting of
overhangs:
the overhangs are concreted at the same time as the main body of the slab (default
option),
the overhangs are concreted only once the concrete of the main body of the slab has set.
The calculations assume that each overhang is concreted using formwork suspended from the
two outermost beams on each side and bearing against one of the intermediate beams. The
system thus forms a lever-arm effect that compensates the eccentricity of the overhangs.
The input module is used to select the intermediate beam line against which the formwork for
each overhang will bear. It may be any beam line other than the first three ones on each side
of the bridge. By default it is considered to be the fourth beam line (see Figure II-18).
If two overhangs have been designedone on each side of the slab, a formwork system
where the eccentricity is taken by the formwork itself (no thrust bearing against one of the
intermediate beams) can be used (see Figure II-19). This option is deactivated by default.
Figure II-19: Formwork for two overhangs without intermediate bearing point
II.3.6
Concrete slab
The module for defining the slabs characteristics is accessed by clicking on this button on
the tool bar
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Shear connectors:
Shear connectors (if any) are identical throughout the bridge. They are Nelson type studs
which can be selected from a drop-down list of all the shear studs available in the database of
the program (see "Shear stud database", II.2.2).
Once a stud is selected, its main characteristics are displayed.
Distribution of shear studs is determined automatically by the program according to Eurocode
rules, in order to estimate the total number of connectors to be installed.
For filler-beam decks, no studs are required.
For Precobeams (simple or double), the connexion is provided by the dowels. A button is then
proposed in this module to open the Precobeam connection window (cf. II.3.7).
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Reinforcement:
Only longitudinal reinforcement is taken into account in the calculations carried out by
ACOBRI. The reinforcement area is defined by the ratio of reinforcement. Except for fillerbeam decks, it is possible to define two layers of reinforcement by giving:
the total ratio of longitudinal reinforcement defined as the ratio of the cross-sectional area
of reinforcement to the cross-sectional area of the slab,
the distribution of the reinforcement, in percentage terms, between the top layer (defaults
to 66,7%) and the bottom layer (defaults to 33,3%),
the position of the top layer relative to the top of the slab (i.e. the coverage of concrete on
the top of the slab),
the position of the bottom layer relative to the bottom of the slab (i.e. the coverage of
concrete on the bottom of the slab).
In the case of filler-beam decks, a single layer of reinforcement is defined by the following
parameters:
the reinforcement ratio, defined as the ratio of the cross-sectional area of reinforcement to
the cross-sectional area of slab above the beams (concrete cover; the concrete between
the beams is not taken into account).
the position of the reinforcement relative to the top of the slab (reinforcements coverage
of concrete).
The distribution of longitudinal reinforcement is assumed identical throughout the
bridge.
Profiled steel sheeting:
Profiled steel sheeting can be defined for the following types of beams:
conventional beams,
box girders,
conventional beams,
box girders,
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Propping:
For propping beams while the slab concrete is poured on site, either of the following two
options can be chosen:
II.3.7
Precobeam connection
This module is available only for bridges using Precobeams, by clicking on the button Dowel
parameters in the module for the slab definition.
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the area of the transverse reinforcement located between the waves of the cutting
(parameter Ab)
the area of the transverse reinforcement located above the waves of the cutting
(parameter At)
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Area At is used only when the confinement reinforcement is not sufficient. In standard
configurations of Precobeams bridges considered in ACOBRI, the confinement
reinforcement is always assumed to be correctly designed so that At is not used in the
calculations. Calculation sheet gives indications for the design of Precobeams
reinforcement.
See Limitation C6 in Annex VI.5.
Detail category and cutting class
The detail category of the dowels for the fatigue design has to be chosen between 125 MPa
and 140 MPa (see V.9.2). These detail categories are associated to cutting classes of the
profile: Class 3 for 125 MPa and Class 4 for 140 MPa.
II.3.8
Materials
The module for defining material properties is accessed by clicking on this button on the
tool bar
S235
S275
S355
S355 HISTAR
S460
S460 HISTAR.
All sections in the ArcelorMittal catalogue can be supplied in the first three grades (S235,
S275, and S355). On the other hand, only certain sections are available in grades S460, S355
HISTAR, and S460 HISTAR.
By default, grade S460 steel is chosen for road bridges and grade S355 steel for footbridges
and railway bridges.
Steel for the strengthening plates:
The grade for the steel of the strengthening plates has to be chosen exclusively among the
following ones:
S235
S275
S460
The grade for the strengthening plates should be lower or equal to the grade of the girders
steel.
The yield strength for the steel of the strengthening plates is calculated according to the grade
as a function of their maximal thickness.
Reinforcing steel:
The reinforcing steel is defined by its yield strength.
By default the yield strength of reinforcing steel is 500 MPa.
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Slab concrete:
The concrete of the slab is defined by the following characteristics:
The compressive strength of the concrete, defined either by a class or by inputting its
value directly. By default a class C35/45 of concrete is used.
The density of the concrete. The concrete density is 2500 kg/m by default.
The deformation of the concrete due to drying shrinkage (see shrinkage load case in
-6
-6
IV.2.2.4); default value 200x10 generally but 600x10 for Precobeams.
The thermal differential between the slab and the beams (see Thermal load cases in
IV.2.2.5); default value 10C.
The characteristic values for calculation of creep (see IV.1.3) can be entered by clicking
on the appropriate button in the "Materials" menu.
II.3.9
Connection at supports
The Connection input module is accessed by clicking on this button on the tool bar
By default, the main beams of the bridge are assumed to be simply supported, with perfect continuity
over intermediate supports. The figure below shows the default static layout of a multispan bridge
beam.
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Nevertheless, this assumption can be modified by the User. Through this module, it is possible to
define:
flexural stiffnesses at each intermediate supports between the continuous beam and the pier,
which may be provided by the partial restraint of the concrete crossbeam at the pier;
integral abutments, when the bridge comprises only one symmetrical single span.
The flexural stiffness of continuity connection is taken into account in the calculations for
the casting phase. Two dead loads are considered for the global dead loads of the
bridge:
1. the self-weight of the steel beams alone, for which there is no continuity at the
supports (simple supports) and
2. the self-weight of the concrete slab during the casting phase, for which continuity at
supports is taken into account.
LOAD
DEFORMATION
CASE
SHAPE
CONTINUITY
Dead load
of steel beams
Discontinuity of beams
at supports
Dead load
of concrete
Continuity of beams
at supports
Table II-2: Dead load cases for crossbeams cast before the slab
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If the crossbeams are cast at the same time as the slab (and beams not propped during
construction):
A single dead loading is considered, with the self-weight of the steel beams and concrete
slab. For this loading, there is no continuity of beams at supports with concrete
crossbeams.
LOAD
DEFORMATION
CASE
SHAPE
CONTINUITY
Discontinuity of beams
at supports with concrete
crossbeams
Dead load
of steel beams
and concrete
Table II-3: Dead load cases for crossbeams cast together with the slab
Finally, if beams are fully propped during construction:
A single dead loading is considered, with the self-weight of the steel beams and concrete
slab. For this loading, there is full continuity of beams at supports with concrete
crossbeams.
LOAD
DEFORMATION
CASE
SHAPE
Dead load
of steel beams
and concrete
CONTINUITY
Continuity of beams
at supports
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or the edges of the bridges are poured before the slab (option B)
Integral abutments require deep foundations (foundation piles).
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Definition of an abutment:
Following parameters are to be defined by User:
SYSTEM
u
khp
ABUTMENT
a
wa
Ea
Ia
PILES
Ep
Number of piles
Ip
Specific loads:
Specific load cases are considered for the analysis of a bridge with integral abutments, to take
account of the effects of the soil on the superstructure. The following parameters are used for
the calculation of these load cases:
SUPERSTRUCTURE
-6
fdistr
SPECIFIC LOADS
TSum
TWin
K0
Ka
K0,q
soil
SSum
PARTIAL FACTORS
s
Table II-6: Parameters for the definition of specific load cases for integral bridges
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Notes:
For a given beam line, the clear web depth must be constant. The clear web depth is the
distance between the inside faces of the flanges. When the User defines the steel
sections for a calculation, he must ensure this condition is met.
All intermediate supports are considered as points of cross-section change for the
analysis.
For filler-beam decks, all beam lines use the same rolled steel section, irrespective of the
type of calculation, and no strengthening plates can be added to the lower flange.
Diaphragms:
The position of intermediate diaphragms can be defined. In the superstructure model, this
means that there are elements added connecting the main beams to each other, with a degree
of restraint.
A button in the "Position of diaphragms" frame is used to add a diaphragm. The list of
diaphragms is displayed in a table showing their position relative to the left-hand support of the
span concerned. A second button serves to delete the last diaphragm from the list.
Up to 8 intermediate diaphragms can be defined for each span.
It is also possible to specify that each diaphragm of the bridge will act as a lateral restraint
against the lateral torsional buckling of the girders. This option applies for all the diaphragm of
the bridge, whatever the span.
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the edge beams have the same section (same rolled steel section, same strengthening plate),
the intermediate beams have the same section (same rolled steel section, same strengthening
plate), which may differ from that of the edge beams.
For filler-beam decks the rolled steel section selected is applied to the entire superstructure. Flangestrengthening plates cannot be defined.
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a list of the sections in the beam type selected. The steel sections readily available are
shown in black and those available only on order are in red. All sections are available in
steel grades S235, S275 and S355. The sections available in steel grades S355 HISTAR,
S460, and S460 HISTAR are identified by the abbreviation HI.
Figure II-33: Module for selecting a hot rolled profile and its strengthening plate
The rolled steel section is shown to the right of the list, with dimensions in millimetres. The bottom
frame in the window summarizes the information on the steel section selected.
There is a check box for creating a strengthening plate underneath the bottom flange. When it is
activated, the width and thickness of the strengthening plate must be entered.
A section can be chosen rapidly by double clicking on the appropriate rolled steel section either in the
general frame of the ArcelorMittal catalogue or in the frame of sections already selected.
Note: The steel of the strengthening plate is defined separately from the steel grade of the profile
see II.3.8.
Specific limitations are applied to Precobeams and may restrain the available profiles. See
Annex VI.5.
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Width
Overhang
Figure II-34: Footway geometry
The width of a footway must be between zero and half the width of the deck slab. In addition,
the definition of both footways must leave at least one traffic lane. The default footway width is
1 m.
The overhang of a footway must be between -1 m and +1 m. A positive value means the
footway extends beyond the edge of the slab. A positive value must be less than half the width
of the footway. The default overhang is 0.
Vehicle restraint systems:
The presence of a vehicle restraint system must be confirmed for each side of the deck slab.
Once confirmed, its position is defined by the distance between the edge of the deck slab and
the inside face of the system.
Distance
to edge
of slab
the position of the track centerline relative to the left-hand edge of the deck slab. The center
distance between two adjacent tracks must be greater than 3,50 m;
the characteristics of the ballast (mean thickness, position). As a simplification, the ballast
thickness is considered to be constant over the width defined;
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The uncertainty over the position of tracks can be specified. Each load model for railway bridges
(LM71, SW0 and SW2) is positioned transversally in the most unfavourable manner, based on this
uncertainty and the position of the track centreline. The transverse positioning also takes account of
the eccentricity of loading, in addition to the uncertainty over the position of the tracks (IV.2.7.1 and
IV.2.7.2).
The load applied by each track (rails and sleepers) is a permanent line load that is taken into account
in the superimposed dead load.
It should be noted that:
the number of tracks is limited by the width of the deck. The minimum deck width for one track
is 3,50 m,
the distance between the centerline of any track and any edge of the ballast must be greater
than 1,10 m.
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Overhang
Figure II-38: Walkway geometry
The width of a maintenance walkway must be between 0 and half the width of the deck slab.
By default there is no maintenance walkway (width: 0).
The overhang of a walkway must be between -1 m and +1 m. A positive value means the
walkway extends beyond the edge of the slab. A positive value must be less than half the
width of the walkway. The default overhang is 0.
Distributed load on maintenance walkways:
The live load on a maintenance walkway is exactly the same as that on a footway.
The distributed live load on maintenance walkways can be modified. It is identical for both
walkways and is applied over the entire length of the bridge.
2
In accordance with EN1991-2:2003 5.3.2.1, the default value for this load is 5 kN/m .
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waterproofing,
road surfacing,
footways (whose width - as given in the module for defining loads on footways - appears
automatically).
For footbridges:
waterproofing,
surfacing.
waterproofing,
ballast,
maintenance walkways.
SDL2:
Permanent loads of deck furniture are defined by their position relative to the left-hand and
right-hand edges of the deck slab and by their magnitude per unit length. They are applied to
the entire length of the bridge. By default no such load is defined.
The deck furniture that can be defined is:
pedestrian parapets,
cornices,
drains,
utilities,
other.
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Figure II-39: Module for defining superimposed dead loads for a road bridge
The support region of an intermediate support is defined by default as a region whose length
corresponds to 15% of the length of the span on each side of the support line. In accordance with
Eurocode, the length of the cracked region can be modified when the ratio of the length of adjacent
spans is less than 0,6.
The length of support regions can be modified. If the condition of validity of the modification is not met
(ratio of lengths of adjacent spans greater than 0,6), a warning message is displayed but the
modification is taken into account all the same.
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the special vehicle or load pattern, to be chosen among those defined in the abnormal
loads database (weight and width of the vehicle is then displayed the width must be
consistent with the geometry of the bridge: the load model must fit entirely between
footways and more than 50 cm from the internal faces of the restraint systems);
the specific dynamic coefficient to be applied to this load case (default value 1)
the user can also specify if the load model LM1 of Eurocode should be applied
simultaneously with the specific load model. In this case, the minimum spacing between
the specific load and the LM1 loads is 25 m (modifiable in expert mode only) (see Figure
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IV-9). The User can define the combination coefficient to be considered for the
superimposition of LM1 loads to the abnormal loads (see definition of load group 5 in
IV.3.1.2).
or the location of the medium axis of the slow lane is directly entered by the User,
from the left side of the slab.
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Uniform loading:
The uniform live load considered for the bridge can be calculated according to one of the two
following options, to be chosen by the User:
or the load is constant (and thus doesnt depend of the loaded length) and is defined by
2
the User (default value 5 kN/m ).
either determined directly by the program, in accordance with the type of track
maintenance (careful or standard).
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traffic mix, type standard traffic (EC MIX) or traffic with 250 kN axles (25 T MIX);
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II.4.1
The weighting factors window is used to modify the factors for increased or reduced superimposed
dead loads SDL1 (see IV.2.2.2). The values of the active National Annex are proposed by default.
II.4.2
The adjustment factors Qi (TS partial system of LM1 load model) and qi and qr (both for UDL partial
system) can be modified in the window Adjustment factors, by clicking on the associated cell (see
IV.2.4.2 for LM1 load models). The values of the active National Annex are proposed by default.
These adjustment factors can be defined for three separate classes of bridges. The adjustement
factors considered during calculations are those corresponding to the class of bridge defined by the
user in the module Footways and vehicle restraint systems (cf. II.3.14).
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II.4.3
The partial factors used for the ULS combinations of loads and the combination factors 0, 1, 2
and 1 can be modified in the Combination factors window. The values of the active National
Annexes are proposed by default.
The factors available, depending on the type of bridge, are:
Partial factors for loads
Bridge type
Road bridge
Footbridge
Railway bridge
(1)
(2)
(3)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Permanent loads
Traffic loads
Other variable loads (1)
Support height adjustment
Support settlement
Shrinkage
Permanent loads
Traffic loads
Other variable loads (1)
Support height adjustment
Support settlement
Shrinkage
Permanent loads
Traffic loads LM71 and SW0
Traffic load SW2
Other variable loads (3)
Support height adjustment
Support settlement
Shrinkage
Combination factors
o
o
o
o
o Loads of group 1a
o Loads of group 2
o Temperature loads
o
o
o
o
o
Loads of groups 11 to 17
Loads of groups 21 to 27
Loads of group 31
Temperature loads
Maintenance walkways loads
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II.4.4
All factors required for the checking of SLS criteria can be modified by the User in the window Factors
/ SLS. The factors to be defined depend on the type of the bridge.
Partial safety factors:
The values to be entered are (all types):
M,ser
Deflection limitation:
For road bridges and footbridges the value to be entered is the number by which the span is
divided to obtain the deflection limit.
For railway bridges, there are two possibilities:
or deflection is checked against a constant Deflection limit to Span ratio defined by the
user.
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II.4.5
The partial safety factors used for the checking of ULS criteria can be modified in the window
Factors / ULS. Default values are the proposed according to the active National Annexes.
The factors that can be modified are:
M0:
M1:
c:
s:
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II.4.6
The window Factors / FLS for defining Fatigue Limit State factors is only available for road and
railways bridges.
Fatigue loading:
The partial safety factor for fatigue loading Ff can be modified for each type of bridge and
beams.
Range of normal stresses in top flange:
For the checking of fatigue stresses in the top flange of profiles (only if the beams are not
Precobeams), the following parameters can be modified:
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II.4.7
Calculation coefficients
Calculation coefficients are automatically calculated by ACOBRI. It is then not recommanded to modify
them. Nevertheless, their modification is possible, but the User should be able to assess their effect on
the results.
Calculation coefficients for diaphragms:
The cross-section of diaphragms is not defined by the User. It is therefore not known when the
calculation is run. Calculation coefficients for diaphragms allow diaphragms to be taken into
account.
Coefficient for inertia: the moment of inertia of diaphragms is considered to be equal to the
product of the coefficient multiplied by the greatest inertia of the main beams.
Coefficient for mass: for the mass of diaphragms to be taken into account, their crosssectional area is taken to be the product of the coefficient multiplied by the largest crosssectional area of the main beams.
The usual value in ACOBRI for these two coefficients is 0.1.
Calculation coefficients for slab elements:
The moment of inertia of slab elements is weighted by a coefficient of between 0 and 1. Two
coefficients distinguish between longitudinal slab elements (parallel to the beams) and
transverse slab elements (perpendicular to the beams). The recommended value for these
coefficients is 1.0.
In the case of a filler-beam deck designed with Eurocode EN, the value of the coefficient for
transverse elements is 0.5, according to EN1994-2:2005 5.4.2.9.
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II.5 OPTIONS
II.5.1
Precobeams options
This input module is available through normal mode of the program, with the menu Options /
Precobeams parameters.
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bcw = bf + b
Figure II-58: Definition of the width of the concrete web for simple Precobeams
II.5.2
Calculation options
This option module is available only in Expert mode, through the menu Options / Calculations
parameters
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not to consider the normal stresses in the precast panel as stresses in the concrete of
the slab (in this case, equation (36) is replaced by c = 0).
not to consider the normal stresses in the precast reinforcement as stresses in the
upper layer of the slab (in this case, equation (37) is replaced by r = 0).
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CHAPTER
III
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Running calculations
Calculations can by executed by clicking on this button on the tool bar.
A dialog box is displayed where the User has to select his options.
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Running calculations:
When the command "Run" is clicked, a window opens for monitoring the progress of the
different calculation phases (see III.1.3). The calculation time can vary, depending on the
importance of the problem being dealt with.
The calculation can be aborted but no results will be given. When the order is given to stop
calculations, the program completes the process under way. The response time may therefore
be a few seconds.
III.1.2
Files management
When a bridge is calculated, ACOBRI generates several files in which data and results are stored.
Data file:
Data is saved in a file with the extension .APM, e.g.: PROJECT.APM. This file can be edited
with a text editor such as Notepad. However, this is not recommended and the data must
always be entered or modified with ACOBRI and never directly in the data file.
Data is saved when the following operations are performed:
File / Save Menu: for the first save, the user must enter the file name and directory. For
subsequent saves, the file name and directory are retained.
File / Save As Menu: the user can modify the file name and directory.
Results files:
A series of binary files is generated when a bridge design calculation is run. These files cannot
be edited and can be read only by the ACOBRI software, either when editing the Pre-design
report or when accessing the Post-processing module.
For the data file PROJECT.APM, the following binary files are generated:
PROJECT.DBA:
PROJECT.LIF:
Influence lines
PROJECT.CPE:
Permanent loads
PROJECT.CEV:
PROJECT.VER:
Design check
ACOBRI reads these files to edit the Pre-design report and for post-processing. Postprocessing and editing of the report are possible only if all these binary files are present in the
working directory and if they were generated by the same version of the program and for the
same calculation.
It is therefore advised that all the binary files of a project be kept so that the results can be
analyzed subsequently without having to run the calculation again. This is particularly useful
for large bridges which require a lot of computer time.
III.1.3
Calculation steps
The progress of the various phases of calculation is displayed in a monitoring window. The phases
already accomplished are white, the phases being calculated are yellow, and the phases yet to be
started are greyed out. The progress bar shows the progress of the phase being calculated.
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Permanent loads
In the next step the program processes each permanent load applied to the bridge. If
necessary, the stiffness matrix is recalculated in accordance with the concrete state and
modular ratio associated with the loading. The loading is then applied and the calculation
performed, determining the state of deformation and the internal forces and moments in the
elements.
The results (deformations, internal forces and moments in the elements of the model, for each
permanent load) of this phase of calculation are saved in a binary file with the name extension
.CPE.
Influence lines
The positioning of the live loads applied to a bridge is based on the principle of obtaining the
maximum effect on the variable studied. With ACOBRI, the variables studied are the bending
moment and the shear force. Loads can be positioned independently in the longitudinal and
transverse directions, given that for these variables there is no correlation between the effect
of the transverse position and the effect of the longitudinal position.
This phase of calculation determines the transverse influence lines (one per beam line) and
the longitudinal influence lines (for a design cross-section: one for the bending moment, one
for the shear force on the left of the section and one for the shear force on the right of the
section).
The results of this phase of calculation are saved in a binary file with the name extension .LIF.
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is impossible to position the loads, the calculation is not carried out and a value of zero is
adopted.
The results of this phase of calculation are saved in a binary file with the name extension
.CEV.
Design checks
For each design cross-section, this phase checks the design criteria specific to the bridge and
to the code. It should be remembered that the number of shear connectors per unit length is
defined by the program.
The results of this phase of calculation are saved in a binary file with the name extension
.VRF.
Fatigue
This phase of calculation is carried out only for road bridges and railway bridges. For road
bridges, the load model travels in each slow lane. For each calculation position, the finiteelement solver determines the internal forces and moments in the bridge beams. For road
bridges and railway bridges which do not have a filler-beam deck, the design fatigue strength
is checked.
The results of this phase of calculation are saved in binary files with the name extensions
.CEV for internal forces and moments and .VRF for design checks.
III.2.1
A dialog box appears where the User can select the content of the Pre-design report. The elements
that can be chosen are:
summary of masses,
estimate of number of shear connectors (except for filler-beam decks and Precobeams),
section properties,
reactions at supports
other results
summary of results,
table of contents.
There may be as many as several hundred pages, depending on the case in question.
The predesign report is edited in the same language as the interface.
III.2.2
Editor functions
The Pre-design report editor is specific to the ACOBRI software. It cannot be used to modify the
document.
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a menu bar
a tool bar
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The toolbar may also contain a drop-down list with the table of contents, for a direct access.
III.2.3
The various parts of the Pre-design report are described below. They can be edited if the relevant
option has been selected by the user (see III.2.1).
The Pre-design report is drawn up using fixed units, i.e. those most commonly used in practice:
etc.
The Pre-design report is structured as follows:
Introduction:
The introduction to the Pre-design report includes a description of the software and the terms
of conditions.
List of input data:
A list of input data gives a reminder of all the data defined by the User.
List of load cases:
All the load cases processed by the software are listed. Each one is given a number and an
abbreviation used to identify the basic loads in the table defining combinations. With the sole
exception of self-weight, a modular ratio is given for each case.
List of combinations:
The list of combinations is given for ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states, in the
form of tables in which the partial factor and combination factor are given for each load
identified by a number and abbreviation referring back to the list of loadings. For Eurocode
rules, serviceability limit states are in different groups of combinations:
characteristic combinations
frequent combinations
quasi-permanent combinations
infrequent combinations.
Estimated quantities:
Estimated quantities of each material are given for each span. The quantities concern dead
load (beams, diaphragms, concrete) and superimposed dead loads (waterproofing, surfacing,
etc.).
For all kinds of beams except those in filler-beam decks, the precamber shown corresponds to
the calculated mid-span deflection for the combination of nominal dead load, superimposed
dead load and concrete shrinkage load.
Estimated number of shear connectors:
An estimate of the number of shear connectors for each span and for each beam line is given
(option not available for filler-beam decks).
This estimate is increased by a flat rate of 30% of the calculation results obtained with the
Post-Processor. This increase takes account of fabrication practices.
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abutments
intermediate supports
cross-section changes
mid-span sections.
Each cross-section is given a number which is used in the presentation of the results. For
each cross-section of interest, there are three types of results, presented as tables in the rest
of the Pre-design report, depending on the options selected:
Properties of cross-sections:
The different properties of the cross-sections used in the analysis and design check are given
for different concrete conditions (fresh, cracked, or uncracked) and, in some cases, for
different modular ratios.
Action effects for each load case:
For each Permanent load case, the bending moment and right-hand and left-hand shear
forces are given for each cross-section of interest. The deflection is also given for each crosssection of interest.
For Live load cases, the minimum and maximum moments are given for each cross-section of
interest. The shear force on the right and left of these sections is given. The last column of the
table shows the deflection.
For shrinkage and temperature effects, the following additional information is given: primary
and secondary moments, normal force in the concrete slab. The primary moment is by
definition the equivalent moment applied to the structure to take account of the effects
envisaged. The secondary moment is the difference between the global moment obtained and
the primary moment.
For road bridges the minimum and maximum action effects of the LM3 fatigue model are also
are edited for each slow lane.
For integral bridges, the normal forces in the beams due to the frame effect are also given.
Results of design checks:
The limiting criteria are given for each design check and limit state processed by the program,
in accordance with the code chosen. The tables contain:
the number of the combination or loading which produces the highest value for the
criterion
Reactions:
Reactions at supports are given for each permanent load case. For live loads, these reactions
are the envelopes (minimum and maximum values) of the reactions obtained for all load
positions calculated.
The Pre-design report also specifies the envelope values (minimum and maximum) for
reactions at supports under characteristic SLS combinations.
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Other results:
The following results can also be given, depending on the type of bridge:
the natural frequency of the principal bending mode, estimated using the Rayleigh
method.
Summary of results:
Depending on the choice made, a summary of results can be displayed automatically at the
end of the calculations. The same summary can also appear at the end of the Pre-design
report. It gives the limiting criterion for the entire bridge and for each span in the case of a
multi-span bridge.
Table of contents:
The table of contents presents the different parts of the Pre-design report, with their page
numbers.
General operation
The module for Post-Processing results is accessed by clicking on this button on the tool
bar
Access conditions:
The calculation corresponding to the input data must have been completed and all binary
result files must be present in the working directory before the post-processing module can be
accessed.
Any change in the definition of the studied bridge removes the access to post-processing.
Post-processor window:
The Post-Processing module is a window consisting of:
a graphic display area in which the results will be shown in graphic form.
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The image displayed when the Post-Processing module is opened represents the finiteelement model associated to the studied bridge.
III.3.2
All the post-processing functions can be accessed from the tool bar of the window.
Closing post-processing:
closes the post-processing window and returns to the ACOBRI main window
Processing image displayed in graphic area:
copies the image to clipboard
prints the image
sets the image display options
manages the image layers
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III.3.3
Display options
The Display Options module of the Post-Processor is accessed by clicking on this button
on the tool bar.
The Display Options module is used to modify image parameters in the graphic area of the PostProcessor.
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Orientation:
When the image represents a 3D view, its orientation can be changed either by directly
defining the angles and , or by using one of the available buttons for producing one of the
four isometric perspectives, a plan view, or an elevation (see III.3.12).
This frame is not available for a 2D view.
Image size:
When the image represents a 3D view, the user can set the program up so that the scale of
the image shown on the screen is recalculated after each change in orientation and it fills the
whole screen. The "Automatic adjustment" box should be checked for this to happen.
When this option is not activated (default situation), the scale used after a change in
orientation is the same as that used before the change.
This frame is not available for a 2D view. The function is not active when zooming.
Screen background:
One of four background colours can be chosen.
III.3.4
Image layers
The Layer management module of the Post-Processor is accessed by clicking on this
button on the tool bar.
All the images displayed in the graphic area of the Post-Processor contain several layers. The layers
to be displayed can be selected. By default all layers are selected and therefore displayed.
This module is used to select or deselect the layers displayed by clicking on the appropriate option
box.
The number and name of the layers depend on the image displayed.
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III.3.5
Model display:
When the Display Model button is clicked, the grillage model is plotted in the graphic area of
the Post-Processor. All the options for display of action effects defined previously are
cancelled.
Editing model:
Clicking on the Edit Model button activates the window for choosing the loading group for
which the grillage model will be edited in the Post-Processor editing window (see
chapter III.3.11).
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III.3.6
Influence lines
The Influence Line display module of the Post-Processor is accessed by clicking on this
button on the tool bar.
The Influence Lines display module is used to display a longitudinal and/or a transverse influence
line. Influence lines can also be edited.
The cross-section, defined by the span in which it lies and the node line number in the
span. These parameters can be modified by means of drop-down lists. Node lines are
identified by their number, where line No. 1 in a span corresponds to the origin support of
the span. To facilitate identification, special node lines (at supports and mid-span) are
indicated by arrows on each side of the cross-section.
The bending moment My, the shear force Vz to the left and the shear force Vz to the right
of the section.
The influence line is displayed with the following display options (which can be modified by the
User):
The influence line is displayed on the right-hand or left-hand edge of the bridge. By
default it is on the left-hand edge.
Variations in the influence line can be amplified by a magnification factor (default value of
1).
A graphic tool bar is also proposed to modify the display options:
moves the selected cross-section for the longitudinal influence line to the left
moves the selected cross-section for the longitudinal influence line to the right
selects the bending moment for displaying the longitudinal influence line
selects the shear force to the left for displaying the longitudinal influence line
selects the shear force to the right for displaying the longitudinal influence line
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The influence line at the longitudinal location can be displayed at the origin of the bridge,
at the end of the bridge, or at the cross-section for the calculation of the transverse
influence lines. By default it is at the origin of the bridge.
Variations in the influence line can be amplified by a magnification factor (default value of
1).
The cross-section for the calculation of the transverse influence lines can also be displayed.
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III.3.7
Choice of loading:
A basic loading for which results will be displayed or edited can be chosen from a list. The list
comprises the following loadings:
for road bridges: fatigue loads in lanes, in accordance with the parameters defined in
the Truck load model input module.
In the frame in the top right-hand corner of the window is a reminder of the parameters
associated with the load selected:
Display of results:
The data that can be displayed in the graphic area of the Post-Processor depends on the type
of loading selected.
Permanent loads:
Load displayed in the form of arrows (only forces, moments not being represented).
Display of deflected shape. A colour scale can be used to represent deflection contours.
The deformation can be amplified by a magnification factor.
Display of diagrams of internal forces and moments in the main beam elements, with a
choice of shear force, torsional moment, or bending moment. For loading due to
shrinkage and temperature effects, diagrams of primary and secondary moments are also
available.
Diagrams can be displayed for a particular beam line or for all beam lines, using a colour
scale representing the intensity of action effects, and their amplitude can be augmented
by a magnification factor.
For the bending moment, the convention adopted has positive moments represented
downwards.
When a colour scale is used, a key gives the correspondence between the colours and the
range of values they represent. When several sets of information are selected to be displayed,
the key to the colours representing deflected shape takes priority over the key to the other
colours.
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For the bending moment, the convention adopted has positive moments represented
downwards.
Figure III-12: Action effects module for live load cases Enveloppe values
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Figure III-13: Action effects module for live load cases Values at specific cross-section
Fatigue loadings:
This mode allows the User to display the envelope diagrams for shear force and bending
moment under fatigue loads. These diagrams can be displayed for a given beam line or for all
beam lines. They can be shown with a colour scale representing the intensity of action effects,
and their amplitude can be augmented by a magnification factor.
The diagram for a beam line shows the minimum and maximum plots generated by the fatigue
load model travelling along the entire length of the bridge.
For the bending moment, the convention adopted has positive moments represented
downwards.
Figure III-14: Action effects module for live load cases Fatigue loads
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Edition:
An "Edit" button can be used to access a drop-down menu indicating the information that can
be displayed in the Edit window of the Post-Processor, depending on the type of loading
selected.
Permanent loads
o Displacements at model nodes
o Internal forces and moments in elements
o Reactions at restrained nodes of the model
o Reactions at supports
Eigenmode
No information available. The frequency is displayed in the graphic area, together with the
first eigenmode shape.
Live loads
Envelope display mode:
o Deflection envelope at nodes of main beams
o Envelope of internal forces and moments and coincident shear and moments at
the design cross-sections of the main beams
Specific cross-section display mode:
As for permanent loads:
o Displacements at model nodes
o Internal forces and moments in elements
o Reactions at restrained nodes of the model
o Reactions at supports
Fatigue loads
Envelope of internal forces and moments at the design cross-sections of the main beams.
III.3.8
The Design check module is used to choose a criterion for checking the bridge and to either edit it or
display it as a diagram.
Limit states:
The list of limit states for which the bridge has been designed is displayed in the
corresponding frame. The user must select the limit state for which he wishes to display a
design criterion.
Design criteria:
The list of criteria available for the limit state selected is shown. The User must select the
design criterion he wishes to display or edit. The text zone beneath the list gives the loads or
load combinations for which the criterion has been calculated.
Beam lines:
The list on the bottom left is where the User chooses the main beam line for which he wishes
to display or edit the design criterion. All beam lines can also be selected.
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In the case of railway bridges, certain criteria are calculated for rail tracks and not for beam
lines. This is the case, for example, for the deflection or twist of tracks. In this case, the list of
beam lines is replaced by the list of tracks.
Figure III-15: Action effects module for live load cases Fatigue loads
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III.3.9
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Detail categories
each slow lane for road bridges, as defined in the Truck load model input module,
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These stress variations, calculated in accordance with the code applied, are available for the
top fiber and for the bottom fiber of the beam (bottom flange or strengthening plate, as
applicable).
When the Diagram button is clicked, the curve can be plotted either as maximum and
minimum stress envelope or directly as the difference between the envelope stresses.
Detail category:
The detail categories required for verifying stress variation criteria under fatigue loading can
be superimposed on the stress variation envelope.
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Masses:
The Masses menu displays the summary of masses for the superstructure, surfacing and
deck furniture (Edit window of the Post-Processor).
Cross-sections:
The Cross-sections menu displays the values of a characteristic of a cross-section in the
longitudinal direction (Edit window of the Post-Processor). A window for choosing the
characteristic, and possibly also the state of the associated concrete and the beam line, is
displayed. The data that can be displayed depends on the type of bridge, the type of beam.
Finite Element model:
This menu displays the characteristics of the finite element model (Edit window of the PostProcessor). For this there is a window for choosing the state of the associated concrete and
the modular ratio.
With the Post-Processor, the characteristics of the finite element model can be displayed in
the Edit menu. It is also possible to access this function by using the appropriate command
button in the Grillage Model Display module (see III.3.5).
This brings up a window with a table for choosing the basic loading for which the model will be
edited. When a particular loading is clicked, all the loadings for which the same model is used
are highlighted in yellow.
Editing the model gives the following information:
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a 3-dimensional view generated by the Grillage Model, Influence Lines, or Action Effects
modules. The data and the results are displayed on a 3D representation of the Grillage
Model
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CHAPTER
IV
IV DESCRIPTION OF CALCULATIONS
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Steel characteristics
2
Thickness (mm)
S235
S275
S355
S460
t 16 mm
235
275
355
460
16 < t 40 mm
225
265
345
440
40 < t 63 mm
215
255
335
63 < t 80 mm
215
245
325
80 < t 100 mm
215
235
315
195
225
295
S460
HISTAR
460
355
430
450
Table IV-1: Yield strength according to the grade and the thickness
If strengthening plates have been defined, the specific yield strength fys is used in calculations for
these plates. This yield strength applies to all strengthening plates. It should be noted that according
to ACOBRI limitations, fys is always less or equal than fyp.
Specific cases:
when the steel grades of girders and of the strengthening plates are identical, the same value
of the yield strength is used for both girders and plates, as the minimal value of the two yield
strengths calculated separately.
when the yield strength of girders is directly imposed by the User, the value of the yield
strength of the plates is limited by the upper value equal to the girders yield strength.
The yielding strength of steel for the reinforcement is directly defined by the User (see II.3.8). It is
denoted fyr hereafter.
Following notations are adopted for the document:
fyp:
yielding strength of the profiles steel
fys:
yielding strength of the strengthening plates steel
fyr:
yielding strength of the reinforcement steel
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IV.1.2
Slab concrete
According to the class of concrete defined by the user, the compressive strength of concrete fck is
obtained from the following table:
Class
of concrete
fck (N/mm )
20/25
20
25/30
25
30/37
30
35/45
35
40/50
40
45/55
45
50/60
50
When defined directly by the User, the compressive strength of concrete is the value entered.
The tensile strength ftj of concrete is obtained from the following relations:
2/3
2/3
where
IV.1.3
Concrete creep
Concrete creep parameters, described hereunder, affect the calculation of steel/concrete modular
ratios. They can be modified by the User, in the creep parameters input window, which is accessed by
clicking on a button in the Materials module (see II.3.8).
Relative humidity:
The relative humidity RH is defined as a percentage, anywhere between 0% and 100%. The
default value is 80%.
Creep multiplier :
The creep multiplier may be modified for shrinkage loads, permanent loads, and imposed
displacements. For live loads it is fixed ( = 0).
Any modified value of the creep multiplier must be between 0 and 2. The default values are
those given by Eurocodes, as shown in the following table.
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Load case
Shrinkage
0,55
Permanent loads
1,1
Imposed displacements
1,5
Live loads
IV.1.4
Modular ratios
Each basic loading is assigned a modular ratio which depends on the state of the concrete (casting
phase or in-service phase) and the type of load applied (permanent or live load).
The modular ratio is given by the following formula (from Eurocode EN1994-2:2005 5.4.2.2):
m = n0 (1 + t)
where: n0:
(1)
t :
:
t0:
RH:
creep multiplier, defined for each load case (see Table IV-3)
age of concrete, in days, at time of loading (see Table IV-4)
relative humidity (%)
Load case
t0 (days)
Shrinkage
Permanent loads
45
Imposed displacements
45
Live loads
45
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IV.2 LOADS
IV.2.1
General
Following types of loads are considered in ACOBRI for the design of a bridge:
permanent loads,
live loads,
fatigue loads.
In addition, the natural frequency for the principal bending mode is calculated for each bridge studied.
Each loading is processed by the program in accordance with its type. The results of processing
(deflections, deflected shapes, internal forces and moments, etc.) can be edited or displayed on the
screen using the Action Effects module of the Post-Processor (see III.3.7). A detailed synthesis of
results is also available in the Predesign report (see III.2).
Permanent loads:
The permanent loads likely to be exerted on a bridge are:
temperature effects
Live loads:
Live loads are generated automatically in accordance with the type of bridge:
ROAD BRIDGES
RAILWAY BRIDGES
FOOTBRIDGES
Load Model 1
Footbridge loads
Loads on footways
Load Models SW
Service vehicle
Abnormal load
ROAD BRIDGES
RAILWAY BRIDGES
FOOTBRIDGES
LM 71
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IV.2.2
Permanent loads
Unpropped beams
Dead loads are calculated for concrete in the casting phase, i.e. when only the main steel
beams contribute to structural resistance. In the case of partially prefabricated composite
beams or Precobeams, the precast deck panel is taken into account. Main steel beams are
continuous over intermediate supports, unless concrete crossbeams have been defined.
Propped beams (fully propped throughout their length) during the concrete casting phase
Dead loads are calculated for concrete in the in-service phase, taking account of the modular
ratio for the permanent loads of the bridge (SDL1). If concrete crossbeams have been defined,
the main beams are considered to be continuous over intermediate supports, irrespective of
the phasing of crossbeam concreting (see Table II-4 p 45).
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Option A: the superstructure is not propped during erection and the slab and edges are
poured together, so that no frame effect is to be taken into account neither in the FEM grid
model (spring stiffnesses equal to 0) nor in the treatment of internal forces. Actually,
normal force in the girder is 0 and there is no moment shifting.
Option B: the superstructure is not propped during erection and the slab is poured after
the edges. Two load cases are to be considered. The first one deals with the dead load of
the steel beams before the pouring and no frame effect is active. The second load case is
the dead load of concrete, where the frame effect is active (when the concrete of the slab
is poured). In this case, the normal force and the moment shifting are to be assessed, by
using the procedure described in Annex VI.7.4, where:
o prefabricated beams
Parameters K2,m and K3,m (see VI.7.1) calculated considering the composite
effect, with the modular ratio for long term actions.
o other types of beams
Ksym = -2 (non composite section)
K3,m calculated with Asup the sum of the area of the steel girder only
Option C: the superstructure is propped during erection. The consequence is that the
composite action and the frame effect are fully effective for the self-weight load case.
the associated option has been selected in the Concrete slab definition module (see
II.3.6).
(2)
For the overhang on the left-hand side of the slab, this mass per unit length is supported by
the first two beam lines, and as a result of equilibrium:
mov-1 = mov (a + 2 b) / 2 b
mov-2 = - mov a / 2 b
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The same calculation is carried out for the overhang on the right-hand side of the slab.
These masses add to the masses of the parts of the slab between the outer beams.
For a twin-girder bridge, no special treatment is necessary.
Filler-beam deck overhang:
If a filler-beam deck has no overhangs (option deselected in the overhang module see
II.3.5), no special calculation is performed; the lateral concrete cover is negligible.
If a deck overhang has been designed (option selected in the overhang module see II.3.5),
it is assumed that it is cast on formwork bearing against the first two edge beams and an
intermediate beam see Figure IV-2.
dead load of the overhangs, where the composite effect is considered and calculated with
the modular ratio for permanent loads.
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In all cases, the estimated quantities given in the Pre-design report are calculated for the
entire deck slab, including overhangs.
The parameters for concreting the overhang (placement and propping) can be modified in the
Overhang module (see II.3.5).
Weighting factor
Weight source
Road bridges
Footbridges
Railway bridges
Waterproofing
1.0
1.0
1.0
Surfacing
1.0
1.0
Footways
1.0
Ballast
1.0
1.0
Maintenance walkways
1.0
Table IV-7: SDL1 loads
In combinations of actions, a distinction is made between increased SDL1 and reduced SDL1. The
weighting factors given in the following tables depend on the bridge type. These factors can be
modified by the User from the Options / Factors / Weighting factors menu (see II.4.1).
Weighting factor
Codes
Weight source
Road bridges
Footbridges
Railway
bridges
Waterproofing
1.20
1.20
1.20
Surfacing
1.40
1.40
Footways
1.00
Eurocode EN
Ballast
1.30
1.00
Maintenance walkway
1.00
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Weighting factor
Codes
Weight source
Road bridges
Footbridges
Railway
bridges
Waterproofing
0.80
0.80
0.80
Surfacing
0.80
0.80
Footways
1.00
Eurocode EN
Ballast
0.70
1.00
Maintenance walkway
1.00
Deck furniture
Road bridges
Footbridge
Railway
bridges
Pedestrian parapets
Cornices
Drains
Utilities
Vehicle restraints
Noise barriers
Other
X
X
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Finite-element calculation:
The effect of concrete shrinkage is taken into account in the form of a diagram of equivalent
moments applied to each main beam of the bridge. These applied moments are referred to as
primary moments in what follows.
For a given cross-section, the applied primary moment is given by:
Mprim = NShrink G
NShrink = Shrink Eb Ab
(3)
where:
NShrink Normal force in the concrete slab due to shrinkage
Shrink
Vertical difference between the centre of gravity of the composite section and
the centre of gravity of the slab
Eb
Young's modulus of concrete
Ab
Area of the concrete slab to be considered for the cross-section studied. The
slab width taken into account is the effective width used in the calculation of
internal forces and moments see IV.4.4.1.
Shrinkage effects in partially prefabricated composite beams and Precobeams are calculated
with a conservative margin, taking the total depth of the slab (precast part + site-cast part).
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(4)
-5
Settlement
-M
+M
6 EI ms
6 Lsup
EI
Lsup2 1 2 p abut 1 4 p 2 6 p 3
EI ms
,anti
(5)
Where:
p
Lsup,cr
Lsup
,anti
c ,anti
E I ms
Ims is the sum of the second moments of area of the girders at mid-span.
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IV.2.3
Cross section
x0
c,sym
,sym Lsup 42 4
A( x, x 0 )
k mgc ( x, x 0 )
Lsup ,anti 6 Lsup ,sym 2 B( x, x 0 )
(6)
and k mgc ( x, x 0 ) 2
where:
,sym
,anti
c ,sym
E Ims
c ,anti
E Ims
Ims is the sum of the second moments of area of the girders at mid-span.
A( x, x0 ) ,sym ,ant i F1( x, x0 ) 3 ,sym F2 ( x, x0 ) ,anti F3 ( x, x0 ) F4 ( x, x0 )
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For x x0:
F2 ( x, x0 ) Lsup 2 x x0
F3 ( x, x 0 ) 2 Lsup x Lsup x 0 2 x 0 2 2 x x 0
4 x0 2 x
Lsup
F4 ( x, x0 ) 12 x
G2 ( x, x 0 ) 4 Lsup x 2 Lsup x 0 x 0 2 x x 0
2 x0 2 x
Lsup
F2 ( x, x0 ) Lsup Lsup 2 x x0
F3 ( x, x 0 ) Lsup 2 3 Lsup x 0 2 x 0 2 6 x x 0
F4 ( x, x0 ) 12 Lsup x
4 x0 2 x
Lsup
2 x0 2 x
Lsup
After the global analysis for the cross section (x), the following processes is carried out:
if the moment is studied, the shift of moment is calculated according to IV.2.9, so that the final
moment to be saved includes this shift. The associated value of NIIsup,i is also saved for the
next checking of the cross-section, as the concomitant normal force associated to the
maximum/minimum bending moment.
IV.2.4
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Traffic lanes:
Traffic lanes are defined in accordance with the width of the carriageway, based on the rules
in the following table:
nlanes
Llane
Lresidual
w < 5,4 m
3m
w3m
w/2
6,0 m <= w
Int(w / 3)
3m
w - nlanes x 3 m
The transverse positioning of lanes is not permanent. Lanes can be immediately adjacent to
each other or separated by remaining areas. Lanes are positioned on the carriageway
according to transverse influence lines in order to obtain the most unfavourable effect for the
studied component.
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Lane No. i
Lane No. 1
300
Lane No. 2
200
Lane No. 3
100
Other lanes
Eurocode (EN
and ENV)
Bridge class
Q1
Qi i > 1
Class 1
1,00
1,00
Class 2
1,00
1,00
Class 3
1,00
1,00
lane No. 1:
other lanes:
remaining area:
qr = 2,5 kN/m
The factor is modifiable by the User (see II.4.2) and its default value according to the active
National Annexes is given in the following Table, whatever the class of the bridge:
German
NA
Other
NA
q1
1.33
1.0
q2
2.4
1.0
qi3
1.2
1.0
qr
1.2
1.0
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Eurocode
EN 1991-2 5.3.2.1.
Description:
A uniformly distributed load is applied on the footways of a road bridge or the maintenance
walkways of a railway bridge so as to produce the maximum effect envisaged. The default
2
value of this load is 5 kN/m . It can be modified by the User (see II.3.19).
Position:
Longitudinally, the loaded areas are chosen so as to be most critical, between the zeros of the
active longitudinal influence line.
Laterally, each loaded area on the footway (or maintenance walkway) is loaded across its
entire width if the effect produced is unfavourable.
Parameters:
For a road bridge, the uniform load applied to the footways and the laterally loaded area of the
footways can be modified in the module for defining live loads on footways (see II.3.19). By
default, the footways are loaded across their entire width.
For a railway bridge, the uniform load applied on the maintenance walkways can be modified
in the maintenance walkway definition module (see II.3.16). The maintenance walkways are
loaded across their entire width.
Eurocode
EN1991-2:2003 4.3.4
Description:
An abnormal traffic load (live load) may be used on the bridge. To do this, the User must
check this option in the Truck load definition module (see II.3.20), then select the special
vehicle required from the drop-down list.
Special vehicles are defined in the Abnormal loads database, a file that the User can edit and
modify (see II.2.4). By default, this database contains the following special vehicles, from
Annex A of EN 1991-2: 600/150, 900/150, 1200/150, 1200/200 and 2400/240.
A specific dynamic amplification factor is applied to the abnormal loads. By default, this
parameter is set to 1, but the User can modify it (see II.3.20).
The abnormal loads can also be superimposed to the LM1 load model, if the associated option
has been selected by the User. In this case, the abnormal load is positioned first, according to
the active longitudinal influence line. Secondly, UDL and TS partial load models are applied,
considering an exclusion zone corresponding to the lanes occupied by the abnormal vehicle
and up to 25 m in front and behind it. In this case, the Abnormal Load case contains these
3 loads pattern, considering the combination coefficient for partial loads UDL and TS
(see II.3.20 and IV.3.1.2).
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Figure IV-9: Simultaneous application of abnormal vehicle and Load Model LM1
IV.2.5
Reference:
EN1991-2:2003 4.6.4
Description:
The effects of actual road traffic on the bridge are represented by travelling of a single truck at
the centre of a slow lane. This truck has 4 axles and weighs 480 kN, i.e. 60 kN per wheel.
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IV.2.6
When the bridge is supported by integral abutments (see II.3.10), 7 specific load cases are
considered by ACOBRI to take account of the effects of abutments on the bridge:
N0,Soil
1
K 0 soil a 2 w a
2
(7)
kF, soil, a and wa are parameters of the integral abutments, defined by the User (see II.3.10).
NSum,Soil
MSum,Soil
II
II
NSum,Soil and MSum,Soil are calculated according to Annex VI.7.3.1 (symmetric, N A
, MA
), considering:
kF coefficient of location of resulting force with kF = 1/3
SSum as defined by the User (see II.3.10)
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The load case ASum,Thermal is defined in ACOBRI by the following loads to be applied at each end of the
bridge:
One normal force (constant along the bridge) NSum,Therm
One moment (constant along the bridge) MSum,Therm
With:
I
NSum, Therm NST
M Sum, Therm
I
M ST
N
N
1
N
(8)
N
1
N
Where:
M = -K2,m
I
3 I
M
2 ST
I
K1 K 4
M
ST
I
M K 2,m K 3,m NST
K 3, m N ST
3
M K1 K 4
2
M
M K 2,m K 3,m N
N
K 3,m N
3
M K 1 K 4
2
M
L1
L2
MSummer, Therm MSum, Int 1 c,sym
(9)
where:
L1 = Lsup,cr
L2 = Lsup /2 Lsup,cr
The load case ASum is considered as a thermal load case. Its modular ratio is the same as for other
thermal load cases.
For Lsup,cr and Lsup, see VI.7.1
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NWin,Soil
MWin,Soil
II
II
NWin,Soil and MWin,Soil are calculated according to Annex VI.7.3.1 (symmetric, N A
, MA
), considering:
kF coefficient of location of resulting force with kF = 1/3
S the resultant force of earth pressure, as defined by
1
Ka soil a2 wa
4
(10)
The load case AWin,Thermal is defined in ACOBRI by the following loads to be applied at each end of the
bridge:
One normal force (constant along the bridge)
NWin,Therm
MWin,Therm
NWin,Therm and MWin,Therm are calculated as NSum,Therm and MSum,Therm respectively by replacing TSum by
TWin in the previous formulas.
The load case AWin is considered as a thermal load case. Its modular ratio is the same as for other
thermal load cases.
1
SUDL
2
(11)
Where:
SUDL
RUDL,i RBasic
(12)
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RUDL,i is the resulting force for the UDL load case applied on lane i of the UDL load model,
with:
RUDL,i = K0,q wi a qi,k
K0,q, a as defined by the User (see chapter II.3.10)
wi width of the lane no i
qi,k load value on lane no i, according to LM1 (either EN or DIN)
RBasic is the resulting basic force acting on abutment:
1
S TS
2
(13)
Where:
STS
RTS,i
(14)
RTS,i is the resulting force for the TS load case applied on lane i of the TS load model, with:
RTS,i = K0,q b1 a qek,i
K0,q, a as defined by the User (see chapter II.3.10)
b1 and 1 define the area where TS load is applied: b1 = 3 m and 1 = 5 m
q ek, i
2 Qi Qik
b1 1
Qi,k load value on lane no i, according to TS/LM1 load model (either EN or DIN)
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IV.2.7
Eurocode
EN1991-2:2003 6.3.2
Description:
Load Model 71 represents the static effect of normal rail traffic. It is applied successively to
each track of the bridge.
Longitudinal load pattern:
The load arrangement along a track and the characteristic values are as shown on the figure
below.
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Loads on rails
Load on track
Maximum vertical load ratio
Track gauge (1,435 m)
Eccentricity of vertical loads: e = s / 18
Eurocode
EN1991-2:2003 6.3.3
Description:
SW/0 represents the static effect of normal rail traffic whereas SW/2 represents the static
effect of heavy rail traffic. These load models are applied successively to each track on the
bridge, according to the options chosen by the User (see II.3.23).
Longitudinal load arrangement:
The load arrangement along a track is as shown on the figure below
The characteristic values of the vertical loads are given in the table below:
Load model
qvk (kN/m)
a (m)
c (m)
SW/0
133
15.0
5.3
SW/2
150
25.0
7.0
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Eurocode
EN1991-2:2003 6.4.5.2
Dynamic effects exerted on a bridge (due to the speed of trains, irregularities in wheels or rails,
resonance of the bridge) are taken into account with a dynamic factor applied to Load Models LM71
and SW (SW/0 and SW/2).
Calculation of this factor depends on the type of track maintenance, as defined in the Train load
model input module (see II.3.23). It can also be entered directly by the User in the same module.
When the automatic assessment is chosen, the following relations are applied:
= 0,82 + 1,44 / (L
1/2
(15)
= 0,73 + 2,16 / (L
1/2
(16)
L = k Lm
where: Lm
k
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
IV.2.8
Description:
According to the option chosen in the loads on footbridge module (see II.3.19), one of the
following method is applied to assess live loads on footbridges deck.
According to Eurocode:
The live load on footbridges is a system of uniformly distributed loads placed on the bridge so
as to produce the maximum effect on the variable studied. The uniformly distributed load is
given by the following formulas (from Eq (5.1) in EN 1991-2):
2
q = [ 2,00 + 120 / (L + 30) ] (in kN/m )
2
2
and: 2,5 kN/m q 5,0 kN/m
where: L is the aggregate length of loaded areas
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Description:
The accidental loading corresponding to the presence of a vehicle on a footbridge by error is
treated as a live load. It is taken into account only if specified in the module for input of live
loads for footbridges (see II.3.22).
This loading consists of a vehicle with two axles, 40 kN and 80 kN respectively, as shown in
the following diagram:
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IV.2.9
For an integral bridge submitted to a load case, either static or live, normal forces have to be assessed
form the result of the FEM calculations. To take account of the frame effect of integral abutments, the
distribution of bending moments in the superstructure has also to be shifted.
The general method, applied for each load calculations, is described in Annex VI.7.4.
IV.2.10 Eigenmode
ACOBRI calculates the natural frequency of the principal bending mode of all types of bridges.
Principle:
The frequency calculation is based on the Rayleigh method, assuming equivalence of the first
eigenmode shape and of the static deflected shape of the bridge under the effect of all the
forces acting at nodes Fi:
j
Fi = (-1) mi g
where: i
node index
mi
mass at node indexed i
j
span index
Masses considered are the nominal masses of:
diaphragms.
Masses associated to vertical live loads are not considered.
where: T, f:
i:
1
2
f
F
g F
(18)
i
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Combinations of basic loads (permanent and live loads) are applied in accordance with the type of
bridge.
IV.3.1
Road bridges
Q
GR
GTA
Tk
G
The total weight of the bridge, alternately increased and reduced. The total weight
comprises the self-weight of the bridge and the superimposed dead load (SDL1 weight of deck surfacing or ballast etc., and SDL2 - weight of deck furniture).
Support height adjustment, if defined by the user.
Live loads, equal to the component actions of either group gr1a or group gr5 for road
bridges.
Shrinkage loads
Combinations with shrinkage loads are not applied to filler-beam decks.
Loads due to support settlement, when settlement has been defined by the User.
Temperature loads
Temperature loads are not applied to filler-beam decks.
Partial factor for permanent loads.
s ASum,soil + Q ASum,Therm
or:
s AWin,soil + Q AWin,Therm
where s is the partial factor for soil loadings and Q the partial factor for thermal loadings.
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Group
Live load
Factor
1a
LM1
Footways
Abutments loads*
1.0
ktr
1.0
Abnormal load
LM1 UDL
LM1 TS
1.0
kUDL
kTS
UDL + TS + ktr FT
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IV.3.2
Footbridges
The same combination pattern applies for footbridges as for road bridges. In these combinations, for
footbridges, the symbol Q represents the live loads and is equal to the component actions of either
group gr1a or group gr2. These two load groups considered for footbridges, combining live loads on
the bridge, are defined in accordance with the following table:
Group
Live load
Factor
1a
1,0
Service vehicle
1,0
IV.3.3
Ad
Railway bridges
The total weight of the bridge, alternately increased and reduced. The total weight
comprises the self-weight of the bridge and the superimposed dead load (SDL1 weight of deck surfacing or ballast etc., and SDL2 - weight of deck furniture).
Support height adjustment, if defined by the user.
Live loads, taken from load groups gr11, gr16, gr21, gr26 and gr31.
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GR
QP
Shrinkage loads
Combinations with shrinkage loads are not applied to filler-beam decks.
Loads due to support settlement, when settlement has been defined by the User.
Temperature loads
Temperature loads are not applied to filler-beam decks.
Live loads on maintenance walkways, if defined.
GTA
Tk
Partial safety factor for live loads on maintenance walkways, taken as the value of Q for
other variable actions (can be modified by the user - see II.4.3).
0,P, 1,P, 2,P : Combination factors for live loads on maintenance walkways. Their values can
be modified by the user (see II.4.3).
Group
Track
LM71 + SW0
SW2
11
Ti
1,0
16
Ti
1,0
21
Ti
Ti
1,0
1,0
0
0
26
Ti
Ti
1,0
0
0
1,0
31
All tracks
0,75
1 track
2 tracks
3 tracks
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Conventions
This chapter defines the terms used to study a bridge with ACOBRI.
The origin of coordinates is at the intersection of the left-hand edge of the bridge and the
origin abutment.
The X axis is directed from the origin abutment to the end abutment.
Bridge edges:
The left-hand and right-hand edges of the bridge are defined as follows:
Support identification:
Supports (abutments and piers) are identified by a tag comprising a letter and a number.
Letter A is for an abutment and P for a pier. The number is the sequence number of the
supports counted from the origin abutment "0". Consequently, for a three-span bridge, the
abutments will be A0 and A3 and the supports will be P1 and P2.
Sides of a design cross-section:
The left-hand side of a design cross-section is on the side of the origin abutment and the righthand side on the side of the end abutment. This configuration is used in particular to
distinguish the shear forces in the cross-section.
Moments:
By convention, a positive moment (sagging moment) is a moment which tends to compress
the concrete slab, and a negative moment (hogging moment) is a moment which tends to
crack the slab.
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IV.4.2
Principles
The effects of load cases on the bridge are solved by ACOBRI using a finite element solver. Details
about the Grillage model are given in IV.4.3 and in Annex VI.6.
Each cross-section at the location of a node in the longitudinal direction of the bridge is a potential
cross-section to be studied. Among these cross-sections, the sections of interest are distinguished
and defined by:
mid-spans
changes in cross-section
When a full calculation is performed, all cross-sections are calculated by ACOBRI. On the contrary, for
partial calculations, only sections of interest are calculated. The full calculation is generally
recommended.
In the preliminary predesign report, the results are given only for the section of interest, even though
all section are calculated. The post-processor gives access to the results for all the calculated crosssections.
IV.4.3
Grillage model
This chapter gives some information about the grillage finite element model used in the solver of
ACOBRI.
Main coordinate system:
The main coordinate system is the right-handed orthonormal coordinate system in which the
X-axis is parallel to the longitudinal centreline of the bridge, the Y-axis is parallel to the lateral
axis of the bridge, and the Z-axis is vertically upwards.
Geometry:
The behaviour of the complete structure of the bridge is represented by a finite element model
using only bar elements, including the deck. The grillage model reproduces both the
composite effect of the main beam and the shell effect of the slab:
the main beam are represented by bar elements in the longitudinal direction, which
characteristics take account of the composite effect (if any, according to the state of
the concrete for the load case)
the concrete slab is modelled by a serie of longitudinal and transverse bar elements,
which reproduce the shell effect of the deck
All the elements of the model are located in a single horizontal plane.
The maximum length of longitudinal bar elements ranges between 1.0 m for standard bridges
to 1.60 m for very long bridges. In the transverse direction, the maximum length of bar is 1.0
m. Additionally a span contains at least 10 elements for each longitudinal line.
The geometry of the model can be completely accessed by the User (but not modified) in the
Post Precessor module (see III.3.5).
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ACOBRI
local axis x is the same as the longitudinal axis of the element (so for the grillage
model, it may be either the X direction of the global coordinate system or the Y axis);
Elements:
ACOBRI uses a uniaxial 2-nodes bar as finite element. This element has three degrees of
freedom at each end, expressed here in the local coordinate system of the element:
vertical displacement uz
rotation rx
rotation ry
The forces and moments calculated by the solver at each end of one element are thus the
following ones:
Characteristics:
Some indications for the calculation of element characteristics are given in the chapter
Characteristics of model elements (see IV.4.6).
Boundary conditions:
The degrees of freedom of the main beams nodes at supports (abutments and piers) meet the
following conditions, expressed in the global coordinate system:
rotation RX is free
rotation RY is generally free; however, an elastic restraint is taken into account when
stiffnesses have been defined by the User at the supports and for integral bridges. For
integral bridges, stiffnesses are assessed directly by ACOBRI (see Annex VI.7.2).
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IV.4.4
Effective width
The characteristics of cross-sections (moments of inertia, section moduli, etc) are calculated taking
into account the effective width of the concrete slab.
d i b0 k b
i
4
(19)
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In ACOBRI, the studs are not defined by the User but by the program. Thus, the following assumptions
are made for the calculation of the spacing b0:
the external stud is located at a distance of the flanges outer edge equal to 1.25 dc, where dc
is the diameter of the stud (type of stud is defined by the User, see II.3.6).
Thus, the formula for b0 is one of the following, according to the type of beam (but Precobeams):
single beams:
b0 bf 2.5 d c
b0 2 bf 2.5 d c
b0 2 bf s 2.5 d c
where bf is the flanges width and s the spacing between flanges for concrete filled box girders.
b0 = dsd for double prefabricated Precobeam, where dsd is the spacing between the two chords
of the beam.
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Finally, for filler-beam decks, the effective width of slab associated to each beam is defined as the
sum of the halve distances to adjacent beams (or the distance to the decks edge).
The characteristics of cross-sections (section moduli, moment resistances, etc..) used for design
checks are calculated from the effective concrete slab widths defined below.
IV.4.5
Support regions
For all bridge types, support regions are defined in the Grillage model at each intermediate support.
In these regions, the effect of concrete cracking at supports is taken into account, if required. The
edges of these regions are cross-sections of interest.
For integral bridges or for bridges where rotational stiffness has been imposed at abutments (see
II.3.9), support regions are also defined for the abutments, with the same rule as for intermediate
piers.
Dimensions of support regions:
The support region at an intermediate support is defined by default as the area to a distance of
15% of the span distance on each side of the support line.
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IV.4.6
For the type of bar elements used in ACOBRI, the element characteristics necessary for the solver are
their bending moment of inertia, Iy, and torsional moment of inertia, It. These characteristics are
calculated by ACOBRI in accordance with the type of element, the state of the slab concrete, and the
modular ratio, m (see IV.1.4).
The 4 different types of elements used in the model are:
the modular ratio or/and the relevant state of concrete associated to the load case
cracked concrete in support regions and uncracked concrete outside support regions
As an exception, the characteristics of the main beams elements for filler-beams deck considering the
composite effect (i.e. all load cases except self weight during the pouring of concrete) are obtained as
the mean value of (see Figure IV-26):
the inertia of the cross-section considering the steel profile and the full depth of concrete (I1)
the inertia of the cross-section considering the steel profile and the depth of concrete in
compression for sagging moment (I2).
In these calculations, the lost formwork is always neglected. No longitudinal reinforcement are neither
considered.
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with:
t
1
1
(bf 0.63 t f ) t f 3 (ht 2 t f ) t w 3 2 w
3
3
tt
r
0.145 0.1 c
tf
4
d
(20)
I t I t,pro
where: br, tr
L
m
1
1 L etc
br t r 3
3
6 m
(21)
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Figure IV-28: Parameters for torsion constants of conventional and prefabricated beams
Box girder
It 2
where: etc
bf 2 ( ht t f ) 2 1
1 L etc
br t r 3
bf ht t f
3
6 m
tf
tw
(22)
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I t 2 I t,pro
where: etc
2
1 L etc
br t r 3
3
6 m
(23)
Figure IV-30: Parameters for torsion constants of concrete filled box girders
I t I t,pro
where: etc
1 L etc
6 m
(24)
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Simple Precobeam
It
1
1 L e
(hmr t f ) t w 3 bf t f 3 br t r 3 tc
3
6 m
(25)
Double Precobeam
It
3
2
1 L e
(hmr t f ) t w 3 bf t f 3 br t r 3 tc
3
6 m
(26)
b e3
12 m
b e3
I t k1 k 2
6m
where: b
e
k1
k2
(27)
Width of the concrete deck element, defined as the sum of the half-distances to the
lines of parallel elements or to the edge of the slab.
Slab thickness taken into account. For cantilevered slab elements, the mean thickness
of the overhang is considered.
Calculation coefficient for the inertia of slab elements. The recommended value is 1.0,
except in the case of filler-beam decks where a factor of 0.5 is imposed by Eurocode
for tranverse slab elements.
The value of this factor can be modified in the Calculation Coefficient input module
(see II.4.7), which could be very useful for analyzing the distribution effects of the slab.
However, it is recommended that the default values of the program are retained;
they should only be modified if one is fully aware of the consequences.
Calculation coefficient taking account of the position of longitudinal elements relative
to the main beams.
For transverse elements, k2 = 1.
For longitudinal elements:
k2 = 0.01 if the element is within the effective width of a main beam. This amounts
to overlooking the element, for its global stiffness has already been taken into
account in the characteristics of the elements of the main beam.
k2 = 1 if the element is not located in the effective width of the main beam.
Note: The concrete deck elements are coloured grey in the graphic window of the Post Processor.
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S
Smb,max
kdia,S
(28)
Note: Diaphragm elements are coloured blue (or purple when they merge with a change in crosssection) in the graphic window of the Post Processor.
IV.4.7
Influence lines
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Influence line
for moment
Crosssection
studied
ACOBRI calculates the longitudinal influence lines with a special model taking account of only
one beam line, assuming that for a given design cross-section and a given variable, the
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ACOBRI
influence line varies little from one beam line to another. This calculation assumes the
concrete to be in its in-service phase and uses the modular ratio for short-term loads.
Longitudinal influence lines can be displayed with the Influence lines module of the PostProcessor (see III.3.6). Sagging moments are shown by lines curving downwards and hogging
moments by lines curving upwards.
Girder i
FU/2
FU/2
c,sym,i
FU/2
x
c,antisym,i
FU/2
The transverse influence lines are calculated with the same process as the current one for the general
cases, considering the grid model with the c,sym symmetric restraints (see Annex 0).
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CHAPTER
V DESIGN CHECKS
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V.1 GENERAL
Limit states are referred to in what follows by their abbreviations:
SLS
ULS
FLS
Fatigue Limit States
According to the type of beams and to the type of bridge, the following criteria are checked by
ACOBRI:
Conventional beams, partially prefabricated composite beams, box girders or concrete-filled
box girders:
Footbridge
Road bridge
Railway bridge
Deflections
-
Track twist
SLS
Minimum reinforcement
Slab cracking
Stress limitation
Shear connection
Resistance of cross-sections to bending
Resistance of cross-sections to vertical shear
ULS
FLS
Stress variations
Road bridge
Railway bridge
Deflections
SLS
Track twist
ULS
FLS
Stress variations
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Road bridge
Railway bridge
Deflections
SLS
Track twist
ULS
FLS
Stress variations
Table V-3: Checks for Precobeams
V.2.1
If the cross-section is not partially prefabricated (i.e. conventional composite beam, box girder,
concrete-filled box girder, filler-beams):
The cross-section properties are obtained as the profile (+ strengthening plate if relevant)
cross-section properties, whatever the sign of bending.
Figure V-1: Elastic properties of conventional composite beam or filler beams before pourring
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Figure V-2: Elastic properties of box griders or concrete filled box griders before pourring
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V.2.2
Uncracked concrete
When the composite effect of the in-situ concrete can be accounted for, the cross-section properties
are obtained by the following principles:
Figure V-6: Elastic properties of conventional composite beam under positive moment
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ACOBRI
Box girder
Concrete of the haunch, if any, not taken into account.
Reinforcement not taken into account
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Figure V-9: Elastic properties of concrete filled box girder under positive moment
Simple Precobeam
Reinforcement in compression zone not taken into account
Reinforcement in tension zone not taken into account
Concrete in compression taken into account, including concrete web if relevant
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Double Precobeam
Reinforcement in compression zone not taken into account
Concrete of the haunch and concrete between steel chords not taken into account
Concrete in compression taken into account
V.2.3
Cracked concrete
When the composite effect of the in-situ concrete can be accounted for, the cross-section properties
are obtained by the following principle
Figure V-13: Elastic properties of conventional composite beam under negavive moment
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Box grider
Concrete above neutral axis not taken into account. Concrete of the haunch neglected.
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Simple Precobeam
Concrete in compression in the concrete web not considered
Reinforcement in compression not considered
Cracked concrete non considered
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Double Precobeam
Concrete in compression in the concrete web considered, if the associated option has been
selected by the User.
Cracked concrete non considered
V.2.4
Figure V-20: Elastic properties of conventional composite beam under negavive moment
at concrete crossbeam
Note: Cross-sections at abutments of integral bridges are treated as cross-sections at concrete
crossbeams.
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Positive moments
Figure V-22: Positive plastic moment for partailly prefabricated composite section
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Box girder
Concrete of the haunch neglected.
Reinforcement in compression neglected.
Figure V-24: Positive plastic moment for concrete filled box girders
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Simple Precobeam
Concrete below the plastic neutral axis neglected.
Reinforcement in compression neglected.
Reinforcement in concrete web neglected.
Both concrete of in-situ slab and precast slab assumed to have the same properties
Double Precobeam
Concrete of the haunch and concrete between profiles neglected.
Reinforcement in compression neglected.
Both concrete of in-situ slab and precast slab assumed to have the same properties
V.3.2
Negative moments
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Figure V-29: Negative plastic moment for partailly prefabricated composite section
Box girder
Concrete of the haunch neglected.
Reinforcement in compression neglected, if relevant.
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Figure V-31: Negative plastic moment for concrete filled box girders
Simple Precobeam
Concrete above plastic neutral axis (tension zone) neglected.
Concrete of web below plastic neutral axis (compression zone) neglected.
Reinforcement in compression neglected, if relevant.
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Double Precobeam
Both concrete of in-situ slab and precast slab neglected when above plastic neutral axis.
Concrete in-between the two webs and above the fillet is taken into account, if the associated
option has been selected by the User.
Concrete of the haunch neglected.
V.3.3
Plastic properties of cross-section at concrete cross-beams under negative moments are obtained
neglecting the section of steel profile above the plastic neutral axis, all other conditions being as
described previously.
Note: Cross-sections at abutments of integral bridges are treated as cross-sections at concrete
crossbeams.
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Figure V-35: Plastic properties of conventional composite beam under negavive moment
at concrete crossbeam
V.3.4
References:
Eurocode
EN1993-1-1:2005 6.2.6
where: VplRd
fyp
M0
Av
Av f yp
3 M0
(29)
Av A 2bf t f (t w 2rc ) t f
(30)
Av 2 A 2bf t f (t w 2rc ) t f
(31)
Simple Precobeams
Av hmr t w
(32)
Double Precobeams
Av 2 hmr t w
bf, tf
tw
rc
A
hmr
(33)
dimensions of a flange
thickness of the web
radius of the fillet
gross area of the steel profile only (strengthening plate neglected)
height of Precobeam steel chords for the resistance (see VI.4)
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V.4.1
Principles
general cross-sections:
- upper fiber of the steel profile (upper flange)
- lower fiber of the steel profile (either lower flange or strengthening plate)
- upper layer of longitudinal reinforcement (tensile stresses)
- upper fiber of concrete slab (compressive stresses)
Precobeams cross-sections:
- stresses in the dowels
- lower fiber of the steel profile (either lower flange or strengthening plate)
- upper layer of longitudinal reinforcement (tensile stresses)
- upper fiber of concrete slab (compressive stresses)
Stresses are calculated for combinations of loads, as the sum of stresses obtained for each individual
load cases weighted by combinations factors.
By convention, it assumed here that tensile stresses are positive.
Stresses are always calculated according to the following steps, except filler-beams:
1. Calculation of stresses in the upper fiber on concrete, considering uncracked concrete
2. Checking the state of concrete:
General case:
-
if c > 0 (i.e. the stress in concrete is tensile stress), the uncracked assumption is verified
fb
Tensile stress in top layer of reinforcement (without the part due to the effect of
concrete in tension, given by relation (42)).
dow
equivalent stress in dowels of Precobeams due to the effect of the global bending
moment and of the horizontal shear force.
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V.4.2
For the dead load cases, where the in-situ concrete is being poured, assuming unpropped conditions,
the composite effect cannot be accounted for, except for the precast slab of prefabricated beams
when relevant.
For these load cases, normal stresses are obtained with the following relations:
Fiber
ft
M
Wft
(34)
Lower flange
fb
M
Wfb
(35)
c = 0
r = 0
cracked concrete:
c = 0
uncracked concrete:
c k c
cracked concrete:
r k r
M
Wcp
M
Wrp
(36)
(37)
r = 0
where: M
Wft
Wfb
Wcp
kc
Wrp
kr
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V.4.3
For any load case, either dead or live, with full composite effect of both precast (when relevant) and insitu concrete, normal stresses due to bending moment are obtained with the following relations:
Fiber
ft
M
Wft
(38)
Lower flange
fb
M
Wfb
(39)
cracked concrete:
c = 0
uncracked concrete:
M
Wc
cracked concrete:
M
Wr
uncracked concrete:
r = 0
(40)
(41)
where: M
Wft
Wfb
Wc
Wr
V.4.4
For cracked composite sections, an additional term is added to stresses in the rebars, calculated
according to the following relation:
r ' r
where: fctm
where
0.4
f ctm
st r
(42)
st
Reinforcement ratio
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ACOBRI
General
In ACOBRI, normal forces in cross-sections may occur for the following situations:
V.5.2
For shrinkage or thermal load cases, normal stresses in cross-section under normal forces are
calculated according to the following relations:
Fiber
ft
Lower flange
fb
(43)
Acomp
N
(44)
Acomp
cracked concrete:
c = 0
uncracked concrete:
1
1
c N
m A
Aslab
comp
cracked concrete:
N
Acomp
(45)
(46)
r = 0
where: N
Acomp
Aslab
m
normal force in the cross-section for the load case, given by relation (3).
equivalent composite area of the cross-section, taking account of the state of
concrete.
area of the concrete slab.
modular ratio associated to the load case
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ACOBRI
V.5.3
Integral bridges
V.5.3.1 Stresses for load cases without composite effect of the in-situ concrete
For the dead load cases, where the in-situ concrete is being poured, assuming unpropped conditions,
the composite effect cannot be accounted for, except for the precast slab of prefabricated beams
when relevant.
For these load cases, stresses under the normal forces generated by the frame effect of integral
bridges are obtained with the following relations:
Fiber
ft
Lower flange
fb
(47)
Asection
N
Asection
(48)
c = 0
r = 0
cracked concrete:
c = 0
uncracked concrete:
k
N
c c
m Asection
cracked concrete:
r k r
uncracked concrete:
r = 0
N
Asection
(49)
(50)
where: N
Acomp
m
kc, kr
normal force in the cross-section for the load case, given by relation (3).
equivalent composite area of the cross-section, taking account of the state of
concrete.
modular ratio associated to the load case
factors to take account for precast slab, whose values are described in V.4.2.
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ACOBRI
ft
Lower flange
fb
(51)
Acomp
N
Acomp
(52)
cracked concrete:
c = 0
uncracked concrete:
cracked concrete:
N
m Acomp
(53)
N
Acomp
(54)
r = 0
where: N
normal force in the cross-section for the load case, given by relation (3).
Asection relevant area of the cross-section:
for cross-section without precast slabs: Asection is the area of the steel profile (and
strengthening plate if relevant)
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ACOBRI
dow k fL
V Sy
tw I y
k fG
My
Iy
(55)
zd
FLS
kfL
kfG
kfL
kfG
Recommanded values,
German and Italian NA
7.95
1.5
6.45
1.5
French NA
7.69
1.54
7.21
1.54
National Annexes
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ACOBRI
Limitation of deflection
max
L
where:
L
(56)
Beam deflection
Length of span in which the studied cross-section is located
max
Limit with default value of 1/500. It can be modified in the SLS factors input module
(see II.4.4).
Footbridges:
Footbridge load
Check:
At each design cross-section, for each rail track, the following criterion is checked:
max
L
where:
L
max
(57)
Deflection of the bridge at the track centreline
Length of the span in which the cross-section is located
Limit of deflection.
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ACOBRI
3. This deflection limit is then divided by the limit of vertical acceleration accepted for comfort
2
by the User (default value av = 1 m/s ; see II.4.4).
4. Finally, this deflection limit can never be less than 1/600.
V.7.2
References:
Eurocode
EN1990/A1:2006 A2.4.4.2.2
At each design cross-section of railways bridges, for each rail track, the following criterion is checked:
g < glim
where: g
glim
(58)
Track twist, measured over a distance of 3 m, due to the action of load LM71
Twist limitation, determined in accordance with the speed V of trains:
glim = 4,5 mm
glim = 3,0 mm
V.7.3
At each end of railways bridge (at the abutments), for each track, the following criterion is checked:
< lim
where:
lim
(59)
Angular rotation of the deck, measured at the center axis of the track, due to the
action of load LM71.
Rotation limit, determined as follows:
for single-track bridges:
Note: This criterion is not checked at the ends of any Gerber isostatic span.
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ACOBRI
V.7.4
Minimum reinforcement
Eurocode
EN1994-2:2005 7.4.2
At each cross-section of main girders, the minimum reinforcement area criterion of Eurocode is
checked through the following relation:
r 0.9 k c k
f tj
(60)
where: s
is the maximum stress permitted in the reinforcement immediately after cracking. Its
value is obtained from Table V-5 below (which is equivalent to the Table 7.1 of EN
1994-2, considering wk = 0.2 mm), for a maximum bar diameter = 20 mm.
is the reinforcement ratio (which is equal to the area of reinforcement in the crosssection divided by the area of concrete)
k = 0.8
kc
is a factor which takes account of the stress distribution within the section immediately
prior to the cracking and is given by (from Equation 7.2 of EN 1994-2)):
kc
hc
z0
1
0.3 1
1 hc /(2 z0 )
(61)
is the effective depth of the concrete slab (excluding haunches, ribs and non
composite precast panels).
is the vertical distance between the centroid of the uncracked concrete slab and the
uncracked composite cross-section (see V.2.2), obtained for the modular ratio for
short term loading (see IV.1.4)
s
(MPa)
160
25
200
16
240
12
280
320
360
400
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ACOBRI
V.7.5
Eurocode
EN1994-2:2005 7.5.3
At each cross-section of main girders, the minimum reinforcement area criterion of Eurocode is
checked through the following relation:
r 0.01
where: r
min(c st , d eff )
c st
(62)
cst
is the reinforcement ratio (which is equal to the area of reinforcement in the crosssection divided by the area of concrete above profile)
is the concrete coverage of the profile (height of concrete above profiles)
deff
c
V.7.6
For Precobeams, criterion described in V.7.4 is applied. Additionally, the following minimal
reinforcement for the dowels is calculated and given by ACOBRI in the calculation sheet:
Confined reinforcement for girders:
The minimum confinement reinforcement for girders is given by:
As,conf
0.3 P
f sd
Dowel reinforcement:
The minimum reinforcement of dowel (area Ab see Figure VI-5 p 214) is given by:
Ab
V.7.7
0.5 P
f sd
Slab cracking
References:
Eurocode
EN1994-2:2005 7.4.3
For all frequent SLS combinations and for each cross-section of the main girders, ACOBRI assesses
the maximal bar diameter and the maximal spacing between rebars required by Eurocodes. If the
concrete is cracked, the stress r in reinforcement is calculated (see V.4), considering the effect of the
cracking of concrete (see V.4.4).
The maximum bar diameter is obtained with this stress from Table V-5. The maximal spacing of rebars
is obtained with this same stress from Table V-6 below (which is equivalent to the Table 7.2 of EN
1994-2, considering wk = 0.2 mm).
Both values of max and emax are given in the predesign report. If the cross-section is never cracked for
all frequent SLS combination, the mention No cracking is displayed instead.
Predesign report also indicates as synthesis the most unfavorable values of max and emax obtained in
all cross-sections.
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ACOBRI
160
200
200
150
240
100
280
50
V.7.8
Stress limitation
This chapter doesnt apply for filler-beam decks and for Precobeams.
References:
Eurocode
EN1994-2:2005 7.2.2
For each cross-section for the main beams, following criteria are checked:
Characteristic combinations
f yp
ft
Vft
c 0.6 fck
(66)
r 0.6 f yr
(67)
c 0.45 fck
(68)
Mser
and
fb
f yb
Mser
f yp
(64)
3 Mser
f yp
Mser
(63)
and
Vfb
f yb
Mser
(65)
where: ft
fb
Vft
Vfb
Von Mises stress in bottom fiber of beam (bottom flange or strengthening plate as
applicable)
Von Mises stresses are calculated for the maximum bending moments and the
corresponding shear force values and for the maximum shear force values and the
corresponding bending moments. They are calculated where the web meets the
flanges.
Tensile stress in top layer of reinforcement, including the part of concrete in tension,
given by relation (42) (see V.4.4).
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fyp
fyb
fyb = fyp
fck
fyr
M,ser
Partial factor for SLS, with default value of 1,00. It can be modified from the Options /
Factors / SLS menu (see II.4.4).
Note: For partially prefabricated composite beams, ACOBRI does not check the stresses in the
concrete of the precast part. This concrete is usually a higher strength class.
V.7.9
Eurocode
EN1994-2:2005 7.2.2
For each cross-section for the main beams, following criteria are checked for characteristic SLS
combinations:
f yp
fb
f yp
ft
c 0.6 fck
(70)
r 0.6 f yr
(71)
and
Mser
Mser
(69)
For each cross-section for the main beams, following criteria are checked:
Characteristic combinations
f yb
fb
dow 1.3
c 0.6 fck
(74)
r 0.6 f yr
(75)
c 0.45 fck
(76)
(72)
Mser
f yp
Mser
(73)
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Eurocode
For each cross-section for the main beams, following criteria are checked, for characteristic
combinations:
G k s nc PRd
where: G
(77)
Slip between slab and beam as a result of shear force under SLS combinations, given
by the expression:
G VEd
S
I
(78)
VEd
S
PRd
Recommended values:
ks = 0.75
The number of shear studs per unit length, nc, is determined by the program. It cannot exceed the limit
number defined by the following rules:
the minimum distance between two connectors in the direction of shear is 5 dc.
the minimum distance between two connectors in the direction of flange width is 2,5 dc.
the minimum distance from a connector to the edge of the flange is 0,75 dc + 75 mm for
beams with precast concrete panels and 0,50 dc + 25 mm for other beams.
When the ratio of the actual number of shear studs to the limit number is greater than 1, the number of
shear studs per unit length is the limit number.
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ACOBRI
where: Psh
Pcyc
(79)
is the ultimate load for the shearing of the concrete dowel (see V.8.9);
is the shear resistance to avoid structural loosening under cyclic loads, given by:
Pcyc = 3.1 fck hd tw
PLD,ser is the horizontal shear force in the dowel, obtained by: PLD,ser
V
hd, ex
V Sy
Iy
ex
This chapter doesnt apply for filler beam decks and for Precobeams.
References:
Eurocode
EN1994-2:2005 6.6.3.1
The design shear resistance PRd of a connector is given by (units: mm, N, MPa):
PRd min PRd1, PRd2
PRd1 0.29 d c 2
where:
PRd2 0.8 fu
where: dc
hc
fcj
Ecm
fcj E cm
v
(80)
dc 2
4 v
(81)
fu
Partial factor for design shear resistance of headed studs. The default value is 1.25. It
can be modified in the SLS factor input module (see II.4.4).
= 0,2 + 0,2 hc / dc
if 4 hc / dc :
=1
(82)
dc, hc, fu as defined in the stud database (see II.2.2), according to the definition made by User
(see II.3.6).
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ACOBRI
V.8.2
Resistance to bending
This chapter doesnt apply to Precobeams if the elastic resistance has been imposed by the User (see
II.5.1). In this latter case, V.8.3 is applied.
References:
Eurocode
EN1994-2:2005 6.2.1
Sagging moment:
For each cross-section of the main beams, following method is adopted for the checking of the
resistance to sagging bending moment (positive moment, MEd > 0):
Class 1 or 2:
MEd MplRd
(83)
Class 3:
ft
f yp
M0
and
fb
and
fb
f yb
(84)
M0
Class 4:
ft
where: MEd
MplRd
f yp
M0
f yb
(85)
M0
ft, fb Normal stresses in top fibre of the steel profile and in bottom fibre of beam
(bottom flange or strengthening plate as applicable) respectively, calculated
with the gross-cross section properties (class 3) or with the effective crosssection properties (class 4) for uncracked concrete (see V.4)
fyp
Yield strength of structural steel (profile)
fyb
Yield strength of structural steel for the bottom fiber:
fyb = fyp
fyp, fys
M0
fyb = fys
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Hogging moment:
For hogging moment (MEd > 0), following criteria are adopted:
Class 1 or 2:
MEd MplRd
(86)
Class 3:
ft
f yp
M0
and
fb
and
fb
f yb
M0
(87)
Class 4:
ft
f yp
M0
f yb
M0
(88)
MEd MplRd20tw
(89)
where: MEd
Bending moment in the cross-section for the ULS combination
MplRd Negative bending moment (see V.3)
MplRd20tw
Negative bending moment, taking account of the reinforcement in
tension and neglecting cracked concrete, plus taking account of the effective
part of the web, i.e. 20 tw (see EN 1993-1-1 6.2.2.4)
ft, fb Normal stresses in top fibre of the steel profile and in bottom fibre of beam
(bottom flange or strengthening plate as applicable) respectively, calculated
with the gross-cross section properties (class 3) or with the effective crosssection properties (class 4) for cracked concrete (see V.4)
fyp, fyb idem sagging moment
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ACOBRI
V.8.3
This chapter applies only to Precobeams if the elastic resistance has been imposed by the User
(see II.5.1).
For each cross-section for the main beams, following criteria are checked under ULS combinations:
Normal stress in the profile
fb kPr
f yb
M0
fck
c
f yr
s
(90)
(91)
(92)
V.8.4
For Class 1 and 2 sections, the position of the plastic neutral axis of filler-beam decks must comply
with the following condition: the plastic neutral axis is in the steel section. If this condition is not met for
all the sections studied, a warning message is given in the chapter Summary of the Pre-design
report.
V.8.5
References:
Eurocode
EN1993-1-1:2005 6.2.6
For each cross-section of the main beams except Precobeams, following criterion is checked:
VEd VplRd
where: VEd
VplRd
(93)
For each cross-section of the main beams of Precobeams, following criterion is checked:
(94)
where: VEd
Design shear force under ULS combination
VplRd
Plastic design resistance to shear force of the steel chord as given in V.3.4
Vconc,Rd Shear resistance of the concrete web (for simple Precobeams) or of the concrete
between profiles (for double Precobeams), given by:
Vconc,Rd min(VRd,s ;VRd,max )
VRd ,s
Asw
z fyw d cot()
s
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ACOBRI
0.75 bcw z
VRd ,max
Asw/s
and Asw/s are two constant parameters, which can be modified only in Expert mode
(see II.5.1). Their default values in ACOBRI are:
= 45
Asw
2
= 6.28 cm /m
s
V.8.6
References:
Eurocode
EN1994-2:2005 6.2.2.4
For each cross-section for the main beams, following criterion is checked:
if VEd / Vpl,Rd 0.5, no interaction (criterion = 0)
if VEd / Vpl,Rd > 0.5, interaction is checked by: MEd M VplRd
where: VEd
VplRd
MEd
MVpl,Rd
(95)
2 Ed 1
Vpl,Rd
(96)
This plastic resistance is considered whatever the class of the cross-section is.
This check is carried out considering firstly the maximum bending moment and the associated shear
force and secondly the maximum shear force and the associated bending moment.
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ACOBRI
V.8.7
Shear buckling
References:
Eurocode
In ACOBRI, checking of the resistance of a cross-section to shear buckling is based on the following
approach:
if
bw
72
tw
if
bw
72
tw
Interaction criterion:
if 0,5 > 3:
if 0,5 < 3 1: 1
VEd
1
VbRd
c = 0
M Ed
M plRd
si 1
where: bw, tw
M
M fRd
: c 1 1 fRd (2 3 1) 2 1
M plRd
M plRd
235
f yp
Material coefficient:
fyp
VEd
Vb.Rd
w:
b w t w f yp
0.83
:
for w
0.83
:
0.83
w
f yp
cr
(99)
(100)
critical stresses for elastic buckling of plate under pure shear, given by:
cr k E
k
(98)
cr:
(97)
3 M1
(101)
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ACOBRI
E
MEd
Mpl.Rd
MfRd
bw
2 t
12 (1 ) w
E
(102)
M1
Partial safety factor for the resistance to instabilities (see II.4.5).
This check is carried out considering firstly the maximum bending moment and the associated shear
force and secondly the maximum shear force and the associated bending moment.
V.8.8
References:
Eurocode
EN1994-2:2005 6.4
In ACOBRI, the LTB checks are carried out for the girders under negative moments, assuming that
sagging cross-sections are not submitted to TL buckling because of the slab. LTB checks for the
construction stage are not considered.
The check of a cross section of Class 1, 2 or 3 under negative moment is carried out according to the
following criterion:
MEd Mb,Rd = LT MRd
Where MEd:
MRd:
LT:
(103)
LT
1
2
LT LT LT
et LT 1
LT:
is the imperfection factor, which is equal to 0.34 (if h/b>2) or 0.21 (if h/b 2), according
to the reduction curves a or b imposed by Table 6.4 of EN 1993-1-1.
LT
MRk
is the resistant moment of the cross-section, calculated according to the class of the
section and with the characteristic values of the material properties.
is the critical moment for LT buckling; it is based on the "continuous inverted U-frame
model, according to EN 1994-2 6.4.2; it is calculated with the following relation
(cf. ENV 1994-1-1 B.1.2 (4)).
Mcr
M cr
k c C4
L
G I k s L E I
at
a afz
MRk
M cr
(104)
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ACOBRI
For cross-section with a Class 4 web, the check of LT buckling is done by verifying the buckling
resistance of the lower flange of the beam (under compression) considered alone. The associated
criterion is:
NEd Nb,Rd
(105)
where: NEd is the maximal normal force in the lower part of the cross-section under consideration. NEd
is obtained as NEd = inf A0inf, where inf is the normal stress in the lower flange (considering
the various stages of the beam) and A0inf is the area of the lower part of the cross-section.
The lower part of the cross-section to be considered contains the lower flange (its effective
part), its strengthening plate if defined (its effective part), and one third of the lower part of the
web under compression. Thus, A0,inf is obtained by:
1
4 2
rc
hwc t w
3
2
(106)
fy is the lowest of the yield strengths fyp and fys (steel of the profile and the strengthening plate,
when defined, respectively).
is the reduction factor calculated according to EN 1993-1-1 chapter 6.3.1, with the c curve
( = 0,49) and from the reduced slenderness of the flange:
A0,inf f y
Ncr
Ncr is the critical buckling axial force of the part of flange under consideration, which is
calculated as follows, according to relations (6.12) and (6.14) of EN 1993-2:
Ncr mLT
2 E I0.z
2
is the length of lower flange between lateral restraints: it can be either the span length, or the
spacing between the cross section and the adjacent diaphragm, if they have been defined by
the User as acting like lateral restraints.
I0,z is the second moment of area of lower part of the cross section under consideration.
mLT is a buckling coefficient taking into account the elastic restraint of the U frame and the
distribution of moment between two lateral rigid restraints. mLT is given by relation (6.14) of
EN 1993-2, as the minimum of the two following values:
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ACOBRI
32
350 50
is a factor for the distribution of the moment between lateral supports, given by:
2
1 M 2 / M1
1
V.8.9
The horizontal shear in dowels is verified under ULS combinations according to the method defined in
Preco+ Design Guide:
VhEd Pdow,Rd
(107)
Where: VhEd is the horizontal shear force acting in a dowel, obtained by: Vh,Ed
V Sy
Iy
ex
1
min Psh; Ppl
V
If the pry-out of concrete is also to be considered (in Expert mode, through Menu Options /
Precobeams parameters see II.5.1):
Pdow,Rd
1
min Psh ; Ppl ; Ppo
V
Psh is the ultimate load for the shearing of the concrete dowel, given by:
Psh D e x 2 fck (1 D )
E s Ab
E cm AD
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ACOBRI
Ppo is the resistance for the Pry-out of concrete (generally not used), given by:
Ppo 90 x y h1po.5
fck 1 D,i
cu
Simple
Double
esl hic hd
hic = hmr - hs
Precobeam Type
x = 1
ex
4.5hpo
x = 1
1 ey
1 1
2 9hpo
ey is the pattern in transverse direction, obtained as the distance between two beams for
simple Precobeams and the distance between webs for double Precobeams.
D,i is a ratio defined by
D,i
E s Asf
E cm AD,i
Asf is the sectional area of reinforcement within the area of the contributing concrete, given by:
Asf = At + Ab
At is the sectional area of reinforcement above the composite dowel (transverse direction of
the bridge - see Figure VI-5 p 214)
ADi is the area of contributing concrete, given by: ADi = hc ex
hc is the height of contributing concrete, defined by: hc = co + cu + hd
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ACOBRI
References:
Eurocode
EN1994-2:2005 6.8.6.1
EN 1993-2:2006 9
The fatigue resistance of the steel profile is verified by checking the following criterion for the maximal
range of normal stresses in both the lower and the upper fiber of the profile (or strengthening plate if
any):
Ff E < C / Mf
Where:
Ff
Mf
(108)
For the detail category, the following default values are considered:
The values of Ff, Mf and C can be modified by the User (see II.4.6).
V.9.2
The fatigue resistance of the steel profile is verified by checking the following criteria for the maximal
range of normal stresses in the lower fiber of the profile (or strengthening plate if any) and for the
maximal range of stresses in dowels:
Where:
Ff E < C / Mf
(109)
Ff dowel < C / Mf
(110)
Ff
Mf
dowel
For the detail category, a default values of C = 160 MPa is considered for the lower fiber. For the
dowels, the detail category is associated to the cutting process of Precobeams:
C = 125 MPa for cutting class 3
C = 140 MPa for cutting class 4
A default value of C = 125 MPa is considered, thus implying the requirements of the cutting class 3.
The values of Ff, Mf and C (for lower flange) can be modified by the User (see II.4.6). C for
dowels can also be modified (see II.3.7).
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ACOBRI
V.9.3
Where:
(111)
for both upper flange and lower fiber in the general case,
(112)
dynamic amplification factor for railway bridges, assuming standard track maintenance
(see)
max,f maximum stress produced by movement of the fatigue load model (see).
min,f minimum stress produced by movement of the fatigue load model (see).
V.9.4
(113)
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ACOBRI
(114)
dynamic amplification factor for railway bridges, assuming standard track maintenance
(see)
max,d maximum stress produced in dowel by movement of the fatigue load model, calculated
according to V.6.
min,d minimum stress produced in dowel by movement of the fatigue load model, calculated
according to V.6.
V.9.5
Eurocode
EN1993-2:2006 9.5.2
The damage equivalence factor for road bridges is given by the following relationship:
= 1 2 3 4 < max
where:
max
Upper limit of
(115)
Factor 1
Factor 1 is calculated as a function of the span length for each cross-section, based on the
following figures. A cross-section is considered as a support cross-section if it is located at a
distance of the nearest intermediate support less than 15% of the span length; otherwise it is
assumed to be a mid-span cross section. In the following figures, the length L represents:
the average values of the lengths of the two spans associated to the intermediate pier
for support cross-sections.
Note: For integral bridges or for abutments with flexural rigidity, cross-sections located at a
distance less than 15 % of the span length are also considered as support crosssections.
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ACOBRI
a) Simple abutments
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ACOBRI
Factor 2
Factor 2 is calculated with the following formula:
Q
2 m1
Q0
where: Qm1
Nobs
Q0
N0
Qm1 and Nobs
II.3.20).
N obs
N
0
1/ 5
(116)
Factor 3
Factor 3 is calculated with the following formula:
t
3 Ld
100
1/ 5
(117)
where: tLd
Bridge service life
tLd is defined by the user in the Truck load model input module (see II.3.20). The default value
is 100 years.
Factor 4
Factor 4 is calculated with the following formula:
4
where: i
1 2
1
1/ 5
(118)
Factor max
Factor max is calculated as a function of the span length for each cross-section, based on the
following figures. Same rules are applied for mid-span and support cross-sections as for factor
1.
203 / 229
ACOBRI
Eurocode
EN1993-2:2006 9.5.3
The damage equivalence factor for road bridges is given by the following relationship:
= 1 2 3 4 < max
where:
max
Upper limit of
(119)
Factor 1
Factor 1 is calculated for each section in accordance with the type of traffic and the span
length, using the Table V-8.
The type of traffic is defined by the User in the module for the definition of the train load
models (see II.3.23).
The length L considered in this Table is defined according to the same rule as for road bridges
factor 1.
Factor 2
Factor 2 is calculated with the following formula:
Q
2
25
1/ 5
(120)
where: Q
is the actual traffic volume, in millions of tons per track per year.
By default, Q = 25. This value can be modified by the User in the module for the definition of
the train load models (see II.3.23).
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ACOBRI
L (m)
EC MIX traffic
25 T MIX traffic
L (m)
EC MIX traffic
25 T MIX traffic
0,5
1,60
1,65
9,0
0,88
0,96
1,0
1,60
1,65
10,0
0,85
0,93
1,5
1,60
1,65
12,5
0,82
0,90
2,0
1,46
1,64
15,0
0,76
0,92
2,5
1,38
1,55
17,5
0,70
0,73
3,0
1,35
1,51
20,0
0,67
0,68
3,5
1,17
1,31
25,0
0,66
0,65
4,0
1,07
1,16
30,0
0,65
0,64
4,5
1,02
1,08
35,0
0,64
0,65
5,0
1,03
1,07
40,0
0,64
0,65
6,0
1,03
1,03
45,0
0,64
0,66
7,0
0,97
1,02
50,0
0,63
0,66
8,0
0,92
0,99
Table V-8: Factor 1 for railway bridges
Factor 3
Factor 3 is calculated with the following formula:
3
t
Ld
100
1/ 5
(121)
where: tLd
Bridge service life
By default, tLd = 100 years. This value can be modified by the User in the module for the
definition of the train load models (see II.3.23).
Factor 4
Factor 4 is calculated with the following formula:
4 n (1 n) a 5 (1 a)5
where: n
1/ 5
(122)
Probability of two trains meeting each other on the bridge; by default 12%. This
value can be modified by the User in the module for the definition of the train
load models (see II.3.23).
1
12
Maximum stress range due to action effect of Load Model LM71 acting on a
single track
1+2 Maximum stress range due to action effect of Load Model LM71 acting on two
tracks of the same desk
Factor max
max =1.4
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ACOBRI
V.9.6
References:
Eurocode
For the Fatigue Limit States of road bridges, a dynamic amplification factor fat is taken into account
for the cross-sections near the expansion at the abutments. This factor is defined by the following
relation:
d x
and fat 1.0
fat 1,30 1
26
(123)
where: d is the distance between the cross-section and the support line of abutments
x is the distance between the support line of abutments and the expansion joint of the bridge.
By default, this parameter is assumed equal to 0 but the User can specify a positive value in
the module for the definition of slow lanes (see II.3.21).
Figure V-44: Effect of the gap between expansion joints and abutments
206 / 229
ACOBRI
Search of the section denoted B where the ratio MEd / Mpl,Rd is maximal, where MEd represents
the envelope of positive bending moments and Mpl,Rd the plastic resistant moment of
composite beams.
MEd
Mpl,Rd
fcj
c
(124)
207 / 229
ACOBRI
FB
MEd, B M a, Ed
Mpl,Rd,B M a, Ed
Fpl,B
(125)
The tension forces in the slab at supports A and C are calculated by:
Sr,sup,i
Sr,inf,i
Fi Mi
for i = A, C
Wr,sup,i Wr,inf,i
(126)
(127)
bmin
208 / 229
ACOBRI
CHAPTER
VI
VI ANNEXES
209 / 229
ACOBRI
VI.1.1
Installation directory
The installation directory is defined by the User when the installation package is run. By default,
following directory is adopted: C:\Program Files\ACOBRI401 (for version 4.01).
Anyway, it is recommended to choose the installation directory on the main drive of the computer
(generally drive C).
The installation directory contains the executables files launched by the program:
ACOBRI.exe
MoteurAPM.exe
VI.1.2
Configuration directories
Two configuration directories are used by ACOBRI. They both are automatically created at first launch
of the program in the following directory:
Users//AppData/Roaming/ArcelorMittal/ACOBRI
The first one (/Databases) contains the three databases that can be modified by the User. If a
previous version of the program has already been used, the User can choose either to keep the
previous databases or to install the new ones. The database files are:
GOUJON.db
BAC.db
VI.1.3
Working directory
The working directory is the default directory where data files are stored or opened by the program.
This working directory can be modified at any moment by the User. The active working directory is the
last directory where a data file has been opened or saved.
When a calculation is performed by ACOBRI, the data file (extension .APM) is automatically saved in
the active working directory. The following results files are created (binary files) in this same directory:
211 / 229
ACOBRI
Density of steel:
= 7850 kg/m
Acceleration of gravity:
g = 9.81 m/s
= 0.3
VI.3 MATERIAL
VI.3.1
Creep coefficient
The creep coefficient (t, t0) is calculated in ACOBRI according to the following relations (from Annex
B in EN 1992-1:2004).
(128)
fck
RH
RH 1
1 RH / 100
0.1 3 h0
1 RH / 100
RH 1
1 2
0.13 h0
h0
Ac
u
Ac
u
is the area of the concrete cross-section
is the perimeter of slab in contact with the atmosphere
h0 2
h0 2
Lp eslab
Lp 2 eslab
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ACOBRI
h0
Lp eslab
Lp eslab
(fcm )
16.8
fcm
(t t 0 ) (t 0 )
1
(0.1 t 0 0.2 )
c(t, t0) is a factor to take account of the development of creep during time, given by:
(t t 0 )
c (t , t 0 )
(H t t 0 )
H
is given by:
0.3
1.5 1 (0.012RH ) h
18
250 3 1500 3
35
1
fcm
0.7
35
2
fcm
0.2
35
3
fcm
0.5
213 / 229
ACOBRI
214 / 229
ACOBRI
The dowels considered are predefined and cannot be modified by the User. The following geometry is
considered:
spacing between two dowel axes:
ex = 250 mm
narrowest width of a steel dowel:
wsd = 75 mm
largest width of a concrete dowel:
wcd = 175 mm
height of dowel:
hd = 115 mm (EN rules)
Under Expert mode, the value of ex and hd can be modified, all other parameters being then changed
proportionally to ex.
The dimensions of a steel chord used for Precobeam is obtained as follows (cf. Figure VI-6):
total height of the chord:
hm = (Ht + hd) /2 - ecl
height of the chord for the resistance:
hmr = hm - hd = (Ht hd) /2 - ecl
where: Ht is the total height of the base profile
ecl is the depth of the cutting line (default value in ACOBRI, ecl = 0, not modifiable)
215 / 229
ACOBRI
The parameters for the limitations C1 to C4 are available for modification by the User under
the Expert mode only (see Options/Precobeams parameters).
Limitations for simple Precobeam:
Limitation C3:
The limitation C3 is applied by imposing: bcw bcmin
216 / 229
ACOBRI
Limitation C4:
Window general parameters: if the profile is already defined, dcsf should verify:
dcsf = hmr - hsc (Ht hd) /2 tf -ccmin
The criterion for co is assumed to be always satisfied.
Window choice of profile:
The selected profile should verify: Ht hd + 2 (hmr - hsc + tf +ccmin)
Limitations for double Precobeam:
Limitation C4:
Window general parameters:
Because cu = hsc, hsc should verify:
hsc ccmin
Considering only the final state, co = esl hsc hd, which leads to:
esl ccmin + hsc + hD
Considering the prefabricated state, co = eps hsc hd, which leads to:
eps ccmin + hsc + hD
217 / 229
ACOBRI
VI.6.1
ACOBRI imposes that a line of node is defined in the finite element model for the following items:
mid spans
diaphragms
changes in cross-section
for each intermediate support, the limits of the support region (see IV.4.5).
Two imposed locations with a spacing less than 20 cm are merged together in the model.
Other node locations are determined so that the length of a longitudinal doesnt exceed the following
limits:
length of the elements less than 1 m or 1,6 m for very long spans;
VI.6.2
In the transverse direction, a line of nodes is imposed for the following locations:
218 / 229
ACOBRI
VI.6.3
Y
0
VI.6.4
The numbering of elements begins with the longitudinal elements, according to the following figure.
Y
0
X
Figure VI-9: Numbering the longitudinal elements
Y
0
219 / 229
ACOBRI
Intermediate parameters
This chapter defines the intermediate parameters that are required in the calculations of integral
bridges.
kh:
EIp:
(129)
2
R:
(130)
EIp
kh
Ep Ip
(131)
khp
Rsm:
ka
a
R
(132)
ku
u
R
(133)
Rsm, s K sym
E sup I sup, m
(134)
Lsup
1
(1 QI ) sup, cr
1
2
Rsm, a Kanti
K anti
Esup Isup, m
(135)
(136)
(137)
Lsup
6
2 sup, cr (1 QI ) (3 6 sup, cr 4 sup, cr 2 ) 1
(138)
I sup, m
I sup, cr
sup, cr
Isup,m:
Lsup, cr
Lsup
is the second moment of area (i.e. the sum of the second moment of area of all the
ACOBRI bridge girders, calculated at mid-span, considering uncracked concrete with
m modular ratio of the considered load case).
220 / 229
ACOBRI
Isup,cr:
is the second moment of area in the cracked region (i.e. the sum of the second
moment of inertia of all ACOBRI bridge girders, calculated at abutment, considering
cracked concrete).
Lsup:
is the length of the superstructure (i.e. the length of the single span bridge in ACOBRI)
Lsup,cr: is the length of the cracked zone (at one end of the bridge, cf. Figure below). In
ACOBRI, this value is calculated as: Lsup,cr = kcr Lsup, with kcr = 0.15.
Esup:
is the Youngs modulus for the superstructure (i.e. the girders of the bridge, then Esup
is the Youngs modulus of steel).
Lsup,cr
Lsup,cr
Lsup
Q m:
EIp
(139)
Ea Ia
EIp
(140)
Rsm a
2 2 2 ku ku 2 ka 2 (1 Qa )
1
R 6 ku 3 2 (1 ku 2 ) ku3 ka 3 (1 Qa )
(141)
K 2,m 6
Ea Ia
Ak2
Bk21 Qm Bk22 R 2
(142)
Where:
Ak2 2 2 ku ku2 ka 2 (Qa 1) 2
Bk21 Bk211
1
1
4
Bk212 1
ka (2 Qa )
Qa
Q
a
Bk211 ku 4 ka 4 12 4 ku 3 ku 2 ku2 3
221 / 229
ACOBRI
Bk22 12 2
ka
k k
(1 ku2 ) 4 a u (6 ku 2 ) 4 k a 4
Qa
Qa
1
1
Q
a
K 3,m
fdistr Lsup
(143)
E sup Asup
Where:
fdistr:
Lsup:
Esup Asup:
2 EIp
K4
VI.7.2
6 ku 3 2 (1 ku ) ku3 ka3 (1 Qa )
(144)
Spring stiffnessess
The global symmetric restraint of the superstructure by an integral abutment is given by the following
relation:
M0
c ,sym
With:
(145)
n:
M0:
number of piles
Unit moment, M0 = 1
a H
a H
a M0 u
( a u ) M 0
Ea Ia 2
EIp
H
kh R
M0 H u
kh R 3
(146)
3
M0 K1
2
K1 see VI.7.1
The global anti-symmetric restraint of the superstructure by an abutment is given by the following
relation:
c ,anti
EIp
2 R u a Qa 1
(147)
Both these spring stiffnesses are to be distributed to the girders of the bridge proportionally to their
flexural rigidity:
c ,i c
I sup, i,m
I sup,i,m
(148)
222 / 229
ACOBRI
Where: c,i:
c = c,sym or c = c,anti
Isup,i,m : is the second moment of area of the girder i calculated at mid-span of the bridge,
considering uncracked concrete, for the modular ratio associated to long term loads
(dead loads).
VI.7.3
N IIA N IA
II
I
MA
MA
N
N
1
N
(149)
M
M
1
M
(150)
Where:
I
NA
S KNS
I
MA
KMS
(151)
S a
(152)
Qm k a 2
KNS is the force coefficient for earth pressure. KMS is the moment coefficient for earth pressure.
Both KNS and KMS are non-dimensional and are given in Annex VI.7.4.
For symmetric loadings, the coefficient Qm used in previous relations is obtained with Rsms the
symmetric restraint of superstructure.
The normal force NIA generates a shortening of the superstructure:
I
I
I K 3,m N A
M K 2,m I
with K2,m as defined in VI.7.1
And it also adds the following normal force:
N
3
M
2
I
K1 K 4
II K 3,m N
223 / 229
ACOBRI
M K 2,m II
The second order normal force is given by:
N
3
II
M K1 K 4
2
M
N IIA 0
(153)
II
I
MA
MA
2 2 2 k u k a (1 kF ) 2 k a kF k u k a 1 Qa kF (k u k a )
1
2
SR
2
2 k u k a (1 Qm Qa )
(154)
with Qm calculated from the anti-symmetric restraint of superstructure Rsmanti as defined by equation
(137) and kF as defined in IV.2.6.
VI.7.4
It is considered here a load case (static or live) which produces a distribution of bending moment in
the superstructure. The moment at one abutment is denoted Mcorner (Mcorner is the global moment at the
abutment, i.e. the sum of the moments at the ends of the bridge girders in ACOBRI). The modular
ratio associated to the considered load case is denoted m hereafter.
Mcorner
Mend, i
(155)
3
Mcorner K1
2
This normal force produces itself an elongation/contraction of the superstructure of the bridge, given
by:
I
I K 3,m Nsup
M K 2,m I
224 / 229
ACOBRI
3
I
M K1 K 4
2
M
II K 3,m N
This additional elongation produces additional moment and normal forces (second order):
II
M K 2,m II
N
3
II
M K1 K 4
2
M
K1, K2,m K3,m and K4 are obtained according to VI.7.1, with the modular ratio m associated to the
considered load case.
Finally, the normal force to be considered in the superstructure is the following:
II
I
Nsup
Nsup
N
N
1
N
(156)
This global normal force is distributed in each girder of the beam according to their axial rigidity:
II
II
Nsup,
i Nsup
Asup, i,m
Asup,i,m
(157)
Where Asup,i,m is the equivalent composite area of the girder i, calculated at mid-span, considering the
m modular ratio.
The global shift of moment to be considered is obtained by:
M shift
M
N
1
N
(158)
This global shift is distributed in the girder (constant shift along the beam) proportionally to their
moment at beam end:
Mshift,i Mshift
VI.7.5
Mend, i
Mcorner
and
Mcorner
Mend, i
(159)
K MS
Li
Qa (Bk21 Qm Bk22 ) CK
Ci
Di
(160)
(161)
225 / 229
ACOBRI
Assuming:
QR
Ep I p
Qm k a
Rsm R
6 ku ku3 k a 3 (Qa 1) 3 2 (1 ku 2 )
ka Qa
L1 72 m 1
Q
a
L3 6 2 kF 3 ka 3 4
L2 9 2 k F 2 k a 3 2 k F 3 k a 3 k u 3
k a 5 ku
Qa
L4 12 2 Qm k a 3 k u 2 6 2 k F k a 5
72
Qa
L5 9 2 kF 2 ka3 ku 2 12 Qm kF 3 ka3 ku
L6
L7 6 2 kF ka 4 ku 2 kF (Qa 1)
L8 6
L9 6 ka 5 kF ka Qm ku Qa
L11 3 k F 2 k a 3 k u 2 (2 k u Qm 3 2 Qa )
L12 36 kF 2 ka3 ku Qm
L13 3 2
k a3
9 Q a 2 Q m 5
Qa
L19 12
L21 2
ku 6
Qa ka
ka 4
9 k a 3 ku 3
Qa
Qm 3
ku ( 2 ku 3 k a 3 )
Qa
L23 15 2
ku 2 ka
( 2 Qm k u 2 k a 2 )
Qa
L25 3 ka 4 ku 2 (3 Qa 5)
L27 6
L14
36 2
1
ka
Qa
ka
k 5
L16 24 2 u ( 1 Qa )
Qa
L15 12 2 ka3 ( Qm Qa )
L17 45 2 k a ku 4 7 2
Qm
k F k a 3 k a 3 ku 3
Qa
Qm
k a k u 2 (k u 3 2 k a 2 )
Qa
k
L29 2 2 k a 4 5 ka 6 u
Qa
k 3k
L18 10 2 u a ( 2 ka 3 ku )
Qa
L20 4 ku 6 180
ku 3
Qa ka
L22 4 ka3 ku 3 ( Qm Qa )
L24 3
ka 3 ku 2
( 9 2 Qa 2k a )
Qa
L26 6 k a 4 k u 2
Qm
(1 Qa )
Qa
k
L28 2 2 ka 4 15 ku 2 a
Q
a
k
L30 k a 5 10 ku a
Qa
226 / 229
ACOBRI
18
L31 2 ka 2
ka 4
Qa
L32 2
L33 ka 6 Qa
L34 12 2 ka 2 ku 2 ( 2 kF 2 ku Qa ka )
2
L35 72 k a ku kF 2 3
Qa
L36 36 kF ka 2 ( 1 kF )
L37 24 2
ku
( 7 ku 2 2 k a 2 )
Qa
k 3
k
L39 3 2 u ( 56Qm 25 u )
Qa
ka
L41 144 2
ku
k
( Qm Qa u )
Qa
ka
Qm 6
ka (Qa 1)
Qa
L38 18 2 kF 3 ka 2 ku
L40 24 ku 2 ( 12 7 2 ku )
L 42 3 2 k F k a k u 3 ( 5 k F k u 8 k a )
L43 2 kF 2 ka 2 ku 4 ( kF 3)
L44 3 kF ka 4 ku 2 (2 kF )
L45 3 kF 2 ka ku 2 ( Qa ka3 ku 3 )
L46 2 kF ka 2 ku 3 ( 3 ku 4 2 kF 2 )
L47 6 2 kF 3 ka3 ku 2 ( Qa 1)
L48 2 2 k F k a ( k F 2 k a 4 15 k u 4 )
L49 6 2
Qm
kF ka ku ( 5 ku 3 2 ka 3 )
Qa
L 50 12 2 k F k a 4 k u ( Qm Qa )
L51 kF 2 ka 6 (2 kF 3)
L 52 6 k F k a 5 (Qa k F k a k u )
L53 k F 2 k a 3 (3 k u 3 4 Qa k F k a 3 )
L 54 2kF 3 k a 5 (ku 2 Q a )
L 55 2Q a kF 3 k a3 ku (k a2 ku2 )
L56 2 k F k a ( 6 Qm k a k u )
L 58 18 kF 2 k a 3 ku
L59 6 kF 3 ka3 ( 2 ku 2 Qm )
L60 6 Qa k F 2 k a 3 k u ( 2 k F 3)
L61 2Qm kF 2 ka 3 ( Qa kF ka 3 9 2 ku 2 )
L 62 6 2 kF 2 k a 5 (1 Q a )
L63 6 k F 2 k a 5 k u (1 Qa )
L 64 6 kF k a (kF Q m k a 5 ku 5 )
L65 6
L67
Qm
kF ka ku 2 ( ku 3 ka 3 )
Qa
6
kF ka 3 (2 Qa k a 3 2 Qm ku 2 )
Qa
L69 36 k a ku 2 ( 2 k F k a 5 ku )
L71 18
Qm
k a (8 k u 2 k F k a 2 )
Qa
L73 12 2
Qm
k a 4 ku (1 Qa )
Qa
L66 6 kF ka 4 ku 2 ( Qm Qa )
L68 6 kF 2 ka (Qa ka 3 10 ku 3 )
k 2
L70 18 ( 16 u 2 Qm k F 2 k a 3 )
Qa
L72 2
Qm
k a ku 2 (60 ku 63 2 )
Qa
Q
L74 18 ka ku (8 m kF 2 ka 3 Qa )
Qa
227 / 229
ACOBRI
L75 2 k F k a ku (60
Qm 2
ku 27 2 k F k a )
Qa
21
L76 6 2 k a k u
k u 11k a
Qa
16
L77 9 2 ku
7 k F 2 k a ku
Q
a
L78 9 2 kF ka ( 2 kF 6 ka ku )
L79 27 2 ka ( 2 7 ku 2 )
20 3
L80 6 ku
ku 9 k a 3
Qa
L81
30
k a ku ( 4 ku 2 k a 2 )
Qa
L82 24 k F 3 k a 2 ku 2
L83 6 k F 2 ka 2 ( k a 2 12 ku 2 )
L84 6 k a 2 (14 k u 2 5 k a 2 )
L85 28 2 ka 2 ku 3
L86
L87
5
k a 2 ku 3 ( ku k a ) 9 k a ku 5
Qa
L89 9 k F k a 3 4 m ku 2 Qa k F
Qa
L91 36 2
Qm
kF ka 18 Qa ka 4
Qa
ku 6
( 4 k a ku )
Qa k a
L88 k a ku 4
ku 7 k a
Q
a
L90
60
k a 2 ku 2 6 Qa Qm k F 2 k a 6
Qa
L92 126 2 k F k a ku 2 m 1
Qa
L93 = 0
L94 36 kF ka (4 ku 2 )
L95 12 k F k a m k a 3 10 ku 3
Q
a
L96 12 kF ka 4 (Qm Qa )
L97 24
Qm 2
ku (12 2 ku 3 )
Qa
L98 6
ku
(24 7 ku 4 )
Qa k a
L99 120 ku 4 m 1
Q
a
L100 12
Q
L101 12 k a 3 2 m 2 Qa ku k a 2
Qa
L102 12 k a 4 m Qm
Qa
L103 3Qa kF ka 5 (2 ku Qa kF ka )
L104 Qa kF 2 ka 3 (2 Qa ka 3 3 ku 3 )
Qm
ka 3 ku (2 Qa 1)
Qa
L105 48 ka 2 6 2 Qm kF 3 ka 3 ku 2
228 / 229
ACOBRI
C1 = 12 ka (1 kF) (1 + ku )
C2 = 12 ka (1 kF)
C3 2 Qa kF 2 ka3 (3 kF )
C4 2 Qa ka3 (2 ka ku 5) ka5
C5 k a k u 4 24 k a 2 k u (1 k F )
C6 4 ka 2 ku ( ka 2 ku 2 ) (1 kF )
C7 kF ka ( ka 4 ku 4 )
C8 kF 3 Qa ka3 ( ka 2 ku 2 )
C9 kF 2 Qa ka3 ( 3 ku 2 ka 2 )
C10 Qa ka 3 ku ( 5 ku 4 kF ka )
C12 Qa 2 kF 2 ka5 (1 kF ) 12 Qa ka 2 ku (1 kF 2 )
C13 2 Qa kF ka 2 (3 ka kF ku 3 )
C14 3 Qa kF ka 3 ku 2
C15 2 Qa ka 2 ku 3
C16 4 2 ka ku (ku 2 3 ka 2 ) (1 kF )
C17 2 2 Qa kF 3 ka 3 ku
C18 2 2 Qa ka3 ku (3 kF 2 5)
C19 4 2 ka 4 (Qa 1) (1 kF )
C20 = 0
C21 12 2 ka 2 ku 2 (1 kF )
C22 12 2 k a (k u k a ) (1 k F )
C23 0
C24 6 2 Qa kF 2 ka 2 (1 ku 2 )
C25 6 2 Qa ka 2 (1 kF ka ku )
C26 6 2 Qa ka 2 (ku 2 )
D2 4 ka 3 (1 Qa ) 12
k
k 4
D3 12 a (1 Qa ) u
Qm
ka Qm
D4 4
D5 12 2 ku 2
ka
(6 Qa ku 2 ka 2 )
Qm
ku 2
ka Qm
ku
( k a 2 k u 2 6)
Qm
k 2
D6 12 2 u 1
Qm
D7 4 2
ku
(3 Qa ka 2 ku 2 )
ka Qm
D8 12 2
D9 4 2
ka
( ka 3 ku )
Qm
D10
1
(6 ku 2 ka ka 3 Qa 2 24 ku Qa )
Qm
D12 2
Qa 2
k a ( k a 2 ku )
Qm
D11 12 2
D13 4
1 ku
Qa
Qm ka
1
(1 Qa ku 2 )
Qm
Qa
12
ku 3 2 k a 2
Qm
Qm ka
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