Design of Power Sharing System Between

Supercapacitors and Battery in an Uninterruptible

Power Supply
Amine Lahyani

INSAT, MMA Laboratory (Materiaux Mesures et Applications)

Universite de Carthage
Tunis, Tunisia
amine.lahyani@insat.mu.tn
Pascal Venet

AMPERE Laboratory UMR (CNRS) 5005

Universite Lyon 1, Universite de Lyon
F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
Alaa Troudi

Research unit on Renewable Energies and Electric Vehicles (RELEV)

Sfax Engineering School
Universite de Sfax
Sfax, Tunisia

Abstract-In

this paper we present

supercapacitors

with

the

uninterruptible

power

supercapacitors

and

battery

supply.

battery

a strategy
in

First

taking

a
the

into

to combine

500 kVA
sizing

account

rated
of

the

the
UPS

specifications is presented. The validation of the supercapacitor

and

the

battery

MATLAB/SIMULINK.

models

is

Second,

the

carried
power

by

using

sharing

system

between the supercapacitors and the battery is presented. The

supercapacitors are added as higher energy storage to overcome
the full load power during short time grid failures and to boost
peak power during backup time of few minutes. The UPS
waveforms obtained by simulation are presented and analyzed.

Keywords-component; Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS);

supercapacitor; lead-acid battery; peak power elimination
1.

INTRODUCTION

Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) have a central

position in the critical infrastructure which supports servers,
communications equipment, medical/life systems and hospital
instruments. They provide emergency power when the main
input power source fails [1].
An UPS includes a PFC/rectifier stage, an inverter and a
DC bus typically connected to a battery for energy storage,
although flywheels and fuel cells have also been used
successfully [2]. Nevertheless, most voltage outages are very
short and last less than one second, and the autonomous
running time does not exceed hundreds of seconds [3].

978-1-4577-1250-0/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

Advanced technologies in battery manufacturing allow very

high energy densities, but often insufficient power densities for
applications with high pulsating loads [4], [5]. In fact, for
systems having typically large power surges, the batteries
become the most vulnerable part of the UPS, which are
continually requiring regular maintenance and replacement.
Lead-acid batteries, the conventional energy storage choice
for UPS, cannot be designed to bridge interruptions that last for
less than many minutes. They are usually used to provide 5 to
15 minutes of backup power before a generator starts and is
ready to accept the full load.
In contrast to batteries, supercapacitors are ideally suited
for UPS applications. They are able to supply only 5 to 20
seconds of backup at full power. The strength of
supercapacitors relies on their ability to release energy with no
delay for periods from a fraction of one second up to few
seconds.
During the last ten years, supercapacitors (electrochemical
double layer capacitors) are increasingly interesting innovation
due to of their high energy density compared to conventional
capacitors and to their high power density compared to
batteries and fuel cells [6].
Furthermore, they can process a large number of charge and
discharge cycles and have a satisfactory operation in a wide
range of temperatures. They can also be recharged in few
seconds compared to the hours required for the batteries [7].

Nowadays it is better to combine traditional battery for

higher energy UPS and SC's for higher power UPS. The
combination between SC's and batteries significantly extends
the battery lifetime and reduces the cost of maintenance.
In this paper we present a strategy to combine
supercapacitors with the battery in a 500 kVA rated
uninterruptible power supply. First the sizing of the
supercapacitors and battery taking into account the UPS
specifications is presented.
Second, the validation of the supercapacitor and the battery
models is carried by using MATLAB/SIMULINK. At one
hand, the model parameters of the MaxweUIBCAP3000
supercapacitor are determined experimentally by a fast
charge/discharge test realized at constant current. The
experimental and the simulation results are then compared and
analyzed. On the other hand, a battery model based on
Shepherd's circuit is proposed [8]. All the model parameters
are determined thanks to the discharge curve provided by the
manufacturer. The main advantages are that the voltage
dynamics are accurately represented when the battery current
varies and also the variation of the open circuit voltage is taken
into account.
Third, the power sharing system between the super
capacitors and the battery is presented. During the short voltage
outages (of few seconds), the SC's supply the total load power.
For grid faults lasting few minutes, the supercapacitors supply
peak power demands and the battery supplies the energy.
Transients are suppressed and the run time of the battery can be
extended and consequently improves the system performance.
II.

PRESENTATION OF THE STUDIED

UPS

A. UPS Specifications
The studied UPS has "Double Conversion On-Line"
topology. Its main advantage is that an input voltage outage
does not cause activation of the transfer switch, because the
input AC is charging the backup battery source which provides
power to the output inverter. Therefore, during an input AC
power failure, on-line operation results in no transfer time. The
main characteristics of the studied UPS are:

Rated power: 500 kVA,

Power factor: FP = 0.9,

Total efficiency:

Nominal output voltage: Vac = 400 V,

Nominal power delivered by the battery: PN = 480 kW,

Backup time:

DC-bus voltage: VDC = 400 V,

Nominal battery voltage: Vbal_nom = 480 V,

Operating temperature range: OC to 40C,

The supercapacitors must supply the full power P'oad =

PN during L1t = 10 s, the delivered energy is then about
4.8 MJ.

T/ =

95 %,

T = 10 mn,

The voltage outages considered have been identified as

follows:

Short outages < lO s: on average, 20/year for a good

quality power grid and 200/year for a disrupted power
grid,

Long outages > 10 s: on average, l/year for a good

quality power grid and 10/year for a disrupted power
grid.

Fig.l shows the block diagram of the studied UPS. Before

adding the supercapacitors (without the dotted part in Fig. 1),
in the case of interruption of the power grid from "Input", the
battery supplies immediately the full power to the inverter
during short and long outages. The period of autonomous
operation is fixed to 10 minutes and it is required that the
generator starts up and reaches its nominal functioning.
Output

--

Input
1"----,
I
E

>(/)
'"
c

.c
(/)

:;;

Cl.
-----------------------

Figure 1.

Block diagram of the 500 kVA Double Conversion On-Line UPS.

B. Sizing and modeling of the supercapacitors

First, we present the approach to choose the type and the
number of SC's in order to fulfill the UPS specifications. The
pack of SC's should, as a first step, be sized to ensure the total
load power (PN = 480 kW) and replace the battery during the
short outages (up to L1t = 10 s).
The stored energy in the SC's pack is given by:

(I)

where:

Ceq is the equivalent capacity of the SC's pack,

Np sc and Ns sc are respectively the number of parallel

branches and the number of SC's series connections,

Csc is the one SC capacity,

Usc is the SC's pack voltage.

Since the energy stored in the SC's pack is proportional to

the square of the voltage, a drop of the voltage from
VM = 300 V to Vm = 150 V permits a release of 75 % of the
stored energy. Further, the intemal losses in the SC's should be
taken into account. Adopting this strategy, the following
relation can be written [9]:

The obtained values are:

(2)
For the proposed system, the energy Pw1t = 4. 8 MJ needs
to be supplied by the SC's pack with an energy efficiency
k = 0.9 [9]. This can be achieved by a SC's pack having an
equivalent capacity Ceq = 158 F.
We choose a MaxwelllBCAP3000 type, rated 3000 F,
2.7 V. The number of SC's series connections (Ns sc) is fixed
by the initial voltage equal to VM"" 300 V for a fully charged
pack and the number of parallel branches (Np sJ is deduced
from the equivalent capacity Ceq given by (1) and (2). We
finally obtain _sc 112 and Np_sc 6.
=

In UPS applications, a model representing the super

capacitor during fast charge and discharge cycles is sufficient.
In our study, we make use of the two branches equivalent
circuit proposed by [I0].
Losses

Main cell

--------------,

Rj = 0.360 mn,

Co = 2100 F,

C" = 623 FlY,

R2 = 1.92 n,

C2 = I72 F,

According to these parameters, we verify that the total

energy delivered by the SC's pack satisfies the fixed
specifications.
The instantaneous energy Wsc stored in the main branch of
the one supercapacitor is given by:

Wsc

f Pdt f vdq
=

-------------------------

I I : flV I I j
R,

R'

'-_______________

.lv

jL

Figure 2.

_________________________________

In Fig. 3 we represent the experimental results compared to

the simulation tuned with MATLAB/SIMULINK.

"t :
------:-====
:I;:_- ,:,
_
- Time (s)

Figure 3.

Esc

Ns sc
-

Np sc
-

Wsc

(5)

We finally obtain:

We suppose that the voltage of every supercapacitor

element drops from an initial value (V sc = Tj = 2.7 V) to a fmal
value (Vsc = 1ft = 1.35 V), the calculated difference between
initial energy and final energy of the SC's pack multiplied by
the efficiency coefficient k is equal to 5.6 MJ. This value is
greater than PN.1t = 4.8 MJ given previously by (2). It is then
in good concordance with the UPS specifications.
C.

Sizing and modeling of the battery

For the studied 500 kVA UPS, the battery considered is

made of 2226 elementary lead-acid batteries (VISION type,
rated 7Ah 12V CP1270), the number of series and parallel
connections are Ns bat = 42 and Np bat = 53, respectively.
In order to simulate the functioning of the UPS, we need a
model of the battery that represents accurately its behavior
during charge and discharge cycles of few minutes.

Time (s)

-200

Also, the total energy stored in the supercapacitors pack can

be written as:

___________________________

The model parameters of the MaxwelllBCAP3000

supercapacitor rated 3000 F, 2.7 V shown in Fig. 2 are
determined experimentally by a fast charge/discharge test
realized at constant current respectively -250 A and 250 A.

(4)

Two branches model of a supercapacitor.

The fast cell (Rj, Cj) determines the immediate behavior of

the SC during rapid charge and discharge cycles (few seconds).
The main capacitance varies linearly versus the voltage v
( Cj = Co+C".v) where Co and C" depend on the supercapacitor
type [11]. The slow cell (R2, C2) completes the fast cell in long
time range functioning during few minutes. It characterizes the
internal energy redistribution at the end of the charge or
discharge cycles.

(3)

Since the capacitor differential charge dq is:

Slow cell

---------------------------------.

160

Comparison between simulation and experimentalresults for a

SC's charge and discharge cycle.

The battery model used in this paper is based on the circuit

proposed by [12]. All the model parameters are determined
thanks to the discharge curve provided by the manufacturer.
The proposed model is similar to the Shepherd model [8].
However, it has two main advantages. Indeed, the voltage
dynamics are accurately represented when the battery current
varies and also the open circuit voltage (OCV) is taken as a
function of the state of charge.

Fig. 4 shows the simulation results superimposed on the

datasheet discharge curves for currents Id = 4.56 A, Id = 7 A
and Id = 21 A. We notice that the battery model elaborated with
MA TLAB/SIMULINK has good concordance with the
manufacturer data. Hence, the model is validated at steady state
discharge and at variable discharge currents.

1- At time flo the battery is subjected to a rising power

demanded by the load. A low-pass filter is applied to the
load current diverting sudden power variation to the super
capacitors. The equations of this first phase can be written
as follows:
Pb a t

Q)
Ol
."l
"0

Ptoad[l-exp(--)]
Tau

(7)

The SC's power is then given by:

11

10
2
OJ
>

(8)

aJ

Id

8
7

Figure 4.

III.

10

- - - T
I

7A
-

---
I

20
30
40
Discharge time (mn)

Id

4.S6A
50

60

Battery discharge curves: simulation and datasheet data.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE PROPOSED POWER SHARING

SYSTEM

The two types of storage elements used in the 500 kVA

UPS were selected to each satisfy a specific role. The battery is
sized to deliver the energy during long time outages (up to 10
minutes) and the supercapacitors pack is initially sized to
supply the full power during short time grid failures (up to 10
seconds).
Eventually, the system is designed to utilize the fast charge
and discharge capability of the supercapacitors also during the
ten minutes of the autonomous operation in order to minimize
the battery stresses. The purpose of the combination between
SC's and the battery is to make the SC's supply the peak power
and to eliminate the high power demands applied to the battery
during back-up time.
The DC/DC converters are supposed to be without losses
and modeled as DC ideal bi-directional transformers. The input
currents of the converters associated to the battery and the SC's
pack, respectively ibat bus and isc bus are controlled by the power
sharing system. This control system performs according to the
state of charge of the SC's pack and to the shape of the load
power. The load current i'oad and the load power P'oad are
distributed to the battery and the SC's according to the
principle represented in Fig. 5.

The constant Tau characterizes the dynamic of the low-pass

filter. It is adjustable and can act on the discharge time of the
SC's especially on the smoothing degree of the peak power
applied to the battery.
2- At time (20 P'oad < Phat, the battery supplies the full load
power and the low-pass filter is inhibited.
3- At time f3, the load power P'oad is less than a load power
limit PJ"m, the battery supplies both the load and the SC's
pack with energy intended to recharge the supercapacitors.
4- At time f4, the SC's voltage reaches its maximal tolerated
value, the deterioration of supercapacitors is avoided by
stopping the recharge process.
5- At time (5, a new power demand occurs and the low-pass
filter is applied again, the SC's pack is fully charged and
has sufficient energy to meet again the power impulses.
6- At time (6, the SC's are discharged at a rate of 75 % and
their voltage has reached its minimum value of about
150 V. The SC's pack is stopped and the full power is
transferred to the battery.
IV.

SIMULATION RESULTS

We focused our attention on the study of the UPS

autonomous operation (during T = 10 minutes) in which the
SC's must ensure the sudden power demands without
intermediary recharging via the battery. A typical load profile
shown in Fig. 6 was chosen with high pulsating power. A cycle
of 100 seconds length is repeated 6 times until the end of the
period T.
1

)( 105

. J
I

Q3

--

a::

a.

L
I

- I _
I

---

I
1 ----

---

t- ----

- -1 -;

- -1--+---1--

--1---4
I
I

-:J

-1
-2
3

-4

--1---1 - -

- - 1- -

--

I
----,

lime (5)
Figure 5.

Principle of power sharing between SC's and the battery.

Figure 6.

Typical load power profile.

A. Without SC's recharging

The waveforms of load power Pload, battery power Pbat and
SC's power Psc are obtained by simulation and they are shown
in Fig. 7. The number of series connections and parallel
connections are Ns sc = 112 and Np sc = 6, respectively. By
considering a price of 0.015 Euro/F, the total cost of the SC's
bank is about 30 kEuros. The filter constant taken is Tau = 2 s
and in this case, the recharge of the SC's via the battery is
canceled.

1 x 10
- - - - - - -r - - - - - - - , - - - - 0

1
_______________

-5

-1__
-

---

i:

L ____:

I
-t-,"'{I

---

--,
I

_______1

-1- -- - '-- -

-- -

___
I

:
L.J
I
I
- -- , - - - ---,
-I
I

I Pload
100----1----=
lime(s)

(a) Pload and Pbat

: PSt

We explored the influence of the filter constant Tmt on

system performance and the effect of adding other super
capacitors branches on the smoothing rate of the power
extracted from the battery and then to its lifetime.
The system simulation was performed for different values
of filter constant (Tau = 1 s, 2 s, 5 s and 10 s) and for a number
of parallel SC's branches varying from 6 to 60.
To investigate if the SC-battery combination is likely to
improve the system performance, we based our study on two
main indicators that affect the global efficiency of the designed
system and influence the battery lifetime. These indicators are:

Gain in battery energy losses,

Elimination rate of the power peaks.

Obviously, a greater number of the SC's and a higher filter

constant make the battery less stressed because a larger portion
of the load energy will be provided by the SC's, contrariwise
the cost of the SC's increases.

1) Gain in battery energy losses

The reduction of the battery stresses is an important
parameter that improves the battery lifetime [13]. The total loss
of energy in the battery is obtained from the Tremblay model
[12]. The actual battery losses ( Wlo""e,,) are compared to the
battery losses for the system without SC's pack (WlossesJej). The
gain ratio is given in percent and it is calculated as follows:
1<%:)
Ul
G_yy
losses \ . OJ

100L-------
,------
------=
lime(s)

(b) Pload and Psc

Figure 7.

!!l

- -: I

----

UI

- - ;(/- - - - -

200

100

- - -'- - - ...!. - - - !.... - - -'- - - ....! - - - !

I
,

lime(s)
Figure 8.

Waveforms of Ubot and V"c for Np_,,c= 6, Ns_." = 112 and Ta" = 2 s.

-+-Tau=1s

60

C<II

50

.5

30

..
<II
<II
0

Indeed, observing the curve in Fig. 8 that shows the

evolution of the battery voltage Ubat and the SC's voltage Usc.
we find that u,"c has decreased from an initial value of about
300 V to the minimum value of approximately 150 V specified
previously at time t = 200 s.

'"
Cl

(9)

70

We notice that the SC's overcome the transient power

demands but only for a period of about 200 s, beyond this time,
the battery supplies the full power until the end of the backup
time of 10 minutes.

osses ref - Wlosses

X 100
ossesJef

Fig. 9 illustrates the evolution of the gain in battery energy

losses and the gain per cost according to Tau and Np sc

Power waveforms: Plood, Phat and P,c

r-----'---r---r--'---l
I
I
I
I
I
I
_ _
_
_ _I _ . . _ J
500
I
I
I
I
"
,
I
I
'"
I
I
U_ba.\..j ___
400 ___1 ___ ...j. ___ I- _____
1
,
,
I
I
I
I
:;-

CIS

(!)

-e-Tau=2s
"""*"" Tau=5s

......Tau-1Os

40

20

10

......

0
o

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
Np_sc

Figure 9.

Evolution of the gain in battery energy losses versus Tau and Np 'c'

The gain in battery energy losses is enhanced with

increasing constant filter and increasing number of SC's
parallel branches until an upper limit beyond which no
improvement occurs.
2) Elimination rate a/power peaks
Since the effect of surge power demand on the battery
lifespan are difficult to estimate, we consider that the higher the
number of eliminated power impulses, the more the battery is
less stressed.

We define the peak power elimination rate ( Telim) by:

T,{op
o
Telin, {%) - -- x 100
T
_

(10)

battery when the load power drops below a limit of

PLm = 80 kW. This strategy makes the SC's able to overcome
all the power transients during the total backup time T = 10
min.
1

10S
- - -- ---- -- -- -----------

Where:

Ts10p is the stoppage time of SC functioning. It is the

time at which the SC's pack voltage reaches the
minimum value of 150 V.

o
a.

T is the backup running period equal to 10 min.

.4

For example, if the SC's voltage reaches the minimum

value of 150V at time 300 s this means that for the total backup
time (T = 600 s), 50 % of the power surges applied to the
battery are eliminated.

500

520

540

560

580

600

lime (5)

(a) p/oad and Phal

As shown in Fig. 10, for the same number of SC's

branches, the elimination rate decreases for an increasing filter
constant Tau. Indeed, the energy stored in the SC's is delivered
to the load by small shares. Hence, more power surges are
supplied by the SC's during the backup time.
The SC's pack works therefore for longer duration in the
voltage range between approximately 300 V and 150 V.
120
100

/ / / i'"
I I
V ./r
't"
/ V V --Tau=1s
---Tau=2s

80
:::!:
e...: .
.
Qi
..

60
40

) /"V
V
V

20
o
o

...... Tau=5s
...... Tau=10s

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66

Figure 10. Evolution of the elimination rate of power peaks versus Tau and
Np_sc .

In conclusion, by comparing the evolution of all these

parameters, we notice a trade-off between them. In fact, for a
given number of SC parallel branches Np sc and for an
increasing filter constant Tat" the gain in power losses
increases and the elimination rate drops.

B. With SC's recharging

The best configuration consists on finding a compromise
between:

Minimum of parallel branches for cost considerations,

Maximum elimination rate of peak power,

Maximum constant filter Tau for a better damping of

power surges inflicted to the battery,

Maximum gain in battery power losses.

There are several possibilities to satisty this compromise.

We chose a number of SC's parallel connections equal to
Np sc = 8 and we plan to charge of the supercapacitors via the

lime (5)

(b) p/oad and Psc

600 , - - - - - - - - - - ; - - - - ;- - - - - - -
I

SOO

5'

400

Q)
C)

300

.g

200

.....
_

_-

_ _ _

-l

__ ...J

Ubat I

,
_ _ _ _ I -- Ibat_Charge = 400A
, - - - IbaLCharge=OA ,
I
I
I
_
L
__ . 1 __

I
I
... }--\.
_ ,. _ _
_ __ -'
L
::..'-",__ U",_,_ _
,
'L __ L _______L ______ L _______j

100

L __

OO5=
OO--
,00--=
20
0 ---=
3 OO 4=
600
0--
Time (s)

(c)

Vsc

and

Vba!

Figure II. Voltage and power waveforms with intermediary SC's recharging.

Fig. 11 (a) and Fig. 11 (b) show the power supplied by the
battery and the SC superimposed to the load power at the end
of the running time T. We notice that the elimination rate has
reached 100% since all the peak power demands are supplied
by the supercapacitors. Fig 11 (c) illustrates the battery and the
SC voltage before and after activating the recharge process. It
confirms that the recharge operation makes the SC able to
overcome all power load transients.
V.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, we have presented the design of battery

supercapacitors hybrid system used in a 500 kVA rated
uninterruptible power supply. The considered system as well as
the SC's pack and the battery are modeled using

MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The aim of this system is to

reduce the battery stresses in order to enhance its lifetime.
The load power is filtered by a low-pass filter, the SC's
overcome the peak power and reduce high power demands
away from the battery. The study of some performance
parameters versus the filter constant and the number of SC's is
also presented.
The power surges are totally suppressed by intermediary
charge of the supercapacitors via the battery for a minimal
number of SC's parallel branches. In future work, we are
interested to investigate the optimal configuration by taking
into account the cost of the system and quantifYing the
contribution of this combination on the reliability of the
battery.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank Schneider Electric IT

France, for its technical support.
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