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IS CODES ON SOIL DYNAMICS & MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

S.No

IS Code No.

Year

Name of the Code

2810

1979

Glossary of Terms Relating to Soil Dynamics

5249

1992

Determination of Dynamic Properties of Soils Method of Test

2974 (Part 1)

1982

Design & Construction of Foundations for


Reciprocating type Machines

2974 (Part 2)

1980

Design & Construction of Foundations for Impact


type Machines (Hammer Foundations)

2974 (Part 3)

1992

Design & Construction of Foundations for Rotary


type Machines (Medium & High Frequency)

2974 (Part 4)

1979

Design & Construction of Foundations for Rotary


type Machines (Low Frequency)

2974 (Pmt 5)

1987

Design & Construction of Foundations for Impact


Machines other than Hammer (Forging &
Stamping Press, Pig Breaker, Drop Crusher and
Jolter)

13301

1992

Vibration Isolation for Machine Foundations


Guidelines

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IS: 2810 .1979

Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
RELATING TO SOIL DYNAMICS

(First Revision

Soil Engineering and Rock Mechanics Sectional Committee, BDC 23


Representing
Central Building Research Institute
Roorkec

Chairman
PROF DINESH MOHAN

(CSIR) J

Member"
ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR. RESEARCH

Railway Board (Ministry of Railways )

(FE), RDSO
D&PUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCH

( FE-! ), RDSO (A/"'.al,)


University of jodhpur, Jodhpur
Enginecr-in-Chief's Branch, Army Headquar[ers
MAJ V. K. KANITKAR ( Allernate)
DR A. BANERJEE
Cementation CoLtd, Calcutta
SHRI S. GUPTA (Alternate)
DR R. K. BHANDAR[
Central Building Research Institute (CSIR),
Roorkec
CHlEF ENOlNlSBR (D & R )
Irrigation Department, Government of Punjab,
Chandigarh
.
DIRECTOR ( IPRI ) ( Alternat, )
SHRt K. N. DAOINA
In personal capacity (P-820 New Alipore, Calcutta
700053)
SHRI A. G. DASTIDAR
In personal capacity (5 Hungerford Street, 12/1
Hung~iford C~url, Calcutta 700017)
SHRI R. L. DEWAN
Irrigation Re.!earch Institute, Khagaul. Patna
DR G. S. DHILLON
Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi
DIRECTOR ( CSMRS )
Central Water COln-rrrillsion, New Delhi
PROF AI,AM SINGH

LT-COL AVTAR SINGH

DBPUTY DIRECTOR

( CSMRS) ( Ailer.ak)
SHRl A. H. DIVANJ1
SHRI A. N. JANGLB (
DR GOPAL RANJAN

Asia Foundations & Construction (P) Ltd) Bombay


Alternat, )

DR SHASHI K. GULHATI

DR G_ V_ RAo( All" ,.)

Univcnity of Roorkee, Roorkeej and Institution of


Engineers ( India) ( Delhi Centre)
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delbi

( Cotltinu,d on pagt 2: )
@ Copyright 1979
INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisber shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

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IS , 2810 - 1979
( Gonfinutdfrom pall' 1 )

Repruenting
Public Works Department, Government of Punjab,
Chandigarh
Central Road Research Institute (CSIR), New
Delhi
Building & Roads Research Laboratory. Chandigarh
Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad
Central Board of Irrigation & Power, New Delhi

Members
SHRI O. P. MALHOTRA
SHRt

T. K.

NATARAJAN

RESEARCH OFFICER

SHlU K. R. SAXBNA
SECRETARY
DEPUTY SECRETARY (

SHal M. M. D. SETH

Alternate)
Public Works Department, Government of Uttar
Pradesh, Lucknow

DR B. L. DHAWAN (Allernate)
SHRI

SHRI

M. K.

N.

SURt

Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee


Roads Wings (Ministry of Shipping & Transport)

SINGHAL

SIVAGURU

D. V.

SIKKA (Altemal~)

SURI K. S. SRINIVASAN
SHRI SUNIL BERRS ( Altf>mat~
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER

National Buildings Organization, New Delhi


)

Public Works Department, Government of Tamil


Nadu, Madras
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER ( Alternate)
SHRI B. T. UNWALLA
Concrete Association of India, Bombay
SHln T, M. MENON (Alternatc)
All India Instruments Manufacturers & Dealers
SHRt H. C. VERMA
Association, Bombay
SHRt V. S. VASUDEVAN (Alternate)
SInn D. AJITHA SIMBA,
Director General, lSI (Exofficio Member)
Director ( eiv Engg )
Seaetary
SURI K. M. MATHUR
Deputy Director (Civ Engg), lSI

Glossary of Terms Subcommittee, BDC 23: 4


Convener
DR

SHAMS HER PRAKASU

University of Roorkee, Roorkee

Members
SHRT D. N. BHARGAVA

SHRI N. M. PATEL
SHRI AMAR SINGH

Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee


Central Building Research Institute (CSIR),
Roorkee

(Alternate)

)
IS , 2810 1979

Indian Standard
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
RELATING TO SOIL DYNAMICS

( First Revision)
O. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Indian
Standard, Institution on 23 March 1979, after the draft finalized by the
Soil Engineering and Rock Mechanics Sectional Committee had been
approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.

0.2 A ,number of Indian Standards covering soil testing, site investigation


for foundations, etc, has been either published or is under preparation;
these include a large number of technical terms relating to soil engineering.
The extensive use of these terms 1m3 necessitated the preparation of this
glossary. This standard was originally published in 1964. This revision
has been prepared so as to include a number of new terms besides making
the existing terms up to date.
0.3 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to
international co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailing in
different countries in ad.dition to relating it to the practice in the field
in this country.

0.4 In the preparation of this standard, considerable assistance was given


by the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Roorkee,
Roorkcc.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers definitions of ;erms relating to soil dynamics.
The symbols of some of the terms arc also given.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1 Accelerograph - An instrument for recording ground acceleration as


picked up by the acceleration pick~llp.

2.2 Accelerogram - A graphical record of acceleration versus time


obtained from the accelerograph.
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IS : 2810 -1979
2.3 Acceleration Pick-Up - An instrument for measuring the absolute
accelerations of vibrations.
2.4 Amplitude - Maximum displacement from mean position or position
of static equilibrium.
2.4.1 Doubl. Amplitude - Amplitude measured from peak to peak of the
wave.

2.5 Anvil - A base block for a hammer on whieh material is forged


into shape by repeated striking of the tup.
2.6 Attenuation - Decay Of reduction of amplitude or change in waveform due to energy dissipation with distance and time.
2.7 Coefficient of Elastic Non-uniforID. Compression (Cp) - It is
the ratio of external non-uniform pressure to the elastic part of the
settlement.
2.8 Coefficient of Elastic Uniform Compression (Cu ) - It is the
ratio of external uniform pressure to the elastic part of the settlement.
2.9 Coefficient of Elastic Non-uniforlD Shear ( C,!, ) - It is the ratio
of the external moment applied to the vertical axis to the product
of polarmoment of inertia of contact area of base of foundation and the
angle of rotation of the foundation.

2.10 Coefficient of Elastic Uniform Shear (CT) - It is the ratio of


average shear stress at the foundation contact area to the elastic part of the
displacement in sliding.
2.11 Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction (Co) pressure intensity to the corresponding settlement.

It i. the ratio of the

2.12 Critical Hydranlic Gradient (j) - It is the hydraulic gradient


at which the seepage force balance. the weight of the soil.
2.13 Cycle - The full ,equence of a periodic quantity occurring during a
period.
2.14 Damping Characteristics - Characteristics of the system by which
the motion is retarded by energy dis3ipation.
2.14.1 Critical Damping Co.fficient (C.) - It i. the value of damping
coefficient which determines the case betwe.en periodic and aperiodic
motion.
2.14.2 Damping Coelficiml (C) - It is the ratio of the damping forces to
the velocity.

2.14.3 Damping Faclor ( D) - It is the ratio of the damping coefficient


(C) to the critical damping coefficient (C.).
4

rSI2810.I97I1
2.14.4 Viscous Damping - Where damping force is proportional to the
velocity of the system.
2.15 Damage Potential - A meamre of the damage caming capacity of
a ground motion.
2.16 Degree of Freedom. -- Number ofi11dependcnt coordinates required
to define a vibratory system.
2.17 Drop Hammer-A forge hammer used for die stamping where tho
side frame is mounted on the anvil.

2.i8 Dynamic Co.m.pactioD - Compaction produced by vibration or


impact or blasting.

2.18.1 Blasting - Detonating small charges of explosive at predetermined


points to increase the density of the soil.
2.18.2 Impact - Increasing the density of the soil by the application of
pressure, by impac't or falling of weights at predetermined points.
2.19 Dynamic Loading -

A phenomenon giving rise to dynamic loading.

2.19.1 Earthquake - Soil samples are subjected to simplified load patterns


taking into account the stress prior to and during the occurrence of
earthquake.
2.19.2 Transient- Loading of short duration, generally applied on soil
sample to simulate the condition of blast loading.
2.19.3 Vibratory - A load which repeats with time and has period
comparable in relation to period of the systenl.
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2.20 Dynamic Load Factor - RatiO of dynamic response to statio


response of the systein.

2.21 Dynamic Shear Apparatus - An apparatus with provision for


applying shear stresses (stress~controlled) or shear strains ( straincontrolled) similar to one expected during a dynamic phenomenon.

2.21.1 Oscillatory Shear Box - A dynamic shear apparatu, where soil


samples are subjected to simple shear deformation under known shear
stresses at known frequencies.
2.21.2 Direct Shear - A dynamic shear apparatus, where the normal and
shear stresses: can be cycled either independently or simultaneously.
2.21.3 Dynami< T riaxial- A dynamic shear apparatus where the deviator
stress and the confining pressure can be cycled at known frequency, either
independently or simultaneously.

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IS 12810.1979
2.21.4 Resonance Column Apparatus ~ An apparatus in which a cylindrical
(solid and hollow) sample of soil can be excited at different frequencies
for determination of dynamic .oil properties ( dynamic shear modulu.).
2.22 Excursion - Variation of dependent of variable. from mean value
or variation of wave from centre line.

2.23 Flow Slides Due to Vibration - The flow of loose soil maS!
because of earthquake loading.
2.24 Forced Vibration - Motion of a system, when an external periodic
force is impressed on the system.

2.25 Free VibratioD- Vibrations of a system when displaced from its


equilibrium position and left free to vibrate.

2.26 Frequency-The rate at which a motion is repeated in a vibrating


sY3tem, expressed in radian3/second, cycles/second or rev/min.

2.26.1 Damped Natural Frequency - The natural frequency considering


damping in the system.
2.26.2 Natural Frequency - The frequency at which a system vibrates
under the effect of forces inherent in the system.

2.26.3 OPerating Frequ.ncy - The frequency at which the machine i.


operating.
2.26.4 Resonant Frequency - The frequency at which the maximum
response occurs in a system subjected to forced vibrations.

2.26.5 Undamped Nalural


considering damping.

Fflquency - Natural

frequency

without

2.27 Frequency Ratio - The ratio of the forcing frequency to the natural
frequency of a system.
.
2.28 Inertia Force - The product of the mass of a system and the
acceleration.
2/19 LiqueEactioD - The phenomenon by which a submerged

cohcsion~

l..s soil los.s its strength.

2.30 Logarithmic Decrement - The natural logarithm of the ratio of


any two successive: amplitudes of same sign in decay curve obtained in free
vibration.

2.31 Loading - See 2.19.


2.32 Magnification Factor - It i. the ratio of the dynamic amplitude to
the static displacement.
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IS I 2810. 1979
2.33 Mass katio (b) - It is the ratio of the mass of machine foundation to the product of ma.s density and cube of the equivalent radius of
the base.

2.34 Mode of Vibration - A characteristic pattern assumed by a .yiltem


in which the motion of every particle is simple harmonic with same
frequency.
2.35 Modulus of DeformatiGn ~ It is the secant modulus of a soil
between the pressure range of zero and half yield stress.
2.36 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction - It is the ratio of the pressure
intensity to the corresponding total settlement.

2.37 Motion
2.37.1 Aperiodic - When there is non-regularity of the system in
crossing its equilibrium position during motion.

2.37.2 Periodic- When tho system in motion crosses the equilibrium


position at definite intervals of time.
2.37.3 Steady Sta/t - When a system is under a sinusoidal forced
vibration and the response of the system is also sinusoidal.
2.37.4 Transient - When a .ystem is subjected to a sudden displacement.
2.38 Natural Freqnency - See 2.26.2.
2.39 Node - Point, line or surface of standing wave system at which
amplitude is zero.
2.40 O.eillator
2.40.1 Electromagnetic - Electromagnetic unit to produce oscillation.
Dynamic load is constant and independent of frequency.
2.40.2 Mechanical- Mechanical unit to produce sinusoidal, unidirec~
tional force with action line through centre of oscillator by means of two
unbalanced rotating masses, Dynamic load of a mechanical oscillator is
frequency dependent.
2.41 Period - Time interval at which the cycle repeat,.
2.42 Periodic: Motion -

S.. 2.37.2.

2.43 Phase Angle (Phase Difl"eren"e)-Difference between ph ..,


angles of two waves of same frequency.

2.44 Pitcbing - Rotational vibration motion of the foundation block


about the shorter horizontal ;~L'!:is:
2.45 Pressure Cell- A transducer to transform pressure into another
physical quantity (usually electrical) whose magnitude can be more easily
or conveniently measured.

IS I 2810" 1979
2.46 Pseudostatic Analysis - Analysis in which dynamic action i.
replaced by an inertia force assumed to remain static.
2.47 Pulsatiug Stress - Stress which varies with time.

2.48 Resonance Characteristics - Quantitative expre~sion of input


versus output. Variables, such as force, displacement, velocity, acceleration,
or power input are functions of frequency.
2.49 Resonance - A condition of maximum increase in amplitude of a
vibrating system.
2.50 Resonant Frequency - S.. 2.26.
2.51 Resonant Tamping - Compaction by impact with blows at critical
frequency.
2.52 Response Spectrum - The dynamic re.ponse of an idealized
structure to an earthquake motion. The response can be expressed in
terms of the maximum relative velocity Sv.
2.53 Rigid Body Response - Response of a system treating it as a rigid
body.
2.54 Rocking - Rotational motion of the foundation block about the
longer horizontal axis.
2.55 Screening of Vibrations - Protecting structure from influence of
energy of elastic waves propagative in soils.
2.56 Seismic Coefficient - The rates of the design acceleration due to
earthquake and the acceleration due to gravity.
2.57 Seismic Wave -

Wave. produced by any seismic activity.

2.58 Simple Harmonic -.Simple harmonic motion defined as the motion


of a point in a straight line, such that acceleration of the point is proportional
to the distance of the point from the mean position, and is always directed
towards it.
2.59 Simulitude - The technique afrepresenting one system with another
system with respect to force, time and length such that the result of one
can be accurately predicted by the observations from the other.
2.60 Sinusoidal- Quantity varying according to ,ine law with line.
2.61 Spectral Response - See 2.52.

2.61.1 Spectral Accet.ration - Spectral re'ponse expressed in terms of the


maximum relative acceleration.
2.61.2 Spectral Displacement - Spectral response expressed in terms of the
maximum relative displacement.

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IS I 2810 1979
2.61.3 Spectral Velodry-Spectral response expressed in term. of the
maximum relative velocity.
2.62 Strain Amplitude - The maximum strain from its position of rest,
to extreme position of the vibrating particle.
2.63 Strain Gauge - Gauge for measuring strains in an elastic element of
vibration.
2.64 Synchronous - Two rotating machines having identical frequency.
2.65 Time of Loading - It is the time from the application of stress to
the time of reaching the maximum stress.
2.66 Time Period - See 2.41.

2.67 Torsional Vibrations - Vibrations in torsional mode.


2.68 Transducer - Pick-up unit to transform mechanical input into
electrical output.
2.69 Transient Strength -

Strength of soil under transient loading.

2.70 TranslIlissibiIity
2.70.1 Force -

Force transmitted by a vibrating system to ita support.

2.70.2 Motion - Motion transmitted by a vibrating system to its support.


2.71 Tuning Factor - Ratio of exciter frequency to natural frequency.
2.72 Tup-Falling part of the hammer.
2.73 Vibrations Absorber- Pad of an clastic material introduced. to
reduce transmissibility of vibrations.

2.74 Vibrometer ~In!ltrument which measures the phase, velocity and


acceleration of vibrations.
2.75 Wave -Disturbance propagated in medium in such a manner that
at any point in medium the amplitude is a function oftimcJ while at any
instant the displacement a t point is function of position of point.
2.76 Wave Front - The surface wbich is the locus of all poinllJ having
motion in identical phase propagating -in a wave) the direetion of propagation being perpendicular to the wave front.
2.77 Wavelength- Normal distance. between two wave front. with
periodic characteristics in which amplitudes have phase difference of
one complete cycle.

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IS I 2810 1979

2.78 Wave Types


2.78.1 Longitudinal Walle or Primary Wave - Wave in which direction
of displacement at each point of medium is normal to wave front with
propagation velocity, calculated as follows:
A

---;EOC-("l'_-.')--

v, or Vp = 'V

p (

+ .) ( I -

2.)

/"""'1:+2

= 'V

p-

where
VI, Vp

= velocity of longitudinal wave,

p = mass density)

Youngs modulus,
Lame's constants, and
V = Poisson's ratio.

A, f

2.78.2 Rayleigh Way, -

Dispersive surface wave in which clement has

retrograding elliptic orbit with one major vertical and one minor horizon..
tal component both in plane of propagation velocity.
VR = velocity of Rayleigh wave = a v, with 0'910 < a < 0'995
for 0'25 < < 0'50

where
a = angle of obliquity, and
= propagation velocity of transverse waves.

Vt

2.78.3 Reflected (or Refracted) Wave - Components of wave incident


upon second medium and reflected into first medium (or refracted into

second medium).

2.78.4 8/ua, Wave (Rotational Equivoluminal) - Wave in which medium


changes shape without change of volume (shear plane wave in isotropic
medium is transverse wave).

2.78.5 Transverse Wav. - Wave in which the direction of displacement


of element of medium is parallel to wave front. The propagation velocity
VI is calculated as follows:

". =
where

tJ ~ = V ~ = tJ

2p

(~ +v)

shear modulus,

p = mass density,
y

Pois30n's ratio,

= Young's modulus, and

l' = Lame'. constant.

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IS I 2810 .1979
2.79 Yawing- Rotational motion of the foundation black about it'
vertical axis.
2.BO Yield Acceleration ~ The accelerational which yielding of a slope
of material OCCllIS.
2.81 Zoning - The various zone3 into which a country may be divided
for design of atructure!, etc, based upon tho seismic coefficient.

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS ( SI .uNITS)


B e Units
Quantity

Unit

Symbol

Length

metre

Mass

kilogram

kg

Time

second

Electric current

ampere

Thermodynamic

kelvin

Luminous Intensity

candela

cd

Amount of substance

mole

mol

temperature

Supplementary Units

Quantity

Unit

Plane angle

radian

'ad

Solid angl.

steradian

.,

Unll

Symbol

Symbol

Derived Unit.

Quan!lty

DollnWon

mis'

Force

newton

N - 1 kg.

Energy

joul.

J -1 N.m

Power

watt

W -1 J/s

Flux

weber

Wb

Flux density

tesla

Frequency

hertz

Hz

Electric conductance

siemens

S=1A/V

Electromotive force

volt

V -1 W/A

Pressure, stress

pascal

Pa

Wb -1 V.s

'T
12

T - 1 Wb/m'
Hz - 1 cis

Pa

=00

( .-, )

1 Nfm l

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IS 5249: 1992

'41 <814

( Reaffirmed 1995)
i l i .... rIO;

lFIT ~ iWlK11~ lfur~+f ~ ~~~ ~T '1~T~ '1;[fu


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( C!~HT ~'1~TaTUJ )

Indian Standard
DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC PROPERTIES
OF SOIL - METHOD OF TEST
( Second Revision)

UDC 624'131'5

:> BlS 1992

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS


MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

November 1992

Price Group 5

J
Foundation Englneering Sectional C'vm.

1\'( ... 1", (

!:::.:) 4,

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Second Revision) was adopted bv the Bureau ofIndian Standard., "C"r " e
draft finalized by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by ll,":
Civil Engineering DivIsion Council.
.
Several Indian Standards have been published for the design and construction of foundation for
machines of various types. These involves the use 01 dynamic properties of soil. The need for a
standard procedure for the determination of such properties therefore arose. The standard is meant
to fulfil this need.
The designer should choose the method appropriate to the codditions at a given site. In-situ
dynamic test by the forced vibration method may be found useful in most of the cases even though
it has the limitations of the plate load test. In layered soils, the wove propagation test has the
advantage that the dynamic properties of the layer of interest can be determined by suitably
adjusting the distance between the geophones. The resulrs obtained by a free vibration test should
be used with caution.
This standard was first published in 1969 and subsequently revised in 1977 which included the
block vibration tests both under free and forced vibration conditions. shear modulus tests, wave
propagation tests and cyclic plate load tests. Guidelines are provided for choosing the design
parameters consistent with the conditions of confinement and strains which are likely to occur in
an actual problem. This revision has been taken up to incorporate further improvements found
n,cessary in light of determination of dynamic properties of soil, since its last publication.
In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to international coordinalion

among the standards and practices prevailing in different in addition to relating it to the practices
in tho field in this country.
In reporting the result of a test made in accordance with this standard, if the final value. observed
or calculated i. to be rounded off, it .hall be done in ",ccordance with IS 2 : 1960 'Rules for
rounding off numerical values ( revised J'.

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IS 5249 : 1992

Indian Standard
DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF
SOIL - METHOD OF TEST

( Second Revision)

1 SCOPE

3.7 Damping Coemclent

This standard covers methods of conducting block


vibration test, cyclic plate load test and wave
propagation test for evaluation of in situ dynamic
and damping properties of soils. Guidelines for
choosing parameters for design and analysis are also
provided.

The ratio of damping of system to the critical dampinl!'


3.8 Coemcient of Attenuation
Coefficient wbicb bas dimensions of IJdistnace used
in tbe expression for determining tbe amplitu"",, at
any distance from the vibration source. The coefficient
is a characteristic of soil (m l ).

2 REFERENCES
4 APPARATUS

The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are necessary


adjuncts to this standard.

4.0 One of tbe apparatus utilized in conducting these


test are listed in 4.1 to 4.15. Otber suitable apparatus
or mesuring devices may be utilized for conducting
the test.

3 TERMINOLOGY
3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the relevant
definitions'in IS 2810 : 1979 and the following shall
apply. The notations given in Annex B shall also
apply.

4.1 Mechanical Oscillator


The mecbanical oscillator should be capable of
producing a sinusoidally varying force and have a
frequency range commensurate with the size of tbe
block to be tested and type of tbe soil. It should
have the provision for altering dynamic force level
by simple adjustment of eccentric masses.

3.1 Natural Frequency


Number of cycles per unit time with wbicb the system
oscillates under tbe influence of forces inherent in
tbe system.

4.2 d.c. Motor


3.2 Undamped Natural Frequency
Number of cycles per unit time with wbicb the system
oscillates under tbe influence of forces inherent in
tbe system witbout considering damping effect.

Motor of suitable power rating so as to run tbe above


oscillator in tbe required frequency range at full load.
This sbould be of type that its own vibrations are
negligible.

3.3 Damped Natural Frequency

4.3 Speed Control Unit

Natural frequency of tbe system considering its


damping.
(C,)

Capacity commensurate with d.c., motor being used,


eapabie of operation at 220 V a.c. input supply and
giving variable d.c. voltage output. The maximum
drop in voltage at full load should not exceed 2
percent.

It is the compressive stress causing unit eiastic uniform

4.4 Acceleration Pick-up

3.4 Coefficient of Elastic Uniform Compression

compression for a given area under dynamic loading


conditions.
3.5 Coefficient of
Compression (Ccp)

Elastic

Three in number, of same response characteristics,


maximum range sbould be commensurate witb
equipment used in 3.1, useful frequency range d.c.
100 Hz or more. Natural frequency .should be 220
Hz undamped and 140 Hz damped. The response
sbould be linear, deviation from linearity being 1
percent or less witb amplitude cbanges.

Non-Uniform

It is the ratio of compressive stress and elastic non


uniform compressive deformation for a given area
under dynamic ioading conditions (kg/cm).

4.5 Velocity Pick-up

3.6 Coefficient of Elastic Uniform Shear (C1;)

Two in number, of suitable type, sensitive euough


to record even feeble ground vibrations. Natural
frequency<10 Hz and dampling less than 1 percent
of tbe critical damping.

It is tbe ratio of sbear stress to elastic uniform shear


displacement for a given area under dynamic loading
condition.
1

IS5249: 1992
4.6 Displacement Pick-up
Amplitudes mar be directly measured using
displacement pIck-ups. These should be of
appropriate capacity and should have Oat frequency
re,';j!Qnse in tbe range 0 to 100 Hz or more and should
be of high sensitivity; accuracy should be not less
than 2 percent.

4.7 Geophones

block should be made. For block size as in 5.2, the


size of the pit may be 3 m x 6 m at the bottom
and a depth preferably equal to proposed depth of
foundations. The lesl should be conducted above the
ground water table. In case of rock, the test may
beperfonned on the surface of rack bed its.elf. The
bottom of the pit should be level and horizontal and
the size of the pit should be at stable slope and
may be kept vertical where possible.
5.2 Test Block

Similar characteristics as of velocity pick-up


(see 4.5).

A plain cement concrete block of M-15 concrete


should be constructed in the test pit as shown in
Fig. 1. The size of the block should be selected
depending upon the sub-soil conditions. In ordinary
soils it may be 1 m x 1 m x 1.5 m and in dense
soils it may be 0.75 m x 0.75 m x 1 m. In boulder
deposits the height may be increased suitably. The
block size should be so adjusted that the mass ratio

4.8 Universal AmpliOer

4.9 Ink Writing Oscillograph


Frequency response above 100 Hz; number of elements
3 (preferable); natural frequency above 140 HZ;
maximum amplitude 20 mm: paper speed 5, 25,
125 mmls: capable of operation of 220 V a.c. 50
Hz supply, optimum damping with external resistance.

Bz =[

C~.

;:.,)} . always more than unity

4.10 High Gain d.c. Amplifier


the concrete block should be cured for at least 15
days before testing. Foundation bolts should be
embedded into the concrete block at the time of
testing for fixing the oscillator assembly. Details of
the test block are shown in Fig.!.

To match velocity pick-up or geophone as the case


may be.
4.11 Steel Plate for Fixing Oscillator and d.c.
Motor
Thickness 20 mm, length and width depending upon
size of oscillator unit.

5.3 Test Set-up


Vibration exciter should be fixed on the coacrete
block and suitable connection between power supply,
speed control unit, should be made as shown iii
Fig. 2. Any suitable electronic instrumentation may
be used to measure the frequency and amplitude of
vibrations.

4.12 Measuring Tape


Steel or metallic tape of 30 m length.
4.13 Hammer
A sledge hammer or a drop hammer weighing 10
kg or ~!lY other device to hnpart blow to the block
for exciting under conditions of free vibrations or
for generating waves in the ground.

5.4 Forced Vibration Test


5.4.1 Vertical Vibration Test

4.14 Plate Load Testing Equipment

The vibration pick-ups should be fixed at the top


of the block as shown in Fig.l, such that it senses
vertical motion of the block. The vibration exciter
should be mounted on the block such that it
generates purely vertical sinusoidal vibrations and
line of action of vibrating farce passes through the
centre of gravity of the block. The exciter is
operated at a constant frequency. The signal of
the vibration pick-ups are fed into suitable electronic
circulatory to measure frequency and amplitude of
vibration. The frequency of the exciter is increased
in steps of small values, (1-4 cycles/sec) up to
maximum frequency of the exciter and the signals
measured. The same procedure should be repeated
if necessary for different excitation levels. The
dynamic force should never exceed 20 percent of
the total mass of the block and exciter assembly.

Conforming to IS 1888 : 1982. Arrangement for


loading may be of mechanical or hydraulic type with
facility to apply of remove the loads quickly for
.
conducting cyclic plate load tests.
4.15 Apparatus for Measuring Field Density of
Soil at Site
In accordance with IS 2720 (Part 28) : 1973 or
IS 2720 (Part 29) : 1975.
NOTES
1

Equipment given in 4.1 10 4.14 are found suitable.

Alremalive equipment may be used where available.


2. In addition 10 above equipmenl, optical or mechanical
equipment for analysing records of wave propagation tests
shan be required.

5 BLOCK VIBRATION TEST

Amplitude velSus frequency curve shall be plotted


for each excitation level to obtain the natural frequency
- oflhe soil iiria lhe foundation blocKtl,.tea. Pi. typIcal
plot is shown in Fig. 3.

. - 5.1 'Fest-Pit
A test pit of suitable ~ize depending upon size of

,
J

IS 5249 : 1992
5.4.2 Detetmination ofCoefJicient ofElastic Uniform
CompresSion 'of Soil

test. The pick-up fitted on tbe block is removed


and installed at a certain distance d,i (approximately
30 cm) from the block. The second pick-up is fixed
in line witb this pick-up and the centre of the block
at a distance of d, The amplitude of vibration at
tbese two locations are measured for differeut
frequencies. The coefficient of attcnuation is
ca lculated from the following expression:

The coefficient of elastic unifonn compression (C )


of soil is given by tbe following equation:

wbere
f~

4,,' fnz M

= Natural

frequency;

A = A

= Mass of tbe block, exciter and motor; and


= Contact area of tbe block witb tbe soil.

M
A

wbere

From tbe value of C u obtained for tbe test block


of contact area A the value of C , for tbe foundation
having contact area A, may b; obtained from the
equation:

C.1

=C

A,

A,
fI.

JAlA,

NOTE - This relation is valid for small variati<:ms in base

where

Xm

{.,

= Frequency at which amplitude is maximum

is equal to Xm
";2

5.5 Free Vibration Tests

In case of free vertical vibrations tests, the value


of C. sball be obtained from tbe natural frequency
of free vertical vibration using equation given at 5.4.2.
The damping coefficient may be obtained from free
vibration tests using the following equation:

2"

lo~

Xm

0.04-0.12

6.2.2 After the set-up has been arranged the initial


readings of the dial gauges sbould be noted an<\
the first increment of static load sbould be applied
to the plate. This load shall be maintained constant
throughout for a period till no further settlement
occurs or tbe rate of settlement becomes negligible.
The final readings of the dial gauges sbouId tben
be recorded. The entire load is th~n removed quickly
but gradually and the plate allowed to rebound.
When no further rebound occurs or the rate of rebound
becomes negligible, tbe readings of tbe dial gauges
should be again noted. The load shall then be increased
gradually till its magnitude acquires a value equol
to tbe proposed next higher stage ofloading, whicb
shall be maintained constant and the final dial gauge
readings should be noted as mentioned earlier. The
entire, load should then be reduced to zero and finU
dial gauge readings recorded wben tbe rate Of
rebound becomes negligible.

The block sball be excited into free vertical vibrations


by the impact of sledge hammer or any suitable device,
as near to the centre of tbe top face of the block
as possible. The vibrations sball be recorded on a
pen recorder or suitable device to measure the
frequency and amplitude of vibration. The test may
be repeated tbree or four times.

n,-'
0.1
0,04

6.2 Test Procedure


6.2.1 The equipment for the test shall be assembled
according to tbe details givell ill IS 1888 : 1982.
The plate shall be located at a depth equal to tb~
deptb of tbe proposed foundation in a pit excavated!
as given in IS 1888 : 1982.

(resonant frequency). This is sbown in


Fig. 4.

fl.,

Suitable arrangement for providing reaction of


adequate magnitude depending upon size of plate
employed sbould be used. The load mecbanism sboul<1
have facility to apply and remove tbe loads qUiCkl y
A hydraulic jack or any other suitable equipmenj
may be used.

2fM

= Maximum amplitude; and

Amplitude at distance d"


Amplitude at distance d" and
Coefficient of attenuation

6.1 Equipment

f, -[,

= Two frequencies at wbicb tbe amplitude

=
=
=

6 CYCLIC PLATE LOAD TEST

In case of vertical vibration test, Ibe value of damping


coefficient e of soil is given by tbe following
equation:

f,. [,

'

Saturated sandy silty clay

5.4.3 Determination of Damping Coefficient of Soil

-o(d,-d,)

Table for typical values of fI.


Soil type
Saturated sand or sand y silt
Saturated silty sand

area of the foundations and may be used for area up to 10m2


For actual foundation areas larger than 10 ro2 , the value of
eLi obtained for 10 m2 may be used.

Td,

l\f-;;e

m"

For Xm and Xm" are as explained in Fig. 5.

6.2.3 The cycles of loading, unloading and reloading


are continued till the estimated ultimate load has
been reached, the final values of dial gauge readings,
being noted each time.

5.6 E~aluatlon of Coefficient of Attenuation


The test set up is same as that for the block resonance

IS 5Z49 : 199Z

.BLOCK

FIG. 1

PICK -UPS

SETUP FOR BLOCK VIBRATION TEsT

'0

I"~

..,..i..-

--

POWER
StPPLY

c::J

"'- PICK UPI


TRANSDUCER

I.LOC)(

OSCILLOGRAPH

AMPLIFIER

FIG.

~.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TEsTING EQUIPMENT FOR BLOCK VrilRA TION TEsT

PEAK AMPLITUDE

,.0 L

3'0

W
Q

...

It

;:;)

20

10

J
0

'2

,/

Ifnz If,

.FREQUENCY. CPS

In
15

20

25

30

35

FREQUENCY. CPS
FIG.

- -

FlG.

TYPICAL AMpUWDE VERSUS FREQUENCY CuRVE

- . (VERTICAL VlllRAnoN TEsT)

DETERMINATION OF DAMPING FROM FORCED


'VIBRATIoN'I'EsT .

.J
)

IS 5249 : 1992
6.2.4 The magnitude of the load increment should
be such that Ibe ultimate load is reached in five
to six increments. The initial loading and unloading
cycles up to Ibe safe bearing capacity of the soil
should be wilb smaller increments in load. The duration
of each loading and unloading cycle upon the type
of soil under investigation.

V. is
= Af

Velocity of shear waves

V.

given by:

where

= Frequency of vibration at which the wave

length has been measured.

From the data obtained during cyclic plate load test,


the elastic rebound ofthe plate corresponding to each
intensity of loading shall be obtained as shown in
Fig. 6. The load intensity versus elastic rebound shall
be plotted as shown in Fig. 7.

When the test is conducted using a phase meter,


the phase angle corresponding to different distances
between the geophones should be recorded and a
curve plotted between the phase angle and the
distance. From the curve, the distance S between
the geophones for a phase difference of 90 should
be determined. The remaining computations should
be done as in 7.1.1

'f!1e value of C, shall be calculated from the equation


gIVen below:

7.2 Hammer Tests

6.2.5 Coefficient of Elastic Uniform Compression


from Cyclic Plate Load Test

C,

= S,

7.:U Equipment

kgf/cm'

A hammer to imart impact to the ground, a geophone


or velocity pick-Up or lime marking device to record
the time of impact, an acceleration pick-up (or a
geophone) to monitor the time of arrival of waves,
universal amplifier, ink-writting oscilloscope or a timer
capable of measuring time interval up to a precision
of 10 seconds, and a steel measuring tape.

where

=
=

S.

Corresponding load intensity kg/cm', and


Elastic rebound corresponding to P in ern.

7 WAVE PROPAGATION TESTS FOR


DETERMINATION OF SHEAR MODULUS

7.2.2 Procedure
7.1 The wave propagation tests for determination
of shear modulus may be conducted by making seismic
waves to pass Ibrough the ground by impact of a
hammer and determining the time of travel of these
waves between two points at a known distance apart
or by measuring Ibe phase difference between vibration
at two pointer under steady vibrations.

A suitable location in the area where tbis test is


to be conducted is selected and radial lines are ranged
oul from Ibis point for a distance of 30 m 10 40
m. Points are marked on these lines at 2 m intervals.
A velocity pick-up or a geophone is fixed at the
origin of the radial lines and waves are generated
near this point by impact of a 10 kg hammer railing
through a beight of 2 m on a steel plate of 150
mm x 150 mm resting on a the surface of ground.
An acceleration pick-up is placed at a known distance
along one of the radial lines, the pick-Ups is amplified
through universal amplifier and fed to two channels
of the same pen reconder. The time taken by the
waves to travel the distance between the two pickups can be obtained from these records. The test
is repeated for different known distance between the
pick-ups along all Ibe marked lines one by one_

7.1.1 Steady State Vibration Test

In case of uniform soil extending up tp infinite depth,


the wavelength of propagating vibrations is given
by:
).,14

;rS
It

+ 2 (AI - i.,)

where the geophones


characteristics, that is Al = t..,
).,14

have the same

7.:U.1 The test may be repeated at different locations


to obtain a representative value of wave velocities
in the area under investigation_

=S

where

7.2.2.2 Alternatively, the time taken by the waves


to travel a known distance may be obtained directly
by feeding the output <)f the pick-ups to a timer.

A = Wavelength in em,
S

= Measured distance between geophones in


em,

!'hase shift of geophones wilb respect to


wave nearer to concrete block at the
frequency of the propagating vibrations in
radians, and

t.., =

Phase shift of Ibe other geophone at the


fr"!luency of the propagating vibrations in
radIans.

Al

7.2.2.3 Density of soil


The in situ density of the soil should be determined
by the method specified in IS 2720 (Part 28) : 1973
or IS 2720 (part 29) : 1975.

7.2.3 Hammer Test


The values of travel time of compression waves and
the corresponding distance along each selected line

)
)

IS 5249 : 1!191

,
"
z

X",+II. Wd'

VI"!

Ir ) j, ( ; .

(m

"1

. , wdl

II;
w

..

!I

L2~-L2~~
FIG.

Wd= DAMPED NATURAL FREQUENCY OF SYSlEM


lli1ERMINATION OF DAMPING FROM FREE VIBRATION TEsT

LOAD=--

Il

0.15

,.lEww

~
~

..~

;;!
~

:ll

...~

AI.A2 ....A5 ARE ELASllC REBOUND A TLOAD


PI, P2;.... P5 RESPECllVELY
FIG. 6 LoAD SETJLBMENT CuRVE FOR CYCliC PLA1E
LoAD TEsT

60

40

20
DISTANCE.

AVERAGE VELOCITY Vc

f mi.

FIG. 8 DE1ERMINATION OF AVERAGE WAVE VELOCm1


OF SrnESS WAVE PROPAGATION IN SoIL MEDIUM
(HAMMIlR TEsT)

CI

ELASTIC REBOUND-

Cu-l;

-FiG: 7 MErnoo FoR -OilTAlNINO VALlJEOF C'; HlOM


I
CYCLIC PLAm LoAD TEsT DATA
6

J
j

IS !l249 : 1992

Cq,

at a location are plotted as shown in Fig. 8. A straight


line is fitted through these points. The value of average
velocity is obtained as:
V,

CIjJ = 1.5 Ct
NOTE - The relation between C.' Ct, C4 and ell' depends
upon elastic properties of medium, the soli, the size and shape
of oonlacl area and nexjbUity of rigidity of the foundation.

= sIt

where
V, = ve]ocity of compression waves, in mls;
s = distance in m; and
= corresponding time of travel of waves in
sec.

8.2 In case of very stiff soils the value of C may


b. so higb that the natural frequency of the
foundation soil system may not be reached because
of limitations of the vibralion exciting equipment.
The frequency response curves in sucb cases may
be extrapolated to obtain the resonant frequency of
foundation soil system following the procedure
suggested in Annex C.

7.3 Determination of Elastic Modulus and Shear


Modulus of Soil
7.3.1 Elastic modulus E is determined by equation:

9 GUIDANCE FOR CHOOSING DESIGN


PARAMETERES FROM IN-SITU TESTS

(1 + e) (1 - 2)
E= Vc P
(1 _ e)
2

9.1 The value of the dynamic sbear modulus 0 is


affected by a number of parameters oul of which
confining pressure, shear slrain amplitude and relative
density are mosl important. It is observed that changes
in density from medium to dense slale have relalively
insignificant effect compared to efrect of confining
pressure and shear strain amplitude. Since the order
of strain level and confining pressure associated
wilh different in-situ tests are different, tests may
be expecled to show a large variation, as the strain
associated with, say hammer test is very small and
that with cyclic plate load test is very large. A ralional
apprroach is therefore, needed to arrive at a suitable
design value.

where
p = Mass density of soil
e
Poision's ratio of soil

Nom - The following values for Poission's rallo may

be

used:

0/ soil

Ty~

,
O.S
0.30 to 0.3S
O.IS to 0.2S

Clay
Sand

Rock

7.3.2 Depending upon the nature of medium


involved, and if the distance between pick-ups is
sufficiently large, both the arrival of compression
and shear waves may be distinguishable from the
records. In such a case both E and 0 can be
detennined independently.

= 2 0 (1 + e)

= V.'P

3.46 Ct

'=

9.Z In the range of slrains associaled witb properly


design machine foundations, the effect of variation
in strain on shear modulus is small and tbe values
of 0 for design purposes may be determined from
tbe in-situ test values using the relation given
below:
0,

--=

where
p

= Mass density of soil in kg sec '1m',

V.

= Velocity of shear waves, in mis, and

= Poission's

where
0, and 0

8 THE
COEFFICIENT
OF
ELASTIC
UNIFORM SHEAR AND ELASTIC NONUNIFORM SHEAR

8.1 Compression C , the coefficient of elastic unifoml


shear, Ct, the ",o~fficient of elastic non-unifoml
compresSion Cq, and the coefficient of elastic nonunifoml shear CIjJ are related to each other by the
lrelations given below:

= Dynamic shear modulus for the

prototype and from field test


respectively;
= Mean effective COnfining pressure,
001' 00
associated
with prototype
foundation and the in-situ test
respectively and
= Constant depending upon the type
m
of soil, shape of grains, etc. Its
value has been found to vary from
0.3 to 0.7 and may on the average
be taken as 0.5.
9.3 In situations where high strain levels are
associated as in the case of analysis for earthquake
conditions, the effect of strain level shall be
considered along with that of confining pressure.

ratio of soil.

7.3.3 The values of E and 0 can also be obtained


from the values of C obtained as indicated in Annex
D. Alternatively the' values of C can be obtained
from E and 0 values obtained in'wave propagation
tests.

C.

(::'J

In such a case, the values of 0 from different field


tests may. first be reduced to same confining pressure
(expected below the footing) and their variation

1.5 to 2 Ct
7

IS 5249 : 1992
with strain levels may be studied to arrive at an
appropriate values corresponding to the expected
strain level.

is less at low strain levels and becomes significantly


large at bigh strain levels.
9.5 The value of C may similarly be expected t<1
vary as C, and G are related to eacb otber (see
Annex D).

9.4 The value of damping in soils is also a function


of strain level to wbich tbe soil is subjected. Damping

ANNEX A
( Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

Title

IS No.
1888 : 1982

density of soils in-place, by the


sand replace-ment method (first

Metbod of load test on soils

(second revision).
2720
(Part 12 ) : 1981

Title

IS No,

revision)

Metbods of test for soil :


Part 12 Detennination of tbe
sbear strengtb parameters of soil
from consolidated undrained
triaxial compression test with
measurement of pore water
pressure (first revision)

Metbod of test for soil :


2720
(Part 29) : 1975 Part 29 Detennination of dry
density of soils in-place, by the
core cutter method (first'

revision)
2810 : 1979

2720
Methods of test for soil :
(Part28 ) : 1974 Part 28 Deterroination for dry

Glossary of terms relating to soil


dynamics (first revision)

ANNEXB
( Clause 3.0 )

NOTATIONS
SYMBOL

A,

A,
a

C,

& C"

ap 8< G<!>,

g;p &

C,'

E
F

f'

1. & f,

""

g
I

Mm
Mm.
S
S

]1

DESCRIPTION

UNIT

Contact area of block with soil


Contact area of actual foundation with soil
Vertical amplitude of vibration
Vertical acceleration vibration
Coefficient of e.la~tic ulliform compression of soil for area A and A,
respectively
Coefficient of elastic non-uniforro comoression of soil for area A and
A, respectively

.
Coefficient of elastic uniforro shear of soil for area A and A, respectively
Coefficient of elastic non-uniforro sbear of soil
Young's modulus
Peak dynamic force
Frequency of propagating waves
Frequencies at which amplitude is X /-./2
Horizontal resonant frequency of bloCk and soil system
Dynamic sbear modulus of soil
Acceleration due to gravity
Moment of inertia of foundation contact area about a borizontal axis
passing through centre of gravity of the area and perpendicnlar to
direction of vibration
Mass of block
Mass moment of inertia of the block about a horizontal axis passing
througb tbe centre of gravity of the block and perpendicular to
direction of vibration
Mass moment of intertia of the block about the horizontal axis passing
through the centre of gravity of contact area of block and soil and
perpendicular to the direction of vibration
Distance between geophones or pick-ups
--ElastiG-rcbound- -Compression wave velocity

Cm'
Cm'
mm

rnm/s'
kgf/cm'

kgf/cm'
kgf/cm'
kgf/cm'
kg
Hz
Hz
Hz
kgf/cm'

rnm/s'
cm'
kg s'lcm
kgf/cm/s'
kgf/cnt/s'
em

_em _
cnt/s

_J
l

IS 5249 : 1992
SYMBOL

}
x:."y/..,
m+1

t
p

UNIT

. DESCRIPTION

t;'1
;.,
y

Shear wave velocity


Maximum amplitude of vibration in forced vibmtion tests
Successive amplitudes of vibration in free vibmtions at 2 from eacb
other respectively
Time of travel of waves
Mass density of soil
Poision's mtio of soil
Damping coefficient of soil
Wavelength of ptopagating waves
Phase sbift of geophone near to mdian centre of gmvity of block at
frequency if) of propagating vibrations
Phase sbift of geopbone far away from centre of gmvity of block at
frequency if) propagating vibration
Ratio MjMmo

cm/s
mm
mm

s
kg s'/cm'
em
mdian

radian

ANNEX C
( Clause 3.2 )
EXTRAPOLATION OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE FOR
OBTAINING NATURAL FREQUENCY OF THE SYSTEM
Cl
In case of stiff soils where tbe resonant
frequency is higher tban the limit to which the block
can be excited by the vibmtion equipment, extmpolation
of the response curve may be resorted to as indicated
below to evaluate the resonant frequency of tbe system.
This bolds for a single degree of freedom system
as in case of vertical vibrations. However, workable
values of f may also be obtained for horizontal
vibrations. n

mo = Eccentric mass,
= Eccentricity,
m = Frequency of excitation
k = Spring constant, and
e = Coefficient of damping.

By substituting in above equation

00 = 21r.f
AI = MI( moe )'
A, = (c'-2kM )/{( mo.e)' (2" )'}
and A, =
k'/{( mo.e), (21r. )'},
AI!' + A,P + A, = (f'fA.')

From the theory of mechanical vibrations the relation


between the amplitude of vibrations (A) and the
frequency (00) for tbe forced vibrations is given by:

A,

C-2 The above equation can be solved if a minimum


of three points are known on tbe rising portion of
the curve. Avemge values of At' A" A, may be
obtained if more than three points are available by
solving the equation for set of three points taken
at a time. Knowing the value of AI' A, and A, the
amplitudes at different frequencies can be worked
out and the frequency corresponding to maximum
. amplitude, that is, the resonant frequency determined.

=J(k-mm' )'+e'Ol'
m o eool

- J(k-m'M )' + e'm'


where

Fo = m0 eoo2 = Dyna mic force,

ANNEX D
( Clause 7.3.3 and 9.5 )
RELATIONSIDP BETWEEN SHEAR MODULUS, YOUNG'S MODULUS,
COEFFICIENT OF ELASTIC UNIFORM COMPRESSION, ETC
Values of shear modulus G and Young's modulus
E are related to each other by the relation given
below:

C, can be obtained froll\ E by tbe equation


1.13E

E
I
G = 2( 1 + E)

=(1

- e')

VA

where
A = area of contact

where

NOTE - This relation between Cu and E is based upon the


assumption that E remains constant with depth.

e = Poision's ratio,
9

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Standard. Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. Toe <;t .... dar. 1 ~~ark on
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testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BT" ,,"01 ,.~ 'r "e 1 hy the
producer. Standard marked products arc also continuously chech'j hv 'liS r'f ,,"nfprmiIY
to that standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions unde' ,I, i<'h a li"c""e I'M Ihe
USC of -the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or "l-n l'Ic~r,\ III IV he obrained
from'the Bureau ofIndian Standards.

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FARlDABAD, OHAZIABAD, OUWAHATI, HYDERABAD, JAIPUR, KANPUR,
LUCKNOW, PATNA, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

Printed at Printrade. New Delhi, India

.'

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982


Reaffirmed 1998 )

Indian Standard

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR


DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART I FOUNDATION FOR RECIPROCATING
TYPE MACHINES

(Second Revision)
Second Reprint MAY 1993

UDC

624'15\1'11: 621'\1-12

o
BUREAU
MANAK

OF

BHAVAN,

Copyrlgh, 1982

INDIAN
9

BAHADUR

STANDARDS
SHAH ZAPAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 6

December 11182

i
)

IS , 2974 ( Part I ) 1982

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART I

FOUNDATION FOR RECIPROCATING


TYPE MACHINES

( Second Revision)
Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, BDC 43
Chairman

RepreJ6nting
C@utral Build~g Research
Roorkee

PaOF DINES}I MOlIAN

Institute

( CSIR ),

M~J7ibeu

D:s: R. K.

Central Building
Roorkee

BRANDARI

.
SnBr D.E;VENDRA SHARlIIA

S.

GURA (

Calcutta Po.rt Trust, Calcutta


.
The Concrete Association of India, Bombay

AIl,rnatl )

SURl M. G. DANDA-VA-Tn
SHU! N. C. DUGGAL

SiIRIA. G.

DASTJDAR

Institute (CSIR),

(AlfmTal6 )

CBIEF EllOJNEER
SHRI

Research

(Altlrnatl)

In perional capacity

(5 Hungerford

CfJurt, 121,

Hungerf(Jrd Stred. Cal~IJHa )

SHiLl V. C. DESlfl."ANDE
SF]\} A. GJ,OSftL'
DJ:Rll:CTOR ( CSMRS )

The Pressure Piling Co (I} Pvt Ltd, Bombay


Stup Comultant.s Limitf'd, Bombay
Central Soil &
Material Research Station,
New Delhi
_ Dy DIRECTOR ( CSMRS ) ( Alternate)
SnRI A. H. DIVANJI.
A$ia Foundation. :l"nd eorutruction Pvt Ltd.
Bombay
SRRJ A. N.J . . NULE (AUernat,)
SHR} R .. K. DAB GUPTA
Simplex Concrete Piles ( India) Private Limited,
Calcutta
Sunx H. GUHA BISWAS ( Alternate)
DRJAGDlSJI NARAIN
Indian Geotechnkal Society. New Delhi
PUOF SWAMI SAR,AN (Alternate)
SllRJ G. S. JAIN
G. S.Jain & Associa.tes, Roorkee
SHEI ASJIOK KUMAR JAIN (Alternate)
S:F.ll.l N.JAGANNA'tH
Steel Authority of India, Bokaro
SBRI A~ K. MITRA (Alternatl)

( CO~fiftll~d on p"f!e 2 )
~ OlP..'ITiglll

1982

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS


ThiJ publication is prot'cted und~r tbe Indian COp"'I,igM Act (XIV
1957) and
reproduction in wholf! or in pa.rt by any m~am f!xr.ept with Writtf'D permission of thf!
publish ..., .haJl b .. d .. emed to be an infringemrnt of copyrieht und ..r th,. 'aid .o\ct.

or

)
)

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) 1982


( Continued from page 1 )
Memb6rs
JOINT DmECTOR ( DES[GN8)
SHRI SUNIL BEllY ( Alternate)
JOJNI:'
D[ltECTOR
RESEAROR

Representing
National Buildings Organisation, New Delhi
Ministry of Railways

( GE ).1, RDSa
J,lIN''

DIHEO'l'OR

RESEAROH

( B & S ), RDSa (AII,mal, )


DR R. K. KAT"l
Indian Institute of Technology, Bomb!lY
SURI S. R. KULKARNI
M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
S fun S. Roy ( Alternate)
SURI

O.

Public Works Department, Chandigarh Administration


Central Warehousing Corporation, New Delhi
Machenzip9 Limited, Bombay
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi

P. MALHUTRA

Sum A. P. MATHUR
Smu V. B. M.'\.TRUR
SHItI T. K. D. MUNS!
SHRI M. IYENGAR ( Alternate)
SHRI B. K. P -\.NTlIAKY
The Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
S HRI V. M. MADGE ( Alternate)
SaRI M. R. PUNJA
Cemjndia Co Ltd, Bombay
SHEI S. MUKHERJEE ( Altlrnat, )
SHRI N. E. V. RAGHVAN
The Braithwaite Burn & Je5Sop Construction
Company Limited, Calcutta
PROF GOF'AL RANJAN.
University of Roorkee, Roorkee
DR V. V. S. RAO
Nagadi Consultants Private Ltd. New Delhi
SlIRI T. N. SUBBA RAO
Gammon India Limited, Bombay
Slim S. A. REDDI ( Alt~rnate )
SHRI ARJUN RURSINGHANI
Cement Corporation ofI~dia. New Delhi
SaRl O. S. SRIVAsrAvA (Alternatl)
DR A. SARGUNAN
College of Engineering, Guindy
SHIn S. BOMMlNA'I'HAN ( Alternate)
SHRr K. R. SAXENA
Engineering Research Laboratories~ Government of
Andhra I'rade3h, Hyderahad

EngineeJ'oin-Chief's Branch, Army Headquarters,


New Delhi
L-l'-COL K. P. ANAND ( Alternat' )
SHRI N. SIVAGURU
Ministry of Shipping and Transport, New Delhi
SRRI K. P. SARKAR (Alternate)
SUPERINTEND11fG
ENGlN.&I!lR Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

BRIG OMDIn. SINGH

( DESIGNS)
EXEOUTIVE
ENGINEER
( DESIGNS) V ( Alternate)
SHRr M. D. TAHBEKAR
DR A. VARADARAJAN
Dt R. KANIRAJ (Alternate)
SHRI G. RAM .... N,

Bombay Port Trust, Bombay


Indian Institute of Technology. New Delhi
Director General lSI ( Ex-Djficio Memb" )

Dir(>ctor ( Cjv Engg )

Secretary
Smu K. M. MATHUR
Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ) lSI,

( Continued 011 page

22 )

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) 1982

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART I

FOUNDATION FOR RECIPROCATING


TYPE MACHINES

( Second Revision)
O.

}'OREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part I ) ( Second Revision) was adopted by


the India" Standards Institution on 26 July 1982, after the draft finalized
by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering Division Council.

0.2 Installation of heavy machinery has assumed increased importance


in the wake of the vast pI"ogramme -of industrial development in the

country. Foundations for these machines have to be specially designed


taking into consideration the impact and vibration characteristics of the
load and the properties of soil under dynamic conditions. While many
of the special features relating to i:he design and construction of such
machines foundations will have to be as advised _by the manufacturers
of these machines~ still a large part of the .details will have to be according to certain general principles of design covering machine foundations.
~~is standard is intended to lay down these general principles.
This part, which is tlie first of a series of standards relating- to
machine foundations, deals with machines of the reciprocating type for
which rigid-block type foundations are generally used. This standard was
first published in 1964 and revised in 1969. In this revision, the principal
modifications made are in rpspect to providing additional in(ormation of
pile foundation, grouting and inclusion of guid":!lines fo~ installation of
anti-vibration mountings "and te,sting and measurement of vibration:

0.3 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular

require~ent of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off i n accordance
with IS: 2-1960~. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
stannard.

"'Rules for munding off'numerical values

(r~r}is~d).

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982


1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the design and construction of foundations for
machines of the reciprocating type which normally generate steady state
vibration and is of a size for which a rigid block type foundation is
normally used.

2. TERMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the definitions of the following term
shall apply ( see Fig. 1 ).

y .

Mz

rZ

~'f

Yc

x
ZM

iC/

a?,~

~~c

Pm

Lateral
Long-itudinal
Vertical

P,

Pitching

M.

Pv

Rocking

M.

Yawing

M,.
FIG. 1

o = Combined Centroid

of Foundation
and Machinery System

C = Cetl.troid of Bearing Surface

AXES AND CO-ORDINATES

)
)

is : 2974 ( Part I ) .. 1982


2.1 Supporting Ground - That part of the ground carrying loaa
arisin~ from the machine and foundation.

2.2 Foundation - The part of the structure in direct contact with,


and transmitting loads to the supporting ground.

2.3 Forces",nd Couples


2.3.1 External Forces - The unbalanced part of the periodic inertia
forces caused by the acceleration and deceleration of reciprocating parts.
The primary inertia force has one complete cycle and the secondary
inertia force two cycles per revolution of the crank shaft.
2.3.2 Vertical Force - An unbalanced force at maohine operation
frequency or twice the operation frequency, or both, acting in the
directions of axis Z.

2.3.3 Horzontal Force - An unbalanced force at machine operation


frequency or twice machine operation frequenoy, Or both acting in the
directions of axis X.
"
2.3.4 External Couple - A moment which occurs when one inertia force
is balanc.ed by another but in a separate line of action. For foundation
design it is usually necessary to consider only the primary and secondary
vertical and horizontal couples.
2.3.5 Vertical Couple - An unbalanced couple at machine oper'ation
frequency or twice the machine operation frequency, or both acting in
the planes of axes

rz.

2.3.6 Horizonlal Coupl, - An unbalanced couple at machine operation


frequency or twice the machine operation frequency, or both, acting in
the planes of axes xr.

2.4 Torque
2.4.i Harmonic Torque Reaction ~ Turning moment jn plane of axes
the frequenCies of which depend on number of cylinders and
configuration of the machine.

XZ,

2.5 Periodic Motion - The motion which repeats itse1f in all -its
particulars at regular intervals of time is caned the periodic motion.

"2.5.1 Aperiodic Motion - The motion which does not repeat


regular intervals of time is called aperiodic motion.

it~elf

at

2.6 Damping - Damping is associated with energy dissipation and is


the internal resistance offered by a foundation system to the vibration of
machine. It is termed viscous damping when the force of dampiug is
directly proportional to the instantaneous velocity of the oscillating
system.

}
)

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982


2.6.1 Damping Constant ( C ) - Constant of proportionality relating
force of damping with instantaneous velocity of motion.
2.6.2 C,.;t;cal Damping ( C, ) - The magnitude of damping at which the
motion of the system changes from periodic to aperiodic.
where Co

\Imk for single degree of freedom system

2.6.3 Damping Factor - The ratio of the damping constant ( C) to the


critical damping ( C~ ) of the system.
2.7 Amplitude of Mation - The distance that a body moves from its
position of rest when subjected to vibration.
2.8 Frequency - The number of tin'les a periodic motion repeats itself
expresseJ in revolutions or cycles per minute (f).

2.8.1 Operation Frequency - The rotating speed of the main drive in


cycles per second or the frequency of the periodic force acting on the
system.
NOTE -

System means the machine, the foundation block an?- soil.

2.3.2 Angular Frequency ( w ) second.


2.8.3 Natural Frequency
body.

(f. ) -

The frequency expressed in radians per


The frequency of free vibration of a

2.8.4 Disturbing Frequency - The frequency of a periodic force.

2.8.5 Limiting F:eqncncies - Ifa system possesses en' degrees of freedom


having ell' natural frequenciesjt,j2, fa, J4) ... , ...... _. in, the minimum
and maximum of such frequencies,! min and! ma:z: are known as limiting
frequencies of the system.
2.8.6 Freq'lency Ratio (fff.
the natural frequency.

)-

The ratio of the operating frequency to

2.9 Degrees of FreedoID of a System. - The degree of freedom of a


system. is defined as the number of coordinates required to describe the
displaced position of the system ( see Fig. 2 ).

2.10 Reasonance - When the frequency of the forced vibration


( opel'ating freque"ncy of the machine) equals the natural frequency of
the foundation soil system the condition of resonance is reached.

2.11 Mass Moments of Inertia - The resistance of a mass to rotation


and equal to its mass time3 the radius of gyration squared.
6

IS : 2974 ( Part I )

19112

VERTIC AL

YAWING

(-"
'-r:::-4r~-?
,,-X
1i

ROCKING
Lateral
Longitudinal
Vertical

Pitching
Rocking
Yawing

p.

p.
P,
The axis

FIG.

PITCHING

M..
~'vf.u

rr is parellel to the c.ank shaft.

SYSTEM OF AXES AND THE SIX DECREES OF FREEDOM

2.12 Mass-Spring

Sy.te~

2.12.1 Singl' Mass Spring System - A rigid body supported by a number"


ofspl"ings, such a system has six natural frequencies; three of them being
translational or three cartesian, co-ordinate axes and the other three being
rotational on three planes in a cartesian co.. ordinate system.

2.12.2 "Multiple Mass.Spring Sl.si,m - A uumber of rigid bodies connected by a series of relatively flexl ble springs. The natural freqenciE;!s depend
on the number of degrees of freedom being defined as the number of
co-ordinates required to identify a point on the rigid body.
2.13 Fatigue Factor or Fat/gue Coefficient - The factor of safety
utilized to obtain equivalent static force for a dynamic force 50 as to take
care of reduction in the strength of the conCrete and steel due to repeated
loading. The factor should be assumed as 3 unless otherwise specified.

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982


3. NOTATIONS
3.1 The notatiollji given in Appendix AshalJ.apply.
4. NECESSARY DATA
4.1 Data to be Provided by Machine Manufacturer - The manufacturer should provide information as .outlined in .f.l.l to 4.1.3.
4.1.1 Ceneral
a)
b)
c)
d)

Description of driving and driven machinery,


Operating speed or speed ranges,
.
Number and arrangement of cylinder!,
Distance between axis of main shaft of the machine and the top
face of foundation,
e) Maximum rated output,
f) Gear box ratio where applicable, and
g) Maximum operating temperatute in-the bases of the machine.
4.1.2 For Sialic Design
4.1.2.1 A detailed loading diagram. comprising plan, elevation and
section showing details of communication and pain.t of all loads on
foundation .
.f.t.2.2 -A detailed drawing sho~ing the position and size of mounting feet and details of holding down bolts ..
4.1.3 For Dynamic Desiga
4.1.3.1 Details of out of balance forces and couples shall be given,
together with associated frequencies for all poss~ble rno~!es of vibration
for driving and driven machinery.- These include the -rollowing:
-

a)
b)
c)
d)

External forces,
External primary couples,
External secondary couples, and
Harmonic torques.

4.1.3.2 Mass moments of inertia" -of driving and driven machine


about three principal axes shall-be indicated.
4.1.3.3 Additional information relating to specific
below, shall be provided where necessary:

machines~

a) Loads due to dynamic short circuit conditions, and


b) Loads due to an abnormal sudden stoppage.

as given

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982


4.1 .3.4 Where it is found necessary to use anti-vibration mountings,
the type and positions be inciicatcri.

4.2 Data OD Ground and Site Conditions - The foHowing soil data
'hall be known:
a) Soil profile and soil

charactp.ri.~.tics

up

10

a depth at least three

times the expected mean plan din:ension of the founcation which

can be taken as the square root of the expected area, or hard


strata.

b) Soil invf>stigation to the extent nGces.sary in accordance with


IS ' 1892-1979 0 and for. the determination of dynamic prope'ties
of soil in accordance with IS : 5240-1977t.

c) The relative position of the water table below ground at different


times of the year.
5. DESIGN CRITERIA
5.1 General

5.1.1 The foundation structure of machine shaH be isolated at all


levels from the main building and from other foundations as far as
possible.

5.1.2 Overhangin~ cantilevers 'where unavoidable shall be de~ignec1 to


ensure rigid,ity against vibl'ation.
5.1.3 All machine foundations shall.o;ati<fy two fundamenfal criteria;
that. resonance does not occur between the frequcncic'; of tLe pul5Zlting
Joads and natural frequency of foundation/soil syslem -and also the
amplitude of vibration does not exceed safe limits. Design criteria based
on frequency and amplitude limits (',.\U be classed as follow~:
a) Limits set by the possibility of c1arnage or uneconomic wear to
machinery or associated equipment 01' both,
b) Limits sel by the po!'sibility of damage to building structures,
c) Limits of structural borne vibrations to ensure confort of person,
and

d) Limits set by po~sibility of disturbance of ground resulting in


unacceptable settlement of foundation.
*Code ofprartice for subsurface investigatjon for f('undation~ (fir.lt w'ision ),
tMcthod of test for dd(rmination 01 d)namlC prOplrll(~.~ of~oil ~fir~l relJi:;Iof').

J
)

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982


5.2 Frequency Ratio - Wherever possible the natural frequency of
the foundation soilwsystem shall be higher than the highest disturbing
frequency and the frequency ratios shall not be rormaJ]y less than 0'4.
Wilere this is not ro~sible, the natural frequency of Ihe foundationMsoil
system shall be kept lower than the lowe"t disturbing fequency. The frequency ratios in such Ca3es shall not be lower than 150. While the above

criteria shall be applied to all possible modes of vibration, it may be perm'tted to operate machines elmer to the resonance in certain modes of
vibration provided the resulting amplitudes do not exceed the permissible
limit.
NO'.rlC - Even though machine may be balanced, minor disturbing rorces can
occur due to manufd.cturin" tolerances and other causes, for sensitive installations,
the frequencies arising from these may have to be considered.

5.3 Permissible AJI1plitudes


5.3.1 Limitations of Vibration Amplitude to Avoid Damage to Machinery - This
shall be specified by the manufacturer and shall in no ca"les be exceeded.
Where no specific limit has been stated by the manufacturer, it may be
taken that foundation satisfying the following amplitude criteria shall
provide a satisfact?ry base for machinery.
5.3.2 Limitations of Vibration Amplitude to Avoid Damage to MaChinery The damage in neighbouring building') due to resonance will be ne!{ligi
ble if the amplitude vibration of the foundation is less than 200 microns
at frequencies below 20 Hz, where the disturbing frequency exceed 20 Hz,
a lower amplitude may be necessary for certain installation"! when a
value corresponding to the frequency may be read off line ADD' of

Fig. 3.
5.3.3 Limitation of Vibration Amplitude to Al'oid Discomfort of PersonsFor low speed machines, it is unlikely that foun"lations which satisfy
5.3.2 ",,,'ill produce viqrations of sufficient amplitude to be diMnrbing to
persons. In special cases where there are particular reasons to avoid
discomfort to per:iOnnel, a low permis-;ible amplitude corresponding to
opera ting freqUfmcy of machine can be read off from Fig. 3.

5.3.4 Limitations of Amplitude to AvoiJ Sett/,m,nt - For mo't soil types,


foundations for low speed machines designed to limitin<.{' amplitu,le
of 200 microns will not suffer un-Iue settlement due to dynamic loads.
In ca')e of some soils like lome san h ani ~ilts in conjunction with high
water table, there is a possibility of significant settlement to OCcur. In
all such cases, it shall be prefel'able to consolidate the soil undernf::ath
the fO!lI1dation,
\0

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982


250
200

A""11

150

\.

'\.

100

i\

15

1\

1\

If)

0-

25
20

15

Q:

W
0

'"iu

10
7.5

5'0

1\

SO

"-

;:

I \.

""

I f)

1\

1\

a:

II>

1'\

O'

['\1\

;; 250
!b

0
III

:;>

~
.......

2'00

S'

150
1 00

0.50

025
1

10

20

30

50

100

160

( HZ ,

OISTURBING FREQUENCY
Lin(! ADD' Limit to Avoid Damage to Buildings
Line A.CC' Limit to Avoid Serious Discomfort to Persons
Line ABB' Limit to Ensure Reasonable Comfort to Person'>

NUTE -

These Limits do not include any factor of !afety.


FIG. 3

AMPLITUDE LIMITS OF FOUNDl',\TION BLOCK

II

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982

-5.4 Concrete Foundation Design


5.4.1 General Conditions - Nor~ally concrete block foundations are
designed for reciprocating machip.es. Both the foundations and machines
are usually taken as a single body resting on an ela<;tic bedding. (Sub~
soil or resilient mounting). The foundation is subject to oscillations at
determinable frequencies in six degrees of f1"!:~edom ( Fig. 2 ).

Pile foundations may be used in cases where the soil conditions are
unsuitable to support block foundation or when natural frequency of the
block foundation~ needs to be raised in cases where it is impossible to
alter dimensions ot when amplitudes or settlement or both need to be
reduced.
Cellular foundations may be used in special cases where it is
necessary to maintain the rigidity of <J block foundation but with mass
saving of concrete. Wherever possible provision shall be made in
cellular foundations to add mass by filling the voids to adjust the natural
frequency of foundation block provided this does not result in additional
settlement.
5.4.2 Dimensions of Concrete Foundation Blocks - For inhial dimensioning
of the concrete foundation block'S, the fonowing empirical rules may be
allowed.

5.4.2.1 Mass of the foundation shall be greater than that of the


machine.
564.2.2 The eccentricity of foundation system along axis XX{rr
shall not exceed 5 percent of the length of the corresponding side of the
contact area. In addition, centre of gravity of machine and foundation
shall be if possible below the cop of fourdation block.

5.4.2.3 To ensure reasonable stability in the case of vertical


machines, the total width of the foundation ( measured to right angles
to shaft) shaH be at least equal to the distance from the centre of the
shaft to the bottom of the foun~lation. In case of horizontal machines,
where cylinders are arranged laterally the width shall be -greater.
5.4.2.4 The proportion of foundation block shall be such to ensure
stability.
5.4.3 Final Design of Foundation Blocks - The final dimensions of a
concrete founda.tion shall be ,derived from vibration calculations and
shaH consider:

a) The dimensions of foundations by empirical rules,


b) The bearing prf>S5Ure due to cead and imposed load,
c) The natural frequencies of the system for six modes of vibrationo;s

12

IS , 29U ( Part I ) 1982


d) The relationship between the exciting frequency and natural
frequency of the foundationsoil system,
e) Calculated amplitudes in the various modes of vibration, and
f) Influence of water table specially when at a high level.
Appen:Hx B gives the design procedure for an uniamped system.
However, damping can also he considered in certain cases.
5."-3.1 Full value of permissible stresses for steel and concrete as
specified in IS: 456-1978* shall be allowed if dynamic loads are
considered in detailed design by applying suitable dynamic and fatigue
factors.

5 3.2 The following dynamic ela,tic modulus of concrete may be


used in design:
Grades oj Con",t,

Dynamic Elastic Modulus


kgfJcm 2

M 15

250000

M20

300000

M25

340000

M 30

370000

5.4.3.3 The soil stress below the foundations shall not exceed
80 percent of the allowable stres5 under ::.tatic loading determined in
accordance with IS: 64031981"1- When sei-.;mic force~ are considered
allowable stress in the soil shall be increased as specified in IS : 18J3197 5

5.4.4 Supporting foundation blocks on end- be.ario.g Qr friction piles


shaH be considered in c~ses where there i3 need to make a signinrant
change in frequency in one or more modes of vibration or dead load",
Pile caps where used a'l a foun-iation block shall be of such a size as
LO meet all design criLeria, and be not less than 60 em thiek.

5.4:.4.1 R"qllirem"nt of piled foundations - The most ulual reasons for


adoption of piled foundation are as follows:
a) When pre~sure on the soil under the block exceeds the permissible
bearing pressure;
.Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( lhird revision ).
tCode of practice for determinuion of bearing capacity of shallow foundations
(first revision).
teri .eria for eaTthquakr: reghtant de!.ign ofstrue.tures (third revision).

13

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) -1982


b) When a foundation is found to be subject to resonance, or when
an increase in the mass of the block is either unduly wasteful in
material or ineffective due to the danger of reSC:lance in other
modes;

c) When a block foundation is low tuned by one mode and high


tuned by other and desirable or specified frequency ratios
cannot be maintained simultaneously;
d) When the amplitudes of movement of a block foundation are in
excess of their permissible values;
e) Piled founnation shall be used when a raft foundation is liable to
suffer a differential settlement exceeding the permissible limit; and

f) Piles may be used to minimize the effect of ground borne


vibration on surrounding foundations and equipment.
5.4.4.2 Evaluation of pile soil stiffness - Pile soil stiffness factors both
in vertical and horizontal (see IS: 9716-I!;lSI* ) modes of vibration shall
preferably be determined by cOllducting in situ test on piles. In ca~es,
where it becomes difficult to conduct this test, the values can be taken
from some standard publications. The <:entre of gravity of the system,
that is, foundation and machine shall be located within 5 percent of the
length of foundation to concerned axis with respect to the centre of"
gravity of the pile group.
5.4.4.3 DeJign consideration;
a) Pile soil stiffness factors both in vertical and horizontal modes

of vibration shall be determined by conducting in situ dynamic


tests on piles. For preliminary design however the com putative
method of ~stimation of pile-soil stiffness can be ad0ll-ted.
b) Usually ifl.situ dynamiC te~ts are conducted on single pile with
free bead conditIOn. In actual practice the pile shall be used in
a group with pile heads largely restrained by the pile cap.
Allowance shaH be made for these faltors in evaluation of pilesoil stiffness to be adopted for design. Failure to take account of
these factors will Jead to error in estimating stiffness of the system.
c) After evaluating the pile~soil stiffness, the design shall be
carried out in the same way as for the block foundation resting
directly on soil.
Guidelines for lateral dynamic load test on piles.

14

.I

IS : 2974 ( Part I) 1982

5.4.5 b1inimum Reinj(lyr.sf11.ent in Block Foundations


5.4.5.1 Minirnu!Y! reirlfQt('I~;::tcnt in t!le Cnl1C0rel:e block shall be not
lesf; ;han ~5 kg"lm3. For- mac_~;:!1:;> requiring ...-r(;dz:.l clesign.conc.iderations
of fnl1nriatlOn~) lik~ tC.-:-.ac.hines pUn'lr/hg expbsive gase:: the reinfo{cement
s:~8.ii be not le3s dial). 40 kg! rn3.
. ~.4~5.2. The :q:irj1.!U,Ul';.' reia'torce!ll~nt in the block s.hall. usu~By
cOn'n:;t or ,l :l-1ph:tiA'U,('" !::ci.'a~e.~_.:\t ?~J/2.JO mlY"L c:er..~rc t(> c;en~re CJlre'1~~ng
both val ~:calJ~ "M~~L -n::;.......\,l;UIL2':(l near all n-,t3 .fa~es of the fDundat!on
block.
< . .

5.4.5.3

'(.
,
1\lt,:; f~i :),"'ing no-inb;.fj!lall be cOllside~'e.d whil~ arrz.r..ging the-

reinfor~ements:.

_.

.'

tt) The c.;ds (,f rhil~] t;tJ';;el (if used).' shall a!ways be hooked
~r,re!);Ject!.'..'!

,:-:-

w~11.i~ier

they are

de3igr~ed

for tension or com

pJ:e3sion,
b)

R:=:n.t[,r~c.~_{;,(;:

c) If tr:.e hc.:Sht.
r~ia[o~Teul.:.r.Lt

s:.:..aii be i,:J:Jed at all faces,

nf r~:rild'i.ti':i.U block exce{:cs one metre, shrinkilge


.shall be. p1aced at s'l~table spac:ng ir. all three

d'.re.cLont'o ?: 'Q

an

d) RClnf\?rcaTi:>:..r,: sh"ll be FLOvi.ded a.'our..d


pits and openings
2-.ld 5ha:", oJ3. a":;',J.i:-'a:e:.:~t ~o 0'50 t.J G'7b rH;!.'ceat of the (;rof's~
SE.c.... ~,"};-;: ~ -:.. -.tl ,~t t~i~ ~f.'~~l~i1g.
t:'

~.

4
"..

"'

,.Y'{j:.. . ... 1.'


.>
.~:tt ,'1. 1 <~t )r.d:.( .;jUt .~.f "~:;

,t

:'.~ .. 6.1 V'lit. . .(,-i{ i~ ~(u~~d II} ' . . ~ imp:z.ct~cabl~ to de:;ign a fOllD-dation
eonsi1t:rig of-a sith'Jie cOncrete Llcck resting on the natural soils to give
satisfac~ory dynamic Ghar~r,teiisticsJ it may be po~sible to reduce thp.
trans1l1l;j'cd "ibraE:;.\!"l'~ to acceptable 1~V-c15 by means' of anti-vibration

mounting.
5.4..6.2 Depending upon the nature of the machinery
!n<;tallaiion: the ar!.ti--v'i0ta~ion rr~,ounting may be w~ed:

and the

u) Between machinery and foundation, and


b) Between a

f'-J~li1dat~on

blor:k and a supporting system.

6. CONSTRUCTION
~.'a;;x~~c: ~tr;~ngth shc.ll ',ie siJe.:ifiacl '){l {he basi~ of
23-c.ay (;ub:= st~.~L.c>~L '1':',':; ~:~r..cre~e g::de s!1a.Ii he at lc~st 1\1-15
(according to I':: 4S:;i07Bi< .\.

6.1. Cfuu:re":e -

"'Code I'I~practi("c

f.):"

phin ;1Ild reinrorced

con'~rctc

(third 1"']visioll ;,

15

)
)

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982


6.2 ContiDuity of Work -

in single continuous operation.

Foundation block shall preferably be ~ ca,t


In case of very thick blocks ( excreding

about 5 m) if needed, construe-tioD joints can be provided. In such a


event construction joint shall be suitably designed by the design
engineer and shown in working drawing. In the event of an UnrOl seen

interruption in concrp.te, the resulting unavoidable joint shall oe


considered as a construction joint and treated in the same way as cons-

truction joi~ts.

6.3 Cemeut Grout

6.3.1 Cement grout used for fitting or embedding shall consist of one
part of Portland cement and two parts of clean sharp sand mixed to a
moist consistency sufficient to facilitate the grout being fully worked

under all seatings.

Quick setting cement shall nor be used.

6.3.2 Additives may be employed to give non~shrink properties _to


cement grout. In this case the ratio.of cement and sand may be- varied
according to _the instruction ~f manufacturer.
6.3.! Cement grout shall br. placed within a period commensurate
,":,ith -cement type bu~ not later than one hour from the time of mixing.
6.4 Grouting
6.4.1 AU metallic and concrete surfaces shall be thoroughly clean.d
and washed to clean all dirt, oil, grease, loose particles and cealent
laitance. The concrete surfaces shall be roughened and saturated with
clean water and kept wet for at least 24 hours and all surplus water
removed and surfaces cleaned, oil fIee with compressed air if required
before commencement of grouting.
6.4.2 Provision shall be made if required to avoid -trapping air.
relief holes shall be vrovided, if necessary.

Air

6.4.3 Forms shan be high enough to provide a head of the grout on


-aU sides which shall be about 150 mm highon sine from which cement
grout is to be poured .. Forms ~han be placed with sufficient cJearanceto the edges of the bases to enable the grout to be properly worked into
position.

6.4.4 Forms shaH be strong arid secure and well covered to prevent
leakage. The cement grout shall be poured from. one :;ide to avoid
ror,ming air pockets and be carried out continuously without interruption
so that)illing is continuous and dense.
6.4.5 On completion of the curing of the grout underfill the machine~
.hall be finally checked to ensure that its alignment is acceptable.
6.4.6 Exposed surfaces of grout and concrete shall be prepared. and
given two. coats of.an oil and a.lkali resistant coating.
16

"

I i
)

,
IS: 297'4 ( Part I ) - 1982

7. TESTING AND MEASUREMENT OF VffiRATION


7.1 General - Testing of a foundation block prior to the initial
running of the machinery may, where warranted be carried out to
determine the natural r..equencies in various modes of vibration and the
amplitudes due to dynamic forces likely to OCCUr either during normal
running or during emergency or adverse running conditions of the
machine. The obscrvattoll can also be made during the operation of
machines.
7.2 Excitation - In case where blocks are to be tested prior to the
running of machines, foun':iation blocks may be excited either by an
electromagnetic or hydr.aulic vibrator. The block shal1 be excited in
same modes of vibration as is expected from the operating machinery.
The amplitudes of motion which can be induced with a scale down
disturbing force may be significantly smaller than those expected in the
operation of machine. Allowance may have to be made for the n""n~
linearity of soil response.

7.3

~easure~ents

7.3.1 The vibrations shall be measured by transducers having a linear


re,ponse over the range 2 to 200 Hz. The accuracy of transducers shall
be better than 10 percent and they shall respond to a unia-xial motion
wi~h more than 10 percent cross sensitivity.

7.3.2 The transducers shall be preferably piezo electric type or geophones -meeting the requirements as in"7.3.1.
7.3.3 The transducers shall be mounted firmly to the foundation. The
transducers shall not be merely rested on the foundation or held with
hand.

7.3.4 Transducers shall preferably be placed on eXtremities of the


upper-most surface of the block and as near as possible to the axis of X
and r ( see Fig. I ).
7.3.5 In order to gain full picture of the behaviour of a block, it shall
be desirable to use_ a multiple channel recorder with 'filter', single
channel recorder can also be used in small installations.
7.3.6 It shalI be preferable to u,e Vibration Analyser which can
measure frequency and amplitude of vibration' simultaneously.

17

)
}

J
)

IS , 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982

APPENDIX
( Clause 3.1 )

NOTATIONS
SYMBOL

DESORIPTION

UNIT

Area of foundation in contact with soil

cm2-

A.

Horizontal amplitude of foundation subjected to


horizontal force pz and moment Mt

em

A.

Vertical amplitude of foundation subjected to


vertical force P z

em

A.p

Rotational amplitude of foundation subjected to


horizontal force P;o and moment Mi

Damping constant

radian
dimension~

less

c,
c.
c,

Critical damping

kg-s/cm

Coefficient of elastic uniform compression of soil

kg/cm3

Coefficient of elastic uniform shear of .soil

kgJcm 3

C1>

Coefficient of elastic non-uniform compression


of soil

kg/cm3

Eccentricity of eccentric weight of rotating parts

em

Frequency

cIs

In

Natural frequency

cis

jnl.Jn2

First and second natural frequencies of foundation subjected to hodzontal v-ibration

cis

J;,1,f,'2,fi'3 First, second and third natural frequen,cies of


foundation when--cenrre--of gravity of mass of
machjne and foundation and the centroid of
the foun(:ation contact area with soB lies on
vertical plane_ but not on the same vertical
line

cIs

jn>

Horizontal resonance frequency of founrlation


and soil sY5tern

cis

f"

Vel tical resonance frequency of foundation


and soil system

cIs

18

IS , 2974 ( Part I ) 1982


DESCRIPTION

SXMBOL

UNIT

u'

Rotational resonance frequency of foundation


and soil system

cIs

Height of the top surface of the foundation


above the centre of gravity of the foundation and machine

em

Moment of inertia of contact area with respeet to the axis of rotation passing through
the centrojd of the area

em'

Stiffness of spring

kg/em

Distance from mass centre of gravity of the


vibrating system with respect to the axis of

em

rotation

M,

Dynamic moment

kg/em

Mrn

Mass moment of inertia orthe vibrating system

kg-em-5 2

with respect to the axis of rotation passing

through C G of the system

Mm.

Mass moment of inertia of the vibratin'I system


with respect to the. axis of rotation passing
through centroid of contact area of foundation with soil

kg-em-s 2

Mass of vibrating system

kg~s2/cm

m,

Mass of eccentric weight of rotating parts

kg _g2/cm

P.

Oscillating force applied at the centre of


gravity of vibrating mass

kg

V\Teight of foundation and machine

kg

Eccentric distance from centroid of contact


area of foundation with soil to the C G of
mass of machine and foundation

em

Circular frequency

radianJs

Wn

Circular natural frequency

radiants

"_

19

IS , 2974 (Part 1 ) - 1982

APPENDIX

( Clause 54.3 )
ANALYSIS FOR THE DETERMTNATiON OF NATURAL
FREQUENCIES AND AMPLITUDES OF FOUNDATIONS
ACCOMPANIED BY SIMULTANEOUS ROTATION,
SLIDING AND VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT ( MASS
SPRING ANOLOGY )
B .. l. Limiting Natural Frequencies frequencies.shall be calculated as follows:

1"

."'=

j'

The

limiting

naLuraI

C",l-- WL
-41tzM;~~-

Gil A

"4;,;'\!m

"'

an,lj'
_ CT A
no: - ."

41t' 2 m

B-2. Check on Design

B-2.1 When the centre of gravilY (11' mass of machine and founcl"ation
and cen1roid of eonta'Ct area of fonncation lie on the same vertical lint",
the vertical vibration of foundation is in(:-ependent of vibraliofl:-;- in

horizontal direction and rotation about the horizontal axis.


frequencies should be calculated as follows:

r--mC, A-

f,m:=~'V

j"
nI

I[12 + j2n:t -- ./(-j-T


j2-----12-1-.i
-2y"rfo
flg, 0
- .n:f) 2 _. 4, nrp m: J
i

1" __
I
.2 -

2y

[1".", + 1""'

, rf.[2 j2)2--:'-4-( J2j2l


'\J "e/> +
lie/>
J

t/.z

where Y = Mm/Mm,.
Amplitudes arc calcu~ated as follows:

A,=

m ew 2

o
. . . .-.....

V (k

",2)2

,
C2

w"
20

11Z

The natural

IS I 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982

+ CdL2 -

M m ,.2) p. C<ALMi
.
16 10 4m Mm (12 ._]2 ) (J2 - ] . )

(C,p I - WL

A:IJ =
.

til

n2

A
4> =

. G<ALP.
Cd - m ",' ) Mi
16 ,,4m Mm (12 -]2, (12 - J2)
nl

n2

B-2.2 The maximum displacement of the top edge of the foundation


is equal to A,
h A4> where h is the height of the top surface of the
foundation above the centre of gravity of the foundation and machine.

B ..2.3 When centre of gravity of mass of machine arid foundation, and


the centroid of the foundation contact area with soil do not lie on the
same vertical line, the vertical vibration is not independent of horizontal
vibration ond rocking. The equation governing th~ natural frequencies
is
i (12 - J) (12 - f2 ) (f2 - f2 j
nz
11
Itl
11
112
n
]2
n <2 =
(12 ]2 )]2
n

11:11

where '"

nz

Eccentric distance from centroid of contact area of


foundation with soil to the centre of gravity of mass of
machine and foundation

.= -.

M",

n..2.4

~lot

.the

expression on the right hand side versus

f2
n

assuming

arbitrary values of !fi' Draw a straight line corresponding to the left hand
side of the above equation. The abscissas of points of intersection
of the two plots give the unknowil roots J2 J2 and J2 which are the
tIl

three natural frequencies of the foundatio~.

112

113

A-typical plot is shown in

Fig. 2.
No'.rr, ~ For foundations having a relatively small eccentricity, say 5 percent of thf"
lPngth of a siele of the foundation contact area its effect lUay be negh,C"tC'd ami
computations 1UL'lY be based on formulae derived for.:: = 0,
B~3.

Dynamic forces and moments should be calculated taking into


consideration the fat'lgue facto!' and checked with the soil bearing
pressure.

21

;
)

IS : 2974 ( Part I ) - 1982


( Contillued fro/JI /Iagc 2 )

Foundations Subject to Dynamic Loads Subcommittee, DDe 43


Representing
Enginef!rs Inr"} Limiterl, New-D~lhi

Convener

Smn T. K. D.

M'~NSI

,Member.s
SlIm]. K. BACWHT ( Alternate to

Shri T. K. D. Munsi )
5mu N. K.

B",~u

CC'miudia ComP<l:ny Limited, Bombay


Central

SUIn CHANDHA PRAKASH

Duilding

Research

Institute

(CSIR),

RO(lrkee

DIREC'ron. ( TeD)

Dy
Dn M.
S-HRI

DHI:l'~C'l'OR (
K, GUPTA

A.

Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi

Tcn ) CAI/erl/ull')

University of Roorkec, Roorkce


Metflllurgical & Engineering Consultants.( India)

jl. MUKHER,TF.l':

Limited, Ranchi

SHRT A. R.-\MA RAO (Alternate)


SRRT A. K. MU1{HF.ltJER
Development-Consultants Limited, Calcutta
SJHU S, K. M.\.NUAr~

(Alternate)
National Therma1 Power Corporation
New Delhi
SHTl.I ASHOK TltEliAN ( Alternate)
SHRI M, V. PANnIT
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bhopal

SHRI P. C. N,w

Smu E. C, H. C.
SHRI D. H,

REDDY

PATEL

Limited,

(Alternate)
The Fertilizer (Planning & Development.) India

Limited, Dhanbad
SaRI S. P. CARAI ( Alternate)
DR P. -SrnNlvAsuLU
Struc.:tural Engi~c;ering Research Centre ( CSIR ),
Madras
. Dlt

N.

SInH 0, S.
~HHr

LAl\811MANAN

(Altemate)

SmYA~'l'AVA

S. K,

CHAT'I'Rn,nm (

Drt V. V. S. R.-\o
Smu IV!, PltlYA

Knllt A 11.

Cement Corporation of India, New Dclhi


Alternate)

Nagadi Consultnnts Privnte Limit('d, New Delhi


(Fllll'nWll')

22

BUREAU

OF

INDIAN

STANDARDS

Hedquriers,'
Manak Shavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg. NEW DELHI 110002
Talephones: 331 01 31. 33113"75
Telegrams: Manaksanatha
( Common to all offices)
Regional Offices:
Telephones
331 01 31
Central
: Manak Bhavan. 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Mlrl/,
[ 3311376
NEW DELHI-l10002
eElslern : 1{14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road.
362499
Manlktola, CALCUITA 700054
Northern : SCO 446-446. Sector 35-C,
(21843
31641
CHANDIGARH 160036
{412442
Southern: C. I. T. Campus. MADRAS 600113
41 2519
41 2916
tWestern : Manakalaya, E9 MlDe. Marol, Andheri (Easl).
8329296
BOMBAY 400093
Branch Off/ces:
'Pushpak' Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur,
(26348
AHMEDABAD 380001
26349
*Po"nya I nduslrlal Area. 1st Staga, Bangalora Tumkur Road
(384955
BANGALORE 660058
384956
Gangolr; Complex. 5th Floor. Bhadbhada Road. T. T. Nagar.
687111
BHOPAL 462003
Plot No. 82/83, Lewis ROld, BHUBANESHWAR 761002
53827
63/6, Ward No. 29. R. G. Barua Road, 6th Byalan
33177
GUWAHATI781003
6-8-56C L. N. Gupta Marg (Nampally Station Road ).
231083
HYDERABAD 500001
[63411
Ri4 Yudhlster Marg, C Scheme. JAII'UR 302005
69832
[216876
117{418 B Sarvodaya Nagar. KANPUR 208005
218292
Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013
62305
T.C. No. 14/1421. University P.O .. Palayam "
[62104
62117
TRIVANDRUM 695035
Inspecllon Off/ce (With Sale Point) :
25171
Pushpanjali, 1st Floor, 205-A West High Court Road.
Shankar Nagar Square. NAG PUR 440010
52435
Institution of Engineers (India) Building. 1332 Sl1lvajl Nag.ar.
PUNE 411005
Slles Office In Calcutta II at 5 Chowrlnghn Approach, P.O. Prlncap

17 6800

Street, Calcutta 70007S!

SUS 28
tSalea Office In Bombay II at Novelty Chamberl, Grant Road,
Bombay 400007
22 30 71
*Sal Office In Bangalore I. at Unity BuildIng, NorOllmharala Square
Sangalore 560002
Printed .t Simao PrintIng Pr.... O.lhl, Ind

)
)

AMENDMENT NO.1 NOVEr'iBER 1985


TO
IS:2974(Part 1)-1982

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN

AND COI'lSTRUCTION OF MACHINE

FOU~IDATIONS

PART 1 FOUNDATION FOR RECIPROCATING TYPE MJI.cHINES

(Seaond Revision)
o!.ri9~n!l.u!!!.

(Page 21.alaWle 8-2.4) - Delete the last sentence


'A typical Fig. 2'.

(BDC 43)
Printed at Simco 'Prlntlng Pre&';-= "Oe-I'hl:"'ndift

(
(

IS : 2974 (Part II) 1980


( RealT"mned 1993)

Indian Standard

(Reaffirmed 1998)

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR


DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART II

FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT tYPE MACHINES


(HAMMER FOUNDATIONS)

(First Revision) .
Third Reprint JANUARY 1998

UDC

624.159 . 11:621.974.2:006.76

@ Co pyrighl J981

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS


MANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAPAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 4

March 1981

IS

2974 (Part U) 1980


( R .mnn.d l'lllJ )

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART II

FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT TYPE MACHINES


(HAMMER FOUNDATIONS)

(First Revision)
Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, BDC 43
&presmting

CMirman
PaOP JlINBBH MORAl<{

Central Building Research Imtitute

(CSIR),

Roorkce

M""NrI
DRR. K._ARI

Central Building Research Institute


Roorkee

SHRl I. G. CHAOII:o
SHRl
GURA (AI_te)

s.

SHRl K. N. DADINA

(CSIR),

Calcutta Port Tl'Ult, Calcutta


In personal capacity (P.B20, BWek P, NIW Alipor.,
CakuUa)

SHRI

M. G.

DANDAVATB

Concrete Association of India, Bombay

SHRl N. C. DUGGAL (Alinnate)


SHRf R. K. DAB GUPTA
Simplex Concrete Piles (I) Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI H. GURA BlSwAS (Alternate)
SHRf A. G. DASTIDAlI.
In p.orsonai capacity (5, Hungerford Courl, 121
Hung,,[ord s.1t,.!, C..!<id/il) .
SHlU v. C. llisHPANDE
Presure PiUng Co (India) Pvt Ltd, Bombay
DIl.ECTOR (CSMRS)
Central Water Commission, New De1hi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (CSMKS) (Alternate)
SHRI A. H. DIvANJI
Asia -Foundation & Construction Pvt Ltd,
Bombay
SaRI A. N. JANG'" (Alkmak)
SHRl A. GHOSHAL
Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Colllltruction Co Ltd,
Calcutta
Smu N. E. A. RAGHAVAN (Allmlatel
.DR GoPAL RANJAN
Univenity of Roorkee, Roorkee
DR SHABHl K. GULHATI
Indian In,titute of Technology, New De1hi
SHRI A. VAllADARAIAN (AI_te)
(c.ntimu4 .. pa,. 2)

C Copyright 1981
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication i. protecte<l under the Indlon Cop)'rlfht Act (XIV of 19~7) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except Mth written pcrmiuion of the
publiBber shaD be deemed to be an iDfrinaemcnt of c:opyriaht under the said Act.

IS : 2974 (Part U) 1980


(ConlinUld from page I)
&prestnJing

Members

SHRl M. IYENGAR.
Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
Da R. K. M. BHANDARI (Altmra")
SHlU G. R. S. JAtN
G. S. Jain & Associates, Roorkee
JOINT DlRECTOa R.EsEAROH (SM) Ministry of RailwaY'
(RDSO)
JOINT Dnmaroa R.EsEARCH (B&S),
RDSO (AItmJal<)
.
DR R. K. KATTI
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-liS:HIlI""U~K;.._lK~.~KI"""IANl<lA
National Buildings Organlzanon, New DelEli
Smu SUNIL BERRY (Altmra"')
Smu S. R. KULKARNI
M. N. Dastu' & Company Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
Smu S. Roy (All"""",>'
SHRI O. P. MALHoTRA
Building & Roads Branch, Public Works Depart-

SIIJU A. P. MATHUR
Smu V. B. MATHUR
Smu: Y. V. NARAsIMHA RAO

ment~ Government of Punjab, Chandigarh


Central Warehousing CorporatioDt New Delhi
Mckenzies Limited, Bombay

Bokara Steel Plant (Steel AuthorIty of India),


Bokaro Steel City
Engineer-inChief's Branch, Army Headquarters

BRIG OMBIR SINGH


MAJ H. K. BHUTANI (Alternate)
~HRI B. K. PANTHAKY
Hindwtan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI V. M. MADOE (Altmra",)
PRESIDENT
Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi
SECRETARY (Altmrat.)
PaOFBSSOR (CIvu. ENOO)

AssuTANT

College of Engineering, Guindy, Madras

Pao....oR . (CIvn.

ENOO) (Altmra",)
SHRI M. R. PUNJA
Cementation Co Ltd, Bombay
SIIJU A. A. RAJU
Steel Authority uf India, New Delhi
DR. V. V .. S. RAo
NagadrConsuitant! Pvt Ltd; New Delhi
SBRI ARJUN RlpmNOHANI
Cement Corporation of India, New Delhi
SHRl O. S. SRrVASTAVA (Altmra",)
SHRI K. R. SAXENA

Engineering Research Laboratories, Government of

DR. S. P.

Andhra Pradesh; Hyderabad


United Technical ConaultantJ Pvt Ltd, New Delhi

SRIVASTAVA

DR R. KMua (AlII,..",)
SHRI N. SrvAoURU
Roads Wing, Ministry of Shipping & Transport
SHRI S. SBETJlAJt.WAN (Altmra",)
SBRI T. N, SUllDA RAe
Gammon India Ltd, Bombay
SHRI S. A. lUmOI (Altmra",)
SWERIl<fENDINOENOlNERR (DEsIGN) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
fuq!0tITMl ENGINEBR (OasioN V) (Altmra",)
SIIlU M. D. TAMIl""""
Bombay Port Trust, Bombay
SHRI D. AJrrHA SDIHA,
Director General, 81S (&-qjJid. Member)
Director (Oiv Rugg)

s..,.WIy
SHIt] K. M. MATBUJt
Doputy Director (Civ Eng), BIS
(QmlImud "IBI' 15)

)
)

IS : 2974 (Part U) 1980

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART II FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT TYPE MACHINES
(HAMMER FOUNDATIONS)

(First Revision)
O. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part II) (First Revision) was adopted by the
Indian Standards Institution on 31 July 1980, after the draft finalized
by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 The installation of heavy machinery involves careful design of their
foundations taking into consideration the impact and vibration characteristics of the load and the condition of the soil on which the foundation
rests.

While many of the special features relating to the design and con-

struction of such machine foundations will have to be as advised by the


manufacturers of these machine., still most of the details will have to be
according to general principles of design. This part (Part II) of the
standard lays down the general principles with regard to foundations for
impact type machines (hammer foundations). This standard was first
published in 1966. This revision has been prepared based on experience
gained in the implementation of this standard.
0.3 This standard on machine foundations is published in five parts. Other
part. are:
Part I Foundations for reciprocawlg t"jpe machines.
Part III Foundations for rotary type machines (medium and high
.frequency)
Part IV Foundations for rotary. type machines of low frequency.
Part V Foundations for impact type machines other than hammer
(forging and stampmg press, pig breaker, elevator and hoist
towers).

0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this


standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calctilated, expressing
the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS: 2-1960*.
Rul.. for rounding off nwncrlcal

VaIUCl

(rl1ll#d).

->
)

IS

2974 (Part U) 1980

The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should
be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part II) covers design and construction of hammer
foundation subject to stray and repeated impacts and where the ratio
of mass of anvil to foundation is high.
2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following and the relevant definitions in IS: 2974 (Part 1)-1964*, shall apply.
2.1 Anvil- A base-block for a hammer on which material is forged into
shape by repeated striking of the tup (see Fig. I).

ANVIL

FOUNDATION

BLOCK~

TROUGH

IA With Elastic Support


FlO. 1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOUNDATION SUPPORT-Conti

2.2 Capaclty_ orHammer~ llis.expressed_as the mass-ortbe falling tup.


-Code of pmctice for d~ and construction of machine found~tfOn!: Part I Foundation.
for reciprocating type machmes (first revlsi..).
.

,
j

IS 2974

ELASTIC I

(P~rt

U) 1980

~V,I!~

CORK
(ANV SOFT I"'''''''TI-

GAP

RCC TROUGH

PILE

I B Resting on Plies

,
)

Ie Resting on Soli
FIG.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOUNDATION SUPPORT

2.3 Foundation Block - A mass of reinforced concrete on which the


anvil rests (see Fig. 1).
5

IS' I 2974 (Part II). 1980


2.4 Fo_dation Support - A support for resting the foundation block.
The block may rest directly on ground or on a resilient mounting, such as
timber sleepers, springs, cork layer, etc. The block may also be supported
on pile foundations.
2.5 Impact Force (11) - The force produced when the falling tup strikes
the material being, forged on the anvil.
2.6 Coemc1ent of Reatitution {kl - A coefficient used to determine the
velocity of the anvil and the foundation block after the tup strikes. This
coefficient is governed by the condition O<k< I and its average value for
design purposes 'may be taken up to 06. However, in specific known cases
this value may be reduced.
2.7 Protective Cushioning Layer (Elastic Pad) - An elastic cushioning
of suitable material and thickness provided between the anvil and the
foundation block in order to prevent bouncing, of anvil and creation of
large impact stresses and consequent damage to the top surface or the
concrete in the foundation block.
2.B Tup - A weighted block which strikes the material being forged on
the anvil (se. Fig. 1).

3. NECESSARY DATA
3.1 Hammer Details
a) Total mass of hammer, that is, mass of frame, and falling parts;
b) Mass of falling parts, that is, mass of tup and top die;
c) Mass of anvil (in case guide frame of the hammer is attached to
the anvil, the mass of the frame should be added);
d) Energy of impact;
e) Number of blows per minute (this may vary depending on full stroke
and -short stroke);
f) Base dimensions of the anvil;
g) Manufacturer's drawing showing general cross section, pian, elevation of anvil, frame base, anvil base, etc, including details of anchor
boIts;- and
h) Coefficient of impact of anvil in extreme case for die to die blow.

3.2 Detalb of the Cu.hio. Pad Between Anvil and Block


a)
b)
c)
d)

Material,
Elastic modulus,
Maximum allowable deformation, and
Allowable atress intensity.
6

IS : 2974 (Part Il) 1980


3.3 DetaUs of Cushioning Betweea FOUDdatioa Block aad SoU, 1
Provided
a) If resilient pad is used:
I) Material,
2) Elastic modulus,
3) Maximum allowable deformation, and
4) Allowable stress intensity.
b) If sprin!1s and dampers are used:
I) MaXImum allowable spring deflections for normal working as
well as for extreme conditions and also for static loads as well
as for dynamic loads,
2) Details of springs, and
3) Details of dampers.
3.4 Soil Data
3.4.1 The sub-soil properties shall be determined 'according to IS : 18921979.
3_4.2 The dynamic elastic properties of the soil shaIl be ascertained
according to IS : 5249-1977t.
3.5 Infor.mation about the location of the hammer in the shop with respect
to adjacent foundations; the dimensions, elevations and depth of these
foundations as well as their tolerable amplitudes, shall be provided.

4. DESIGN CRITERIA
4.1 Geaeral Coasideratioas - The hammer foundation shall satisfY the
following requirements:
a) The design of the entire foundation system shall be such that the
centres of gravity of the anvil and of the fOWldation block, as weIl as
the resultants of the forces in the elastic pad and the foWldation
support, !lct as ra. as practicable so as to coincide ...nth the line of
fall of the hammer tup. While determining the centre of gravity
of the fOWldation block the weight of the frame and of the tup shall
also be considered.
b) The foundation shaIl be SO designed that the induced vibrations in
the structures nearby are within the safe limits fixed for them.
c) In case of hammers having continuouSimpacts, the design shall be
such that the natural frequency of the fOWldation system will not be
a whole number multiple of the operating frequency of impact. A
natural frequency of the foundation system of two-and-a-half times
the frequency of impact or more may be considered satisfactory.
When the natural frequency is designed to be less than the frequency
.Codc of practice for subaurf'ace investigations for foundatiOn! (.firs' ,.vifion).
fMcthod of telt for determination of dynamic propertiea of lOili (firsl wino,,).

)
)

IS : 2974 (Part fi) - 1980


ofimpact, it shan be 30 percent or more below than the frequency
of impact. For design, the combined natural frequency of the
two-mass-spring system shall be considered.

4.2 Permissible Stresses


4.2.1 The total force acting on the pad and on the foundation support
(see Fig. I) shall be such that the deformation of the elastic material in them
are within the allowable limits.
4.2.2 The load intensity on the soil below the foundation shall not be
more than 80 percent of the allowable' bearing pressure of the soil or material
as the case may be.
4.3 Permissible Amplitudes
4.3.1 The permissible amplitudes which depend upon the mass of the
tup shall be as follows:
.

,--Up to
I tonne
For foundation block
For-anvil

Imm
I mm

Mass ,'lfTup
1 to 3 tonnes

--.,
More than
3 tonnes

15 mm
2mm

2mm
3 to4mm

4.3.2 In case any important structure' exists near the foundation, the
amplitude of the foundation should be adjusted so that the velocity of the
vibrations at the structure does not exceed 03 cm/s.
4.4 Dimensional Criteria
4.4.1 Area - The area of the foundation block at the base shall be
such that the safe loading intensity of soil is never. exceeded during the
operation of the hammer.
4.4.2 Depth - The depth of the foundation block shall be so designed
that the block is safe both in punching shear and bending. For the calculations the inertia forces deVeloped shall also be included. However,
the following minimum thickness of foundation block below the anvil shall
be provided:
Mass 'If Tap
Thickness (Depth) 'If
Foundation Block, Min
Tonnes
m
Up to 10
100
125
10 " 20
175
20 " 4'0
225
4'0 .. 60
2'50
Over 6'0

IS: 2974 (Part D) 1980


4.4.3 Mass - The mass ofthe anvil is generally 20 times the mass of
the tup. The mass of the foundation block (Wb) shall be at least 3 times
that of the anvil.
For foundations resting on stiff clays or compact sandy deposits, the
mass of block should be from 4 to 5 times the mass of the anvil.
For moderately firm to soft clays and for medium dense to loose sandy
deposits, the mass of the block should be from 5 to 6 times the mass of
the anvil.

5. VIBRATION ANALYSIS
5.1 Drop and Forge Hammers - The machine foundation system .hall
be analysed as a 2-mass system, with anvil forming one mass and the foundation block as the second mass. The analysis ofa two-mass system is.uggested
in Appendix A. For analysis the dynamic force is calculated on. the basis
of momentum equation. In case of stray or random impact hammers
(when the operating frequency is less than 150 strokes per minute) the
natural frequencies need not be calculated. The deflection of the foundation under a 'single impact should be calculated. This deflection should
be within permissible amplitudes. In case of high speed hammers (whose
operating frequency is more than 150 strokes per minute) the detailed
analysis will have to be conducted to determine the natural frequencies
as well as the amplitudes.

5.2 COl!l1ter-Blow Hammers - In these hammers as no dynamic force


is transmitted to the foundation, detailed vibration analysis is unnecessary.
Only the natural frequencies should he determined to avoid resonance
of the system.

6. CONSTRUCTION
6.1 The foundation block should be made of reinforced concrete. The
concrete used .hall be of grade not less than M 15 conforming to IS : 4561978*.
6.2 It is desirable to cast the entire foundation block in one operation.
If a construction joint is unavoidable, the plane of joint shall be horizontal
and measures shall be taken to provide a proper joint. The following
measures are recommended.
6.2.1 Dowels of 12 to 16 mm diameter at 60 mm centres should be
embedded to a depth of at least 30 em on both sides of the joint. Before
placing the new layer of concrete, the previously laid surface should be
roughened, thoroughly cleaned, washed by a jet of water and then covered
.Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (third reDision).

J
)

IS

297. (Part D) -1980

by a layer of rich 1 : 2 cemenfgrout, 2 em thick. Concrete .h.ou1d be placed


not later than 2 houraafter the grout is laid.
6.3 Reinforcement shall be arranged along the throe "",is. and aloe dia
gonally to prevent shear (166 Fig. 2). More reinforcement shall be provided
at the topside of the foundation block than at the other sides. Reinforcement at the top may be provided in the form oflaycrs ofgrillo made of IS mm
diameter bars suitably spaced to allow easy pouring of concrete. The
topmost layers of reinforcement shall be provided with a cover of at least
5 em. The reinforcement proviaed shall be at least 25 kg/rna of concrete.
6.4 Special care shall be taken to provide accurate location of holes for
anchor bolts (if -any) cut out for anvil, frame, etc. The bearing ,surAce
for anvil shall be' stricdy horizontal and no additional correetl'l'e pouring
of concrete shall be permitted.
6.5 The protectiVe layer between anvil and foundation block shall be
safeguarded against water, oil sCales, etc, and the material selected should
withstand temperat-ur"" up to lOOC.

;>"

FIG.

TYPIOAL REINliOROEm-ZNT DB'i'Aii.

6.6 Air.gaps and spring elements provided for the purpose of damping
vibrations shall.be accessible in order to remove scales and enable inspection
of springs and their replacement, if necessary.
6.7 Hanimer foundations which are 'cut-in' by the anvil pits shall be
made so deep that the parts which are weakened by the indent of 'cut-in'
are of sufficient strength.

10

is , 2974 (Part n) - 1980

APPENDIX A
(Claus8 5.1)
VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF A 2-MASS SYSTEM AND ITS
APPLICATION TO DESIGN OF HAMMER FOUNDATIONS
A-I. ANALYSIS OF 2-MASS SYSTEM
A-I.l The 2-mass system is represented by the model given in Fig. 3. The
mass m,is subjected to a velocity of vibration of V,. The two natural
frequencies In. and fn. of the- system are given by the positive roots of the
following expressions:

fn'-(j'o.+f'nb)

(I +.8) f'o+(1 +.8) f'o.f'ob=O

where
I IT,
fn.= 2", V m,'

I--r,-'

fOb = 2", V m;:t:iii,'

and

m,

.8=-.
m,
The amplitude of vibrations are given by:

a _
,-

a. =

U'n. - 1'0') (J'o. - f'n,) V"


2", fan. U'o' - j'n') In,
CPo. - f'o')

211' (f'nl

f'nllJ-f Dlil .

and

TT

Y1

A-2. APPLICATION TO ANALYSIS OF HAMMER FOUNDATIONS


A-2.1 Notations
Mass of the tup
Mas. of the anvil
Ma,. of the- frame
Height offall of tup
Frequency of impact
Area of pISton
Area of anvil base
Elastic modulus of the pad between
anvil and foundation

W,kg
W.kg
W,kg
hem

Nblows/min
A em'
A. em"
E, kg/em"

11

IS : 2974 (Part U) - 1980


Thickness of pad
Mass of foundation block
Area of foundation block
Equivalent radius of the base offoundation
Dynamic shear modulus of soil
Coefficient of uniform elastic compression of soil
Spring coefficient of pile foundations
Elastic modulus of pile material
Cross-sectional area of pile
Length of pile

V, I

~cm

Wbkg
Ab cm2
rcm
G kg/em'
C. kg/cm'
Kp kg/cm
Ep kg/em'
Ap cm2
I em

m,

kl

m2

FIG. 3 MODEL SHOWING Two-MAss SYSTEM

A-2.2 In a hammer foundation tbe first mass of the model corresponds to


the anvil and the second rnass to the foundation block.

The mass of the

frame will have to be added either to that of the anvil or to that of the
foundation block depending upon whether the frame is attached to the
anvil or to the block. . The spring kl of the model corresponds to the elastic
pad between the anvil and the block, while spring k, corresponds to the
foundation support. The velocity V, is calculated on the basis of
momentum equation.

A-2.2.1 These parameters can be calculated as below:


W.
Wb
"" =

g;

m, =

12

IS

2974 (Part II) 1980

Wf will have to he added to either W. or to .Wb depending upon whether


the frame Is attached to an\lil oNo foundation block:
kl = E,.

;;4 kg/em,

When the block is directly resting on soil:


k, = '6 rG or Ab. C. kg/em,
When the block is supported on short bearing piles:

k =kp.k.

k p +k'

where
k, = 76 rG or Ab . Cu, and
k _ n.Ep.Ap
P I

For loose soils k, may be taken from settlement tests.


When springs are provided between the block and soil:
k _k,p.k,

-C+Ek
.P
,

kg!

em
)

where
t gp is the spring coefficient of ~prings,
Vl = VA. = Velocity of the anvil after impact, and

VAa = VI . _--=le-+:..,k".,.._
W.
1+ WI

where
Vlb ="II'2 gh for a freely faIling tup type hammer, and

=0'65";2g (W. +psA) Ii for doubJe acting steam


Wi.
hammer.
A-2.2.2 Check on Design .
a) Stability if the pad between anvil and block - Total deflection of pad
under impact=8, = 818 +8,.
where

W.
8lB=k;
em
NOTE - W, will have to be added to W. if the frame is attached to the anvil,

and

8,0=

2~~
?TJn&
13

IS

2974 (part U) 1980


The loading intensity on the pad
k1"8'k
0'1=-gcm

A.

8, and 0', should be less than the allowable values for the pad.
b) Stability of the .oil below the foundation:

W,+Wb-l:,Wr+k .(.~

Loading intensity 0'.=


where
pa

- 2"'fnb
V
; VP.= V....
1+

.(.p -

I+k
Wb

W.
(Wi will have to be added. to Wb or to W. depending upon whether
the frame is attached to' the block or to. the anvil.)
0'2 should be less than the allowable bearing pressure for the soil
specified in 4.2.2.
c) Maximum deflection of the foundation under a single impact:
Assuming' the anvil and the foundation block to be a single
monolithic unit, the velocity after the impact:

V'.=Vtb

I+k
1+ W,+Wb+W em!s
WI
I

The natural frequency of the system=fub' H.


V'
The deflection of the block 8 =2 :
7r'Job

should be less than the permissible amplitude for the block.

14

IS

2974 (Part D) 1980

(C,inu.d from page 2)

Foundations Subject to Dynamic Loads Subcommittee, BDC 43: 1


Representing

Members
SHRI N. K. BASU
SaRI R. D. CHOUDHURY

Cemindia Company Limited, Calcutta


MetaUurgtcal &. Engineering Consultants (India)
Ltd, Ranchi

SHRI A. P. MUlUIERJ.E (AJIemIlIe)


DIRECTOR. (TOO)
C~ntral Electricity Authority, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (TCD) (AI""'o'.)
8HRt M. IYENGAR.
Engineers India LtdJ New Delhi
Smu J. K. BAGCHl (AI/erntlk)

DJ!. A. K. MUKaRRJEE
SHRl S. K. RAY (AII.rna!.)

Dev,elopment Consultants Limited, Calcutta

SHRI M. V. PANDIT
Bhara! Heavy Eleetrieals Limited, Bhopal
StUll E. C. H. C. RaDDY (Alternate)
811RI D. H. PATEL
SHRI N. S. DANI (AI,,,,,,,!.)
SHRI R. PUR.

Fertilizer India Limited, Dhanbad

DR V. V. S. RAo

Nagadi Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi

DR B. SHIVARAM

Central Building Research

DR P. SRlNIVASULU

University of Roorkee, Roorkee


Institute

(CSIR),

Roorkee
Structural Engineering Research Centre (OSIR),
Roorkee
Cement Corporation of India, New De1hi

SURI O. S. SRIVASTAVA
SHRl S. K. CHATl'ERJEE (Allernole)

15

~)

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS


Headquarters.

Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zalar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002


Telephones: 323 0131, 323 3375, 323 9402
Fax: 91 11 3234062,91 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382
Telegrams: Manaksanstha
(Common to all Offices)
Central Laboratory:
Telephone
Plot No. 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Indu.lrial Area, Sahibabad 201010

8-770032

Regional OffIces:
Central: Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002

3237617

'Easlern : 1/14 CIT Scheme VII M, V,I.P. Road, Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054

3378662

Northern: SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022

6038 43

Southern: C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI600113

2352315

tWestem : Manakalaya, E9, Behind Marol Telephone Exchange, Andheri (East),

832 92 95

MUMBAI 400093
Branch Offices;:

'Pushpak', Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001

5501348

:f.:Peenya Industrial Area, 1st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road,


BAN GALORE 560058

8394955

Gangotrl Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. Nagar, BHOPAL 462003

554021

Plot No. 62-63, Unit VI, Ganga Nagar, BHUBANESHWAR 751001

403627

Kalaikathir Buildings, 670 Avinashi Road, COIMBATORE 641037

21 01 41

Plot No. 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD 121001

8-288801

Savitfi Complex, 116 G,T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001

8-71 1996

53/5 Ward No.29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI781003

541137

5-8-56C, L.N, Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001

201083

E-52, Chitaranjan Marg, C- Scheme, JAIPUR 302001

372925

117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005

21 6876

Seth Shawan, 2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Klahore Road,
LUCKNOW 226001

238923

NIT Building, Seoond Floor, Gokulpat Market, NAGPUR 440010

5251 71

Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013

262305

Institution of Engin.ers (India) Building 1332 Shivajl Nagar, PUNE 411005

323635

T,C. No. 14/1421, UniversilyP. O. Palayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034

62117

*Sales ottics Is at 5 Chowrlnghee Approach, P.O. Prlncep Street,


CALCUTTA 700072

271085

tSale. Office I. at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI 400007

3096528

~Sales

2223971

OffIce i. at 'F' Block, Unity Building, Narashimarala Square,


BANGALORE 560002

RopiOgraphy Unll, Bls, NowD81fil~ India

AMENDMENT NO.1 MAY 1984


TO
IS: 2974 (part 2) -1980 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART 2

FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT TYPE MACHINES


(HAMMER FOUNDATIONS)

( First Revision)
Aiterations
(Page 4, clause 1.1 ) - Substitute the following for the existing:

'1.1 This standard (Part 2) covelli the design and construction of hammer
foundation subject to repeated impacts.'
(Page 6, clause 2.4):

a) Line 1 - Add the words '( see Fig. 1 )' after 'support'.

b) Line 2 - Substitute the word 'soil' for 'ground',


[Pages 7 and 8, clause 4.1(c) ]- Delete,

(BDC43 )

Reprography Unit, SIS, New Delhi, India

-)
)

IS 2974 ( Part 3

I : 1992

( Reaffirmed 1995 )

III <dill

III .........

~ftCfT ~ fs\ll ,~
an~ ~~~T - ~Tf~ B"~T

If!ITT'T CfiT

\lTil 3

~ql

SfltiTr !fiT q~T" ( q~lfq

( '!~U

q<{~Ta:rUJ

('fqT

3fTC!fa- )

Indian Standard

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINE


FOUNDATIONS - CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 3

FOUNDATIONS FOR ROTARY TYPE MACHINES


(MEDIUM AND HIGH FREQUENCY)

( Second Revision)
First Reprint NOVEMBER 1993

UDC 624'159'1 : 621'313-218'2

BIS 1992

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS


MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

A ugust 1992

Price Group 4

Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indi"" Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering
Division Couhcil.
The installation of heavy rolary machines, namely. ste,lm turbo-generators, turbo-cornpr.cssors and
blowers, involves design of their foundatinns taking into considerations the vibnttion characteristics

of the foundations system.

While many of the special features relating to the design

and

construction of such machine foundations are guided by the manufacturers, still a large part of the

detail. sball have to be according to certain general principles of design covering macbine
foundations. Tbi. code of practice for design and construction of machine foundations (IS 2974)
is being publisbed in parts. This part lays down the general principles for frame foundations for
rotary machines of medium to higb frequencies. The other parts of this code are:

IS 2974 Code of p~actice for design and construction of machine foundatians:


Part 1 : 1982 Foundations for reciprocating type machines
Part 2 : 1980 Foundations for impact type machines ( bammer foundations)
Part 4 : 1979 Foundations for rotary type machines of low frequency
Part 5 : 1987 Foundations for impact type of machines other than hammers (forging and
stamping press, pig breakers, drop crusher and jolter)
In the design and construction of foundations for rotary machines, a proper coordinations hetween
tbe different branches of engineering, including those dealing with erection and commissioning is
essential.

Coordinated efforts by the different branches would result in satisfactory performance, convenience
of operation, economy and a good general appearance of the complete unit. Tbe main unit with
all its auxiliaries and adjacent piping must be provided for, when making the foundation plans and
all the details should be well worked out, before going ahead with the design.
This standard first published in the year 1967 and Subsequently revised in 1975. This revision has
been prepared, based on a numbers of comments received on this standard, keeping in view the
current design practices followed in India and abroad. The sizes and capacities of turbo-generators
have increased (up to 500 MW ) since tbe last revision of the code. There have been fundamental
changes in the design philpsophy of turbogenerator foundations, for example use of slender columns,
long and lIexible top decks, etc. With the advent of powerful computers and finite element analysis
computer programmes the use of tbree-dimensional space frame models for static and dynamic
analysis has become common in design offices. The code has been made more relevant to design
office use. Aspecls such as preliminary sizing of the foundations and loading combinations arr
expected to be useful to the less experienced designers.
For large sized foundations with complex structural arrangement, it has been observed that twodimensional plane frame models are not possible to use. For such foundations three-dimensional
space frame model is recommended for analysis.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular require!TIen( of this standard is complied with, the
final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test, shall be rounded ofi" in accordance
with IS 2: 1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical values (reVised J'. The number of significant

places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this
standard_

J
)

IS 2974 ( Part 3) : 1992

Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS - CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 3

FOUNDATIONS FOR ROTARY TYPE MACHINES


(MEDIUM AND HIGH FREQUENCy)

( Second Revision)
1 SCOPE

3.6 Mode of Vibration

1.1 This code is primarily meant for designing framed


type foundations for turbo-generators machinery.
However, the provisions of this code may be used
suitably for other machine foundations of similar types,
for example, foundations of turbo-com presSOlS, boiler
feed pumps, etc.

In a system undergoing vibration, a mode of vibration


is characteristic pattern assumed by the system
in which the motion of every particle is simple
harmonic with the same frequency. Two or more
modes may exist concurrently in a multi-degree Creedomsystem.

1.2 The

4 NOMENCLATURE OF FOUNDATION
COMPONENTS

following classification shall apply to


machines based on their operating speeds:
Medium frequency
High frequ ency

25 Hz < fm < 50 Hz
~ 50 hz

4.0 The following nomenclature shall apply to the


components of the foundation in this code (sec
Fig. 1).

2 REFERENCES

4.1 Top Deck

2.1 The Indian Standards listed in AnnexA.re necessary adjuncts to this standard.

The top portion of the machine foundation consisting


of transverse and longitudinal beams.

3 TERl\uNOLOGY
4.2 Transverse Beams

3.0 The common terminology used in structural dynamics and machine foundation design is given below
for reference. For a more compreheru.ive list ofterms,
refer to IS 2974 (Parts 1 and 2).

The members that support the turbine-generator that


are transverse to the axis of the machine.

4.3 Longitudinal Beams

3.1 Natural Frequency

The members that support the turbine-generator th.t


are parallel to the axis of the machine.

The dynamic property of an elastic body or system by


which it oscillates repeatedly from a fixed reference
point when the external force is removed.

4.4 Columns
The vertical members that support the top deck.

3.2 Free Vibration

4.5 Base Mat

Vibration process of a system excited initially, which


may be in the form of initial displacement or velocity,
but no more time-varying force acting on it.

The part orthe foundation which supports the columns


and rests on soil/piles.

3.3 Forced Vibration

4.6 Foundation

Vibration process of a system which is caused by


external time-varying loads acting on it.

The entire structure, including the deck, columns and


mat.

3.4 Damping

5 ISOlATION FROM ADJOINlNG


STRUCTURES

Damping is dissipation of energy ina vibratingsystem.

The foundation structure shall be isolated from the


main building and also from other structures in the
plant. An air gap shall be provided between the foundation and adjoining structures at all levels above the
base mat to avoid the transfer of vibrations to the
adjoining structures.

3.S Resonance
Resonance of. system in forced vibt'ltion is. condition when any change, however small, in the frequency
of excitation causes a dcncase in the response of the
system.
1

}
}

IS 1974 ( Part 3) : 1992


(; NECESSARY DATA

8 SIZING OF THE FOUNDATION

(;.1 Machine Data

8.1 The preliminary sizing of the various elements of

The f()ll"wing data shall be made available to the


designer by the machine manufacturer (see Fig. 2):

the TG foundation are to be done to arrive at a


foundation configuration whkh will n~~d least changes
after detailed analysis and design.

a) Loading diagram of the machine showing the


location, magnitude and direction of all loads
including dynamic loads;

It is convenient and preferable to provide the same


soffit level for all the girders from Ihe point of view of
design and detailing.

b) Speed of the machine;

8.2 Thegeomelric layout ofthe fou1,dalion,Ihe shape


of the girder cross sections and columns shall be
arranged, as fast as possible, symmetrically with
respect to the vertical plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the machine.

c) Critical speeds of the machine;


d) Outline dimensions of the foundation;
e) Mass moment of inertia of the machine com-

8.3 Sizing of the Top Deck

ponents;

The proportioning of the deck is basically governed


by the machine manufacturer's drawing giving the
sale plate locations and opening details for the various
parts of the machine.

f) Details of inserts and embedments;


g) Layout of piping, ducting, etc, and their supporting details;
h) Temperatures in various zones during op-

While fixing the depth of the girders the following


guidelines may generally be used:

eration; and

j) Allowable displacements at the machinebear-

Girders Supporting the Turbine:

ing points during "ormal operation.

Clear span-to-depth ratio

= ra nging from 2 to 3

(;.1 Geotechnical Data

Depth to width ratio

= ranging from 1 to 3

Investigation of the site where the foundation is to


be located shall be done to evaluate the following
parameters:

Girders Supporting the Generator:


Clear span-to-depth ratio

= rangingfrom2.5 t03.5

a) Allowable bearing pressure/pile capacities.

Depth to width ratio

= ranging from 1 to 1.5

b) In-site dynamic soil


IS 5249 : 1992.

8.4 Sizing of Columns

properties

as per

The following guidelines may be followed for column


sizing:

7 LOADING ON THE FOUNDATION

a) As far as possible rairs of columns should be


provided under each transverse girder;

The following loads shall be considered for the


foundation design (see Annex B):

b) Compressive stresses and elastic shortening


should be kept uniform in alllhe columns as
far as possible; and

a) Dead loads which include the self weight of


the foundation and dead weight of the ma-

chine;

c) The first two natural frequencies of column


with its top and bottom ends fixed shan lx'
away from the operating frequency of the
turbo-generator by at least 20 percent.

b) Operation loads supplied by the machine


manufacturer which include friction forces,
power torque, thermal elongation forces,
vacuum in the condenser, piping forces,
etc;

S.! Sizing of Base Mat


The base,mat shall be sufficiently rigid to preserve the
shaft alignment. Following are some guidelines forthe

c) Unbalance forces during normal operation;


d) Temperature forces caused by uniform temperature change and gradient temperature;

base mat sizing:


a) The mass of the machine plus top deck,

e) Short circuit breaker;

b) The ratio of the bending stiffness of the base


raft and largest columns in the transverse
direction should be at least two, and

f) Loss of blade unbalance forces!bearingfailure


load;
g) seiSrillc forces; anil

c) The thickness of the base raft should not be


less than 0'07 L'f3 in which L is the average of

h) Erection loads.
2

.J
)

IS 2974 ( Part 3) : 1992


the two adjacent clear spans. This is applicable to rafts supported directly on soil. This
shall not be used for piled foundations.

d) Uncracked sections may be used for calculating moments of inertia of the membets. The
rotational inertia may be disregarded. Shear
rigidity shall be considered.

8_5.1 The guidelines given in 8.5 shall be used for the


initial sizing of the raft. The final raft thickness,
however, would depend on the design forces.

e) Young's modulus shall be co!!!!?uted as per


IS 456 : J978. (E = 5 700 "{ck) for static
analysis. For dynamic analysis the following
range of elastic modulus may be used:

8.6 As far as possible, the foundation shall be so


dimensioned that the resultant force due to the weight
of the machine, tbe deck, intermediate slabs (if any)
and tbe base mat together with the weight of the
columns passes through the centre of gravity of the

GradeD!
Concrete

base area in contact with the base mat. In cases, where

small eccentricities are unavoidab1e, an eccentricity


of up to 3 percent of the base dimension along which
the centre of gravity gets displaced may be allowed.

Dynamic Elastic Modulus


Nlmm2

M20

25 590 -

30 000

M25

28 500 -

34 000

M30

31200 -

37000

I) Damping shall be assumed to be 2 percent of

9 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

critical damping under normal operating loads.


A higher damping of 5 percent may be used
under emergency loads like blade failure, short-

9.1 Modelling

circuit, bearing failure, etc.

The analysis shall be done using a simulated mathematical model of linear-elastic properties. For turbogenerator foundations of more than 100 MW capacity,
a three~dimensional space frame model is recommended. The modelling should take into account the
basic characteristics of the system, that is, mass, stiffness and damping. Special attention is required
while idealing the points of excitation. The model
should simulate the vibration characteristics of the
machine foundation system to a sufficient degree of
accuracy (see Fig. 3).

9.2 Free Vibration Analysis


Free vibration analysis sball be carried out to calculate
the natural frequencies and mode shapesofthe foundation. The highest natural frequency calculated should
be at least 10 percent higher than the operating frequency ofthe machine. Damping may be neglected for
the purpose of free vibration analysis.

9.2_1 Frequency Criteria


The following frequency criteria shall be checked:

For smaller foundations (for example, turbo-generator foundations of less than 100 MW capacity) with
a regular framing arrangement, plane frame models
may be used in the transverse and longitudinal

The fundamental natural frequency shall be at


least 20 percent away from the machine operating
speed.

direction.

that is, fn < 0.8 fm

9_1.1 The following points shall be considered while


constructing the model for dynamic analysis:

or

in>

a) The foundation shall be modelled as a threedimensional space frame in which the columns and beams are idealised as 3-D beam
elements with six degrees of freedom at each
node. Slabs and walls, if present, may be
modelled using thin shell (plate bending) elements. The columns shall be assumed to be
fixed at the base, disregarding the base mat.

1.2ftn

where

in

=fundamental natural frequency of the


foundation, and

fm = operating speed of the machine.


However, it is preferable to maintain a frequency
separation of 50 percent.
.

b) Nodes shall be specified to all bearing points,


beam-colull1.l\junctions, mid-points and quarterpoints of beams and columns and wherever
the member cross-sections change significantly.
Generally, the number of modes specified on
any member should be sufficient to calculate
all the modes having frequencies less than or
equal to the operating speed.

9.3 Forced Vibration Analysis


Forced vibration analysis shall be performed at the
operating speed and also at irequencies corresponding

to certain selected modes for transient resonance. The


calculated displacement shall he checked against the
specified criteria.

c) Lumped-mass approach shall be used forcompuling modal masses of the foundation. The
machine shall be modelled to lump its mass
together with the mass of the foundation. The
stiffness and damping of the shaft and casing
shall generally be disregarded.

9.3.1 Forcing Function


Generally, the unbalance forces are furnished by the

machine manufacturer at each bearing location under


different operating conditions.

IS 2974 ( Part 3) : 1992


11 BASE MAT ANALYSIS

A sinusoidal forcing funclion of Ihe form


F(I)

=Fo sin (wI;. <1

shall be used (or analysis. In Ihe absence o( dala (rom


the manufacturer Ihe unbalance forces may be derived
(rom the balance quality grade of Ihe machine (see
Annex C).

9.4 Seismic Analysis


Response spectrum analysis shall be carried outas per
IS 1893 : 1984. At least the firsl five modes shall be
considered for mode superposition.

The base mat may generally he modelled with plate


bending elements or as a grillage of beams. The soil or
piles beneatb tbe base raft sball be idealised as spring
elements.
11.1 The bearing pressure on soil or Ibe load on Ihe
heaviest loaded pile shall no! exceed 80 perc"nt of
the net allowable bearing pressure or the safe load
capacity of piles respectively.

11 DESIGN
11.1 Workingslress method as per IS 456: 1978shall
be used.

9.5 Statk Analysis


A detailed static analysis o( the (oundation shall be
performed to ensure lhat the foundation carries all the
loads safely. The same model which has been used (or
dynamic analysis may be used (or sIalic analysis.

11.2 Increase in Pennlssible Stresses


Where stresses due to either earthquake, short-circuil
or loss of blade unbalance forces/bearing failure loads
are combined with those due to dead and pennanent

9.!I.l Load Cases

load, Ihe permissible slresses as specified in IS 456 :


1978 may be increased by 25 percent.

a) Dead loads (DL)


b) Operating loads (OL)

11.3 Fatique Factor

c) Normal machine unhalance load (NUL)

A fatique factor of 2 shall be used for the dynamic


forces caused by normal unbalance.

d) Temperature loads in the foundation (TLF)


1) Uniform temperature change

12.4 Grade of Concrete

2) Temperature gradients across members


The following grades of concrete shall be used:

e) Short circuit forces (SCF)

t) Loss o( blade unbalance (LBL) or bearing


failure load (BFL)

Top deck

M 20 or higher grade

Columns

M 20 or higher grade

g) Seismic loads (SL)

Base mal

M 20 or higher grade

9.5.2 Loads Combinations

For turbo-generator foundations of capacities higher


than 100 MW, Ihe minimum grade of concrete for the
end columns shall be M 25.

a) Operating condition

DL+ OL+ NUL + TLF

11.5 Reinforcement Steel

b) Short circuit condilion

12.5.1 Mild steel bars conforming to IS 432 (Parts 1


and 2) : 1982 or high yield slrength deformed bars
conforming to IS 1786 : 1985 may be used.

DL+ OL+ NUL+ TLF + SCF


c) Loss of blade condition/Bearing failure
condition

11.5.2 Minimum dia of reinforcemenl bars used as

DL + OL + TLF + LBL/BFL

main reinforcement shall be 12 nun.

d) Seismic condilion

11.5.3 Minimum Reinforcement

DL+ OL+ NUL + TLF + EQL

Beams of top deck

10 SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
Top and bottom

0.25 percent (each) of gross sectional arca

The effects of soil-structure interaction on the dynamic response of Ihe TO foundalion may be ignored
under steady slate dynamic loading. However, if the
TO foundation is located in zones of high seismicily,
soil-structure inlel'action shall be considered for seis-

IDle analYSIS. No soJ1:structure interactlon need be

Columns

considered for sIalic analysi,. cand it is sufficient to


modellhe foundation fixed;<11he base raft level.

Longitudinal
reinforcement

Sides

0.1 percent gross sectional arca on

lach side

0.8 percent of gross sectional area

J
)

IS 2974 ( Part 3) : 1992


12.7 Reiororcement Detailing

Base mal

Top and bottom

0.12 percent (each) of gross sectional area in eacb direction

Intermediate
layer

Sbrinkage reinforcement of 0.06


percent in eacb direction if the raft
tbickness is more tban two metres

eare sho!!ld be1aken wbile detailing to facilitate ease


of concreting. The clear spacing between bars should
be at least 5 mm more tban the sum of aggregate size
and tbe largest bar diameter used.

12.8 Constnactlon Joints

12.5.4 The maximum spacing of tbe reinforcement


bars sball not exceed 300 mm and the minimum
spacing sball not be less than 150 mm.

U.s.i Tne base mat sball be cast in a single uninterrupted operation. Properly designed construction
joints sball be provided between the bose II1!!t and
columns and between columns and the top deck.
Construction joint may also be provided approxirna tely a tthe mid-height of columns if the lengtb ofthe
column exceeds 8 metres.

12.5.5 Splices in the reinforcement bars sball be staggered and sban be given in the compression zone as far
as possibie.
11~6 Ca!!e!"et~

Cover

12.8.2 The top deck shall be casl in a single uninterrupted operation.

Minimum dearcoverto reinforcement shan be 50mm


fortopdeckand colum.ns and 100mm fOithe base mat.

RANSVERSE
BEAMS
LONGITUDINAL
BEAM

TOP

OEC~

OLUMNS

BASE MAT

Fro.

furCAL FRAMED FOUNDAnON FOR A

TuRBoGENERATOR

x~

lNIOd 0\'01 -

2:661: ( l-l"d ) rL6t SI

IS 2974 ( Part 3) : 1992

ANNEXA
( Clause 2.1 )
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
[SNo.

432
(part 1) : 1982

432
(Part 2) : 1982

456: 1978

Title

Title
concrete reinforcement (third

Specification for mild steel and


medium tensile steel balS and
hard-drawn steel wire for
concrete reinforcement: Part 1
Mild steel and medium tensile steel
ba rs ( third revision)

revision)

Specification for miid steei and


medium tensile steel balS and hard
drewn steel wire for concrete
reinforcement: Part2Hard-drawn
steel wire ( third revision.>

1893: 1984

Criteria for earthquake resistant


design of structures (fou,.!h
revision)

2974
(part 1) : 1982

Code of practice for design


and construction of machine
foundations: Part 1 Foundations
for reciprocating type machine

( second revision)

Code of practice for plain and


reinforced concrete (second

revision)
1786: 1985

[SNo.

2974
(part 2) : 1980

Specification for high strength


deformed steel balS and wires for

Code of practice for design and


constiuction
of iiiliChiiie
foundations: Part 2 Foundations
for impact type machine ( hammer
foundations) (/irst revision)

ANNEXB
(Clause 7)
ABNORMAL LOADING

M(t) =Ae .",.' sin rot - Be .",., sin 2rot + Ce "'.IS

B1 LOSS OF BLADE UNBALANCE

where

The turbine rotor is balanced dynamically to


enable smooth operation of the machine. An emergency condition can occur when one or more turbine
blades break loose from the rotor, which would impose a large dynamic force on ihe foundation at the
bearing locations. The forces corresponding to a
massing 18st~row blade for each turbine section are
supplied by the machine manufacturer in the form
of unbalance forces or equivalent static forces.
Since the turbo-genera tor is tripped in such a condition
these forces OCcur for a short time required for the
coasting down time of the machine. It is sufficient to
check the foundation for strength under these forces.

ro

angular frequency orthe mains.

A, B, C

coefficients specific to generator


design.

The forcing function is generally supplied by the


Machine Manufacturer. It i. advisable to perfo=. a
dynamic analysis of the foundation. Sometimes, only
the equivalent static force is supplied which assumes
an infinitely rigid foundation and can make the foundation design highly conservative.
In the absence of vendor supplied data, the following
information may be used.

B-2 SHORT CIRCUIT FORCE

In the short circuit equation, the coefficient A, B, and


C may be assumed as:

When a line-to-line or line-to-ground short circuit


occurs at the generator tenninal, it imposes a huge
torque on the TG foundation. The short-circuit moment has the form (see Fig. 4).

B
C

=
=
=

10 times normal power torque


5 times normal power torque
normal power torque

IS %974 ( Part 3) : 199%

Vl

>-

i: f
"0
'"'u

;,

/\

rs si"

",0
j

~:g

A--'In'"
"IA'
-8 l

ill

\.

2wt

Y I

50 Hr. OSCilLATING

--100H. OSCILLATING
----- UNIPOLAR TORGUE

0..::>

!::
l!>..J
0::0..

_:IE

TIME(SEC} - -

FIG. 4

SHORT-CiRcUIT MOMENT DIAGRAM

ANNEXC
(Clause 9.3.1)
NORMAL UNBALANCE FORCE ON TURBO-GENERATOR FOUNDATION

e
ro

The unbalance forces caused by the machine during


the nonnal operating condition are supplied by tbe
macbine manufacturer. However, in the absence of
sucb infonnation, tbe following metbod may be used
to calculate the unbalance forces.

G = 6.3 nun/sec
ro

3000 rpm or314.16 rad/sec

consequently,

O.02mrn

unbalance force

= ero

wbere
G

eccentricity of rotating mass in mm, and


operating speed of tbe macbine in rad/
sec.

Example:

Turbo-generator and otber similar machines are classified nnderlbe balance quality grade ofG2.5. Considering one grade bigber for Ibe foundation design, that
is, G6.3, tbe eccentriCity of tbe rotor mass can be
obtained from
G

=
=

=mero' sin rot

where
=

balance quality grade in nun/sec,

mass of the rotor

Standard Mark

The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provISIons of the Bureau of Indian
Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on
products covered by an Indian.standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection,
testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the producer. Sll;lndard marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to
that standard as a further safeguard. petails of conditions under which a licence for the use
of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from
the Bureau of Indian Standards.

Bureau of Indian Standards


BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau ofIndian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious
development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to
connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS ha.s the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without
the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS
Revisilln ofIndian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need ariseR on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
'BIS Handbook' and 'Standards Monthly Additions'. Comments on this Indian Standard may be sent to BIS
giving the following reference!
Doc: No, CED 43 (4898)
Amendments Issued Since Publication

,
Amend No.

Date of Issue

Tcxt Affected

)
)

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS


Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones: 331 01 31,331 1375

Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Common to all offices)

Regional Offices :
Central

: Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg


NEW DELHI 110002

Eastern

: 1/14 C.l.T. Scheme VII M, V.l.P. Road, Maniktola


CALCUTT A 700054

Northern : SCO 445-446, Sector 35-C, CHANDIGARH 160036

Telephone
331 01 31
{ 331 13 75
/378499, 378561
\37 8626, 378662
{

53 3843, 53 1640
532384

Southern : c'l.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 6001 J3

l'235 02 16, 2350442


'\.235 15 19, 23523 15

Western

Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East)


BOMBAY 400093

632 92 95, 6327858


{ 6327891, 6327892

Branch

AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESWAR. COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD.


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THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed at Dee Kay Prinlers, New Delhi-110mS, India

IS : 2974 t Pari IV) - 1979

Indian Standard

(R ..mnn.d 1995)

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR


DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART IV FOUNDATIONS FOR ROTARY TYPE
MACHINES OF LOW FREQUENCY

( First Revision)
Fifth Reprint JANUARY 1998

UDC

624.159.11:006.76:621.3.029.4-13

Copyright 1980
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
~A);AK

BHAVAN, 9 BAHADl,1t SHAH ZAFAR ~ARG

NEW DEU!I 110002

Gr 6

july 1980

IS : 1974 ( Part IV) - 1979


(R .rnrm.d 1995 )

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART IV FOUNDATIONS FOR ROTARY TYPE
MACHINES OF LOW FREQUENCY

( First Revision)
'Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, BDC 43
R,pr6sen~ng

Chairman

Central Building
Roorkee

PROP DINESH MOHAN

Research Institute

(aSIR ).

Memb"s

DR R. K.

Central :auilding Research Institute (CSIR),


Roorkee
Calcutta 'Port Trust, Calcutta

BHANDARI

SRRI I. G. CHACKO

SHRI S. GUHA ( Alt~rnal')


SHP.! K.

N. DADINA

In personal capacity (P~820, Block P, New AUpore, '


Calcutta)
.
.
Concrete Association of India, Bombay

SHRI M. G. DA.NDAVAT.E
SHRI N. C. DUCJGAL (AUerna/e)
SHin R. K. DAS GUPTA
Simplex Concrete Piles
Sml H. GUHA BIIWAS ( Allernat, )
SHRI A. G. DASTlDAR
In personal capacity

SHItl V.

(I ) Pvt Ltd, Ca:1cutta

(5, Hungerford Court, 121


Hunguford Str.eet, Gakutta )
Pressure Piling Co (India) Pvt Ltd, Bombay
Central Water Commission, New Delhi

a.

DXSHPANDE
DIRl!.CTOR (CSMRS')
DEPUTY DIREQTOR (
SHRI A. H. DivAN]1

CSMRS) (Allernalt)
Asia Foundation and Construction Pvt Ltd, Bombay

SHRI A. N. JANGLE (Alternate)


A. GHOSHAL

Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Co Ltd,


Calcutta

SHRt N. E. A. RAGHAVAN (Alternate)


SHRt M. IYENGAR
Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
DR R. K. M. BHANDARI ( Alternate)
DR SHASHI K. GULHATI
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
SHRI A. V ARADARA]AN (Alternate)
SHRI

( Continued on pal' 2 )

Copyright 1980
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
ThiB publication is protoctod und~r the India. Copyright Act ( XIV of 1'57) aDd
reproductioD in whole or in part by any means except with written permission or the
publisber sban bo deemed to bo an infringomont of copyrigbt undor tho said Act.

J
r

IS l2974 (Part IV) -1979


( Con#nuedfrom page 1 )

Members

Representing
G. S. Jain & Associates, Roorkee

SHRI G. S.JAlN
JOlNT DIRECTOR RESEARCH

(8M)

Ministry of Railways

(RDSO)
JOINT DIRECTOR RESEARCH

(B & S )

RDSO (AII,rna" )
DR

R.-K.

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay


Buildings Organization, New Delhi

KATTI

N~tiQnal

SHa] K. K. KHANNA
SHRI SUNIt.,. BERRY (
SHRI

O.

SaRI A.
SHRi V.
SHRIY.

Alternate)

It Branch, Public Works Department, Govern


ment of Punjab, Chandigarh
Central Warehousing Corporation, New Delhi
Mckenzies Limited, Bombay
Bokaro Steel Plant. (Steel Authority of India),
Bokaro Steel City
Engmeer-in-Chief's Branch, Army Headquarters

B&

P. MALHOTRA

P. MATHUR
B. MATHUR
V. NARASJMHA RAO

BRIG OMBIR SINOH

MAJ H. K. BHUTANI ( Alternate)


SHRI B. K. PANTHAKY
Hindustan 'Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
SHRI V. M. MADOE (.Alternate)
M. N. Dastur & Company Pvt Ltd, Calcutta
SHRl S. R. KULKARNI
SHRl S. Roy (Alternate)
Cemmdia Company Ltd, Calcutta
SHRI M. R. PUNJA
Indian 'Geotechnical Society, N~w Delhi
PRESIDENT
SECR~TARY ( Alternate)
PROFESSOR { elV ENOG)
College
ASSISTANT PROF'ESSOR (elV ENGG )

( Alt,rna" )
SHRl A. A .. RAJU
DR GOPAL R!,NJAN
DR V. V. S. RAO
SaRI ARJUN RIJHSINGHANI
SHRI
P. SRIVASTAVA
SHRI K. R: S.AXENA

o.

SHRt

S. SEETHARAMAN

(Alternate)
Engineering Research Laboratories, Government of
Andhra Pradesh
United Technical Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
Roads Wing, Ministry of Shipping & Transport

(AltBrn~t')

T. N. SUBBA RAO

SaRI

s.

Steel Authority of India, New De1hi


University of Roorkcc, Roorkee
Nagadi Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Dellii
Cement Corporation of India, New Delhi

DR S. P. SHRI'VASTAVA
DR R. KAPUR ( Alternate)
SHRI N. SWAGURU
SHRI

of Engineering, Guindy, Madras

Gammon India Ltd, Bombay

A. RSDm ( Alternate.)

SUP E R J.N T E N.D I N G- ENGlN.EER

(DESIGN)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER ( DE,'!.IGN

Central Public. Works Department, New Delhi

V)

(Altemale )
SHRI M. D. TAMBEKAR

SimI D .. AJITHA SIMHA J


Director ( Civ Engg )

Bombay Port Trust, Bombay


Director General, lSI (Ex-officio Member )

Secretaries
S,HRT G~ RAMAN

Deputy Director ( Civ Bngg ), lSI


ISHRI

K. M.

MATHUR

Deputy Director ( Civ Engg ), lSI

( Continued on {Jag. 2 J )

IS : 2974 (Part IV) - 1979

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART IV FOUNDATIONS FOR ROTARY TYPE
MACHINES OF LOW FREQUENCY

( First Revision)
O. FORE W 0 R 0
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part IV) (First Revision) was adopted by the
Indialt Standards Institution on 5 September 1979, after the draft finalized
by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.1: The installations of rotary type machines of low frequency requires
careful study of the foundation system taking into consideration the vibration characteristics. The construction of such foundations involves expenditure of considerable amount; materials and time. Substantial economy
may be achieved if a proper investigation of the behaviour of the foundation system is made. This standard ( Part IV ) lays down the general principles with regard to foundations for rotary machines of low frequency
(below I 500 rev/min), for example, crushers, pumps, motor generators,
compressors and rolling mill stands. The other parts of this standard
published so far are the .following:
IS : 2974 (Part I) - 1969 Code of practice for design and construction of machine foundations: Part I Foundations for
reciprocating type machines (first revision)
IS : 2974 (Part II) - 1966 Code of practice for design and construction of machine foundations: Part II Foundations for
impact type machines (drop and forge hammer foundations)
IS : 2974 ( Part III) - 1975 Code of practice for design and construction of machine foundations: Part III Foundations for rotary
type machines ( medium and high frequency) (first revision)
IS : 2974 (Part V) - 1970 Code of' practice for design and construction of machine foundations: Part V Foundations for impact
type machines other than hammers (forging and stamping press;
pig breaker, elevator and hoist tower)
0

oj

IS : 2974 ( PartlV) -1979


0.3 In the design of foundations for rotary machines, a prop~r team work
between the different branches of engineering is essential. Coordinated
efforts by the different branches would result in satisfactory performance,
convenience of operation, economy and a good appearance of the complete
unit.
0.4 This standard was first published in the year 1968. The revision has
been prepared based on a number of comments received on this standard
in the past 11 years.
0.5 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to
international co-ordination among the standards and plactices prevailing
in different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the field
in this country.
0.6 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing
the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS : 2-196U*. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part IV) deals with the design and construction of
foundations, such as block foundations, framed' foundations and other
similar supported constructions of reinforced concrete for the installation
of rotary machines of speeds up to 1 500 rev lmin. Some typical machines
of this type are "rushing miDs, pumps, motor generators, compressors and
rolling. mill stands.
Figures 1, 2 and 3 show typical foundations for a crushing mill (pulverizer unit), a primary air fan and an instrument air compressor, respectively.
2. TERMINOLOGY

2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in IS: 2974 (Part I)
1969t, IS: 2974 (Part II )-1966~, IS: 2974 (Part III )-1975 and IS : 2810197911, shall apply.
*RuJes for rounding off numerical values ( "vised).

tCode of practice for design and conatructioll of machine foundations: Part I Founda~
tions for reciprocating type machines (first revision).
:tCode of practice foJ' design and construction of machine foundations: Part II Found~
tions for impact type machines (.drop and forge hammer foundations)_
Code of practice for design and construction of machine foundations: Part III Foundations fOf'rotary type machines (medium and high frequency) (first reuision ).
IISpecification for glossary of terms and symbols relating to soils dynamics (firsl revision ).

)
)
)

IS i 2974 ( Part IV, - 1979


3810mm

(.::01

.,

Tx

SQ POCKET FOR

ANCHOR BOLT

TOP

OF STRUCTURAL
STEEL

OF PULVERIZER
UNIT

CIRCULAR BINDERS

[RADIAL BAR

GROUND

Fi."OOR

REINFORCEMENT
BARS

::-:::1.: ..:..
.' .
..
.'.'... I..
.

SAND FILLING

SECT ION XX
(CONCRETE NOT SHOWN)

FIG. 1

TYPICAL FOUNDATION FOR CRUSHING MILL


(PULVERIZER UNIT)

)
)

IS : .2974 ( PartlV) - 1979

It

OF DISCHARGE OF PRIMARY
AIR FAN UNIT _____

E
E

"''"
N

I
I

=t=.-=--======='t--c.- :t"=j ---r--=f.---9


'
.
'16S5 mm

.. \.

OF PRIMARY AIR
FAN FOUNDATION

2260 mm
RETAINING

C::::::_~_E:_CH_

m=t

rGROUTl

, . . i~~

rc---I'==='f-;
I
- c:..
, .._-

SECTION XX
(CONCRETE NOT SHOWN)
FIG.

2 TYPICAL FOUNDATION FOR PRIMARY AIR FAN


6

FL

.4 HOLES FOR MOTOR FOUNDATION


BOLTS WITH SQUARE PLATES

E'
E

~GROU'

xr
BINDER~

ALL THRO

2077mmf/----:---=-l

v--\

f'

OF FOUNOATIOI

4 HOLES FOR COMPRESSOR


FOUNDATION BOLTS
Willi SQUARe PlATES

u' 0
D:~---=IF

DD/~ 0

GH

t OF COMPRESSOR

---l
RE~

v--l

'ORCEMENT BAR

lL

ROU~ID

FINISHED GROUND FLOOR

LGROUT

Dm L
ALL R lUND

TOP OF CONCRET,E"\

'.. 1:6:1'_".6:

..-l'

~ ....
:.I..

....

II

',I . . "'.

1.

TOP OFRAFT.BClARD .1.1. ... I


1",1,

.
,<I

IS

'

7 . - : : ' - '.~

REDUCED SECTION YV

I..f" -I. L~-1.1 1


"'1. 6 :1>.,1:111.,"
. .1
.

-Il" I'

1-
-I,,' 'I
I' . 1 'I 6. 'I

'1;'1'1. .1'-,

"j'6

L __ -:l

I'A',

. L;..,~.:.I.L:"~ ~.

...

.Ilo

I,I'-P

'.,'

I'

"I'

-,',"'.'
: ~~:J
,;.
~~

.. -.

SECTION XX

(CONCRETE NOT SHOWN)

FIG.

--

TYPICAL FOUNDATiON FOR INSTRUMENT AIR COMPRESSOR

til

~
~

a
~

,-

IS: 2974 (Part IV) -1979


3. NOTATIONS
3.1 Notations given in Appendix A shall apply.
4. NECESSARY DATA

4.1 The following information shall be obtained from the manufacturers


of the machine for guidance in designing. Data required for some typical
machines are listed below. For other machines, which wilt be more or less
similar to one type or other, the designer should use his judgement.
a) Crushing Mill:
,
1) Outline drawing of the crushing mill with details of loading

points;
2) Details of anchor bolts, channels and other embedments in
foundations;
3) Mass of crusher parts;
4) Mass of motor drive;
5) Speed of main shaft; and
6) The unbalanced forces.
b) Pumps:

I) Mass of the pump;

2) Details of anchor bolts, channels and other embedments


foundations;

3)
4)
5)
6)

10

Frequency of pressure change in pump discharge;


Speed of pump;
Unbalanced forces; and
Number of impeller vanes.

c) Motor Generators:
I) Outline drawing of the machinery;
2) Mass of motor generator set, including separate masses for
drivi\lg motor and generator;
3) Masses of the rotors for both the motor and the generator and
mass of fly wheel;
4) Details of anchor baits,' channels and other embedments in
foundations;
5) Operating speed; and
6) Short-circuiting force or moment.
8

,
)

IS : 2~4 ( Part IV ) - 1979


d)

Rolling Mills:
I) Mass of rolling mill stands;
2) Mass of the motor driving the rolling mill;
3) Separate masses of the rotor and stator;
4) Maximum torque on the shaft;
5) Loads occurring on assembly line; and
6) Details of anchor bolts, channels and other inserts.

4.1.1 In all cases, a detailed loading plan showing the point of application
of all loads to be considered in foundation design shall be furnished by the
manufacturer. A typical loading for a coal crusher mill plan is shown in
Fig. 4. In addition to the above data, the capacity or rated output of each
machine shall also be specified.
4.2 Subsurface Investigation
4.2:.1 The site shall be subject to a careful and thorough soil exploration
in such a manner that all relevant information pertaining to the proper
design and construction of the foundation are available.
4.2.2 For satisfactory design and construction, the following subsoil data
shall also be known:
a) Soil profile and data generally up to a depth of thrice the width of
the foundation measured from base of foundation or till hard
strata is reached, whichever is less including soil characteristics in
accordance with IS : 1892-1979",
b) Dynamic soil investigation to the extent necessary in accordance
with IS : 5249-1977t for determining dynamic properties, and
c) The relative positions of water table below ground level at different times of the year.

4.2.3 Where foundations of such machinery are required to be located


close to a building or other foundation, care shall be taken to protect it from
non-uniform stresses imposed by adjacent foundations. In view of this a
minimum distance to any other foundation in the vicinity of the rotary
machine foundation shall be ascertained.

S. DESIGN CRITERIA
S.l Isolation
5.1.1 To avoid transmission of vibration to adjoining parts of buildings
or other foundations, it is necessary to provide a suitable isolation between
the equipment foundation and the adjoining structures. This may commonly
*Code of practice for subsurface inveltigation for foundation (firl' ,8vision).
,Method of test for the determination of. dynamic properties of ioil lfirsl "uision).

.J
)

IS : 2974 (PartlV ) - 1979


1778
OIL PUMP
AND STRAINERS
STATIC LOAD

04

,HYDRAULIC CONTROL
- - ._-_ . . STATIC
0'35T

hll'lC1lr---+sTATIc LOAD OF MILL


GEAR BOX 8T

5 TATIC LOAD OF
MiLL 66T

'(~{:::t:(:::7;Y
SECTION XX
NOTE 1 - All loads indicated are static; 8uitable allowance to be made for live
conditions.
NOTE 2-60 percent of an static loads of machines may be taken as weights of
the rotating parts.
All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 4

TYPICAL LOADING PLAN FOR FOUNDATION OF


COAL CRUSHER

be achieved by providing sand trench around the foundation block, the thickness and depth of which shall be determined for each individual case. As a
rule, the equipment foundation shall not be allowed to serve as a support for
other structures or for machineries not related to the particular equipment.
5.1.2 In case it becomes necessary to support unitnportant parts of other
structures on the machine foundation, measures shall be taken to make the
10

I
)

IS : 2974 ( Part IV) 1979


connection resilient by introducing gaskets made of rubber. cork. felt or
other re,Jient materia1.
5.2 Design Consideratio!ls and Rigidity
5.2.1 Where a number of similar machines are to be installed side by side
in a close spacing and soil conditions do not permit construction of independent foundation for each machine, then the foundations for all the similar machines may be combined by one common mat of sufficient thickness.
The mat shall be enough so that deformations are minor as compared to the
resultant amplitUde of vibration.
5.2.2 To avoid distortion of the machine shaft due to differential settlement, all the external bearings of the shaft shall be accommodated on the
same foundation.
5.2.3 The natural frequencies of the foundation are directly influenced by
the side of foundation in terms of total mass and contact area. Therefore,
the mass and the contact area shall be decided taking into consideration the
vibration requirements. As a guide, the mass of the foundation should be
at least 2'5 times the mass of the whole machine.
5.2.4 As far as possible, the foundations shall be so dimensioned that the
resultant force due to the mass of the machine and the mass of the foundation passes through the centre of gravity of the base contact area.
5.2.5 Stress analysis of a foundatiou block may not be required because of
the small magnitude of stresses imposed by static and dynamic external loads.
In addition to the computation of amplitudes of transverse vibrations. it is
necessary to avoid eccentricity in the fonndation as far as possible and check
the magnitude of the pressure imposed on soil under static and dynamic
loads.
5.2.6 The requirements for frame found~tions shall be in accordance with
IS : 2974 (Part TII)-1975'.
5.3 Frequency Distance - Natural frequency of the foundation system shalt
be such as wilf avoid resonance with the operating speed of the machine,
and amplitudes of vibrations should be kept below the values given in 5.4.
Foundations for low frequency machines shall preferably be so designed that
natural frequencies are much higher than the operating frequency of the
machine. The natural frequency of any foundation should not preferably
within 20 percent of the operating speed of the machine.

)
)

5.4 Pe,rmissible Amplitudes


5.4.1 It is extremely difficult to establish a limit for the permissible value
of amplitude of foundation vibrations on the basis of general principles.
*Code of practice for design and construction of machine foundations: Part III Foundations for rotary type machines (medium and high frequency) (first revision).

II

J
)

IS : 2974 ( Part IV ) - 1979


On the strength of data gained by experience so far, it is possible to state
that if no resonance is to occur in adjoining structure, the amp. .des of
vibrations of a foundation at the upper edge shall not exceed 020 mm in
both directions. This amplitude is stated only as a guide to evaluate the
adequacy of the foundation.
5.4.2 When several foundations for similar machines are erected on a
common mat, the computation for vibration shall proceed assuming that each
machine foundation is independent of others by breaking up the raft into
sections corresponding to separate foundations. The design value for the
permissible amplitude of vibrations may be increased by 30 percent.
5.5 Permissible Stresses
5.5.1 Concrete of MIS or higher shall be used for foundations. Concrete
and steel stresses as specified in IS: 456-1978* shall be used by considering
the dynamic loads separately in detailed design. The following dynamic
clastic moduli of concrete may be used in design:
Grade of Concrete
Dynamic Elastic Modllles,
kgf/cm'
MIS
250000
M 20
300 000
340000
M 25
M 30
370000
5.5.2 Soil- The soil stress below the foundations under dead loads only
shall not exceed 80 percent of the allowable bearing pressure for static
loading determined in accordance with IS : 6403-l97It.
5.5.3 When seismic forces are considered, the allowable stress on the soil
may be increased as specified in IS: l893-l975t.
6. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
6.1 Dead Loads to be Considered for the Desigli of the Foundations - The
dead load shall include the following:
a) Mass of foundation and other structure if supported on the foundation, and
b) Mass of mechanical equipment including mass of rotating parts.
6.2 Live Loads to be Considered for the Design of the Foundation and Vihration Analysis - Consideration for some typical machines, namely crushing
Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete ( third revuion).
tCode of practice for detennination of allowable bearing pressure on shallow foundations t
tCriteria for earthquake resistant design of structures ( third revision ).

12

IS : 2974 (Part IV ) 1979


mills, P' 'ps, motor generators and rolling mills are given in 6.2.1 to 6.2.4
as a guiuance. Design principles of other machines will be similar to one
or the other type and the designer should use his judgement in each case.
6.:U Crushing Mills - Crushing mills shall include the following types:
a) Gyratory crusher (with steep and flat cone),
b) Jaw crusher,
c) Roll crusher (single roll and double roll),
d) Hammer.crusher,
e) Ball mills, and
f) Tube mills.
6.::.1.1 Loads - The following loads shall be considered:
a) Constructional loads,
b) The load due to machine itself on the element, multiplied by 5,
and
c) The generating force due to unbalanced mass forces.
1) Gyratory crusher with steep cone - The value of the generating
force due to unbalanced mass forces may be determined by the
formula:
R - (mlr, - m,r. )w'
P x =' R sin wI
P y = R cos wi
2) Gyratory crusher with fiat cone and a crusher
P = Po sin wi
Po = may be taken from the table below:
Type of Crusher
Size of Crusher
N
p.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
mm
rev/min
tonnes
Gyratory crusher
4> t 200
270
Inertial forces
with fiat cone
are not to be
considered
;PI 650
240
1'50
;P2 100
220
8'20
Jaw crusher
1200 X 900
170
6'00
1500xI200
135
9'00
2 IOJ. X 1 500
100
\2'00
NOTE 1 speed N 1

For crushers with dimensions as in tahle above1 but having different


P'o _

Po (Nl )'

13

IS : 1974 (Part IV) - 1979


NOTE 2 - For crushers of dimensions other than those mentioned in t? 1."te' above,
p. is to be assumed through interpolation.
NOTE 3 - In gyratory crusher with steep conc, force P acts at the centre of the main
shaft, while in crusher with flat cone, it acts at the stationary point. This force is to be
taken into consideration in the direction of minimum dimension of the foundation. In
jaw crusher, P acts at the main shaft axis level in the direction ormotion of the crusher.

3) Rolf crusher - The value given by the manufacturer of the


machine should be taken.
4) Hammer crusher - The generating force is to be calculated for
three different types of unbalancing;
i) Maximum unbalanced force of rotor caused by considerable
wear and tear of hammer ( assuming e = 1 mm)
R = mrew2 ,
ii) Unbalanced force at normal balancing of machine according
to manufacturer's specifications - 4-fold value to be considered for design, and
iii) Unbalanced force at catastrophic breakage of one hammer.
6.:I.l.:! Dynamic analysis - The dynamic computation of the foundation for gyratory crusher, jaw crusher and roll crusher in principle should
be in accordance with the provisions of IS : 2974 (Part 0-1969*. How
ever, foundation for hammer crusher and tube mills is analysed based on
the provisions of IS ; 2974 (Part III )-1975t.
a) Hammer crushers - Permissible amplitudes of displacement for
hammer crushers and eccentricity for which fonndations should be
developed should normally be given by the machine suppliers. In
the absence of these data, the following criteria may be assumed
for design.
Permissible Amplitude o/Displacement:
1) O' 3 mm for machines with operating frequency up to 300
cycles/min, and
2) 0'1 mm for machines with operating frequency above 300
cycles/min.
Eccentricity:
Regarding the calculation of unbalanced forces on account
of eccentricit~ due to wear and tear, etc, the following principle
may be followed:
i) One millimetre eccentricity to be assumed for non-reversible
hammer crusher of impact type.
--::-:::-:---:---:--:--:-

Code of practice for desiD and construction oimachine foundations: Part I Foundations
01' reciprocating type machmes (first rtvisicn ). .
tCode of practice for design and construction of machine foundations: Part III Founda
tioos for rotary type machines (medium and high frequency) (first revision).

14

IS : 2974 ( Part IV ) -1979


ii) Two millimetres eccentricity to be assumed for reversible

hammer crushers of impact type as well as attrition type.


The above eccentricities form the basis for checking structural
safety of the foundation as well as for limiting the amplitudes
within permissible limits as mentioned above.
b) Tube Mills
I) For the design of foundations for tube mills no dynamic
analysis is necessary. It would be adequate to determine the
soil stresses on the basis of the following loading:
i) Dead mass of the foundation;
ii) The mass of the machinery; and
iii) Horizontal component of the centrifugal force normal to
the axis of the drum (Fn). which may be evaluated as
below:
In mills provided with a short drum. 10 percent of the
mass of the mill ( excluding the ball charge and the materials
to be ground); and for mills provided with a long drum. it
may be taken as 20 percent of the mass as defined above.
It would be presumed that the mass of the mill is uniformly divided over
the two supports of the drum. For the purpose of computation of centrifugal forces short drums and long drums will be classified as follows:
Drums whose lengths do not exceed twice the diameters will be
termed as short drums. whereas drums with lengths exceeding twice
the diameters will be terined as long drums.

6.2.2

Pump~

6.2.2.1 !,oads - The following loads shall be considered:

a) Constructional loads, and


b) Total mass of pump multiplied by 3.
6.1.2:.2: Dynamic analysis - Insufficient clearance between the impeller
and the casing tends to increase the pressure surges, and the encasing wave
propagates through the water to the casing and to the foundation. The
frequency of this type of vibration is given below:
Nn

1=60
6.1.3 Motor Generators and Motor Drives
6.2.3.1 Loads - The following loads shall be considered:

Constructional loads;
b) The loads due to the machine itself multiplied by a dynamic factor
or 1; and

a)

15

J
)

IS: 1974 (Part IV) 1979


c) Torque load - The torque acting on the foundation of the motor
generator set may be obtained from the following equation'
M=27< I dN
60
dt
dNfdt, vary in practice from 2'8 to 10'4 and would be specified by
the manufacturers.
M should be multiplied by a dynamic factor of 2.
6.2.3.2 Dynamic analysis
a) Dynamic response check of the block foundation shall be carried
out as per IS : 2974 (Part 1)-1969*, and
b) Permissible amplitudes of vibration of displacement shall be as
follows:
For 750 to 1 500 rev/min - 0'06 to 0'04 mm
For less than 750 rev/min -0'08 to 0'12 mm.
NOTE - The lower permissible amplitudes are reconunended.

6.2.4 Rolling Mills - When designing rolling mills, the fo1!owing


elemerits shall be taken into consideration in the dynamic analysis:
a) Driving motor (see 6.3.4.1),
b) Motor generator set (see 6.2.3), and
c) Roller stand and gear box (see 6.::1.4.2).
6.2.4.1 Driving motor - Details are given below:
a) It usually has a block foundation to Which it is rigidly attached.
Consequently, the system may be considered as a rigid body
supported by the elastic soil;
b) The torque' of the motor will tend to rotate the foundation about an
axis in the plane of the foundation and perpendicular to the plane
of the torque through an angle.p. Therefore, the stresses on the
soil over the contact area will vary and' the maximum stress is :
Q
a.,r= F + C.ph.pMax

The value'" Max may be found by any acceptable practice; and


c) The computations for determining the forced vibrations and the
permissible amplitudes of displacement are the same as for motor
generators in 6.2.3.
6.2.4.2 Roller stand and gear box
a) General principles:
I) The purpose of the roller stand is to support the bearing of
the rollers, and the forces arising during rolling are transmitted
----:c-:----,,.....,..-,
"Code of practice for design and construction of machine foundations: Part I Found..
lions for reciprocating type machines (first revision).

16

IS : 2974 (Part IV) .1979


by it to the foundation. The gear box comprises of the gears
driving the rollers.
2) In the gear box, there wiII be torque of the same order of magnitude as those on the shaft of the driving motor. No external
load will be transmitted through the roller stand to the foundation since the forces occurring during rolling are only on the
roller stand. When the gear box and the roller stand are provided with separate foundations, the calculations for the gear
box shall be carried out in the same way as for the driving
motor.
3) If the roller stand, the gear box and the driving motor are
supported on a common foundation, the computations of the
foundation and of the soil stresses shall be carried out in the
following way:
The foundation shaH carry the total mass of the machinery and shall also be subjected to a torque of opposite direction to that acting on the motor shaft. When computing the
soil stresses, the sum of the external moments acting on the
foundation will be equal to 0; therefore, only the load of the
macWnery and the mass of the foundation need be taken into
consideration.
b) Design loads - For the analysis of stresses within the foundation
for the determination of pressure on the base, the following shall
be considered:
I) Loads - The following loads shall be considered:
i) Mass of the rolling mill equipment;
ii) Mass of the driving roll motor;

)
)
)

iii) Maximum disconnecting moment at the motor shaft;

iv) Horizontal force transmitted to the footings under manipulations and tilting devices; and
v) Erection loads.
2) Static computations of the foundation may be limited to the
following: .
i) Stress analysis of separate units of the foundation, such as
units weakened by openings, cantilevers and others;
ii) Computation of local stresses under supporting slabs;
iii) Analysis of stress within the foundation; and
iv) Computation of pressure transmitted to the soil.
c) Dynamic analysis - The foundation is considered to be a girder of
varying stiffness resting on an elastic base. For dynamic loads
listed in 6.11.4.1 (b) (1) (i) and 6.11.4.1: (b) (I) (ii), a value of the
17

IS : 2:974 ( Part IV ) - 1979

dynamic coefficient equal to 2 should be used in the calculations


of the mass of the roller mill and of the driving roll motu
For
dynmic loads listed in 6.2:.4.2: (b) (I) (iii) and 6.2.4.2 (b) (I) (iv),
the actual values should bo taken without introducing a dynamic
coefficient. The foundations subjected to horizontal impacts
should be designed for-the double value of the maximum horizontal
force.
7. CONSTRUC'fION CRITERIA
7.1 The concrete used shall be controlled concrete conforming to design
requirements. The grade of concrete should generally be M 15 to M 20
for block foundation and M 20 for formed foundation. The concrete shall
be designed and placed in accordance with IS: 456-1978*.
7.2 The concrete used shall be of plastic consistency without excessive

water. A slump of 50 to 80 mm is allowable. The water cement ratio shall


not exceed 0'45. The same consistency shall be maintained throughout the
concreting of foundation.
7.3 Continuous concreting shall be done as far as possible for the entire
block, leaving provisions for grouting (see 7.12).
7.4 In the process of machine assembly, prior to pouring cement grout
under the machine bed plate and in pockets for anchor bolts, the adjoining
foundation surface shall be cleaned well. This surface, except the pockets,
shall be ''!lade rough so as to secure, good bond with the fresh cement.
Cement grullt with non-shrinkage additive or suitable non-shrinking cement
grout shall be used where structurally required. Details of grouting shall
be as given in Appendix E orIS: 2974 (Part III )-1975t.

7.5 All units of foundation shall be provided with top and bott<;lm two-way
reinforcements. Reinforcement shall be provided along the surface only in
case of block foundation.
7.6 The amount of reinforcement in each foundation element unit shall not
be less than 50 kg/m' of concrete. Typical arrangements of reinforcements

are shown in Fig. I, 2 and 3.


7.7 Stirrups suitably spaced shall be provided to tie together the main
longitudinal bars.
7,8 The minimum diameter of the mild steel bars shall be 12 mm' and the

maximum spacing shall be 200 mm in order to take care of shrinkage in


concrete.
*Cocle of practice for plain and reinforced c(mcrete (third reQisio'I).
fCode of practice for design and construction of machine foundations: Part III Foundations for rotary type machines (medium and high frequency) (first revision).

1&

)
)

IS : 2974 (Part IV) -1979


7.9 T.~., concrete cover for protection of reinforcement shall be 75 mm
at the o.Iottom, 50 mm on the sides and 40 mm at the top.
7.10 The finished surface of the foundation shall be properly levelled and
checked before installing the machine.
7.11 For other details in case of frame foundations, provisions of IS: 2974
(Part III) - 1975' shall apply.
7.12 If construction joint is unavoidable, the plans of the joint shall be
horizontal and measures shall be taken to provide a proper joiut.
Reinforcement shall be continuous and before placing .the new -Jayer of
concrete the previously laid surface should be roughened, thor"ughly
cleaned and washed by a jet of water aud then covered by a layer of rich
I : 2 cement grout 20mm thick. Concrete shall be placed not later than 2
hours after the grout is laid..

APPENDIX A
(Clause 3.1 )
NOTATIONS

Symbol
Description
Unbalanced generating force
R
m,
Total mass of main shaft and crushing cone attachm,

ed to it ( iu crushing mills)
Mass of cam shaft and units rigidly connected with
it ( gears, counterweights and others)

Unit

t
t s"jm
t s'jm

m,

mass of rotor

t s'/m

r,

Distance between crusher axis and centre of gravity


of ecc~ntric shaft
Distance between the other axis of the crusher and
centre of gravity of eccentric shaft
Unbalanced generating force
Unbalanced generating force ............ at speed N
Unbalanced generating force ............ at speed N,
Unbalanced inertia force along x axis
Unbalanced inertia force along y axis
Angular frequency of the cam shaft
Time

'2

p
Po
P'o

p.
Py
IV

m
t

t
t
t
g-l

*Codeofpracticefor design and construction of machine foundations: Part III Fouodd.


tions for rotary type machines (medium and high frequency) (first rwision ).

19

.J
)
I

IS : 2974 ( Part IV ) - 1979

Description
Eccentricity
Frequency of the pressure changes in the pump
f
discharge
NorN, Speed
n
Number of impeller vanes
Torque moment
M
Mass moment of inertia of the rotating mass
I
v
Dynamic factor
Angle of rotation of the foundation
<P
Maximum
stress in soil
O'm.
Weight of concrete foundation and of the machinery
Q
Surface area of the foundation in contact with soil
F
C<P Coefficient of elastic non-uniform compression of
soil
Half dimensions of the foundation in the plane of
h
the torque
dN
Change in speed of the motor generating set

Symbol
e

dt

20

Unit
nh~l

cIs
revlmin
tm
t m 82
radian

tIm'
t

m'
kg/m'
m

revlmin

l
)
)

IS : 2974 ( Part IV) - 1979


I Con~pd from pag8 2 )

Foundations Subject to Dynamic Loads Subcommittee, BDC 43 : 1


Convener
SURI K. N.

DADINA

Representing
In personal capacity (P~820. Block P. New AJipore,
Calcutta)

Members
SHRI N. K. BAeu
DIRECTOR (TOO)

Cementation Company Ltd, Calcutta


Central Electlicity Authority, New Delhi
DEPUTY DJRECTOR ( TeO) (Alternate)
SHRI A. D. GUPTA
Fertilizer Corporation of India Ltd, Dhanbad
SHRI D. H. PATEL,( Alternate)
Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI M. IYENGAR
SHRI J. K. BAOCHI (Alternate)
Development Consultants Ltd, Calcutta
DR A. K. MUKHERJEE
SHRI S. K. RAY (Alternate)
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Bhopal
SHRI M. V. PANDIT
SHRt S. K. JAIN (Alternate)
.
University of Roorkee, Roorkee
BHRt R. PURl
Nagadi Consultants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
DR V. V.S. RAO
Metallurgical & Engineering Consultants (India)
SHay S. K. SANYAL
Ltd, Ranchi
StI1lctural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR),
DR P. SRINIVASULU
J<.oorkee
SHRI N. LAKSIIMANAN ( Alternate)

21

.J
)

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters.
Manak Shavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELH111 0002

Telephones: 323 0131,3233375, 323 9402


Fax: 91 11 3234062, 91 11 3239399, 91 11 3239382
Telegrams: Manaksan5tha

(Common to all Offices)


Central Laboratory:

Telephone

Plot No. 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010

6-77 00 32

RegIonal Offices:
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32376 17

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603843

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832 92 95

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'Pushpak', Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001

5501348

:f:Peenya Industrial Area, 1st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road,


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8394955

Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bha~bhada Road, T.T. Nagar. BHOPAL 462003

554021

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403627

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21 01 41

Plot No, 43, Sector 16 A, Mathura Road, FARIDABAD t21001

8-288801

Savitri Complex, I 16 G.T. Road, GHAZIABAD 201001

8-71 1996

53/5 Ward No.29, R.G. Barua Road, 5th By-lane, GUWAHATI781003

541137

58-56C, L.N. Gupta Marg, Nampally Station Road, HYDERABAD 500001

201083

E*52, Chitaranjan Marg, C- Scheme, JAIPUR 302001

372925

117/418 B, Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 208005

21 6876

Seth Bhawan,

238923

2nd Floor, Behind Leela Cinema, Naval Kishore Road,

LUG KNOW 22600t


NIT Building, Second Floor, Gokulpat Markel, NAGPUR 440010

52 5t 71

Patlipu1ra Indu:;;trial Estate, PATNA 800013

262305

Institution of Engineers (India) Building 1332 Shivaji Nagar, PUNE 411005

323635

T.G. No. 14/1421, University P. O. Palayam, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695034

621 17

*Sales Office is at 5 Chowrlnghee Approach, P ,0, Princep Stieet,


GALGUTIA 700072

27 to 85

tSales Office is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road, MUMBAI400007

3096528

:f:Sales Office is at 'F' Block, Unity Building, Narashimaraja Squate,

222 39 71

BAN GALORE 560002


Reprography Unit, 81S, New Delhi. India

l~

AMENDMENT NO.1
MARCH 1982
TO
IS: 2974 ( Part IV )1979! CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR DESIGN AND QONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

PART IV

FOUNDATIONS FOR ROTARY TYPE MACHINES


OF LOW FREQUENCY

I First Revision )
AlteratioDs
[Pag. 3, clause 0.2, lines 14 to 16, reference 10 IS : 2974 ( Part II )Substitute the following for the existing matter:

1966) -

, IS : 2974 (Part II )-1980 Code of practice for design and construction of machine foundations : Part I I Foundations for jmpact type
machines (drop and forge hammer foundations) (first reoision )
(Pag. 4. clause 2.1, lin. 2 ) - Substitute 'IS: 2974 ( Part II )1980+' for' IS :,2974 (Part II )-1966+ '.

( Page 4, foot-note with' ::: ' mark) existing foot-note:

Substitute the following for the


)

'tCode of practice for design and con!>truction of machine foundations: Part Il


Foundations for impact type machines (drop and forge hammer foundations (first

rlvision ).

(Page 12, clause 5.5.2, line 3) - Substitute' IS: 6403-19Blt' for


IS: 6403.1971t '.
(Pag. 12,foo/.no/. wilh '
existing foot-note:

t ' mark) -

Substitute the following for the

I tCode of practice for determination of bearing capacity of shaIIow


foundations
(first rtvisirm ). J

(Page IB, clause ,7.6) - Sub3titute the following for the existing

clause:
'1.6 The amount at minimum reinforcement for block foundation shall be
25 kg/mB of concrete. The amount of minimum reinforcement for frame
foundations shall be 40 kg/m s of concrete for base slab, 70 kg/ms of
concrete for columns and 90 kg/mB of concrete for top table. The typical
arrangements for the reinforcement for three types of foundation arc
shown in Fig. 1 to 3.'

( nne

43 )

Rcprograpby Unit, BIS, New Delbi, India

IS

2974 ( Part 5 ) 1981


(Reaffirmed 1993)

Indian Standard

( Reaffirmed 1998 )

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR


DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART 5 FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT MACHINES OTHER THAN HAMMER
( FORGING AND STAMPING PRESS, PIG BREAKER, DROP CRUSHER
AND JOLTER)

( First Revision)
Second Reprint FEBRUARY 1998

UDe

624.159.11

@ Cop),right 1988

BUR E A U OF

I N D I AN

S TAN DAR D S

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR'SHAH ZAFAR MARG


NEW DELHI IIOIJ02

Or 2

May 1988

1
)

18 I 29'74 ( Part 5 ) 1987

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
:MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
PART 5 FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPACT MACHINES OTHER THAN HAMMER
( FORGING AND STAMPING PRESS, PIG BREAltER, DROP CRUSHER
AND JOLTER)

( First Revision)
O.

FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard (Part !i) (First


Revision) was. adopted by the Bureau of
Indian Standards on 26 September 1987, after
the draft finalized by the Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Civil Engineering Division Council.

machines and equipment other than the


hammers.
0.3 This standard was first published in 1970.
This revision has been prepared based on
general experience gained in the implementation of this standard in the past 15 years. The
principal modifications made in this revision
are deletion of elevator and hoist tower structures ( which do not fit Into the scope of this
code), and inclusion of provisions for the faun.
clations for jolters.

0.2 The installation of machines and equipments such as forging, sheet metal and stamping presses, pig breakers and jolters involves

careful design of their foundations taking into


consideration the impact and related vibration
characteristics of the load and the condition of 0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a
the soil on which the foundation rests. While particular requirement of this standard is commany of the special features relat~ng to design plied with. the final value, observed or calculaand construction of such _machine foundations ted, expressing the result of a test or analysis,
will have to be as advised by the manufacturers shall be rounded off in accordance with IS : 2of these machines, still mos.t of the details will 196'0*. The number of significant places retaihave to be according to the general principles ned in the rounded of!' value should be the
of design. This standard lays down the general same as that of the specified value in this
principles of planning and design of reinforced standard.
concrete foundations supporting impact causing
Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised).

1. SCOPE

3. NECESSARY DATA

1.1 This standard ( Part 5 ) deals with design


and construction of block type foundations of
reinforced concrete for the installation of the
following machines:
a) Forging, sheet metal and stamping
presses,
b) Scrap breakers or pig breakers, and
c) Jolters.

3.1 The following information shall be obtained from the manufacturers of the machinery
for guidance in design.
a) Forging Sheet Metal and Stamping Presses
I) Layout and outline drawing of the
installation,
2) Details of anchor bolts and other
embedded parts,
3) Pressure to be exerted by the press
(p ),
4) Stroke of the press ( S),
5) Weight of the cross head ( w. ),
6) Gross weight ( wp ).
7) VJeight of material to be forged
(wm ),

2. TERMINOLOGY
2.{ For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in IS: 2974 (Part 1 )-1982"
shall apply.
*Code of practice for design and construction of
machine foundations: Part 1 Foundation for reciprocating type machines (SICOntJ rtuision ).

IS 2974 ( Part 5 ) 1987


8) Load-time relationship of the pulse
realized during the action of the
press ( p versus I ),
9) Dynamic force and moment in the
case of eccentric presses ( M), and
10) Height and cross section of steel
columns.

be taken to make a resilient connection using


rubber, cork, falt or any other sofi resilient
material.

4.1.3 Overbanging cantilever supports for


walkways sball be avoided as far as possible.
Where unavoidable, tbey sball be designed to
ensure adequate rigidity against vibrations.

b) Pig and Scrap Breaker Inslalla/ions


I) As in (a) (I) above,
2) As in (a) (2) above,
3) Weight of ram and.height of fall,
4) Wrigbt Of pig scrap, and
5) Constructional loads.

4.2 Permissible Strenes


4.2.\ Full value of permissible stresses for
steel and concrete as specified in IS : 456-1978
may be allowed if dynamic loads are considered
in detail design by applying suitable dynamic
and fatigue factors.
4.2.2 The approximate values of dynamic
elastic modulus of concrete for different grades
is' given below:
Dynamic Elastic
Grad. of Concrtt<

c) Joller
\) As in (a) (\) above
2) As in (a) (2) above
3) Weight of jolting table with rated
charge on it (
4) Weight of anvil ( W. ),
5) Frequency of jolts ( Blows/min ),
6) Height offall of the table or stroke
( S), and
7) Maximum pressure of tbe steaml
compressed air (p ).

Modulus

w, ),

kgf/cm l
3000eO
340000

M20
M-25
M30

370000
4.2.3 Soil - The soil stress below the found
ation" under the combined static and dynamic
loads sball not exceed 80 percent of the allowable stress under static loading determined in
accordance with IS : 640g-198It.

3.2 Data of G.;ound and Site ConditioDsThe following .oil data shall be known:
a) Soil profile and soil characteristics up
to a depth at least 3 times the mean
plan dimensions of the foundation
(wbicb can be taken as the square
root of tbe expected area) or bard
strata, whichever is less.
b) Soil investigation to tbe extent necessary in accordance witb IS: 1892
1979* and for determination of
dynamic properties of the soil in
accordance with IS : 52491977t.
c) The relative position of the water
table below ground at different times
of tbe year.

4.2.4 When seismic forces are considered in


design, the allowable stresses in soil may be
increased as specified in IS : 1893-1 984f.
4.3 General Provisions of Design
a) The centre of gravity of the macbine
as weJl as the foundation shall preferably lie on the same vertical line
passing through the centroid of tbe
base area.
b) The natural frequency of tbe founda
tion soil system (0).) sball not be a
whole number multiple of the operat.
ing frequency of impact ( "'m ). To
avoid resonance, the following inequality relation is suggested:

4. DESIGN CRITERIA
4.1 General

07

4.1.1 To avoid transmission of vibration, no


part of the machine foundation .hall be allowed
to have a rigid contact with parts of adjoining
structures. For best isolation, a gap is recommended between parts of the machine foundation
and adjacent !!Itructures.
4.1.2 In case it becomes necessary to support unimportant parts of a neighbouring
structures, sensitive to vibration measures shall

>

~
O>m

>

\'5

4.4 Dynamic Analysis


4.4.1 When Ih. Duration of Imptl1 is Nrglieib/.
but th. Effiet of Repeat.d Blows ( Porioaicity of
Blows) needs 10 b. Considered: The amplitude
( A ) of the foundation considered as a rigid

body resting on a spring (represented by soil


.Code of practice for plait:- aad reinforced concrete
( third revision).
tCode of practice for determination of bearing
capacity of shaJlow foundations (first rnis;on ).
lCriteria for earthquake resista[lt design of strue"
tures (third revision).

.Code of practice for subslIrface investigltioll for


foundation (fin, r~uision ).
tMetood ofteu for determination of dynamic pro ..
pertiell ohoH (first ,.oisWn ).

IS , 2974 ( Part 5 ) 1987


springs or other underlayers as the case may be
obtained from tbe relation:

A_

b) Step 2 - Obtain the dynamic magnification factor corresponding to the


period ratio I,/T, where I, is the doration of the blow. Fig. 1 gives values of
'I) for tbree standard forms of pulse
loading where '1 i. dynamic magnification factor. For any other arbitrary
loading, rigorous dynamic analysis
needs to be carried out.
cJ Step 3 - The dynamic force F. may
be obtained from the relation:

2Vkm Sin" (T;)

where Iis the impact momentum, k is the stiffness of the subgrade of the foundation, m i. the
total mass of the machine foundation, Tl is the
periodicity of blows and T i. tbe natural
period.
As a measure of simplification, in cases
where the impulse momentum is not specified,
tbe amplitude of motion of tbe foundation
body may be obtained from tbe following
approximate relation:
A =

Wv

OJ. WSin " ( ~

F.= ~'l p.
Where ~ i. the fatigue factor which
may be taken as two for normal
machinery and P d is the peak dynamic
force induced by the machine in each
hlow.

4.5 Forging aDd StalDpiag Presses

where W is falling weight, v is terminal


velocity and
i. natural frequency.

4.5.1 Forging sheet metal and stamping


presses may be hydraulic, eccentric or friction
type. The dynamic analysis of the foundation
may be carried out as explained in 4.4.

OJ.

4.4.2 When tlu Duration of Impaci is Nol NegLi.


gihle, and the Effici 'If 0.. Blow Alone need he
Considered: Following steps may be followed:

4.5.2 Alternatively, for stamping machines


a) Sle~ 1 - Obtain the natural period having anchor columns and resting on hard
( T) of the foundation-soil system as rock, in the absence of pressure time data the
dynamic magnification factor may be obtained
given in IS: 2974 ( Part I )-1982*.
V
Wh
---=- where 3 = E",n ; h
Code of practice for design and construction of from the relation Vg8
machine foundations ~: Part 1 Foundation for reciprocating type machines (sICond rlDuilm).
and A being tlie height and area of cross

2'

.:

...o

~
..

Pd

P.

a:: 2.a

p~
&

TRIANGULAR
I

16

!;(

Pd

HALF-SINE

RECTANGULAR

Ll

u.

1.2

u:

:z
C> 0.8

:::;:

Ll

:::;: 0.4

<t
Z

02

0'

06

08

10

12

14

16

18

2-0

IMPULSE RATIO. t" T


FlO. 1

DISPLACBMENT RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR THREE SrANDARD PULSES

:I

)
)

IS I 2974 CPart 5 )- 1987


section of anchor columns, W is the weight of
the machine without the cross head and V is
the velocity at the middle of stroke (S ) given
by 21tfmS, f m being the operating frequency of
the moving cross head in cvcles/sec. In the case
of large eccentric presses, other forms of
dynamic loads also occur. For design purposes,
a dynamic moment equal to five times the
normal torque and dynamic force equal to five
times the centrifugal force, both acting at the
centre of the fly wheel may be considered.
4.6 Pig Breakers or Serap Breakers

4.6.1 Hammers inducing very high impact


energy should be located, as far as possible,
from other structures susceptible to vibration,
namely laboratory buildings, shops, housing

and designed and placed in aceordance with


IS : 456-1978*. Concrete should be specified
on the basis of 28 days cube strength and shall
be of grade not less than M-20.

5.2 The concrete used should be of plastiC cons.jstency without excessive water. A slump of
5 to 8 em is allowable. The same consistency
shoula be maintained throughout the concreting.

5.3 Continuous concreting should be done as


far as possible for the entire ulock leaving provisions for grouting.
5.4 If a construction joint is unavoidable, the
plane of joint should be horizontal and measures should be taken to ensure perfect bond at
the joint. Reinforcement should be continuousacross the joint. Before plaCing the new layer
of concrete, the previously laid surface should
be roughened, thoroughly cleaned and washed
by a jet of water and then covered by a layer
of rich I :2" cement grout 2-cm thick. Concrete
should be placed not later than 2 hours after
the grout is laid.

precision equipment and complete" process lines,


etc.

4.6.2 The foundation for crushing platform


should' preferably be designed as a hollow cyli.
nder or hollow cup and made of RCC and
filled with well compacted sand. and scrap
ingots to increase the crushing efficiency.
4.6.3 The crushing anvil may also be placed
on RCe block in a rectangular or circular well.
Block foundation under the anvil should be
made~ of richer concrete and suitably reinforced
to withstand the high impact energy.

5.5 Crouting of the machine bed plate and the


pockets of anchor bolts should be done in a
cont'inuous operation. The surfaces should be
thoroughly cleaned prior to grouting. All
exposed surfaces should be made rough so as
to secure good bond with the fresh concrete.
Cement grout with non-shrinkage additive
should be used for purpose of grouting.

4.6.4 Timber battens should be suspended


on hinges from a metallic ring installed above
the wall and tied to each other at places by a
rope so that they can intercept the flying chips.
Rubber lining may also be provided at the
inner face for the same purpose.

5.6 All units of foundation should be provided


with reinforcements both ways and amount of
reinforcement should be not less than 25 kg/ms

4.7 Jolters

of concrete.

4.7.1 Bl~ck foundations supporting jolter


tables often used in foundry-forge plants are
designed following the procedure outlined
in 4.4. The moving weight in a jolter installation is the total weight of the jolter table
together with the charge on it.
5. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

5.7 The minimum diameter of bar should be


12 mm and the maximum spacing 200 mm in
order to take care of shrinkage in concrete.
Unless specified otherwise, the concrete cover
for the protection of reinforcement should be
a minimum of i 5 mm thick at the bottom and
50 mm thick on the sides and top.

5.1 The concrete for foundations and support..


jng structures should be controlled concrete

5.8 Foundation
anchored.

bolts

should

be" proper! y

*Code of praclice for plain and reinforced concrete


( third reuisjon ).

- 7

Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of tbe activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.

Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior pennission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in tbe course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to tbe Director (Publication), BIS.

Review oflndian Standards


Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates tbat changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of 'BlS Handbook' and 'Standards Monthly Additions'.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc: No. CHD 025 ( 0251 )
)

Amendments Issued Since Publication


Amend No.

Text Affected

Date of Issue

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS


Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Banadur Shah Zafat Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones: 32301 31, 323 33 75, 323 94 02

Telegrams: ~Aanaksanstha
(Common to all offic6s)

Regional Offices:
Central

Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg


NEW DELHI 110002

Eastern

1/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.J.P. Road, Maniktola


CALCUTTA 700054

Telephone
3237617,3233841
337 8499,3378561
{ 33786 26, 337 91 20

Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022


Southern
Western

60 38 43
{ 602025

C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113

23502 16,2350442
{ 2351519,2352315

: Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East)


MUMBAI 400093

832 92 95, 832 78 58


{ 83278 91, 832 78 92

Branches: AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.


COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATJ.
HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW. NAGPUR.
PATNA. PUNE. THIR.UVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed by Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi-

.. J

IS 13301 : 1992

'4:rn:cft~ 'fT;:rCfi

11!lIT'1

'fIefT

( Reaffirmed 1997 )

~ f~~ CfiPl'1-fef~tT'f ~~err 11T~({m f~;g:Tt=~

Indian, Standard

VIBRATION ISOLATION FOR MACHINE


FOUNDATIONS - GUIDELINES
UDC 624'15; 628'511'4

t) BIS 1992

BUR E A U OF I N D I AN S TAN DAR D S


MANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 1 10002
July 1992

Price Group 3

)
)

Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the
Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division
Council.
This code is meant to provide necessary information and assistance in the choice of vibration isolators
in machine foundation so as to ensure a smooth working of the machinery supported by it as well as to
reduce the transmitted vibration into the surrounding environment. It does not imply, however, that
use of external isolators is obligatory in a machine foundation.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the
final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or ana lysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS 2 : 1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )'. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value shoUld be tbe same as that of the specified value in this
standard.

)
)
I

IS 13Mt : lHit

Indian Standard

VIBRATION ISOLATION FOR MACHINE


FOUNDATIONS - GUIDELINES
1 SCOPE

influence of the supported weight of the system


in the direction of vibration considered.

1.1 This standard lays down general guidelines


foc vibration isolation for machine foundation.

2 REFERENCE
2.1 IS 5249 : 1991 'Method of test for determination of dynamic properties of soil ( _ d
reVision )' is a necesary adjunct to this standard.

F.or effective vibration isolation, the natural


frequency shall preferably be less than 0'4 fm
under harmonic excitation where f m i. the
frequency of operation of the machine.
Tallie 1 Effecti,e Freqaeoey Range for
Vibration Isolators

3 TERMINOLOGY
SI
3.0 For ttiepurpose of this standard, the follow- . No.
ing definitions shall apply.
3.1 Active Isolation
Reduction of the periodic or shock type of
forces transmitted by a machine installation
into the surroundings by the working of the
machinery itself.
3.2 Passive Isolation
Isolation of a sensitive installation against
ambient vibrations emanating from eKternal
iources and already existing in the vicinity.
3.3 Transmissibility
The ratio of the peak amplitude of the transmitted force to the applied dynamic force in the
case of active isolation.

1'ht ratio of the amplitude .of: the sensitive


eq.uipment to that prevailing at the base in the
cae.ofpassive isolation.
'

3'.. Frequency Ratio


lloatio of operating frequency of the macbine to
the natural frequency of an elastic system.
3;5 Dllmping Ratio
Ratio of the damping present in a system to
that of critical damping for the same system.
4 TYPES OF VIBRATION ISOLATORS

Table I gives an approximate range of natural


frequencies that can be obtained with different types of vibration isolators. For an
ideaJized single degree freedom system, the
natnral frequency 'f.' may be obtained using
the relation
1

Rajf,e of Natural
reqaem:les
(fmIDH.) .

I}
2)

Metal helicals
Rubber

3)

Cork
Air ( pneumatic type)

4)

5.1 Coil Sprinp


The vertical stiffness of closely coiled helical
springs is given by
I
Gd'
k ' = n 8D8
where
k. - vertical stift'ness;
G = shear modulus of the spring material.
d = diameter of wire,
D = diameter of coil, and
n = number of coils.
The damping in steel may be taken in the range of
Oto 0'5 percent of criticahmless more appropriate
values based on actual test data are available.
The horizontal stiffness of the spring is given by
Kh -k. R
where
1'0613
R = [ - - . tan (0'9422 vo-)Vo

= [( fIofvo)
Vo -

/-

- 0.6142 ]"8

a.ID

Po = hiD

8. = vertical deformation, and


h = height of spring.

.-mere g is the acceleration due to gt:8\!ity and


a, i the static deflection suffered under the
1

2-10
5-30
25-60
0530

5 DYNAMICPltOPEllTIES OF CEltTAIN
MATERIALS USED IN VIBRATION
ISOLATION

(~ - 1)]

f.= 277 'V ~

Type

)
)

IS 13301 : 1992

. where

5.2 Rubber Springs

E = Young's modulus of the material,


G 0;= shear modulus of the material,
A =. bearing area,
t = thickness, and
k., k. = verticlll and horizontal sliITnc;s,
respectively,

Rubber springs can be used either under compression or shear, The stiffness of the rubber
pad under axial compression can be obtained
from the relation
I [1'0
E(1+2a<A'rJ

1 ]

k; = A

+ IF

where

k.

vertical stiffness under axial compression,

thickness of lhe rubber pad,


bearing area over the pad,

A=

Ar

E, B ana a

The dynamic modulus of cork shows a high


degree of scatter and generllJly lies in the range'
10 to 40 Nimmo, The damping ratio lies in the
range of 2,5 to 7'5%. A figure of 6% 'is
recommended in design practice for preliminary
designs,

area ratio defined as the ratio of


Lhe force free surface area to the
bearing area,

constants given in Table 2,

Felt has a Young's modulus of around 80 Njnlnj


and has a damping factor nearly same as cork:
6 DESlGN OF VIBRATION ISOLATORS
6.1 Under Steady State Loads

Table 2 Properties of Natural Rubber


Compounds
Shore.
Hardness
(S )
40
45
50
55
60
65
70

Young's

Shear

Modulus

Mod.lus

N/sq. rom N/sq. 111m


1'53
0'46
1'84
0'55
0'65
2'24
3'31
0'83
4'54
1'08
5'96
1'40
7'49
1'76

Bulk.
Modulus
8

N/sq.

m111

1019'4
IOW4
[ 0[9,4
1 111 '1
1 172.2
1 233'4
1 294'6

where

W85

. T = tntnsmissibility,
'I = the frequency ratio ( wi wn
w = operating frequency,
Wn = natural frequency, and
~ = damping ratio:

080
0'73
064
0'57
054
0'53

The horizontal stiffness is given by

kb

The term transmissibility (T) under a 'Lcady


state excitation for an idealized single :dcgrcc.
freedom systcm may be written as
T =
( 1 + 4~' ;' )112
'" .
[ ( I - ~' )' + 4~' ~, JlI'

= ( G:)

where

Ie. = horizontal stiffness,


A = bearing area, and
t = thickness,
The damping ratio in rubber generally varies
hetween 2% and 10%, A figure of 5% is
recommended for design practice for preliminary designs,

Figure 1 shows a plot using which ihe siaiic


de1lection required for th"supported weight "f
the system to obtain any given Ievcl of trans ..
missibility in the desired direction for 'various
disturbing frequencies of the machinery may be
derived, The ragion below the shaded line
indicates. amplification while that above this
line suggests isolation. For effective isolation,
the frequency ratio shall be greater ,than
.; 2( Fig, 2 ),
6.2 Shock Loading

The natural period shaH be at least:


a) 6 . times the duration
pulse,

.5,3 Other Materials

b) 375 itmes the duration


pulse, and

The stiffness of other elastic materials such as


cork, felt, etc, which are also available in the
form of pads can be obtained using the
relations
k. = ( EAII )
and kb - (GAil)

(hr rcctangulai'
fOl'

the ::;inus(lidal

c) 3'00 times the duration for the lriangulal'


pulse to achieve transmissibility less thall
unity.

The variation of transmissibility in the case of'


an undamped system for different pulse-shape,'

J
)

ISH30h 199a

30000~~~~Ff===F~=F=f=F~~~~~~~++fR
2 0 000

k::''''''''':f''-..:d-+k:--+-++-++-H-WI+

15000~~~~~~~~-+-+~~~~+' --+~~-+~~~

1000og~~l.;.m.
98
7000K:
. Q

~v

Q.

"

5000~

><)

3 000

2 000
I 500

UJ

UJ

it:
lL

. .-0
2~~~i~9"
8i
~-?~S
~.P
S90'

"'t-..

9:'

~ .... :--.. Otv4~cQ. ~


~,J

,.S ,::;:rS

"2 ~.!i;:J""

......,bS ~
~

:::>

<h

~'$

O(JS

I-

~""

300

45

'S 80

'tv

1 000
700
500

<!l

96

I .....

I':

~ ~

is I,f.i ~

"-I

tv-<1

'U"'--;F;.
~l "'~

~C;Q)\,s:;-'

.....

I'.

-....;. ......
:$:

~t.... ~J;

...... ,..,

'- .........; i:"t'~


t-...
r-... r-...i'

2D O t - - - .

150

1"",

. 100
0025 .00.5

....;

........ .
.0125

.05

025

.25

.125

t---.

.5

rNJI

1-25

I ISOLATION EFFICIBNCY

01' RESILIENTLY

3-0I

MOUN~EP SYSTEMS

IIA r-- 0,05


,
:-,-010

J....

I" I\-

>-

:::l

2'0

en
en
~

zrn

1'0 .-/

-0'.15
025

I-

1--0375
1\ ~O50

~~:O
~

I~

,,I~

0::
I-

o
o

,,

\0 0,[2

;::--..'-

"~ 20

3'0

FREQUENCY RAT 10
FIG. 2

"0

5'

11.,

VARIATION OF TRANSMISSIDlLlTY (TJ WITH FRhQUhNCY RATIO (-~) FOR STEADY


STATE DYNAMIC LOAt>lNG

25
.'

STATIC DEFLECTION {eml


FIG.

':'; .

1
)

IS 13301 : 1992

I
b) Stability - To avoid instability of coiled
springs, the axial deformation shall be
limited to 0'5 h and the buckling stability
factor'S', to be evaluated from the
following expression, shaH be greater than

ill shown in Fig. 3. The notation used in Fig. 3


are:
p~ = transmitted force,
P = pea\[ force,
t = duration of the pulse, alld
T. = natural period.

"5.

S= 1'296 [

(~o/v.

7 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

7.1 Metal Springs


a) Strength - Th." shear s1ress in a closely

The factors ~o and

-1 ).

429
vo'

}'f'

(~olv.-l) ]
Vo

are defined in 5.].

coiled helical spring under axial loa<ling

can be obtained from the relation


'r.

7.2 Rubber Spring


a) Allowable Bearing Pressure - The allowable bearing pressure shall be specified by
the manufacturer. For preliminary designs,
however, linear variation in allowable
bearing pressure between 0'8 Nlmm' and
16 N/mm' may be assumed in the range
of shore hardness values between 40 and
70 degrees.
b) AllolVable Shear Slress - The allowable
shear stress is also required to be specified
by the manufacturer. As in the earlier
case, a linear variation in allowable shear
stress between 0'3 to 05 NImmO may be
assumed for preliminary designs for shore
hll1'dness values lying between 40 and 70
degrees.
c) From stability considerations, the thickness of the rubber pad shall be limited to
one-fifth of its width.
d) Te"" have shows that the dynamic
characteristics of rubber pa(" exhibit a

(8 "iiiPD)
IX.

where
't'y =
P=
D=
d=

shear stress.
applied load,
diameter of coil,
diameter of wire, and
oc. = 1+ "25 (dID) + 0'875 (dID)1
(diD )8.
The shear stress under horizontal loading is
given by
80Ch HD )
'I'h = (
0Jtd3

where

'. = horizontal shear stress,


H

'h

= (\'01" )

applied horiwntalload, and

~o ~ Vo

)
)

20

n..

16

.....

n.. 1.2

l-

<I

Ct:

0'8

w
(,)
04
Ct:

IL

01

02

0,

0'6

08

10

PERIOD RATIO (tlTn)


F,G. 3 VARIATION OF TR.'INSMISSIIlILITY WITH PERIOD RATIO FOR PULSE l.OADING

)
)

IS 13301 : 1992

treated with suitable preservatives before


use.
d) Tbe dynamic characteristics of cork pads
show considerable scatter and non ..
linearity. Tests have shown tbat the
thickness of the cork pad, the static stress
level and the amplitude of vibration
influence it, dynamic properties, Besides,
considerable creep deformation occurs
under a given static stress level and this
tends to in crease the stiffness and reduce
isolation efficiency. All the above factors
are required to be considered in the

non-linear character. Further, the stiffness


of the rubber pad depends on the level
of the static stress and the amplitude of
vibration ( or dynamic strain ). Laboratory
tests in the form of steady state resonance
tests .are, therefore, recommended on
randomly chosen product samples under
the expected static stress and dynamic
strain levels. This will provide tbe true
picture of the dynamic stiffness and
damping present in vibration isolators,
that are being commercially marketed
today.

p"""...h.'l.el\t"!~'.'G')"lIi.lon.f'Cth.F~J1'lJYlmic.._

'efcare'srllul ne-taxe1rnr<mb'Urunresriami:u
free sides of the pad type isolators where
used.

properties of cork pads before tbey are


used in important machinery installation"

8 TRENCH ISOLATION

7.3 Cork Pads


a) Bearing Pressure - The allowable bearing
pressure on cork pads usually varies between 1 and 4 kg/cm'. The true value shaH
be ascertained from the manufacturers'
recommendation based on tests.
b) Cork sheets lose their strength under
compressive loads if the edges of the pads
are left free. Hence, the side faces have
to be enclosed in steel frames to prevent
their lateral expansion.
c) Contact with oil or water reduces the
efficiency of cork pads and bence sball be

Trench isolation can be effectively used for


active isolation in an industrial environment
(Fig. 4 ).
For active isolation, the depth of the trench
sball at least be 0'6 L, where L is the length of
the Rayleigh wa ve wbich is nearly equal to the
lengtb . of the shear wave ( L,). Tbe latter is
given by [( G/p )J/'/f] where Gis sbear modulus,
p is the mass density of the soil, and f is fre
quency ( Hz ) of incoming wave. L is obtained
from in-situ wave propagation tests as in
IS 5249 : 1991.

~
..

P Sin I.lmt

I
k

C\"0
-c:;r-,..,

t-:-

--

-d\J 'u;nnJr ~{

(aj Active Type

FIG. 4

I 1

"m?

(b) Passive Type


VIBRATION ISOLATION

J77

)
)

Staadard Mark
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Standards Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder. The Standard Mark on
products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been
produced to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of
inspection, testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated
by the producer. Standard marked products are also continuously checked byBIS for confonnity to that standard as a further safeguard. Details of condition. under which a licence
for the Use of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be
obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards.
- - - - . - . -..

---~.-.----

...

-~--~.-------.------------

J
)

Burean of Indian Standards


BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of good.
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implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ), BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards
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issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of tho
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Amendments Issned Since Publication


Amend No.

Date of Issue

Text Affected

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