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M2
Unit 2
Unit2
Dr.Prabodh Bajpai
AssociateProfessor
Department of Electrical Engineering
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur
M2 Transformer
U2 Practicalsinglephasetransformer
Takingfinitepermeabilityofcoreintoaccount
Takingcorelossintoaccount
Takingwindingresistancesandleakagefluxinto
account
Equivalentcircuitofanpracticaltransformer
U2 Practicalsinglephasetransformer
PracticalTransformer
Thecorematerialwillhavefinitepermeability,
p
y
Therewillbeeddycurrentandhysteresislosses
t ki
takingplaceinthecore,
l
i th
There will be leakage fluxes, and
Therewillbeleakagefluxes,and
Finitewindingresistances.
Finitepermeability
Afinitemagnetizingcurrentforestablishingflux
in the core
inthecore
Fluxlevelincoreisdecidedbyvoltage,frequency
andnumberofturnsofprimaryanddoesnot
dependuponthenatureofthecorematerial
max
V1
2 fN
Amountofmagnetizingcurrentdrawnwillbe
f
ii
d
ill b
differentfordifferentcorematerial
H max
N1 I m max
l
, Im
I m max
2
Finitepermeability
MagnetizingmmfImN1mustexistinthetransformer
coreallthetime,independentofthedegreeofloading.
Underloadedcondition,netmmf,actinginthe
magneticcircuitisonceagainImN1 asmmfsI2N1and
I2N2 canceleachother.
l
h h
Transformerhavingafinitemagnetizingcurrentcanbe
modeledbyanidealtransformerwithafixed
magnetizingreactanceXm acrosstheprimary.
im
m sin t
,
N1
Im
RMS value I m
V1
V1
N12 X m
2 N1
2 N1
V1
2 f N1
Phasor diagramwithmagnetizing
I
'
currenttakenintoaccount
k
I2 a
Corelosseffect
Magnitudeofthecorelossispracticallyindependent
of the degree of loading and this loss must be drawn
ofthedegreeofloadingandthislossmustbedrawn
fromthesupply
Th
Theeffectofcorelossismanifestedbyheatingofthe
ff t f
l
i
if t d b h ti
f th
coreandisarealpower(orenergy)loss.
Totakethisintoaccount,afixedresistanceRclis
connectedinparallelwiththemagnetizingreactance
ThenoloadcurrentdrawnfromthesupplyIo,(sumof
Icl and Im )isabout2to5%oftheratedcurrent
Phasor Diagramofatransformerhavingcore
loss and magnetising current.
lossandmagnetising
current.
10
Takingcorelossintoaccount
Effectofwindingresistancesandleakageflux
Mutualfluxalonetakespartintheenergytransfer
fromtheprimarytothesecondary,theeffectofthe
leakage flux causes additional voltage drop
leakagefluxcausesadditionalvoltagedrop.
Thisdropcanberepresentedbyasmallreactance
d
dropcalledtheleakagereactancedrop.
ll d h l k
d
Theeffectofwindingresistancesaretakeninto
accountbywayofsmalllumpedresistances.
Resistance
Resistanceandleakagereactancedropswillbepresent
and leakage reactance drops will be present
onboththesides
The
Theparallelimpedanceismuchhigherthantheseries
parallel impedance is much higher than the series
leakageimpedanceofboththesides
Takingwindingresistancesandleakage
fluxintoaccount
13
ExactEquivalentcircuitreferredto
primary and secondary sides
primaryandsecondarysides
14
EquivalentCircuit
q
R1
V1
'
2
N1 N2
R2
X2
Io
I1
Ro
Xo
E1
E2
V1
V2
or
N1 N 2
N1
N2
E1
I2
E2
V2
load
X1
I 2 N 2 I N1 I 1 N1
'
2
15
Referredimpedance
X1
R1
V1
'
2
N1 N2
R2
Io
I1
Ro
Xo
E1
I2
E2
N1
N1
E1
E2
I 2 R 2 jX
N2
N2
X2
V2
V 2
N1
N1 ' N 1
R2 jX 2 V2
E1
E2
I 2
N2
N2 N2
16
N1
N1 ' N1
R2 jX 2 V2
E1
E2
I 2
N2
N2 N2
Define:
2
R'2
N1
N1
R2 jX 2
E1 I
V2
N2
N2
'
2
N1
R2
N2
2
N1
X 2
N2
' N1
V2
V2
N2
X '2
Then:
EquivalentCircuitReferredto
SourceSide
X1
R1
V1
'
2
N1 N2 R2
Io
Ro
E1
Xo
R'2
Io
I1
Ro
Xo
E1
I 2'
X2
I2
E2
X1
R1
V1
I1
V2
X '2
V2'
18
Practical Considerations
PracticalConsiderations
X1
R1
V1
R1
X 1
X '2
R'2
Io
I1
Ro
'
Ro R2
'
X o X 2
Xo
E1
'
2
I1
V2'
'
I2 Io
'
I 2 I o
I1
19
Approximateequivalentcircuit
X1
R1
V1
Io
I1
Ro
R1
V1
X '2
R '2
I 2'
V 2'
Xo
X1
R'2
I1
X '2
I 2'
Io
Ro
Xo
V2'
20
Approximateequivalentcircuit
R1
V1
Define:
X1
'
2
X '2
I 1 I '2
'
Req R1 R2
'
X eq X 1 X 2
V2'
Req X eq
21
Analysis of Transformer
AnalysisofTransformer
Req
V1
X eqq
'
I1 I 2
V2'
'
'
V1 V2 I 2 Req jX eq
22
Req
V1
X eq
'
I1 I 2
V2'
V1
I '2 Z eq
V 2'
I '2 X eq
I '2 R eq
'
I2
23
Example
p
Atransformerhasthefollowingparameters:
N1
10
N2
Req R1 R2' 1;
Z l 0.530
o
X 0 5000
24
Solution
'
I1 I 2
N1
50
Z Z L
N2
'
L
X eq
Req
V1
V2'
0
V
1000
0
o
1
17
.
7
38
.
31
A
I 2'
'
o
Req j X eq Z L 1 j 10 50 30
V I Z 17.7 38.31
'
2
'
2
'
L
50 30 885 8.31
o
N2
1
V2 V
885 88.5 V
N1
10
'
2
25
Terminologies
V2
LoadVoltage
LoadVoltagereferredtoSourceside
d l
f
d S
id
N1
V2
V
N2
'
2
L dC
LoadCurrent
t
I2
LoadcurrentreferredtoSourceside
N1
R2
R
N2
'
2
N1
X 2
X
N2
'
2
N2
I
I2
N1
'
2
26
RatingsofActual3phaseTransformer
g
p
Apparent Power (3phase)
ApparentPower(3phase)
100MVA,13.8/138KV
'
2
linetoline
line
to line
V2
linetoline
27