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Gas turbines
Brayton cycle
Refrigeration
Reversed Brayton cycle
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More Terminology
Terminology
Bore = d
Stroke = s
2
d
Displacement volume =DV = s
4
Clearance volume = CV
Compression ratio = r
VBDC
DV + CV
=
r=
CV
VTDC
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MEP
W net
=
V max V min
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Real Otto
Cycle
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Performance of Cycle
Efficiency:
w net
=
q in
q in = u 3 u 2
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Cycle Performance
Get net work from energy balance of cycle:
w net = q in q out
Substituting for qin and qout:
w net = (u 3 u 2 ) (u 4 u1 )
Efficiency is then:
w net
=
q in
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Cycle Performance
Substituting for net work and heat input:
(u 3 - u 2 ) - (u 4 - u1 )
=
(u 3 - u 2 )
(u 4 - u1 )
= 1
(u 3 - u 2 )
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(u 4 - u1 ) c v (T4 - T1 )
= 1
=
(u 3 - u 2 ) c v (T3 - T2 )
(T4 - T1 )
= 1
(T3 - T2 )
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k 1
Thus
=r
k 1
T4 T3
=
T1 T2
T4 V4
=
T3 V3
k 1
1
r k 1
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T1
1
=1
= 1 k 1
T2
r
This looks like the Carnot efficiency, but it is
not! T1 and T2 are not constant.
What are the limitations for this expression?
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2
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1
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Sample Problem
The air at the beginning of the compression stroke of
an air-standard Otto cycle is at 95 kPa and 22C and
the cylinder volume is 5600 cm3. The compression
ratio is 9 and 8.6 kJ are added during the heat
addition process. Calculate:
(a)
the temperature and pressure after the
compression
and heat addition process
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle
Use cold air cycle assumptions.
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r = V1 /V2 = V4 /V3 = 9
P
Q23 = 8.6 kJ
2
T1 = 299 K
1 P = 0.95 bar
1
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Major assumptions
T2 = (22 + 273)K (9 )
1.4 1
25
3
q
8.6 kJ 6.29x10 kg
T3 = + T2 =
705.6 K
cv
0.855 kJ
kg
T3 = 2304.7 K
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Thermal Efficiency
= 1
1
r
k 1
=1
1
1.4 1
= 0.585
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Performance of cycle
Efficiency:
w net
=
q in
q in = h 3 h 2 Why enthalpies?
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w net = q in q out
Substituting for qin and qout:
w net = (h 3 h 2 ) (u 4 u1 )
As we did with the Otto cycle:
w net
=
q in
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(h 3 - h 2 ) - (u 4 - u1 )
=
(h 3 - h 2 )
(u 4 - u1 )
= 1
(h 3 - h 2 )
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c v (T4 - T1 )
(T4 - T1 )
= 1
= 1
c p (T3 - T2 )
k(T3 - T2 )
Its possible to rewrite this in a simpler form if we
define a new term:
V3
rc =
= cutoff ratio
V2
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1 rc 1
= 1 k 1
r k (rc 1)
k
k = 1.4
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Sample Problem
A Diesel air-standard cycle has a compression ratio
of 15:1. The pressure and temperature at the
beginning of the compression are 100 kPa and 17 C,
respectively. If the maximum temperature of the
cycle is 2250 K, determine:
1. the cutoff ratio
2. the thermal efficiency
3. the mean effective pressure
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Draw cycle
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Begin analysis
Look at cutoff ratio:
rc = V3 V2 = (mRT3 P3 ) / (m RT2 P2 )
rc = T3 T2 need T2
Get T2 from isentropic relationship:
T2 = T1 (V1 V2 )
k 1
1.4 1
T2 = 856.7 K
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More analysis
Cutoff ratio is then:
rc 1
1
= 1 k 1
r k (rc 1)
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More analysis
Plug numbers into thermal efficiency:
1
= 1 0.4
15
2.62 1
1.4(2.62 1)
1.4
= 0.574
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