Different aspects to consider

selecting FGD type of technology

Lars-Erik Johansson
Power-Gen India & Central Asia, 19-21 April, 2012, New Delhi, India

Agenda

1st topic

Introduction and classification of FGD

2nd topic

Different type of FGD with main features

3rd topic

Different aspects for considerations

4th topic

Examples of evaluations

5th topic

Conclusions
Page 2

ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Emissions to Air and its Effects

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WHO air quality guidelines

for major air pollutants

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particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

SO2 Emission Requirements (mg/Nm3)

National
Standards
U.S.
W. Europe
E. Europe
Pacific
Japan
Taiwan
South Korea
China

Current
Requirement

250 (50) (3-4 y)

400
400 - Uncapped
Case-By-Case
170-860
1430
100-200
100-200 (50)

<200
<200
<400
<400
<200
<400

Efficiencies requested from 80 % up to 98 %

Page 5
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particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

First utility FGD in the world: London,

England
Battersea Power Station - 1935
Used alkaline Thames river
water to scrub SO2
Scrubber was made of wood

Worked fine Stopped due to

the plume

Great Lo ndon Smog o f 1952

Battersea power station site of first

FGD

2008: Newly unveiled plan for Battersea

Power Station

Page 6

ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Classification of post-combustion FGD

Wet systems
- Operating at saturated conditions
- Using slurry or solution in the flue gas with nozzles to
create mass transfer between flue gas and liquid

Complete dry systems

- Introducing dry absorbent (lime or bicarbonate)
- Limited performance without controlling the temperature

DFGD operation with controlled temperature

- Spray dryer absorber using a slurry
- Circulating Dry Scrubber or NID using recycle solids in
combination with a fabric filter

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ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Most common principles for

Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD)
FGD options

WET FGD

Flue Gas
Desulphurisation

FGD type

End Product

Open Spray Tower

Lime/Lime Stone

Gypsum

Bubbling bed/
Tray absorber
Lime/Lime Stone

Gypsum

FGD Absorber
Sea water

None

Spray Dryer
Absorber

Sulphite

Circulating
Dry Scrubber/
NID

Sulphite

Dry Options
(DFGD)

Page 8
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Agenda

1st topic

Introduction and classification of FGD

2nd topic

Different type of FGD with main features

3rd topic

Different aspects for considerations

4th topic

Examples of evaluations

5th topic

Conclusion
Page 9

ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Limestone WFGD Process Diagram

STACK

ABSORBER
WATER

SPRAY TOWER
ABSORBER

ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR

TO BALL
MILL

MAKE-UP
WATER
TANK
CHLORIDE
PURGE

LIMESTONE
HYDROCLONE

AIR

BELT FILTER

GYPSUM
FROM MW
TANK

DEWATERING
BALL MILL

REAGENT
PREPARATION

Page 10

ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Limestone/Forced Oxidation
CO2
(Carbon dioxide)

H2O
(Water)

SO2
(Sulfur dioxide)

CaCO3
(Calcium carbonate,
limestone)

O2

CaSO42H2O
(Calcium sulfate,
gypsum)

(Oxygen)

SO2 + CaCO3 + O2 + H2O CaSO42H2O + CO2

Page 11
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Typical LS WFGD

CPS Energy, J.K. Spruce Unit 2, US, 750 MW

Page 12
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particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

DFGD technology specific features

Lime-based semi-dry FGD technology
Control the temperature to meet high performance
Multi-pollutant control: High efficiency removal of SO2,
SO3, PM, HCl, and HF
Fuel flexibility of up to 2.5% sulphur coal or higher
Several types
- Spray Dryer Absorber (SDA)
Slurry based
- Circulating Dry Scrubber (CDS)
Introducing water and recycle solids independently in one
or several high velocity sections (venturis)
- NID
Premixing of recycle solids and water
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ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Spray Dryer Absorber

CaO + H2O -> Ca(OH)2 + heat

SO2 + Ca(OH)2(s) -> CaSO3.H2O(s) + H2O
Page 14
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Spray Dryer Absorber

Atomizing of slurry into small droplet by atomizing disc

(shown) or two-media nozzles
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particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

NID Flow Schematics

Reactor

Mixing Zone

Injection Zone

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particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

NID-C Modular Concept

Multiple, independently isolatable
modules
Dampers
- Upstream of reactor
- Downstream of FF compartment

Nominal gas flows corresponding

to 15 - 70 MWel per module
Can be designed to achieve
emissions guarantees at full load
with one module out of service

Allows for Turn-Down up to 60% without Recirculation

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ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Recent development using Modular Design

(NID-C)

Unit
1

Stack
Unit
2

Modularization Offers Arrangement Flexibility and

adaption to larger sizes
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ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Modular Design (NID-C)

Shop fabrication drastically

cheaper than field fabrication

Allows high degree of shop

fabrication even with truck
shipment
-

Reactors
Inlet ducts
Day silos
Mixers
Hydrators

Barge access allows

further pre-assembly
-

Fabric filter compartments

Inlet/outlet plenums

Modularization Lowers Construction Costs

Page 19
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Recent NID-C application

Location

Indian River, US

Capacity

410 MW

Fuel

Coal, 2,5 % S

SO2 removal

96 % (75 PPM)

Others

HCl, SO3, HF
Particulate, Opacity

Start-up

2012

DFGD, NID-C was most favourable evaluated, toward

other technologies
Page 20
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Sea Water Flue Gas Desulphurization

(SWFGD)

Sea Water

Flue
Gas

Dust
Collector

Sea Water

SO2
Absorber

Sea Water
Treatment
Plant

Reheat
Equipment

Clean
Flue
Gas

Air

Treated
Sea Water

Page 21
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Sea Water Flue Gas Desulphurization

(SWFGD)

SO2 + H2O SO32- + 2H+

(absorption)

H+ + HCO3- + CO2 + H2O

(neutralisation)

SO32-

(oxidation)
+ O2 SO42-

CO2
H2O
SO42Page 22

ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Alstom SWFGD 3D Layout

GGH

ESP or FF

ID Fan

Absorber

Absorber
Pump

SWTP

Aeration
Fan

Booster Fan

Page 23
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Discharge seawater quality

Sea Water Treatment Plant is a key for good discharge

quality
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particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Haimen Power Plant

Location

Haimen, P.R. China

Capacity

2 x 1000MW

Fuel

Coal, 0.9 % S

Gas flow

3 426 000 Nm3/h

SO2 inlet

1960 mg/Nm3
(dry, 6% O2)

SO2 removal

95 %

Flue Gas Reheat GGH

Effluent

pH >6.8

Start-up

2009

Worlds Largest SWFGD for Unit Size

Page 25
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Agenda

1st topic

Introduction and classification of FGD

2nd topic

Different type of FGD with main features

3rd topic

Different aspects for considerations

4th topic

Examples of evaluations

5th topic

Conclusions
Page 26

ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Selecting FGD Technology

Economic aspects
Capital cost
Operating cost
Technical aspects
Sulphur removal
Reliability
Space requirements
Commercial aspects
Reliable supplier
Proven technology
Supplier guarantee
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ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Selecting FGD technology New or Existing

Green-field
- Space can be planned, but different technologies give
different layout demands
- Some (wet) FGD technologies must be complemented with
particulate separation

Brown-field
-

Normally limitation in foot-print

Existing AQCS-equipment and status have importance
Reuse of stack
Loss of revenue during installation

Ready for retrofit

- CO2 capture ready space requirements
- Increased emission demands

Page 28
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Selecting FGD Technology - Emissions

Emissions of SO2 and other acid components
- Most technologies can handle the demands

Liquid discharge
- Access to release Cl rich water

Particulate
- DFGD technologies using fabric filters can handle the
particulate emissions

Visible plume dispersion of stack plume

- DFGD operate at high temperature than wet systems
- Reheat might be needed for wet systems
- DFGD technologies have higher efficiencies on SO3 to
meet low opacity

Page 29
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particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Selecting FGD Technology - Cost

Absorbent material
- DFGD needs quick lime with high quality to meet low
consumables and good control emissions
- Limestone, to be used within LS WFGD needs to be of
good commercial quality
- In case of sea water, access is needed coastal areas

NPV
- All cost to be included in OPEX and CAPEX
- Discount rate and evaluation time
- High rate and long time favor technologies with relative high
CAPEX and low OPEX

Size of the plant

- Consumptions is normally proportional to the size
- Other operation normally less than proportional to the size
- Investment cost normally less than proportional to the size
Page 30
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Typical key parameters for different

technologies - overview
Dry FGD
NID or SDA
1980

Low investment
cost

Dry by-product

Small footprint

Multi-pollutant
control

Seawater FGD
Packed Tower
1968

No reagent

No by-product

Limestone WFGD
Spray Tower
1968

High efficiency
spray zone

Low cost reagent

By-product flexibility

Reagent
By-product

Lime
Landfill

Seawater
Seawater

Sulfur
Removal
Efficiency
Capital Cost

<4.5 % (NID)
-98 % (NID)

<1.5 %
-98 %

Limestone
Marketable
landfill
<6 %
-99 %

0.7X

0.8X

0.7 %
Power
Consumption
(inc.
booster
fans)

0.7-1.5 %

1.0-2.0 %

Aborbent Cost
By-product Cost

0/ton
0/ton

20/ton
5-10/ton disposal
(5/ton) sale

Absorber
First Installation
Features

80/ton
5-10/ton

gypsum

or

Page 31
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Agenda

1st topic

Introduction and classification of FGD

2nd topic

Different type of FGD with main features

3rd topic

Different aspects for considerations

4th topic

Examples of evaluations

5th topic

Conclusions
Page 32

ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

FGD Technology Selection - Overview

DFGD NID technology has expanded the range to large

plants
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Example NPV calculation for different

technologies

Each case must be evaluated with the specific

conditions
Page 34
ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Agenda

1st topic

Introduction and classification of FGD

2nd topic

Different type of FGD with main features

3rd topic

Different aspects for considerations

4th topic

Examples of evaluations

5th topic

Conclusions
Page 35

ALSTOM 2012. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any
particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without
express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

Conclusions
Many technologies has during the years been developed
with DFGD, LSWFGD and SWFGD as the preferred,
most widely spread technologies
All established technologies can meet the demands for
SO2 removal for the Indian market
All technologies have different consideration and often
related to operation and capital cost transferred to NPV
Specifically for low to medium range sulphur content, the
DFGD and SWFGD will most probably be the preferred
total evaluated technologies
Reliable technologies exist to meet the future
market in INDIA, but each case must be evaluated
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Questions ?

Thank You
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