Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

6.2 Energy, Momentum coefficients for different velocity

distributions
Rehbock obtained
1) For Linear Velocity Distribution

= 1+2
= 1+

, in which =

Vmax

Vmax
1
V

yo

Given: = 1 + 2
=> 2 = ( 1 )
2

Substitution for " "in the expression for " ",

- 1 3 + 1 + 2
=
=
=1 +
3
3
3
+2
(Linear relation)
=
3

1
1.6

1
1.2

Linear velocity distribution

__
v

y
= __
Vmax yo

2.2
1.4

2.8
1.6

The plot is shown below

2.1
2.0
Scale

1.9

X-axis 1 cm = 0.1

1.8

Y-axis 1 cm = 0.1

1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

Kinetic energy correction factor

(2) He obtained for Logarithmic Velocity Distribution the following equations.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

2.7 2.8

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

Kinetic Energy correction factor, = 1 + 3 2 2 3

Momentum correction factor, = 1 + 2
2.5 v*
in which =
V

Given : = 1 + 2
=> 2 = ( 1)
=> =

( 1)

Substituting for " " in the expression for " ",

2
=1 + 3 ( -1 ) -2

-1

= 1 + 3 ( - 1 ) - 2 ( - 1 )3 / 2

=> = 3 2( 1)3/2 2

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

1
1.237
1.421
1.571
1.694
1.793
1.8705
1.929
1.969
1.992
2
1.993
1.971
1.9355
1.887
1.826
1.752
1.667
1.57

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

The plot is shown below

2.0

1.8

=1+3223
=1+2

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

1.8
1.6
Relationship between and
1.2

1.4

2.0

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

6.2.1 Derivation of relationships

Assuming a wide channel with the two - dimensional velocity distribution given by

y
v
= sin
and
V0
2y
v y
=
V0 y

determine " " and " " ( as a function of exponent n in second case). Hence show

- 1
= 2.76 and
-1
- 1 ( n+3 ) (2n+1)
=
(b) for turbulent case
.
-1
(3n+1)

that (a) For laminar case

Solution:

y
v
= sin
V0
2y
where v is the velocity at a depth of " y " from boundary, y is the total depth of flow in wide channel.

Case ( a ) :

Let B the width of wide channel.

V = V0 sin

y
2y

1
v dA
A
y
V
1 y
V sin
V=
B dy = 0

0
By
2y
y0

Mean velocity = V =

sin

y
2y

V -2y
y
= 0 cos

2y 0
y0
y

y -2V
-2V

cos cos(0)
cos
=

2y 0
2
- 2V
=
{0 1}
=

V=

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

2V

dy

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

6.2.2 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor

=

1
3

V A

=
sin 3

3
8 y

3
v dA =

sin

= sin

{ }
2 V

By

V0

sin 3

y
2 y

B dy

dy

2 y

sin 2

2 y
2 y
2y
y
y
cos
= 1 2 sin 2
cos 2A = 1- 2 sin 2 A
y
2y
y 1 1
y
sin 2
= cos
2y 2 2
y

y
1
cos

2 y
2 y
2 y 2 2
y
2 y
y 1
y
y
1
sin
=
sin
cos
2
2 y 2
2 y
2 y
sin ( A+B ) +sin (A -B )
sinA cosB =
2
y y
y y
+
sin

+ sin

2 y
y
2 y
y
y
y

sin
=
cos
2
2 y
2 y
sin 3

= sin

sin 3

1
2 y 2
1
=
2
=

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

sin 2

= sin

y 1

y
3 y 1
1
sin
+ sin

2
2 y 2
2 y

3 y 1
y
1
= sin
sin
2
2 y 2
2 y
y 1
y
y
sin
cos
sin
2y 2
2y
2 y
y 1
y
3 y 1
sin
+ sin
sin
2y 4
2y 4
2 y
y0

8y 0

sin 3

y
2y

dy

sin (- A) = -sinA

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

y0

3 y
y
1 y0
1 y0
3 y
dy - sin 3
dy+ sin 3
dy
0 sin
8y 2
2y
4 0
2y
4 0
2y

y
y
y

y
y

y
2
3 1 2 y
1 2 y
1
3

+
cos
cos
cos
=

4 3
4
8y 2
2y 0
2y 0
2y 0

3
y
y
y

( 0 1) + ( 0 1) ( 0 1)
=

8y
6
2

3 1

{
{

3 y
8y

y o y
3 6 y -y -3y

+
=
6 2
8y
6

3 8 y 2
=
=
6
8y 6
=

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2
6

}
}

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

6.2.3 Momentum correction factor

=

1
V

V
A

yo

4y 0

dA=

sin 2

{ }
2V0

y
2 y

dy

cos 2 A = 1-2 sin 2 A

y 1 1
y
sin 2
= cos
2 y 2 2
y0
=
=

yo

4 y 0

sin 2

y
2 y

dy

2 1

yo
y
1 yo
dy
0 dy 0 cos
4y 2
y0
2

=
=
=

2 1

[y]
4y 2

2 1
4y 2

y0
0

y0

y
1 y
sin

y0 0
2

( y - 0 )

y
(0 0)
2

y
y

4y

=
2

2
8

8
1 6 1 2 6
= 2.76

= 2
=
2
6
1
8
8

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

yo

B y

V02 sin 2

y
2 y

B dy

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

n

v y
=
V y
where v is the velocity at a depth " y " from boundary, y is the total depth of wide channel.
Let
B the width of wide channel

case (b ):

y
v = V
y

1
v.dA
A

Mean velocity = V =
V=

1
B y

yn
y 0n

( y0 )

n+1

( y )n+1

B dy =

( y )n+1
V

=
n+1
y
( )n+1
0

dy

( y )n+1

0
n+1

V
n+1
Kinetic energy correction factor :
=> V =

v dA =
V A
( n+1)3

=>

yn

y y 3n
0
0

3n

y 3n+1
0

y0

{ }
V
n+1

B y0

V0
0

y 3n
B dy
y o3n

dy

( n+1)3 y 3n+1

=> =

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

o
( n+1)3 y 3n+1
0

= 3n+1
y0
3n+1 0
3n+1

( n+1)3
3n+1

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

Momentum correction factor

1
2

V A

=
=

2
V dA =

( n+1 )2
y y2n

{ }
V
n+1

B y

dy

( n+1 )2 y 2n+1

y0

y2n+1 2n+1 0

( n+1)2 y 02n+1
2n+1

=> =

2n+1

( n+1)2
2n+1

n 3 + 3n 2 + 3n+1-3n-1
1
(3n+1)

= 3n+12
=
2
1 ( n+1 )
n + 2 n+1-2n-1
1
(2n+1)
2n+1

( n+1)3

1 ( n+ 3 )( 2n+1 )
=
1
(3n+1)
If n =

1
7

{ }

1
+1
( n+1)3 7
=
=
1
3n+1
3* + 1
7
1.4927
=> =
= 1.0449
1.4285

{ }

1
+1
( n+1)
7
=
=
1
2 n+1
2* +1
7
1.3061
=> =
= 1.0158
1.2857
2

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

V0
0

y 2n
y 02n

B dy

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

Example:
Obtain

and for the velocity distribution given below

u = 0.4 + 0.6

y
, h=1.0,
h

Solution:
1

1
1
y
u = ( udy ) = 0.4 + 0.6
h
10
h
1

y2
= ( 0.4 y ) + 0.6

0
= 0.7 m/s
=

( u dy ) = 0.73*1 ( 0.4+0.6y ) dy
u h
1

1
0.064+0.216y3 + 0.432 y 2 + 0.288 y dy

0.343 0

1
1
0.064y +0.216y 4 + 0.432 y 3 + 0.288 y 2
0
0.343
= 1.18

Problems:
1. The velocity distribution ( in m/s ) in an open channel 2m deep can be
represented by the equation,

y 1/2
)
y0
Calculate the energy correction factor. Here in y is the height above bed and
v(y) = 0.6 +1.4 (

yo = 2m.
2. In a channel of trapezoidal cross section the velocities were measured at mid
depth at various sub areas. Compute the average values of

and for a given

cross sections.
15 m
2:1

2.8 m/s 2.9 m/s 3.0 m/s 3.1 m/s 3.1 m/s 3.0 m/s 2.9 m/s

105 m

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

2.8 m/s

2:1

y = 10 m

Hydraulics

Prof. B.S. Thandaveswara

30y
3. For an assumed velocity distribution V = 5.75V* log
Prove that
K

= 1 + 3 2 2 3 and = 1+ 2 in which
=

Vmax
1, Vmax is the maximum velocity, V is the mean velocity.
V

Indian Institute of Technology Madras