TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 3

2.

DRIVETRAIN SYSTEMS.................................................................................................................... 3
2.1

Conventional Vehicle .................................................................................................................... 3

2.2

Hybrid Electric Vehicle ................................................................................................................. 4

DRIVETRAIN COMPONENTS........................................................................................................... 5

3.

TRANSMISSION ......................................................................................................................... 5

3.1

3.1.1

Manual Transmission ............................................................................................................ 6

3.1.2

Automatic Transmission........................................................................................................ 7

3.1.3

Semi-Automatic Transmission .............................................................................................. 8

3.1.4

Continuous VariableTransmission ........................................................................................ 9

DIFFERENTIAL ........................................................................................................................... 9

3.2

3.2.1

Conventional Differentials (Open Differentials) ................................................................. 10

3.2.2

Limited Slip Differentials .................................................................................................... 10

3.2.3

The Locking Differentials ................................................................................................... 11

CLUTCHES ................................................................................................................................ 12

3.3

3.3.1

Friction Clutch ..................................................................................................................... 12

3.3.2

Dog Clutch .......................................................................................................................... 13

3.3.3

HydraulicClutch .................................................................................................................. 14

DRIVE SHAFTS ......................................................................................................................... 14

3.4

4.

3.4.1

Front Wheel Drive Shaft (Half Drive Shaft) ....................................................................... 15

3.4.2

Rear Wheel Drive Shaft (Propeller Shaft) ........................................................................... 15

DRIVETRAIN CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................... 16

4.1

FRONT WHEEL DRIVE (FWD)............................................................................................ 16

4.2

REAR WHEEL DRIVE (RWD).............................................................................................. 17

4.3

ALL WHEEL DRIVE (AWD) ................................................................................................ 17

4.4

FOUR WHEEL DRIVE (4WD) .............................................................................................. 18

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 18

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 19

ABSTRACT

One of the most important systems in the vehicle is Drivetrain. The Drivetrain of a vehicle
is the group of mechanical components that transmit power to the wheels. Firstly, main types of
drivetrain systems, which are conventional and hybrid vehicles, are discussed. Moreover, then
components of the drivetrain, which contains transmission, clutch, differential and driveshaft, are
explained with the basic dynamics of these components. This survey aim is to investigate the
relationship between drivetrain components with advantages and disadvantages by using
engineering approach. Moreover, that information will be used to design of a remotely operated
agricultural vehicle.

1. INTRODUCTION
In 20th and 21st century, vehicles have covered and greatly influenced the life of people all
around the world. Over the years, they have become an invariant part of our life. As a result of
the usage of vehicles, they have given versatility and mobility which we exploit in all our
business operations. They have also opened new doors and given lots of opportunities in personal
transportation. This also means that vehicles provide to increase the quality of life.
Although people are aware of the importance of vehicle, lots of them have not an idea
about how to move a vehicle and where the power comes from to move. Many people, who use
the vehicles, do not know the answer of questions. Considering the human body, it consists of
lots of components just like vehicle. These components have an important role in the human
body, but they need heart and blood vessels to feed and work properly. In vehicle, there is a
critical system just like that which is called Drivetrain System
Drivetrain system is an important component of the vehicle. It is essentially to transmit
power from the vehicles motor, through the transmission to the wheels on the vehicle to regulate
the amount of torque. The drivetrain is comprised a set of components in a vehicle. These
components contain transmission, clutch, the differential, the drive shaft, and CV and U joints
In this survey, Drivetrain system will investigate and study with an engineering approach.
All types of drivetrain systems and drivetrain components will explain briefly under subtitles that
contain comparisons of types.

2. DRIVETRAIN SYSTEMS
Today, people use different types of vehicle, and these vehicles have various
combinations of drivetrain systems. When the vehicles are categorized, three different types are
shown. These are conventional, hybrid and electric vehicles. In this part, these types are
introduced briefly except electric cars because, electric vehicles do not use in this project.
2.1 Conventional Vehicle

The oldest type of the vehicle system is a conventional system. The conventional system
consists of an internal combustion engine coupled with transmission. The engine drives the
wheels through a transmission, combining a gear box and other elements and also this system has
made enormous progress in the last ten years with respect to efficiency improvements and
adoption of technologies. (Mashadi and Crolla, 2012)

A conventional drivetrain system contains lots of mechanical components: transmission,

differential, clutch and drive shaft. They are classified in themselves.

Figure 1: A basic Conventional Rear-Wheel Drive Vehicle Drivetrain Scheme (Schoolworkhelper | Upload & Educate, 2011)

2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Hybrid electric vehicle is a type of new generation vehicle that combines an internal
combustion engine with an electric motor powered by batteries. This combination is the most
important and best features of hybrid vehicle. In addition to this, this system allows to operate
more efficiently and reduce carbon emission. These are main benefits of HEV. (Union of
Concerned Scientists, 2014)

Figure 2: Basic Drivetrain configuration of Hybrid Vehicles (Fueleconomy.gov, 2014)

Energy storage systems are batteries or flywheel systems, and propulsion units are the
form of electric motors. These components can be combined various ways that including entirely
from the electric motor or mechanical input from the engine throughout the electric motor.
(Husain, 2003)
4

3. DRIVETRAIN COMPONENTS

Figure 3: Schematic Illustration of Drivetrain Components

3.1 TRANSMISSION

The purpose of the vehicles transmission is to transfer power from the engine to the drive
wheels. Changing of the gears in the transmission permits matching of torque and engine speed.
The transmission interlocks gears to reduce the amount of revolutions. It makes more effective
utilization of engines torque and helps the keep the engine operating at an appropriate speed.
The transmissions are classified as such manual, automatic, semi-automatic and continuously
variable transmission. (sgCarMart.com, 2014)

3.1.1

Manual Transmission

The oldest type of transmission used in vehicle is manual transmission. They were used
lots of years before automatic, and other types of transmission were presented. However, this
type does not lose its popularity because of its high efficiency, low cost and simplicity. In this
type of transmission, there are clutch system and gear selection. The clutch that separates the
transmission and engine, and the driver has to shift manually and perform the gear ratios. To do
this, driver should disengage the clutch to disconnect the transfer of torque from the engine,
select the target gear next, and then engage the clutch again to finish the gear change.(eBay,2014)

Figure 4: Schematic Illustration of Manual Transmission Gear Shift Mechanism (Zaki, 2013)

Manual transmission gives an opportunity to better driving and control of the vehicle such
as winding roads. Driver can adjust the gearshift for power. This is the reason that why the
transmission of performance car cars is mostly used manual.

3.1.2

Automatic Transmission

The automatic transmission is the another type of transmission that can changes the gear
ratios automatically, thus driver does not need to concern about shifting the gear during driving.
The automatic transmission consists of three major components which are torque converter,
planetary gears train and hydraulic system.
The torque converter has the same purpose of the clutch, and it takes the place of the
clutch on automatic transmission. It is mounted between transmission and engine to transmit
power to the planetary gears (It also allows the engine continue running when the vehicle comes
to stop, just like clutch). Automatic transmissions have many gears in different combination.
Although gears slide on shafts as you shift the gear from one position to another in manual
transmission, gears are always engaged to the same gears on automatic transmission. This
situation is supplied by the use of planetary gear sets. (Transmission, 2014)

Figure 5: An Automatic Transmission Components (Aa1car.com, 2014)

The hydraulic system consists of tubes and transition which circulates transmission fluid
through every corner of the transmission under pressure. These transmission fluids have missions
that contain general lubrication, cooling and shift control. (Transmission, 2014)

3.1.3

Semi-Automatic Transmission

A semi-automatic transmission is a modern and advanced system which uses a clutch to

perform the shifting gear ratios instead of a torque converter. This means that a semi-automatic
transmission combined of manual and automatic transmission.
There is an electronic control system in the transmission. The electric control system
performs all clutch activities that are gear shifting, clutch engaging and disengaging. This type of
transmission also can be switched to manual mode to direct the gear shifting at the drivers wish.
As compared to manual transmission, gear shifting is extremely fast, and semi-automatic
transmission does not allow stalling when the car is motionless. (Csa.com, 2014)
A semi-automatic transmission uses gear set, collar and synchronizer like a manual
transmission, however only clutch set is just like automatic transmission planetary gear, which
controls the gear ratio change. There are two different gear and collar sets that are connected two
different shafts. This means two manual transmission gearboxes in one. This type usually used
race and luxury cars. (Csa.com, 2014)

Figure 6: Audi seven-speed semi-automatic transmission boxes and working principle (Hunt, 2013)

3.1.4

Continuous VariableTransmission

CVT is the next generation transmission system which provides a smoother driving
experience thanks to optimization of shifting process. As regular automatic transmissions
depend on standard gears to operate but CVT is unequipped with changing gears that shift
speeds steplessly. (Csa.com, 2014)

Figure 7: Honda's new continuously variable transmission (Gizmag.com, 2012)

CVT uses a system that composed of two moveable pulleys and a belt running between
them. One of the pulleys connects the engine (drive pulley), the other pulley (output pulley)
connects the transmission shaft. Both of them is made of two variable cups and connected
each other by a belt. When drive pulley raises its radius, the other pulley reduces its radius to
hold the belt tight so; this system can continuously change the speed of the vehicle by varying
the radius of the pulleys. CVT provides better fuel economy, more power, potential faster
acceleration and less friction (Aisin-aw.co.jp, 2014)

3.2 DIFFERENTIAL

Differential is component of the vehicle that receives the power from the gearbox through
a drive shaft and separates that power in two between left and right of driven wheels. The
differential allows them to rotate at various speeds when the vehicle moves around the corner.
Differential is classified into three types that are conventional (open), limited slip (closed),
locking differentials. (Learnengineering.org, 2014)

3.2.1

Conventional Differentials (Open Differentials)

Conventional differential is basic and the most common type of differential. This
differential also the oldest type of differential but still used today. The ability to turn both driven
wheels at various speed is the fundamental function of open differential.
The differential mechanism is placed into a round metal casing to connect the driveshaft
at the front of the metal. The drive shafts rotate a disc, which is similar to gear, using the teeth on
the edge of drive shaft. The disc connected to one of the sun wheels. Sun wheels like disc but
smaller. Both wheels have a sun wheels that are attached to each other by two or more planet
gears. The planet gears turn from the main disc. All of these parts rotate, when the vehicle moves.
(Whyhighend.com, 2014)

Figure 8: An open differential working principle (Uniquecarsandparts.com.au, 2014)

Open differential is a simple, cheap to manufacture and reliable, but it has a major
drawback which is a lack of traction. It directs power to the wheel with more resistance that
causes loss of control due to ice or sand. The differential delivers all the power to the wheel
causing the car swerve or gets stuck on the patch. (Houseofthud.com, 2014)
3.2.2

Limited Slip Differentials

Limited slip differentials are designed to improve the open differential. Open differential
has resistance and slippage problem, but LSD use a different mechanism to allow open
differentials action and solve the problem of slippage. This mechanism has friction plate and
pressure rings in the case of differential. The LSD sends power to both driven wheels equally
when the vehicle goes straight, however when one wheel slip, due to lack of traction, the LSD
automatically transfers more torque to the non-slipping wheel. (Whyhighend.com, 2014)
To do this, the cross axis will press the pressure rings, and then the pressure rings will transmit
the motion to the clutch plates. When all the clutch plates are engaged, the process is done.
10

Figure 9: The LSD differential mechanism basics (Ppi-ats.com, 2014)

The LSD provides lots of advantages to the vehicle control, smooth operation and
performance. They are very popular especially sports car, because this type of cars should take
corners at high speeds, LSD supply this situation. The LSD also produces a higher level of
traction, which increases the control, performance and speed of the vehicle.

3.2.3

The Locking Differentials

The Locking Differential functions are similar to an open differential but Locking
Differential can lock the shafts leading to the driven wheels on an axle together and push them to
rotate at the same speed. This locking mechanism is activated manually with the switch. When
the switch is turned on, the wheels rotate at same speed.
A Locking Differential is designed to be used in hard circumstances. For example, when
one wheel contacts with mud, snow or ice; an open differential stop to transfer of torque to one
wheel. This wheel may not have much traction, and it causes that the vehicle can easily spin. A
Locking Differential solves this problem by using the capability of delivering one hundred
percentage (%100) of available torque to the driven wheel with more traction. On the other hand,
Locking Differential do not work as smoothly as another type of differentials, they cause to
increase tire wear. (Whyhighend.com, 2014)

11

Figure 10: Example of Locking Differential (News.pickuptrucks.com, 2014)

The Locking Differential is useful for off-road vehicles. Moreover, also trucks, forklifts,
tractors and some heavy vehicles use locking differential to maintain traction, when driving on
muddy, loose or rocky terrain.
3.3 CLUTCHES

Clutch is a mechanical component of the vehicle to connect and disconnect one rotating
component from another. Clutch transmitted power from the engine to the transmission and used
to control the flow of power between them. In these devices, one shaft is driven by the engine and
the other drives another component. Shafts can locked together and turn at the same speed or
decoupled and turn at various speed. Different types of clutches are used in vehicles. These are
Friction, Dog and Hydraulic clutch. (Lifestyle.iloveindia.com, 2014)
3.3.1

Friction Clutch

The most commonly used clutch system is the friction clutch. This type of clutch
is used friction surface between two faces of the clutch. On the engaged position, friction
between two disks (clutch plate and flywheel) creates action and on the disengaged position,
they stopped turning together because of the lack of friction.
Friction clutches divided two categories that are dry and wet clutch.
In dry clutch, clutch disc placed among flywheel and pressure plate. This type of friction
clutch does not have any oil between the clutch plates. (Drivelinenews.com, 2010)
In wet clutch used in vehicles due to the amount of wear and tear. Wet clutch uses lubricant
to provide smooth performance and also has a longer life. However, this type has a tendency
to lose energy to the liquid. (Drivelinenews.com, 2010)

12

Figure 11: Friction Clutch Operation Principle (Kids.britannica.com, 2014)

DRY FRICTION

More efficient in terms of power transfer

Does not contaminate the engine oil
Light weight
Used in car

WET FRICTION

Used for higher torque applications

More energy to handle and more heat
dissipate
Oil cools and clean the clutch
Heavy weight
Used in motorcycles

Table 1: Comparison of Dry and Wet Friction Clutch

3.3.2

Dog Clutch

A Dog Clutch is the type of the clutch mechanism that used to connect and disconnect
two rotating shafts by interference, not by friction. Dog clutch performs by mating the set of
spaced teeth on the clutch mechanism to a set of recesses on the other. This property provides a
strong mechanical coupling with minimal wear between two components, so both shafts rotate at
the same speed without slipping. (wiseGEEK, 2014)
Dog clutches are usually used in manual transmissions. The amount of wear and tear
much more affects friction clutch mechanism, but dog clutch is not subjected to this due to lack
of slippage. In addition to this, the dog clutch allows for a strong, safe transfer of rotational
motion between these components. (wiseGEEK, 2014)
13

3.3.3

HydraulicClutch

In a hydraulic clutch system, the coupling is hydrodynamic and the shafts are not

actually in contact. They work as an alternative to mechanical clutches. They are known to have
common problems associated with hydraulic couplings, and are a bit unsteady in transmitting
torque. (Lifestyle.iloveindia.com, 2014)
3.4 DRIVE SHAFTS

The drive shaft is the component of the vehicle to deliver torque and rotation from
transmission to the final drive. It has a tubular-hollow construction and usually made from steel.
Drive shaft must work when the vehicle suspension moves up and down. This is the most
important role of driveshaft. There are two different types of driveshaft on the vehicle. The
driveshaft types separate each other according to drivetrain configuration. The driveshaft uses
flexible joints that are CV and U- joints. (AutoEducation.com, 2014)

CV Joints: Constant-Velocity joints are component of the driveshaft. The CV joints are
designed to deliver the power through a variable angle from transmission to drive wheels
at a constant speed while continuing to turn wheels. CV joints work at a much greater
torque angle and more expensive than universal joints. However, they will quickly fail if
damaged.
U-Joints: Universal joint is a joint that are capable of transmitting power for varying
angles of the driveshaft. It allows the driveshaft to bend in any direction, but too much
angle will cause shaking, vibration and self-destruction. Maintenance of U-joint is cheap,
and they will not quickly break if damaged.

Figure 12: Example of U-joint (left) and CV joint (right) (Autopartswarehouse.com, 2014)

14

3.4.1

Front Wheel Drive Shaft (Half Drive Shaft)

In FWD vehicles, the driveshaft, which are usually called half shaft, deliver the
power directly from the differential to the front wheels. These shafts have a short length and used
in limited space. The half shafts in FWD vehicles are usually equipped with CV joints.
Because as compared to U joints, CV joints allow the wheels to turn as well as move up and
down while smoothly delivering power to the wheels. (Procarcare.com, 2014)

Figure 13: Example of Half Shaft (Dragonfireracing.com, 2014)

3.4.2

Rear Wheel Drive Shaft (Propeller Shaft)

In RWD vehicles, A long drive shaft is connected a differential by U joints to

deliver power to the rear wheels. It is also called the propeller shaft, and it is made in one or twopiece construction. The propeller shaft must be strong to resist the twisting action of torque and
should be absorbed vibration. The propeller shaft must move when the rear suspension moves up
and down. This is supplied by U joints that allow greater flexibility of drive shaft and more space
by the rear axle for suspension parts.

Figure 14: Example of Propeller Shaft (Showa1.com, 2014)

15

4. DRIVETRAIN CONFIGURATION
There are four different drivetrain configurations which are Front Wheel Drive (FWD),
Rear Wheel Drive (RWD), All Wheel Drive (AWD) and Four Wheel Drive (4WD)

Figure 15 : All Drivetrain Configuration (Mobile.ztopics.com, 2014)

4.1 FRONT WHEEL DRIVE (FWD)

The FWD system means that the power from the engine is transmitted to the front wheels
of the vehicle. The engine, transmission, differential and other drivetrain components are all
placed in front of the vehicle. The front wheels pull the car and the rear wheels do not affect
vehicle and do not receive any power from the engine. (IGN, 2014)
Table 2: Advantages and disadvantages of FWD

16

4.2 REAR WHEEL DRIVE (RWD)

The RWD system means that the power from the engine is transferred to the rear wheels
of the vehicle. The engine and transmission is placed in front of the vehicle and the drive wheels
are positioned at rear. The driven rear wheels are connected by driveshaft and differential to
receive power from the engine. The rear wheels push the vehicle, and the front wheels do not
receive any power that is totally free. (IGN, 2014)
Table 3: Advantages and disadvantages of RWD

4.3 ALL WHEEL DRIVE (AWD)

The AWD system is the most advanced and modern drivelines nowadays. In this system,
power from the engine is delivered to all wheels of the vehicle. The AWD system has advanced
control and differential system to send power equally to the four wheels. This system contains a
differential between the front and rear drive shafts. The AWD gives advantage of both RWD and
FWD to drivers. (IGN, 2014)
Table 4: Advantages and disadvantages of AWD

17

4.4 FOUR WHEEL DRIVE (4WD)

The 4WD system means that engine power is transferred to all four wheels. The 4WD
system has advanced control and differential system. Mechanical components and working
principle are the same as the AWD system, but the 4WD system has an option to switch the
function from 4WD to RWD. This option gives an advantage to conserve fuel. On the other hand,
when the driver needs to increase traction, the driver can change the system from RWD to 4WD.
(IGN, 2014)

Table 5: Advantages and disadvantages of 4WD

5 CONCLUSION
In this literature survey, The Drivetrain system of the vehicle is investigated. What
drivetrain is, what it consist of and how it works are well explained. Drivetrain components are
categorized and compared to each other due to the advantages and disadvantages of them.
Considering the our project, we will prefer conventional vehicles because of the economy and
power management. Hybrid is new technology, so we will meet lots of problem about that.
All types of drivetrain configuration are explained clearly. The advantages and
disadvantages table is created. According to this comparison, Front wheel drive system is decided
to use our project. Because FWD is very capable of poor weather and maintains better traction.
Moreover, also FWD gets better economy. All of these properties is suitable and expected criteria
for our project. On the other hand, we will use half driveshaft because of FWD configuration.
Transmission types are explained with working principle and features. According to these,
the pros and cons table is created. What type of transmission used in the project is decided that is
manual transmission. Manual transmission gives an opportunity to better driving and control of
the vehicle, and also driver can adjust the gearshift when more power is needed. In addition to
this, maintenance of it is easy and cheap.
18

In three types of differentials, the LSD differential is selected. The LSD solves the
slippage problem automatically which is important for agricultural vehicles and provides smooth
operation on rocky, muddy terrain. The locking differential can be select for our project, but it
causes to increase tire wear. The Clutch may not be used in our project because we will
manufacture remotely operated vehicle.
All in all, everything is discussed drivetrain system of the vehicle. Various types of
components are selected. However, these may change with respect to our groups conceptual
design and available sources.

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