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Slug
transported through
pipelines as a complex
Gas pocket
Gas pocket
Film
the average.
56
2 Valhall production platform. Due to a drop in oil production, slugs of liquid develop in
the pipeline between the Hod and Valhall platforms, resulting in poor water/oil separation
and causing flaring.
To flare
Valhall wells
Hod platform
Hod wells
Separator
FT
1st stage
separator
PT
FT
TT
PT
70 m
2nd stage
separator
TT
Valhall platform
12-inch pipeline, 13 km long
57
5 Results of open-loop simulation of the Hod Valhall pipeline (two slug cycles)
Height/depth
Pressure (p) at pipeline inlet (Hod, blue) and outlet (Valhall, green)
Distance
Gas (G, brown) and liquid (L, orange) flow rates at pipeline outlet
Time
30
Simulations performed with the dynamic multiphase simulator OLGA, using the
S e a le v e l
OLGA/MATLAB link developed by ABB
-10
-30
-50
130
-70
4
6
8
D [km]
10
12
58
110
100
90
2.0
20
1.5
15
1.0
10
0.5
L [kg/s]
p [p s i]
120
0
G [kg/s]
H [m ]
10
0
20
21
22
Terrain-induced slug
flow cycle
23
24
25
26
t [h]
6 Profile of the liquid volume fraction (LVF) through a slug in the Hod-Valhall
pipeline. Each line represents the liquid volume fraction pipeline profile at a
certain time (sample interval 60 s, time scope 22 h to 24 h).
D
Distance
0.7
0.6
0.5
LV F []
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
6
D [km]
10
12
Slug control:
Dynamic feedback control: to ensure
stable operation of the pipeline.
The pipeline simulations shown in 5
Slug choking: to limit the effect the slug
were performed with a constant feed rate
has on the separation and compression
of 3 kg/s at the inlet, without control. It is
units.
seen that the liquid flow rate at the pipeline Feed-forward control: to adjust the
output is zero for a period of about 2 hours.
nominal operating point and parameters
During this time the pressure upstream of
in the dynamic feedback controller.
the liquid plug builds up. When it exceeds Slug signature: for detecting slugs and
the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid
monitoring the performance of the
column in the riser, the liquid accelerates dynamic feedback controller.
and the pressure rises at the pipe outlet.
Interface to separator train control:
The liquid is transported to the outlet of
Separator feed-forward control
the pipe and the pressure decreases as the Override slug control (in case of a fault
gas and liquid escapes through the pipeline.
or error in the separator train)
The process then repeats itself.
Operator interface:
6 shows the pipeline profile plot of
Starting and stopping the controller
the liquid volume fraction, sampled each
Starting/stopping logging
minute during one slug cycle. It is not
Monitoring the performance of the
what happens at different times which is
feedback controller
important here, but what happens at
Trends and graphs
different positions in the pipeline during
Access to controller parameters
59
60
Feed-forward
FT
FT
Hod
Valhall
Dynamic
feedback
controller
PT 1
PT 2
PT 3
Slug signature
Hod-Valhall pipeline
Valve opening
Time
130
120
110
100
30
20
10
0
Controller in
manual mode
Controller starts
15
10
5
0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
20
25
Slug flow
30
35
t [h]
40
Stabilizing control
45
50
L [k g/ s ]
V [ %]
p [ps i]
G [k g/ s ]
measurement noise.
9 Pipeline profile of the liquid volume fraction (LVF) with slug control (compare
Fig. 6, without slug control). 241 profile plots are shown. Sampling interval 60 s.
All lines lie on top of each other, implying that the whole pipeline is stable.
0.7
0.6
0.5
LV F [ -]
Field tests
S lug
c ontro l
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Distance
6
D [km]
10
12
61
10
Slug controller in operation with a low pipeline flow rate and well start-ups.
Pressure p at the pipeline inlet (Hod, blue) and outlet (Valhall, green), plus choke
position C. Also shown is the 12-hour moving average of the pipeline pressures.
250
12h M A
p [p s i]
200
150
100
40
C [ %]
30
20
10
0
00:00:00
2000-10-02
11
+12
+12
00:00:00
2000-10-03
00:00:00
2000-10-04
+12
00:00:00
2000-10-05
+12
00:00:00
2000-10-06
Slug controller in operation with a low pipeline flow rate and well start-ups.
30-minute and 8-hour moving average (MA) of the gas (G) and liquid (L) mean flow
rates at the pipeline inlet (Hod).
2500
G [M SC FD]
2000
3 0m in M A
8h MA
1500
1000
500
0
4000
L [ bb l/ d]
3000
3 0m in M A
8h MA
1000
0
62
+12
00:00:00
2000-10-03
2000
00:00:00
2000-10-02
+12
00:00:00
2000-10-04
+12
00:00:00
2000-10-05
+12
00:00:00
2000-10-06
12
Effect of slug control with a high pipeline flow rate and well start-ups.
Pressure p at the pipeline inlet (Hod, blue) and outlet (Valhall, green), plus choke
position C. Also shown is the 12-hour moving average of the pipeline pressures.
250
1 2 h MA
200
p [p s i]
150
100
0
30
C [% ]
40
20
10
0
00:00:00
2000-05-01
+12
00:00:00
2000-05-02
+12
00:00:00
2000-05-03
+12
+12
00:00:00
2000-05-04
Authors
13
Kjetil Havre
ABB Corporate Research AS
Billingstad, Norway
kjetil.havre@no.abb.com
Telefax: +47 66 843541
Henrik Stray
ABB Industri AS
Oslo, Norway
Telefax: +47 22 37 74 23
12000
3 0 m i n MA
8 h MA
10000
8000
L [ b bl/ d]
Effect of slug control with a high pipeline flow rate and well start-ups.
30-minute and 8-hour moving average (MA) of the liquid (L) mean flow rate at the
6000
4000
2000
0
00:00:00
2000-05-01
+12
00:00:00
2000-05-02
+12
00:00:00
2000-05-03
+12
00:00:00
2000-05-04
+12
References
[1] G. Haandrikman, R. Seelen, R. Henkes, R. Vreenegoor: Slug control in flowline/riser systems. Proc 2nd Int Conf: Latest Advances in Offshore
Processing, Nov 910 1999, Aberdeen, UK.
[2] S. Skogestad, K. Havre: The use of RGA and condition number as robustness measures. Proc European Symposium on Computer-Aided Process
Engineering (ESCAPE96), Rhodes, Greece, May 1996.
[3] Z.G. Xu, P. Gayton, A. Hall, J. Rambk: Simulation study and field measurement for mitigation of slugging problems in the Hudson transportation
lines. Proc Multiphase 97, Cannes, France, June 1997.
[4] S. Skogestad, I. Postlethwaite: Multivariable Feedback Control, Analysis and Design. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1996.
[5] K. Havre: Studies on controllability analysis and control structure design. PhD thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Trondheim, 1998.
63