FLOW CHART OF REACTIONS BETWEEN ALKANE, ALKENE, ALCOHOL, CARBOXYLIC ACID AND ESTER

PETROLEUM

ALKANE
CnH2n + 2

Substitution
reaction

Name of carbon
compounds

C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl

position of alkyl parent

position of
suffix of
alkyl group group chain functional group homologous series

To differentiate alkane and alkene:

1. Neutralisation reaction salt and water
Method
Observation
CH
COOH
+
NaOH

CH
COONa
+
H
O
3
3
2
Hot
Add
bromine
Alkene
Sunlight /uv
2. With active metals (Mg, Zn, Al) salt + H2 gas
Alumina
water, Br2
decolourise
Yeast
2
CH
COOH
+
Mg

(CH
COO)
Mg
+
H
3
3
2
2
C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl
C2H4 + H2 C2H6
Cracking
the brown
Fermentation
3. With metallic carbonate salt + CO2 + H2O
Hydrogenation
Reaction
colour of
HCl gas
H2
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2
2 CH3COOH + CaCO3
reaction
bromine water.
r.t.p
Nickel / platinum
(CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O
Alkane no
200oC
ALCOHOL
Hydration
visible change.
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH
C2H4 + H2O + [O] CH2OHCH2OH
CnH2n + 1
reaction
Oxidation
Add
acidified
Alkene
Steam, Phosphoric acid, H3PO4
reaction
o
potassium
decolourise
Acidified
C2H5OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O
Ethane-1,2-diol
300
C
/
60
atm
ETHENE
ETHANOL
manganate(VII),
the purple
CH2OHCH2OH
KMnO4
C2H4
C2H5OH
i) Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 Ethanoic acid
KMnO4
colour of
i) Aluminium oxide/hot porcelain
CH3COOH
KMnO4.
ii) Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4
ALKENE
o
ii) Concentrated H2SO4, 180 C
Alkane no
CnH2n
o
Dehydration
iii) Concentrated H3PO4, 80 C
visible change.
Concentrated
C2H4 + Cl2 CH2ClCH2Cl
reaction
Esterification
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
H
SO
Br2 in
2
4
reaction
reflux C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5+ H2O
Halogenation
tetrachloromethane
o
Addition
200 C,
reaction
1500 atm polymerisatio
All carbon compound combust in excess
Ethyl ethanoate
oxygen to CO2 and H2O
CH3COOC2H5
1, 2-dibromoethane
poly(ethene)
Alkene burns with more sooty flame
Addition
CH2BrCH2Br
( CH2CH2 )n
than corresponding alkane due to higher
ESTER
reaction
% of carbon by mass.
CnH2n + 1COOCmH2m + 1
n C2H4 (CH2CH2)n
Definition
1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain the elements
Naming of Carbon compound (Prefix)
Number of Isomer
carbon and hydrogen only.
No. of
Prefix
Example
Formula
Isomers have different physical properties because they have different
2.
Saturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon that have only single
carbon
molecular structural. However, isomers have the same chemical properties
covalent bonds between all the carbon atoms in the molecules.
1C
Meth
Methane
CH4
because they belong to the same homologous series.
3. Unsaturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon that have at least one
2C
Eth
Ethanol
C2H5OH
Homologo
No. of
No. of
Structural formula
carbon-carbon multiple bond in the molecule.
3C
Prop
Propene
C3H6
us Series
carbon
isomer
4. The molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the
4C
But
Butanoic acid
C3H7COOH
4
2
actual numbers of atoms of each element present in one
C-C-C-C ; C-C-C
5C
Pent
Pentane
C5H12
Alkane
Butane
C
molecule of the substance.
6C
Hex
Hexene
C6H12
5.
The structural formula of an organic compound is the chemical
5
3
C
7C
Hept
Heptanol
C7H15OH
formula that shows the arrangement of atoms and covalent
Pentane
C-C-C-C-C ; C-C-C-C ; C-C-C
8C
Oct
Octanoic acid
C7H15COOH
C
bonds between atoms in a molecule of the compound.
C
9C
Non
Nonane
C9H20
6. A homologous is a family of organic compounds with the same
4
3
C=C-C-C ; C-C=C-C ; C=C-C
10C
Dec
Decene
C10H20
functional group and with similar chemical properties.
Alkene
Butene
C
7.
A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that
6 characteristics of Homologous series
5
5
C=C-C-C-C ;C=C-C-C ;C=C-C-C
determines the characteristic properties of an organic compound.
(1) Members can be represented by a same general formula.
Pentene
C-C=C-C-C
C
C
8. Isomerism is the existence of two or more compounds that have
(2) Members can be prepared using similar methods.
3
2
; C-C-C
C-C-C
the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
(3) Members show a gradual change in their physical properties.
Alcohol
Propanol
OH
OH
(4) Members have similar chemical properties.
9.
Isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula
4
4
C-C-C-C C-C-C-C
;
; C
; C
(5) Members have same functional group.
but different structural formulae. Each isomer has a different
C-C-C
C-C-C
OH
OH
Butanol
(6) Successive member differ by CH2 group and RMM of 14.
arrangement of atoms in space.
OH
OH
ETHANE
C2H6

Cl2

Chloroethane
CH3CH2Cl + HCl

Starch/glucose

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