Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Network Planning
Product
GSM B7
Division
Methods
Rubric
Antenna
Type
Guideline
Keywords
Release Date
GSM, UMTS, antenna type selection, feeder length planning, TMA planning, tilt planning, diversity planning,
mounting clearance,antenna separation, antenna pattern, A955, EMC
2003-Apr-29
E. SCHNEIDER (LUDWIGSBURG )
Edition 01
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Predistribution
M.Hahn
V. Stuhr
K.Heinlein
FJ.Klein
R. Schwarz
S. Hosseyni
PCS/RNE
ACS/PS (ND)
B. Payer
K. Daniel
PCS/NPL/Methods
PCS/NPL/Tools
PCS/RNE
PCS/RNE
PCS/RNE
PCS/RNE
Department
Name
Date
MND/BU-MRA/PCS
C. Brechtmann
PCS/NPL/Methods
M. Hahn
PCS/RNE
K. Heinlein
Signature
Distribution List
PCS
2/64
(IDDL_Default)
CONFIDENTIAL
Edition 01
RELEASED
Contents
SCOPE .............................................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS...............................................................................................................................5
RELATED DOCUMENTS AND INTERNET LINKS ....................................................................................................5
1 DOCUMENT OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................6
2 RULES FOR ANTENNA PLANNING ..................................................................................................................6
2.1 Selection of antenna type .............................................................................................................................6
2.2 Planning antenna feeder length..................................................................................................................12
2.3 Planning TMA usage for GSM.....................................................................................................................14
2.4 Antenna height planning............................................................................................................................18
2.5 Planning the antenna azimuth ....................................................................................................................20
2.6 Downtilt planning ......................................................................................................................................20
2.7 Antenna diversity planning .........................................................................................................................25
2.7.1 Rx Diversity gain .....................................................................................................................................26
2.7.2 Rx space diversity ....................................................................................................................................27
2.7.3 Polarization diversity................................................................................................................................28
2.7.4 GSM space and polarization diversity on UL .............................................................................................30
2.7.5 Further rules on diversity..........................................................................................................................30
2.7.6 UMTS-FDD Tx diversity ............................................................................................................................31
2.7.7 UMTS FDD 4-RX diversity on UL...............................................................................................................34
2.8 Intra-system and inter-system compatibility assessment for site sharing ..........................................................36
2.8.1 How to ensure the intra-system and inter-system compatibility? ..................................................................38
2.9 EMC impact on antenna system planning....................................................................................................43
2.10 RNP tool related aspects on antenna planning ...........................................................................................43
3 RULES FOR ANTENNA INSTALLATION ...........................................................................................................44
3.1 Mounting rules for tower, mast, roof, wall mounting of antennas ...................................................................44
3.1.1 Side mounting of omni macro antennas on mast/ tower ............................................................................44
3.1.2 Minimum macro antenna height mounting for roof top.............................................................................45
3.1.3 Maximum skew angle for wall mounting of directional macrocell antennas .................................................46
3.1.4 Microcell antenna mounting rules ............................................................................................................46
3.2 Spacing for single band antennas in dual band GSM900/GSM1800 scenario................................................47
3.3 Tilt angle implementation ...........................................................................................................................47
3.4 Azimuth angle implementation ...................................................................................................................47
ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................................................................................48
INDEX.............................................................................................................................................................49
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX E
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX G
APPENDIX H
INTRA-/INTER-SYSTEM COMPATIBILITY......................................................................................61
APPENDIX I
MISCELLANEOUS.....................................................................................................................63
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Readership Profile
Content Summary
Service Information
Please send your comments, update wishes referring to this document to
rnp.methods@alcatel.de. They will be considered in a next edition of the document.
To get into contact with the Radio Network Planning Expert Center on antenna
topics, please use the intranet link of Professional Customer Services under
http://aww-mnd.alcatel.de/pcs/Antennas.
4/64
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SCOPE
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
[1.1]
[1.2]
[1.3]
[1.4]
[1.5]
[1.6]
[2.1]
[2.2]
[2.3]
Memo
[3]
[4.1]
[4.2]
[5.1]
[6.1]
[6.2]
[6.3]
[7.1]
[7.2]
[7.3]
[7.4]
[7.5]
[7.6]
[7.7]
[7.8]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[RFS 1]
[RFS 2]
[RFS 3]
[KAT 1]
[KAT 2]
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1 DOCUMENT OVERVIEW
General rule:
It is recommended to select the same antenna type +antenna feeder for all sectors of a
site. This minimizes the logistic effort for antennas, feeders mounting kits, clamps, etc.
but also reduces the risk of installation errors .
Reminder: for a given frequency band, the radome length decreases with increasing
vertical HPBW; for a given vertical HPBW, the radome length decreases with increasing
frequency band.
Single band macrocell
application
Depending on the application environment the general antenna selection rules of Table
1, Table 2, Table 3 apply. The table contains standard antennas which can handle
most of applications. The antennas are recommended for usage in air combining
configuration.
To select the right downtilt for the antenna, the downtilt planning must be done first,
see chapter 2.6.
the P-GSM 900 antenna specification can hold also for E-GSM 900
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Morphoclass
dense urban, urban
suburban
rural
highway coverage
Horiz.
HPBW []
65
65
90
90
360
65
33
Vert.
HPBW []
6.5
9
7-8.5
7-8.5
7
7-8.5
6
6
2-6
2-6
2
6
0
Polarization
Xpol
Xpol
Xpol
vert.
vert.
vert.
vert.
Ant. size
[m]
=2.5
=2.0
=2.6
=2.0
=2.5
Remarks
1
2
2, 3
4
5
Table 1: GSM 850/GSM 900; Key parameters for macrocell single band antenna
Morphoclass
dense urban, urban
suburban
rural
highway coverage
Horiz.
HPBW []
65
90
90
360
65
33
GSM 1800/GSM
Vert.
Gain [dBi]
HPBW []
6.5
=17
7-8.5
=16
7-8.5
=16
7
11
7-8.5
=17
=18
1900
El. Tilt []
Polarization
6
2-6
2-6
2
6
0
Xpol
Xpol
vert.
vert.
vert.
vert.
Ant. size
[m]
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
Remarks
2
2, 3
4
5
Table 2: GSM 1800/GSM 1900; Key parameters for macrocell single band antenna
Morphoclass
dense urban, urban
suburban
rural
highway coverage
Horiz.
HPBW []
65
90
90
360
65
33
Vert.
HPBW []
6.5
7-8.5
7-8.5
7
7-8.5
UMTS
Gain [dBi]
El. Tilt []
Polarization
=17
=16
=16
11
=17
=18
V
V
V
V
V
V
Xpol
Xpol
vert.
vert.
vert.
vert.
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
0-8
Ant. size
[m]
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
Remarks
6
2, 6
2, 3, 6, 7
4, 6
5 ,6
6
For the downtilt: 2 means a fix electrical tilt of 2; 2-6 means a fix electrical tilt in
the range 2-6; V 0-8 means a variable electrical tilt in the range 0-8.
for the gain: =16 dBi, means minimum 16 dBi ; it must be the maximum offered
in this category (while freezing the rest of parameters).
Remarks:
1.
The recommended antenna type for coverage reasons is the one with the
maximum gain offered in this category. But this may not be acceptable by the
operator for dense urban, urban environment if its height > 2 m. If this is the
case the antenna with =2.0 m must be considered whith less gain.
For dense urban (high density areas), urban: the coverage between sectors with
65 antennas is achieved by increased scattering in these environments.
2.
For suburban, rural: the cell overlap with 90 antennas between the sectors is
usually sufficient to allow successful handovers.
3.
Same standard antenna as for suburban, but cross polar antenna usage is not
recommended, prefer using single polarized antennas and space diversity (see
ch. 2.7).
4.
In rural areas: as an alternative, omni antennas can be used, but consider the
pros and cons mentioned in APPENDIX B .
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6.
For UMTS, analogue parameters as for the lower frequency bands, but with V08 variable electrical tilt; reasons for the variable electrical tilt:
a.) to be future proof for the remote tilt option, see APPENDIX D .
b.) due to commercial reason: same price expected from preferred antenna
suppliers.
7.
Currently UMTS is not foreseen to be deployed in rural areas; however, for the
opposite case, the same recommendation is valid as for the other bands.
In the GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900 and UMTS bands, the antennas
specified in Table 4 can handle most of applications. The range of the parameters is
due to the fact, that the visual impact of the micro antenna has a higher influence on
the antenna selection then its electrical properties.
Omni
Sector
Horizontal HPBW
360
85 20
Vertical HPBW
60 20
65 20
Gain
5 dBi 3 dB
8 dBi 3 dB
For crossroad scenario with symmetrical streets or asymmetrical streets, use omni
antenna; a sector antenna can be used as an additional option for crossroad
scenario with asymmetrical streets.
Remark: the internal integrated antenna of the Alcatel Evolium A910 BTS matches the
specified values of Table 4; its parameters are: Horizontal HPBW > 80, Vertical HPBW
= 6515, Gain > 6.3 dBi, cross polarized, isolation between the 2 polarization
branches > 25 dB; see the A910 product description [7.8].
900/1800 macrocell dual band
application
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5.
solution 1: dual band antennas with variable electrical downtilt for each band
For the multiband cell the separate modification of the downtilt is a key instrument to
tune the fieldstrength level difference between the 900 and 1800 bands to the values
expected by the HO algorithms of B6/B7.
The main criteria for selection among the above mentioned solutions is the coverage
target; Table 5 makes a preference ranking for the solutions; for further details see
Table 6 which gives a comparison of single band antennas vs. dual band antennas
based on the implementation in Alcatel Evolium BTS shown in Figure 1.
multiband BSS
(dual BCCH)
multiband cell
(single BCCH)
Preference of solutions
1 > 2 >3
1 = 2 =3
1 >> 2 > 3
1=2=3
Table 5: Preference ranking of antenna solutions for dual band (assumption: preferred band=1800)
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X
X
900
1800
Diplexer
Tx/Rx/Rxdiv 900+1800
Diplexer
Tx/Rx/Rxdiv 900+1800
Tx/Rx/Rxdiv 900+1800
Tx/Rx/Rxdiv 900+1800
Diplexer
Diplexer
Diplexer
Evolium BTS
Diplexer
Figure 1: Dual band antenna solution (here with integrated diplexer in the antenna) and single band antennas solution for Alcatel Evolium
BTS
Remarks to Table 5, Table 6:
?
The conclusions of Table 6, Table 5 mainly apply for the single operator case (1
operator colocates on a site 2 systems in GSM 900, GSM 1800).
For the multioperator case, mainly solution 2 is applicable. But if there are EMC or
mounting constraints imposed by local authorities, than operators may be forced to
cooperate and make an antenna sharing with solution 1 or 3.
Solution 1: main advantages are separate electrical tilt tuning and better suitability
for multiband cell operation; especially when used in a multiband cell with high
QoS (CSR, CDR, HSR etc.) requirements and higher TRX number in the preferred
band (e.g. 2x900+6x1800), solution 1 is the only recommended
(the reason: in the multiband cell the intra-zone HO outer=>inner (900=>1800) is done
with B7.2 HO cause13, which is based only on the outer zone level and in B7-on the traffic
balance between outer/inner zone; in cases with higher TRX number in the preferred band,
MSs will be often pushed in the inner zone to keep the load balance condition of cause 13,
but this can lead to bad QoS if there is no perfect overlap of the inner and outer zones; with
solution 1, the risks of solution 2 - like mismatching azimuths or non-clearance in the near
field of one of the single band antennas- is eliminated; see [8])
Solution 2: main advantage is the individual mechanical tilt tuning; this advantage
especially is relevant for high QoS requirements (CSR, CDR, HSR etc.) for colocated single band cells or multiband cell.
Solution 3: is a tradeoff for cases where the QoS requirements can be met with
fixed down-tilts and especially fixed delta between GSM900 and GSM1800
fieldstrength level (cf. [8])
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Morphoclass
dense urban, urban
suburban
rural
highway coverage
Remarks
1
2, 3
4, 5, 6
7
for the gain: =16 dBi, means minimum 16 dBi ; it must be the maximum offered
in this category (while freezing the rest of parameters).
for the downtilt, V0-8T means a variable electrical downtilt in the range 0-8.
Remarks:
1. For dense urban (high density areas) and urban: the coverage between sectors is
achieved by increased scattering in these environments.
2. For suburban, rural: the cell overlap between the sectors is usually sufficient to allow
successful handovers.
3. A XXpol 90 antenna is recommended, but currently not offered by the Alcatel
preferred antenna suppliers; e.g. Kathrein plans its market introduction for 3 Q 2003.
4. Same standard antenna as for suburban, but cross polar antenna usage is not
recommended, prefer using single polarized antennas and space diversity (see ch. 2.7)
5. In rural areas: a standard omni dual band antenna is not specified due to its low
market penetration, cf. APPENDIX B .
6. Currently UMTS is not foreseen to be deployed in rural areas.
7. In many projects, dual band coverage is planned for highway coverage only in
exceptional cases; instead single band coverage is done.
?
If enough frequencies are available in the 900 band, typically this band is used
due to its better coverage.
If (typically) more frequencies are available in 1800 band than in 900, than this
band is used due to the higher capacity which can cope with the total traffic.
However, if it is desired to have dual band coverage, two solutions exist, depending on
the type of the roadway arrangement:
?
preferred: same 65 antenna as for dense urban but vertical polarized. The tilts
must be carefully tuned in both bands to get a matching coverage overlap.
it is cheaper to install external diplexers (at BTS side) and possibly at antenna
connector side (if not already incorporated in the antenna radome) than to install a
second feeder pair
at migration single => dual band, the old feeder system can be kept if the cable
losses in the new band are still in the allowed range, i.e. =3 dB (see ch. 2.2).
Influence of cell split feature on antenna selection for multiband cell (single BCCH)
If e.g. a 3x(4+4) TRX multiband cell is realized with the B7 feature cell split over 2
BTSs (see [7.7]), by doing a migration from multiband BSS (dual BCCH), the
previously installed antennas of the multiband BSS solution can be kept unchanged.
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1800/UMTS macrocell
broadband application
850/1800, 850/1900 macrocell
dual band application
900/1800,850/1800,850/1900,
900/UMTS,1800/UMTS microcell
outdoor dual band application
A triple band sector antenna for this case is defined by the parameters for all 3 bands:
HPBW 65 (horizontal), 7.5 (vertical), gain 17 dBi, V0-8 T variable and band
independent electrical tilt, cross polarized (XXXpol) in all bands
This is not a standard antenna, as it covers only a small application range.
Feeder characteristics
Exemplary feeder types used in Alcatel projects and their loss characteristics are given
in Table 8.
To retrieve these and further characteristics (e.g. bending radius), refer to the
manufacturers catalogue.
Cable Type
Diameter Supplier
Losses in dB/100m
series
900 MHz 1800 MHz 2200 MHz
LCF 12-50
1/2
6.80
9.91
11.10
RFS
LCF 78-50
7/8
3.87
5.73
6.44
LCFS 114-50
1 1/4
2.77
4.15
4.68
LCF 158-50
1 5/8
2.34
3.57
4.05
Table 8: Typical feeder types and losses in dB/100m, exemplary for Cellflex Low-Loss Foam-Dielectric Coaxial Cable (RFS)
Jumper configuration
Jumper cables have to be provided at the points A, B, C along the feeder path of
Figure 3. Table 9gives the jumper cable configuration for sites with and without TMA;
the number of jumpers is per feeder, i.e for a single band crosspolar antenna fed by 2
cables, the number of jumpers must be multiplied by 2 (see figure in APPENDIX C ).
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900/UMTS, 1800/UMTS
macrocell dual band application
LCF 12-50 J
jumper
* Remark to Table 9:
From practical point of view it is better to use for the LCF 12-50 feeder cable type:
- no jumper cables of type LCF 12-50 J jumper, if no TMA used (instead of 1) and
- only 1 jumper cable of type LCF 12-50 J jumper if TMA used (instead of 2), between
TMA and antenna.
The reason is that LCF 12-50 J jumper and LCF 12-50 have the same loss and nearly
the same handling/bending flexibility. Anyway, the LCF 12-50 feeder is usable only for
short distances of 6-7 m, so additional jumpers are difficult to justify.
For the LCF 12-50 J jumper cable of RFS the loss/m is given in Table 10 (without
connector losses which must be added; a typical connector loss is <0.02 dB).
LCF 12-50 J jumper
loss
900 MHz
0.068 dB/m
1800 MHz
0.099 dB/m
2200 MHz
0.110 dB/m
900 MHz
1800 MHz
2200 MHz
LCF 12-50
44.1
30.3
27.0
LCF 78-50
67
42.0
36.3
LCFS 114-50
93.6
58
50
LCF 158-50
110.8
67.4
57.8
Table 11: Recommended max. feeder length (m) assuming 2x LCF12-50 Jumper usage of 3m each (for 1/2 cable: no jumpers)
Cable type
900 MHz
1800 MHz
2200 MHz
LCF 12-50
35.2
23.2
20.5
LCF 78-50
51.4
29.8
25.0
LCFS 114-50
71.8
41.2
34.4
LCF 158-50
85
47.9
39.8
Table 12: Recommended max. feeder length (m) assuming 3x LCF12-50 Jumper usage of 3m each (for 1/2 cable: 1 jumper)
and TX DL insertion loss of TMA (cf. Table 10)
Feeder selection
The antenna feeder have to be selected according to the following criteria:
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site construction constraints (existing space in cable trays and wall breakthroughs,
minimum allowed bending radius)
Selection rules:
?
It is recommended to select the same feeder type for all antennas of a site. This
minimizes the logistic effort for feeders, mounting kits, clamps, etc. but also
reduces the risk of installation errors .
Usually, the usage of the 1/2 feeder cable is not recommended; a breakeven
calculation shows that the 1/2 cable offers less total loss vs. the 7/8 cable only
for very small feeder length of 6-7 m.
The RNE must first try to use the 7/8 feeder cable due to its lowest price and
highest handling flexibility; it can already cover many practical applications, due to
the achieved length.
If the required feeder length is longer than the value indicated in Table 11 for 7/8
the usage of next thickness class is recommended (1 ).
If 1 5/8 is still not long enough, the distance BTS-antenna must be reduced or the
losses of >3 dB must be tolerated.
One must keep in mind that for e.g. rural tower sites the feeder length must cover
the exemplary distances as indicated in Figure 2.
Feeder length:=2m+7m+(H tower-2m-0.5* H ant. radome)+2m H tower+8m,
where 0.5* H ant. radome is approximized with 1 m.
H Tower
Max. H planning A955
Lightning protection
jumper
2m
BTS shelter
2m
feeder
7m
2m
14/64
If the link budget is UL limited, a TMA usage may be sensible for high power (HP)
TRX configurations and for suburban or rural sites with antenna height 20 m; its
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MAPL
DL
benefits are the gain in cell range (due to gain in the maximum allowed path loss,
MAPL) and the improvement of indoor coverage.
DL no TMA
Tx insertion loss
TMA contribution
MAPL
UL
UL no TMA
If the link budget is DL limited, a TMA will show no effect on the cell range.
If the link budget is balanced, the TMA can be used as a network enhancing
feature depending on the operator policy: it efficiently reduces the UL MS power
yielding better MS standby times and reduced UL electromagnetic pollution levels.
Also if the link budget is balanced and no power reduction for MS is done, the TMA
helps to increase the UL throughput for GPRS and E-GPRS.
Table 14 and Table 15 indicate for GSM 900 and GSM 1800 in the environments
suburban, rural, roads: the limiting link in the link budget and if a TMA is sensible or
obsolete. The recommendation for TMA usage is based on the:
?
computation of typical link budgets for the Alcatel G4 Evolium A9100 BTS for MP
and HP (see also [1.4], [1.5], [1.6]);
BTS output power at antenna connector for the used BTS configurations as given in
[7.7]; combining/no combining stands for the operation mode of ANc module in
the BTS;
Band
GSM 900
GSM 1800
Gain
Noise figure
TX insertion loss in DL
14 dB
1.8 dB
0.6 dB
12 dB
1.8 dB
0.4 dB
Table 13: Most important TMA parameters
GSM 900
Medium Power TRX (MP)
High Power TRX (HP)
BTS config.
without use TMA?
BTS config.
without
use TMA?
TMA
TMA
3x2 no combining UL
rather not (remark
3x2 no
UL
yes (remark 2)
1)
combining
3x3 combining
DL
no
3x3 combining
DL
no
3x4 no
UL
yes (remark 2)
combining*
3x4 combining
DL
no
3x4 combining
DL
no
3x6 combining*
DL
no
3x6 combining*
DL
no
Remarks:
* this BTS configurations is realized with 2 cabinets (B7 feature cell split over 2 BTS)
1. no, if benefit of TMA in MAPL is too low (e.g. 0.4 dB); to be checked case by case
2. benefit of TMA in MAPL is typically better than 1.6 dB
Table 14: GSM 900 Typical link budget limitations and indication for TMA usage
GSM 1800
Medium Power TRX (MP)
High Power TRX (HP)
BTS config.
without
use TMA?
BTS config.
without
use TMA?
TMA
TMA
3x2 no
balance
rather not (remark
3x2 no
UL
yes (remark 2)
combining
1)
combining
3x3 combining
DL
no
3x3 combining
DL
no
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UL
yes (remark 2)
3x4 combining
DL
no
DL
no
3x6 combining*
DL
no
DL
no
Remarks:
* this BTS configurations is realized with 2 cabinets (B7 feature cell split over 2 BTS)
1. no, if benefit of TMA in MAPL is too low (e.g. 0.4 dB); to be checked case by case
2. benefit of TMA in MAPL is typically better than 2 dB; see example in Table 16
Table 15: GSM 1800 Typical link budget limitations and indication for TMA usage
Remark to Table 14 and Table 15:
?
If the link budget for MP is already UL limited or balanced, the migration from a
MP to a HP TRX in the same TRX configuration shows a benefit for the MAPL, only if
the HP TRX is deployed together with a TMA.
Improvement (lowering) of the noise figure of the total receive chain =>getting a
better sensitivity (desired) according to Friess formula => increased MAPL.
16/64
In case TMAs are present in the system, they have to be considered in the network
design.
?
For the UL path of the link budget in a coverage driven scenario, the TMA impact
cannot be treated by simply adding the TMA gain; instead the TMA contribution
has to be added (the TMA contribution is the value indicating the BTS sensitivity
improvement by the TMA). The calculations for the TMA contribution in UL are
done with the Friess Formula (see APPENDIX C ).
In the DL path of the link budget the TMA will add a Tx insertion loss composed of
the TMA insertion loss according to the data sheet (Table 13) and the loss of an
additional jumper cable (Table 10).
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3x4 no
combining*
3x4 combining
3x6 combining*
Antenna
Tower
A mounted RX B
Amplifier
(MHA)
Frontend
(ANX or E
ANC)
F Splitter G
(ANY)
H Splitter I
(ANY)
Receiver
(TRE)
BTS
feeder Cable losses cf. Table 8: 2.4 dB (40m) and 0.6 dB (10m)
for a G3 BTS with a Noise Figure 4dB, a S/N = 6dB leads to a sensitivity of
111dBm, since:
sensitivity = -174 dBm + 10*log (200 kHz)+S/N + system noise figure=
-121 dBm+ S/N + BTS noise figure= -121+6+4 = -111 dBm
Table 16 gives the exemplary impact of TMA usage for GSM 1800HP TRX. The TMA
contribution (benefit) is calculated with the Friess formula (see APPENDIX C )
compared to the same BTS configuration without TMA and the same total cable loss
The new system sensitivity (taking into account the TMA presence) to be considered in
the link budget is calculated in Equation 1:
new system sensitivity= -111 dBm - |TMA contribution|
Equation 1: BTS sensitivity calculation due to TMA usage
The benefit of TMA for the MAPL is lower then the TMA contribution since the link
budget gets DL limited through the TMA introduction.
TMA
Gain
[dB]
12
12
Antenna
height [m]
35
35
Cable
TMA
New BTS
Benefit of TMA
length
contribution Sensitivity
for the MAPL
[m]
[dB]
[dBm]
[dB]
40
4.2
-115.2
2.1
10
2.6
-113.6
2.1
Table 16: Exemplary impact of TMA usage for GSM 1800 HP TRX
Gain in
cell range
[%]
14
14
Blocking &
IM degradation
[dB]
9
10.8
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It is quite hard to give a general guideline for antenna height only in function of the
morphostructure. Though, the selection of the antenna height, shall be done based on:
?
necessary clearance in the antenna near field range (cf. Equation 7 , chapter 3.1
for flat roof);
The selected antenna height has a strong impact on the cell coverage range and
interference situation in the vicinity. The higher the antenna height, the bigger the
coverage area is, but also the potential interference area.
Especially in the areas where Alcatel doesnt face any coverage commitment, one
should try to minimize the antenna height to a value, guaranteeing coverage e.g. for
the intended village, but not covering the tree areas around. Reason: minimize site
construction costs (see next subchapter).
Maximum mast heights
For macrocells mounted on masts, two types of masts are used: guided masts (70-80%
of cases) and self supporting masts. They are typically offered in the height classes
mentioned in Table 17, but the availability of classes may differ on a Alcatel project
basis.
If possible, the RNE must try to minimize the antenna height to a value fitting into the
next lower mast height class given in Table 17, in order to save installation costs.
The top of the sector antenna radome may reach the top of the tower but never
overtop it due to the lightning protection of the tower.
26
29
31
35
36
41
41
47
46
53
51
Further issues
1.
Field proven values for cell antenna height are 3 15 m and below rooftop, whereas
the umbrella cell antenna height are 15 35 m.
In cases with very high buildings, cell antenna height can be > 10m; the big cell can
relief from traffic congestion in umbrella cell.
But the risks associated to high cell antenna heights are also present if the frequency
spectrum doesnt allow an optimized frequency plan:
-for outdoor MS served by the high cell, the risk to get the UL disturbed by a neighbour macro
site increases with increasing cell antenna height
-for indoor MS located in higher building floors and served by the high cell, there is a risk of
DL+UL interference.
If the target is to relieve hot spot macrocell from in building traffic, dedicated indoor solutions
must be evaluated.
2.
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This chapter gives rules for planning the GSM antenna height, which is key result of the
RNP process.
3.
According to Equation 3 in ch. 2.7.2 the separation of the diversity antennas must be:
d_horiz > effective antenna height/10 .
4.
Antenna heights in dual band case with single band antennas (solution 2 in chapter
2.1)
It is recommended to mount the higher band antennas above the lower band antennas
to partially compensate weaker propagation conditions in lower frequency band (e.g.
1800 antennas above 900 antennas).
5.
If e.g. a 3x8 TRX monoband site is realized with the B7 feature cell split over 2 BTSs
(see [7.7]), the same antenna height must be selected for the Tx resp. for the Rx
antennas of each BTS rack.
If e.g. a 3x(4+4) TRX multiband cell is realized with the B7 feature cell split over 2
BTSs (see [7.7]) by using separate single band antennas (solution 2, see chapter 2.1)
the same rule as in the previous point applies.
6. Antenna height planning for hopping networks:
Hopping type
tilt tuning
Remarks
RFH 1x3
RFH 1x1
++
++
BBH
O
O
O
Table 18: Impact of height, azimuth, tilt planning for hopping networks
With a reuse scheme of 1x3: RFH is most efficient if the network design is
regulary, i.e same antenna heights, regular antenna azimuths.
With a reuse scheme of 1x1, the same frequency group is used everywhere;
here the requirement to have same antenna height is even higher as for
1x3, whereas there is no requirement for same azimuth.
7.
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Hopping networks
In urban areas it may not be sensible to direct the main beam of a sector along a
straight rectilinear road since this ensures a larger cell range then planned for this
morphoclass. The following scenario is possible: a MS far from the site on the road
may still be booked on the site due to direct line of sight along the road, whereas
the monitored neighbours in the neighbour list do not offer anymore a sufficient
level for a secure HO; if the serving cell level further decreases, a call drop is
possible.
For 2 sector sites on roads in rural area the main beams must follow the direction
of the road.
For the co-located dual band TRXs in GSM900/GSM1800 scenario the planning of
the antenna azimuth is a critical issue:
?
For the co-located single band cells (where solutions 1, 2, 3 of chapter 2.1 are
possible) it is recommended to achieve a maximum coverage overlap in both
bands by planning antenna azimuths identical in both bands.
Reason: multiband MS benefit most from the traffic distribution between bands if
the coverage overlap is maximum; for single band MSs there is no impact.
For the multiband cell (where solutions 1, 3 of chapter 2.1 are favoured vs.
solution 2) this is even mandatory to do so.
Reason: there is no BCCH reception in that regions of the inner zone which do not
overlap with the outer zone.
Principle
for urban areas, to find a tradeoff between maximum fieldstrength level at cell
border and interference reduction;
for rural areas, to ensure a maximum fieldstrength level at cell border (good fringe
coverage).
The downtilt planning is done with a geometrical ray optics method under
consideration of:
?
effective BTS antenna height (see Figure 6) which takes into account the
topography between BTS and MS location
Figure 4, Equation 2, Table 19 show the principle under the simplifying assumption of
flat terrain.
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This chapter gives rules for planning the antenna azimuth, which is key result of the
RNP process. First some general rules are given, then some particular cases are
treated.
HPBW
main beam direction
All rights reserved. Passing on and copying of this
document, use and communication of its contents
not permitted without written authorization from Alcatel.
HPBW
2 downtilt
7 vertical HPBW
4 downtilt
7 vertical HPBW
tilt
H
HPBW
a
c=
H
H
H
; b=
; a=
tan( tilt HPBW / 2)
tan( tilt )
tan( tilt + HPBW / 2)
Equation 2: Tilt assessment with geometrical ray optics
Remark to Equation 2:
If e.g. the height H is fixed by constraints and the resulting value for tilt is relative
high (>20) it is worth it to look for alternative lower sites and/or select another
antenna with a more narrow vertical pattern.
Reason: high risk for pattern distortions for the case of flat roof mounting of the
antennas.
A calculation example (for qualitative purpose only) is given in Table 19:
Downtilt []
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Table 19: Exemplary calculation of points a, b, c positions for antenna height = 30 m, vert. HPBW = 7, flat terrain
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Figure 5, Table 20 and Table 21 show how the tilt is determined as function of
morphoclass and coverage range under the simplifying assumption of flat terrain.
With Equation 2 it is possible to adjust cell overlap areas during the initial network
design phase, as shown in Figure 5; this first design may be subject for a later
optimization.
Case 1: tilt planning for dense urban, urban environment
The tilt planning is done for point c in Figure 4, i.e. the upper 3dB lobe of the vertical
pattern is directed towards the calculated cell range.
It is assumed that multipath propagation ensures for this 3 sectorized cell arrangement
a sufficient cell overlap for a secure handover (to be validated on the field).
The required tilt can be read out of Table 20 exemplary for a vertical HPBW=7; here
the cell range may be indoor/incar/outdoor cell range based on coverage and/or
capacity requirements in the cell.
If the required tilt doesnt match the electrical tilt for the selected antenna in Table 1 an
additional mechanical uptilt/downtilt must be applied.
Further, if this tilt planning leads to HO drop due to
?
level (bad coverage) between some distinct sites, less downtilt must be applied,
e.g. by using mechanical uptilt;
frequency reuse improvement through interference reduction further away from site
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Required tilt
Case 1: Dense urban, urban coverage; Tilt planning for point c (Intersection plane X-X)
Tilt 2
Site A
Tilt 2
be
e lo
Sid
Ma
in
be
am
Site B
Cell range R2
0.5* R2
R2
0.5* R2
Tilt 1
Site C
Ma
in b
eam
Site D
eam
in b
Ma
Cell range R1
Cell range R1
15
20
25
40
45
50
300
400
6.4
5.6
7.3
6.4
8.3
7.1
9.2
7.8
10.2
8.5
11.1
9.2
12.0
9.9
13.0
10.6
500
600
5.2
4.9
5.8
5.4
6.4
5.9
6.9
6.4
7.5
6.8
8.1
7.3
8.6
7.8
9.2
8.3
700
800
900
4.7
4.6
4.5
5.1
4.9
4.8
5.5
5.3
5.1
6.0
5.6
5.4
6.4
6.0
5.7
6.8
6.4
6.0
7.2
6.7
6.4
7.6
7.1
6.7
1000
1300
4.4
4.2
4.6
4.4
4.9
4.6
5.2
4.8
5.5
5.0
5.8
5.3
6.1
5.5
6.4
5.7
1500
1700
4.1
4.0
4.3
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.6
4.5
4.8
4.7
5.0
4.8
5.2
5.0
5.4
5.2
2000
3.9
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.8
4.9
Table 20: Downtilt (electrical+mechanical) in degrees referring to case 1 of Figure 5 (vertical HPBW=7)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2.9
2.1
3.8
2.9
4.8
3.6
5.7
4.3
6.7
5.0
7.6
5.7
8.5
6.4
9.5
7.1
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1.7
2.3
2.9
3.4
4.0
4.6
5.1
5.7
600
700
1.4
1.2
1.9
1.6
2.4
2.0
2.9
2.5
3.3
2.9
3.8
3.3
4.3
3.7
4.8
4.1
800
900
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.8
1.6
2.1
1.9
2.5
2.2
2.9
2.5
3.2
2.9
3.6
3.2
1000
1300
0.9
0.7
1.1
0.9
1.4
1.1
1.7
1.3
2.0
1.5
2.3
1.8
2.6
2.0
2.9
2.2
1500
1700
0.6
0.5
0.8
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.7
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.1
Table 21: Downtilt (electrical+mechanical) in degrees referring to case 2 of Figure 5
1.3
1.4
2000
The tilt angles can be implemented only with a resolution of 0.5, see also ch. 3.3.
If e.g. a 3x8 TRX monoband site is realized with the B7 feature cell split over 2
BTSs (see [7.7]), the same tilt must be selected for all antennas on each BTS rack.
setting different downtilt values for 900 and 1800 bands (typically lower tilt
value for 1800) or
possibly selecting single band antennas with different antenna gains and
vertical patterns (high RNE effort).
This helps to divert the 900 traffic into the 1800 band with the required QoS and
to efficiently use the high number of 1800 TRXs.
A955 RNP tool simulations and sample measurements recorded in the respective
places help to determine the downtilt settings (see [8]).
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Choosing sector antennas with high electrical downtilt (6...8) and applying
mechanical uptilt in main beam direction is a very effective means for
interference and range reduction in side lobe direction.
The high high electrical downtilt + mechanical uptilt is a favoured solution
vs. low electrical downtilt + additional mechanical downtilt.
For very high antenna locations (e.g. on the tops of high mountains, or on
the roof-tops of tall buildings for coverage in the street below) a combination
of electrical and mechanical downtilt is recommended.
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500
The antenna manufacturers typically provide two cuts through the radiation pattern
in horizontal and vertical direction. Mathematically, there is no exact method to
rebuild a three-dimensional structure from two two-dimensional cuts. So
assumptions and simplifications are made. Different planning tools have different
approaches, as no exact solution exists. Refer to [9] for A955s approach
description (valid for V5 and V6 of A955). Also consider, that A955 does not
consider three-dimensional radiation patterns provided by some antenna
manufacturers for parts of their product range.
Antenna diversity has only an impact on the service coverage, if the system is UL
limited.
It needs to be checked with a linkbudget for the installed equipment, if there will be an
impact on the cell range in UL, see also Table 14, Table 15.
If the linkbudget is DL limited by e.g. 2 dB, there will be no improvement in the service
coverage when improving the UL with better diversity gain.
Summary
Table 22 summarizes the GSM rules for diversity planning. For additional details refer
to the following subchapters.
Environment
recommended
diversity type
Rx Div. gain
(UL)
dense
urban+urban
+ suburban
crosspolar
diversity
3 dB
rural, highway
space diversity
for horizontal
separ.: 5 dB
for vertical
separ.: 3 dB
Addit. Tx loss
(DL) for crosspolar diversity
0 dB
1.5 to 3 dB
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rural, highway
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Table 23: Summary on diversity gain for space and polarization diversity in different environments for GSM900/1800
Remarks:
1. The values of Table 23 are valid for maximum ratio combining (MRC) method
used in the Alcatel G3 TRX.
For the G4 TRE, and for B6.2 BSS software release onwards, a new combining
method (Enhanced diversity combining, see APPENDIX E ) offers additional
antenna diversity gain vs. the MRC method.
According to [7.1], currently there are only simulated values available for the
antenna diversity gain of the enhanced diversity combining method vs. no
combining (the values are independent on the penetration rate of BTS using
enhanced diversity):
As long as the simulated values are not confirmed by extensive field tests, it is
recommended to consider the values of Table 23.
Impact on RNP of enhanced diversity combining:
2. For urban and suburban environment the diversity gain has the same order of
magnitude.
3. For rural environment polarization diversity gain is negligible (in LOS areas there
are no reflection, diffraction effects which are responsible for polarization
direction changes).
4. The diversity gain of Table 23 is considered only in the UL path of the link
budget.
5. Modeling of diversity gain in A955 RNP tool:
no impact on predictions, independent if MRC or enhanced diversity combining
method is active, since there is no UL prediction in A955; furthermore, the UL
path is further improved through antenna diversity.
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In an UMTS system, the RX diversity gain depends on the service, on the multipath
profile and on the velocity. The Rx diversity gain is manifested by a reduction of the
required received uplink Eb/No.
A typical RX diversity gain on Rx Eb/N0 is between 1.5 and 4 dB; it is slightly larger in
Pedestrian A than in Vehicular A environment since the channel power variations are
larger and the interchip interference is lower in Pedestrian A.
This is shown exemplarily in Table 24 by simulation results for an 8 kbit/s voice
channel simulation results for different services (provided by TD/SYT). The simulation
assumption was that the two RX signals were completely uncorrelated, i.e. it can be
expected that in high scatter environments (urban, suburban) the same order of
magnitude can be achieved with space and cross polar diversity.
Environment
Speed
(km/h)
3
6
10
25
50
120
200
350
3
6
10
25
50
120
Vehicular A
Pedestrian A
1 antenna
7.7
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.3
8.9
9.5
11.1
7.2
7.7
7.8
8.2
8.6
9.1
Uplink
2 antennas
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6.3
7.0
8.5
4.2
4.8
4.7
4.8
5.0
5.8
Rx Div. Gain
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.6
2.5
2.6
3.0
2.9
3.1
3.4
3.6
3.3
Table 24: Rx Eb/N0 required for a BER of 10-3 in speech 8 kbps and corresponding Rx diversity gain for UMTS-FDD
2.7.2 Rx space diversity
Required Rx antenna separation for space diversity
There are 2 driving factors for the required Rx antenna separation in case of space
diversity:
The recommended and required separation between the two Rx antennas to achieve
sufficient signal decorrelation and so the space div. gain given in Table 23, Table 24 is:
d H=20, dV =15
GSM900
6.6 m
5m
frequency band
GSM1800
UMTS-FDD
3.2 m
2.9 m
2.4 m
2.2 m
For space diversity prefer horizontal separation vs. vertical separation, due to
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On the other hand in case of flat roof mounting of antennas, the number of poles
possibly increases (due to 2 poles per sector diversity, but with common usage of
poles for adjacent sectors) .
2.
If the installation space is limited, lower separations than dH=20, dV =15 can
be applied, at the cost of a lower diversity gain, but they should not be reduced
below 50% of the values in Table 25.
There is no deterministic formula to calculate the diversity gain as function of
separation distance, because the gain is highly dependent on the multipath
environment.
But a lower diversity gain due to lower separations than dH=20, dV =15 has
only an effect, if the system is UL limited. It needs to be checked with a
linkbudget for the installed equipment, if there will be an impact on the cell range
in UL (see also Table 14, Table 15).
The required (horizontal) antenna spacing is not only determined by Table 25, but
additionally by Equation 3:
d > effective antenna height/10
Equation 3: Space diversity separation as function of effective antenna height
dH
BTS
heff = f ( ,D1, hBTS, hMS )
BTS
MS
heff
hMS
The rule comes into account only for e.g. antennas placed on a 20
m tower on a high hill serving the valley below, where the effective
antenna height can easily trespass 60 m, e.g. 100 m. The dH for
optimum space diversity gain should be 10m, but this is irealistic to
implement. So it is not relevant whether the implemented spacing is
6m or less, since the diversity gain given in Table 23 is never
reached and will be low.
Figure 6: Effective antenna height
D1
Single band antenna usage: for required Rx antenna separation refer to Table 25.
Dual band resp. triple band antenna usage: the required Rx antenna separation is
determined by the lower band requirements in Table 25.
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only Rx application
Tx+Rx application
The main issue for the Rx application is the Diversity gain in UL (cf. [2.2], [2.3]):
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The Rx diversity gain improves only the UL path of the link budget.
For achievable values, see Table 23 and Table 24.
The following considerations are valid for GSM and need to be verified for UMTS.
The main issues for the Rx application are the same as above.
The main issues for the Tx application are:
For the prediction calculations of A955, only the transmitting aspect is relevant. It is
assumed that in this case, the receiving antenna (the MS antenna) is vertical polarized.
(However the fact, that in reality a high percentage of receiving MS antennas are
inclined is not considered in A955).
An additional pathloss is currently not automatically considered in A955 V5/V6, since
the tool has no information about polarization planes.
Workaround: RNE can manually subtract this pathloss from the EIRP for rural regions.
2.
The treatment of the combining gain for A955 RNP tool can be considered by using
the new specified value of the BTS output power at the antenna connector which
already omits duplexer, combiner and internal cabling losses.
3.
3DF 01902 2711 VAZZA
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can consider only one of the antenna diagrams, i.e it assumes the same relative
antenna gain and though predicts the same pathloss for the DL and UL spectrum
portions of the same frequency band.
Cross polar antennas have the same polarization diversity gain compared to
horiz./vert. polarized antennas. Still, cross polar antennas are preferred instead of
horiz./vert. polarized antennas because: in case of air combining, both polarization
directions of a cross polar antenna can be used for Tx, whereas only the vertical
polarization direction of a horiz./vert. polarized antenna can be used for Tx ([2.3]
shows that important losses can also be expected on the horizontal polarization
direction, assuming a vertical polarized MS antenna).
Air combining with horiz./vert. polarized antennas is not practicable; so, horiz./vert.
polarized antennas have a low market penetration.
In this document, the focus within dual polarized antenna class will be only on cross
polar antennas and not on horiz./vert. polarized antennas.
Ant. B
ANC 1
ANC 2
TRX1 TRX2
TRX3 TRX4
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For the Rx application the selection between space and polarization diversity is based
on the diversity gain, according to ch. 2.7.1:
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Some antenna manufacturers provide antenna patterns for different spectrum portions
in the same band (e.g. for UL/DL) and for different polarizations (+45 / 45; they
result from co-polar measurements, i.e. Tx and measuring Rx antenna have the same
polarization). In the main beam direction the patterns are typically very similar, but in
the side lobes differences of = 20 dB are possible. Since RNP tools generally (and
A955 particularly) cannot handle more than one (horiz. and vert.) antenna pattern, the
different pattern data has to be preprocessed by the planner.
A955 V5/V6 currently:
For dense urban, urban and suburban areas crosspolar antennas are
recommended.
For rural areas and highway coverage in a tyypical coverage driven planning, the
space diversity (with vertical polarized antennas) is recommended.
For the exceptional case of a traffic driven planning in these environments,
crosspolar antennas can be considered to minimize project logistic.
Cross polar antennas must be used in urban and suburban areas, whereas two
separated vertical polarized antennas must be used in rural areas for space diversity.
Space and cross polar diversity are compatible with mechanical and electrical downtilt;
but in general electrical downtilt is preferred vs. mechanical downtilt (see ch. 2.6),
especially in UMTS (interference limited system).
The orientation of the Rx diversity antenna arrangement must correspond to the cell
orientation (see Figure 8), to achieve highest space diversity gains (cf. [10])
RxA
Maximum
Diversity
Maximum
Diversity
RxA
RxB
Cell
Border
Correct orientation
Figure 8: Orientation of Rx antennas for space diversity
RxB
Incorrect orientation
For Tx Eb /N0 and Rx Eb /N0, the denominator N0 denotes the noise measured at the
receiver side and Eb is the energy per information bit at the transmitter side and
receiver side respectively.
Table 26 exemplary shows Tx DL Eb /N0 required for a target BLER=10-2 (AMR 12.2
kbps) and the corresponding Tx diversity gain for STTD/ Closed loop mode 1 for the
3GPP defined multipath environments Vehicular A (representative for macrocellular
propagation) and Pedestrian A (microcellular propagation). Some remarks on the
TD/SYT simulation results:
A big advantage of STTD over closed-loop mode 1 is that STTD is always better
than no transmit diversity, which is not the case of closed-loop mode 1. Indeed,
closed-loop mode 1 degrades the performance compared to no transmit diversity
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for medium and large mobile speeds (above 60-80 km/h) with a loss that may be
significant (up to 1.1 dB at 120 km/h and even larger loss above 120 km/h).
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Speed
(km/h)
Environment
3
6
10
25
50
120
250
350
3
6
10
25
50
80
120
Vehicular A
Pedestrian A
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.3
6.6
8.1
10.1
8.0
8.0
8.3
7.2
7.1
7.0
7.0
Tx diversity gain
STTD
Closedloop
mode 1
0.7
1.2
6.3
6.3
6.1
6.4
7.9
9.6
14.3
7.3
7.3
7.2
6.8
6.5
7.8
8.6
0.9
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
0
3.3
3.1
2.5
1.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.4
1.1
0.9
0.2
-1.1
-1.5
-4.0
4.0
3.8
3.6
2.1
1.5
0.1
-0.7
Table 26: Target Tx DL Eb/N0 and corresponding Tx diversity gain for UMTS-FDD for a target BLER = 10-2 (AMR 12.2 kbps)
Table 28 shows Rx DL Eb /N0 required for a BER of 10-3 in speech 8 kbps and the
corresponding Tx diversity gain for STTD in the multipath environments Vehicular A
and Pedestrian A (simulation results provided by TD/SYT):
?
The Tx diversity gain on Rx Eb /N0 is larger for Pedestrian A than for Vehicular A.
Environment
Speed
[km/h]
Vehicular A
Downlink
Eb/No
Eb/No
without
Tx STTD
diversity[dB] [dB]
6.8
6.6
0.2
6
7.1
6.9
0.2
10
7.2
7.0
0.2
25
7.2
6.9
0.3
50
7.4
7.1
0.3
120
7.6
7.5
0.1
200
8.4
8.2
0.2
350
10.4
10.0
0.4
Pedestrian A
3
6.5
6.3
0.2
6
7.1
6.6
0.5
10
7.6
6.9
0.7
25
8
7.0
1
50
8.3
7.3
1
120
8.5
7.7
0.8
Table 27: Rx DL Eb/N0 required for a BER of 10-3 in speech 8 kbps and corresponding Tx diversity gain for UMTS-FDD
space diversity: for the separation rules refer to chapter 2.7.2 and Table 25;
polarization diversity.
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2. With duplexer usage, each Rx diversity antenna can also be used for transmission
with Tx diversity.
3. TX diversity gain variation in urban and rural environment: to be studied on field.
The gain of 4-RxDiv can be mapped onto a gain in cell range only in case of limited
UL in the link budget. If the system is DL limited, 4RxDiv will show no effect on the cell
range (cf. [6.3]).
The diversity gain is manifested by a reduction of the required Rx UL Eb/No which will
improve the coverage and capacity performance of the system.
The potential gain of receive antenna diversity with 2, 3 or 4 perfectly uncorrelated
antennas is simulated by TD/SYT for vehicular A and pedestrian A environments,
where the BER is measured at the output of the channel decoder ([6.3]). For a BER of
10-3 there is a difference on Rx Eb/No level in the node B of:
?
The real potential gain of 4-RxDiv will depend on the environment (propagation
channel), the service (BER or BLER), the speed of the mobile and antenna
characteristics.
Implementation
For space diversity, this decorrelation can be achieved by spatially separating the
antennas, horizontally or vertically, by applying the separation rules of Table 25
and Equation 3.
For polarization diversity, the decorrelation is obtained with cross polar antennas
(+/-45).
Initial situation: 2RX diversity scheme with single polarized antennas and vertical or
horizontal separation.
After upgrade: for low visual impact, replacement of the 2 existing antennas with 2
cross polar antennas, see Figure 9.
Space
Diversity
Vertical
polarised
antenna 1
Distance d
Rxdiv1
Vertical
polarised
antenna 2
Replace
Antennas
Polarisation Space
Diversity Diversity
Xpol
antenna 1
Distance d
Rxdiv1 Rxdiv2
Rxdiv2
Polarisation
Diversity
Xpol
antenna 2
Rxdiv3 Rxdiv4
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Initial situation: 2RX diversity scheme with 1 cross polar antenna (typical in dense
urban, urban, suburban environment).
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4. Consideration of TX diversity gain in A955 RNP prediction: use Eb/No of Table 26.
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Xpol
antenna
Rxdiv3
add Xpol
antenna in
distance d
Polarisation Space
Diversity Diversity
Xpol
antenna 1
Distance d
Rxdiv1 Rxdiv2
Rxdiv4
Polarisation
Diversity
Xpol
antenna 2
Rxdiv3
Rxdiv4
The possible interference scenarios and most important EMC interference mechanisms
(Transmitter Noise/Spurious Emissions , Blocking, Intermodulation) need to be
combated to guarantee the intra-system and inter-system compatibility for site
sharing/co-location. They are described in APPENDIX H .
Methodology
The assessment methodology for mobile intra-system and inter-system compatibility for
site sharing (co-siting) consists in the following steps (for GSM and UMTS):
1. Listing of possible relevant intra- and inter-system incompatibility issues.
example: for a site which is shared by operator1 (which operates in 900/1800
dual band) and operator2 (which operates UMTS) the possible system
incompatibility issues are: a.) intra-system incompatibility inside 900, 1800, UMTS
b.) inter-system incompatibility between 900-UMTS, 1800-UMTS, 900-1800.
2. For the cases identified in step 1:
Finding out which decoupling values are the dimensioning ones (see Table
28, Table 29 for some important combinations).
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Polarisation
Diversity
Antenna
Antenna
TX power
Decoupling
Rx
BTS
or
Node B
the antenna spacing between Tx antenna (of mobile system 1) and Rx antenna (of
mobile system 2),
Tx
BTS
or
Node B
Alcatel proposes in Table 28 (cf. [5.1]) the Tx/Rx decoupling requirements for intraband and some important inter-band mobile system co-locations, both for Alcatel BTS
and other vendors BTS (also fulfilling the mentioned 3GPP specifications); Table 28
also mentions the interference mechanism which is the dimensioning one.
GSM900 (RX)
Specification
according to:
GSM
05.05
GSM 05.05
Alcatel
25 dB
GSM1800 (RX)
GSM
05.05
Alcatel
3G TS
25.104
Alcatel
46 dB
25 dB
IM
v.8.5.1:
34dB
v.8.5.1:
34dB
GSM
spurious
GSM
spurious
Blocking
GSM900 (TX)
IM
Alcatel
25 dB
46 dB
Blocking
25 dB
IM
IM
GSM 05.05
39 dB
Blocking
GSM1800 (TX)
Alcatel
39 dB
Blocking
3G TS 25.104
UMTS (TX)
Alcatel
35 dB
Blocking
35 dB
Blocking
25 dB
IM
25 dB
IM
25 dB
IM
30 dB
Blocking
30 dB
Blocking
UMTS (RX)
25 dB
IM
43 dB
Blocking
43 dB
Blocking
30 dB
Blocking
30 dB
Blocking
61 dB
Blocking
30 dB
Blocking
v.8.4.1:
85 dB
v.8.4.1:
85 dB
v8.5.1:
34dB
v8.5.1:
34dB
GSM
spurious
GSM
spurious
62 dB
34 dB
Blocking
GSM
spurious
58 dB
Blocking
58 dB
Blocking
34 dB
Spurious
34 dB
Spurious
Table 28: Tx/Rx decoupling requirements for some important system co-locations
Remark:
the requirements specified by 3GPP are based on the assumption that the decoupling
(between the Tx antenna connector of mobile system 1 and the Rx antenna connector
of mobile system 2, as shown in Figure 11) provided by the antenna system is
minimum 30 dB; this assumption is indeed confirmed by antenna manufacturer
measurement series, refer to [RFS 1]. But by using the Alcatel EVOLIUM 9100 BTS
(G3, G3.5, G3.8, G4, G4.2, Evolution step 1, Evolution step 2), even less decoupling
is required than the 30 dB of Table 28:
For certain combinations 900 TX-900 RX, 1800 TX-1800 RX, 900 TX-1800 RX,
1800 TX-900 RX: 25 dB are sufficient (IM is the dimensioning scenario; Transmitter
Noise/Spurious Emissions: no problem, due to high selectivity of Tx filter as
specified by 3GPP for GSM; Out-of-band blocking: no problem, due to the high
selectivity of the Rx filters).
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For the intra-system case it is possible to apply the empirical formulas below (source:
Celwave/RFS) giving an orientative value for the decoupling; they are applicable:
?
adjacent sectors;
The distance required for a specific isolation varies with operational frequency and
antenna gain. Lower frequencies and higher gains require greater separations.
1. Achievable decoupling/isolation DV by vertical separation
DV=28+40log(dV/) [dB]
Equation 4: Decoupling by vertical separation
Tx
dv
Mast
Rx
dm
Tx
dH
DH=22+20log(dH/)-(GT()+GR()) [dB]
Equation 5: Decoupling by horizontal separation
Rx
dV
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Rx
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required decoupling
900 Tx-UMTS Rx
21 dB
UMTS Tx-900 Rx
18 dB
UMTS Tx-UMTS Rx
13 dB
Table 29: Tx/Rx decoupling requirements for Alcatel BTS co-location in some important systems
1. Since the formulas given are not exact and have several restrictions, it is
recommended to carry out decoupling measurements locally on the site to verify the
compliance with the requirements. This is the more recommended in the cases:
the separation distances yielded by the mentioned formulas, are too high
and not feasible for the network operator (from financial, visual, civil
engineering/site construction etc. p.o.v.);
2. In case of spatial Tx/Rx separation with dual band / triple band antennas, the
decoupling values of the lowest frequency band are dimensioning.
E.g. for GSM900/1800, the isolation has to be calculated for the 900MHz band,
since the decoupling for horizontal separation is 6 dB lower than in 1800MHz and
for vertical separation 12 dB lower than in 1800MHz (Figure 12).
Figure 12 shows the achievable decoupling based on horizontal (for a 11dBi omni
antenna) and vertical separation according to equation given above.
110
105
35
30
GSM 900
GSM 1800
25
20
Decoupling Dv [dB]
100
95
90
GSM 900
85
GSM 1800
80
75
70
65
15
9 10
10
60
Decoupling Dh (dB)
40
In Figure 13, the antenna separation dH and dV between Ant A and Ant B is
dH and dV := max { X, Y} where
X=space diversity separation cf. Table 24 between RxA-RxdivA, RxB-RxdivB
Ant A
dV
dH
Ant B
Ant A
Evolium
BTS
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For the Evolium A9100 BTS (G3 /G4) with antenna diversity, the decoupling
requirement is easier fulfilled with a vertical separation of antennas (horizontal spacing
distances may not be feasible in practice). This is valid for omni and directional
antennas, and for any frequency range.
But this must be balanced against the fact that the diversity gain for vertical separation
is 2 dB lower than for horizontal separation (see Table 22, Table 23).
Examples for space separation
Example 1: Low-loss configuration for more then 2 TRXs per sector
Ant. C
Ant. A
Ant. B
Ant. C
Ant. D
Ant. D
D1
D2
D1
D2
D1
Ant. A
Ant. B
D1
ANC 1
ANC 2
ANC 1
TRX1 TRX2
ANC 2
TRX3 TRX4
TRX1 TRX2
solution 1
TRX3 TRX4
solution 2
Figure 14: Separation for low-loss configuration for more then 2 TRXs per sector
Given is a low-loss configuration Evolium A9100 BTS (G4) with 4 TRXs/sector (e.g. for
rural areas in GSM1800) and directional vertical polarized antennas of Celwave series
AP 186516 (65 horiz. HPBW, 7.5 vert. HPBW, 17 dBi gain) see Figure 14.
The issues are:
?
Tx/Rx antenna spacing between adjacent sectors (of the same operator) D3 =?
D1 (between the antennas of the same ANc, i.e. A-B and C-D)
The distance D1 is determined by the diversity spacing requirement of Table 25.
Here it is recommended to choose horizontal separation (if site installation space is not
limited) to achieve higher diversity gain (see Table 23). With vertical separation site
construction is simplified however the required separations can also lead to high
towers.
D2 (between the antennas of the 2 ANc s of the same sector, i.e. A-C, A-D, B-C, B-D)
Two solutions are possible as indicated. The distance D2 is determined by the
minimum decoupling requirement of the Evolium BTS to prevent from IM which is min.
25 dB between TX and RX paths (Table 28).
The formulas in 2.8.1 can be used only for calculation of the theoretical decoupling for
d/>10, yield: D2 (solution 2) << D2 (solution 1) and are not practicable.
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Rule:
Practically, decoupling measurements done locally on the site by RFS/Celwave (cf. [RFS
1]), typically yield for GSM1800 antennas of series AP 186516 a minimum isolation of:
?
30 dB, at 0 cm horiz. antenna separation (i.e. A+C, B+D may almost touch)
For calculation of the theoretical decoupling, the formulas in 2.8.1 are not
applicable.
Practically, decoupling measurements cf. [RFS 1] yield for cross polar antenna of
the type APX 186515 (65 horiz. HPBW, 7 vert. HPBW, 17.5 dBi gain) and APX
186516 (65 horiz. HPBW, 4.5 vert. HPBW, 18.3 dBi gain) a minimum isolation of
for GSM 900 Celwave AP 909014 (90 horiz. HPBW, 8.5 vert. HPBW, 16 dBi)
for GSM 1800 Celwave AP 189014 (90 horiz. HPBW, 7.5 vert. HPBW, 16.1 dBi)
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When a site needs some re-engineering to respect the exposure index in a neighbour
living place (mainly fixed by local authorities), the most straightforward solution is to
change the height, the tilt or the EIRP. These modifications will then impact the
coverage and frequency reuse in neighbour cells.
This chapter anticipates how Alcatel would implement these changes and what would
be the actual impact on dense urban and urban environments. Reason: the exposure
index requirement has not been finally settled for the time being.
Option 1: if site re-engineering is not desired/allowed/possible, the certain distances
must be respected to fulfil the exposure index requirement.
Option 2: site re-engineering by increasing only the antenna height
Advantage: the coverage gets better (this may not necessarily be an advantage if the
coverage was sufficient before the modification)
Drawbacks:
?
close to the site, it is almost impossible to reduce the exposure index to the
required limit even with 0 downtilt
far from the site, the interference risk is increased (especially in 1x1 RFH networks)
Consequences:
?
Option 5 (most probable): site re-engineering by mixed solution, i.e antenna height
increase + downtilt increase + EIRP reduction
respecting the exposure limit in a specified distance from the antenna to the next
building/housing apartment in main beam direction, see chapter 2.9
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3.1 Mounting rules for tower, mast, roof, wall mounting of antennas
This chapter gives mounting rules for omni, sector, macro and micro antennas for
common mounting places; this comprises mainly clearance rules such as:
?
minimum mount distance of omni antennas from supporting structure, see 3.1.1
maximum skewing angle for antennas relative to a reflective surface (see 3.1.3).
The considerations below are generally valid for GSM and UMTS. Further details are
contained in APPENDIX G .
Table 30 gives a summary on the required standard mounting restrictions.
If the rules cannot be respected, site operation is still possible but with QoS results
worse as predicted.
Macro
antennas
Tower
Mast
Roof top
antennas
Mounting on
top
side
top
side
wall (e.g. elevator shaft)
mast - top
mast - side
Wall
Omni
NR, remark 1
see 3.1.1
NR, remark 1
see 3.1.1
n.a.
see 3.1.2
see 3.1.1, 3.1.2
see 3.1.4
Sector (remark 2)
n.a.
see 3.1.3
n.a.
NR
see 3.1.2,3.1.3
n.a.
see 3.1.2
see 3.1.4
Table 30: Summary on required mounting restrictions (NR=no restriction; n.a.= not applicable)
Remarks to Table 30:
1. For top mounting of omni antennas on tower /mast (nowadays rarely done) : no
mounting restrictions apply if there are no further obstacles in the near field range,
except the lightning protection. An almost circular pattern is created (with some
tolerable ripples in the pattern due to the lightning rod).
2. For side mounting of sector antennas on a tower/mast/wall, the mounting spacing
to the tower/mast/wall can be reduced to a feasible minimum (i.e. 0 cm), since
the antenna housing acts as an reflector (everything behind the antenna has no
impact on the pattern).
3.1.1 Side mounting of omni macro antennas on mast/ tower
A tower or mast, which usually consists of a good reflecting material (steel, concrete),
changes the antenna pattern considerably. Decisive factors are the spacing between
the mast and the antenna as well as the mast dimensions.
Cylindrical mast
For side mounting of omni antennas on a cylindrical mast the antenna manufacturer
can calculate the resulting pattern relatively simply for typical radiation patterns.
An exact quantitative degradation calculation can be simulated by the antenna
manufacturer.
Figure 18 in APPENDIX G shows the degradation of the pattern independent from
the frequency range [KAT 1]. It can though be used for RNP purposes, only from a
qualitative p.o.v., since e.g. a mast diameter of 0.04 lambda is not feasible. But one
can see, that a spacing of 0.25 , 0.50 , 0.75 may be implemented to achieve the
desired coverage around the site.
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Some issues arising during antenna installation are not subject of the network design
phase. This chapter gives rules for antenna mounting during installation phase.
Lattice tower
For side mounting of omni antennas on a lattice tower the antenna manufacturer can
calculate the resulting pattern, but the modeling of each tower element causing
reflections (tower legs, bracing, existing ladders and cable traces) is more complex.
Typically, larger spacings to the mast always create the risk of unexpected nulls in the
pattern.
At smaller spacings (0.25 / 0.5 ) the tower leg on which the antenna is mounted, is
mainly responsible for the pattern. The principal pattern shapes of offset and bidirectional characteristic still exist, but compared to a cylindrical mast the patterns will
have certain irregularities and discontinuities.
The exact pattern distortion needs to be simulated by the antenna manufacturer on a
case by case study.
omni or sector
Downtilt angle
HPBW/2+20
HPBW/2+20
D
roof side view
Distance
D [m]:
10
>20
Required height
H [m]:
2.5
10
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3.1.3 Maximum skew angle for wall mounting of directional macrocell antennas
Max. skew
70 - horiz. HPBW/2
Horiz. HPBW/2
20
Wall Trespassing this limit for project needs requires a measurement campaign to verify the
fulfillment of QoS requirements for the site even with a distorted antenna pattern.
For microcell outdoor antennas (in-street or crossroad) the skewing rule mentioned for
macrocells (3.1.3) is valid, but maybe harder to fulfill due to the possibly resulting
visual impact of the antenna installation.
?
The maximum distance R of a cross road omni cell antenna from the street corner is
defined based on experience; recommended angle is = 20 ; see Figure 16.
Omni micro antenna
Street
top view
max = 20
building
Street
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Maximum azimuth inclination angle (skew) relative to the wall perpendicular for
crosspolar antennas and vertical polarized antennas with no space diversity (to prevent
excessive antenna pattern distortion):
3.2 Spacing for single band antennas in dual band GSM900/GSM1800 scenario
or multiband cell
it is possible to use single band antennas for antenna implementation (cf. technical
solution 2 in chapter 2.1).
In case of Alcatel Evolium A9100, A910 BTSs, the single band antennas for GSM900
and GSM1800 can be mounted side by side, horizontally or vertically, due to minimum
30 dB, specified and confirmed by decoupling measurements of antenna
manufacturers (e.g. in [RFS 1]); 30 dB is sufficient decoupling according to Table 28.
Here horizontal side by side mounting means same antenna azimuth.
Map read out of the angular difference ? between the planned azimuth of the
antenna and the azimuth of the identified obstacle; the same angular azimuth
reference must be used as for RNP (e.g. N over E).
If no good resolution paper map is available, the azimuth to the obstacle can be
calculated geometrically with the GPS coordinates of the obstacle (must be
retrieved) and of the site (already known).
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ABBREVIATIONS
A910
A9100
A955 V5/V6
Anc
Anx
ANXU
Any
B7
BBH
BTS
CDR
CSR
dBc
dBm
DL
Eb/No
EIRP
G3 BTS, G4 BTS
GSM
HO
HP TRX
horiz.
HPBW
HSR
IM
MAPL
MHA
MP TRX
MRC
MS
OMC-R
PCS
QoS
RF
RFS
RNE
RNP
Rx
RFH/ SFH
TMA
TRE
TRX
Tx
UL
UMTS-FDD
UTRA
vert.
VSWR
XPD
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3GPP
RELEASED
INDEX
1x1, 19
diversity gain, 56
mechanical downtilt, 53
1x3, 19
dual band, 6, 8
MRC combining, 56
4-Rx diversity, 34
narrow beam, 8, 11
omni antenna, 51
28
polarization diversity, 28
Additional pathloss, 29
enhanced
diversity
combining, 26, 56
Polarization Rx diversity,
57
64
Sector antennas, 51
fixed electrical tilt, 53
SFH, 19, 48
frequency bands, 50
Space Rx diversity, 27, 56
BBH, 19, 48
interference mechanisms,
Broadband antennas, 51
transmitter noise, 62
interference
scenarios,
36, 61
Tx diversity, 31
Intermodulation, 36, 63
decoupling requirements,
17, 26, 29
directional antennas, 51
mast height, 18
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System
FREQUENCY BANDS
Total
Bandwidth
GSM 850
2x25MHz
Uplink
frequency
band
450.5-467.5
MHz
824-849 MHz
GSM900
2x25MHz
890-915 MHz
935-960MHz
200 kHz
www.3gpp.org/
EGSM
2x35MHz
880-915 MHz
925-960MHz
200 kHz
www.3gpp.org/
876-915 MHz
17101785MHz
1850-1910
MHz
18501910MHz
921-960 MHz
1805-1880MHz
200 kHz
www.3gpp.org/
not
applicable
19201980MHz
19001920MHz
(UL+DL)
824-849MHz
2110-2170MHz
5 MHz
www.3gpp.org/
3.84 Mcps
2020-2025MHz
(UL+DL)
5 MHz
3.84 Mcps
869-894MHz
1.25 MHz
18501910MHz
824-849MHz
1930-1990MHz
1.25 MHz
1.2288
Mcps
1.2288
Mcps
869-894MHz
30 kHz
18501910MHz
824-845 MHz
1850-1910
MHz
824-849 MHz
871-904 MHz
915-925 MHz
890-915 MHz
940-956 MHz
1930-1990MHz
30 kHz
GSM 450
R-GSM
GSM1800
2x75MHz
GSM1900
PCS 1900
(USA)
IMT-2000
(UMTS FDD)
UMTS TDD
2x60MHz
IS-95 800
(cdmaOne)
IS-95 1900
2x25MHz
IS-136 800
US-TDMA
IS-136 1900
TDMA
D-AMPS 850
D-AMPS 1900
2x25MHz
E-AMPS
ETACS
NTACS
NTM900
PDC900
20MHz +
5MHz
2x60MHz
2x60MHz
Downlink frequency
band
Carrier
Spacing
869-894MHz
200 kHz
Internet Link
Chiprate
479-496 MHz
not
applicable
not
applicable
not
applicable
1930-1990 MHz
1930-1990MHz
869-890 MHz
1930-1990MHz
869-894
916-949
860-870
935-960
810-826
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
MHz
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APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
All rights reserved. Passing on and copying of this
document, use and communication of its contents
not permitted without written authorization from Alcatel.
Omni antenna
ANTENNA TYPES
The omni antenna is used in order to achieve large continuous coverage ranges
especially in homogeneous, rural, low traffic areas or as an umbrella cell for
microcellular networks [1.1].
Main advantages:
?
Better trunking efficiency (e.g. a 6 TRX omni has a higher capacity than a sector
site 3x2; provided of course, that there is enough frequency spectrum available to
allow a 6TRX omni cell)
Main drawbacks:
?
The omni cell can catch a lot of traffic and get quickly in high load situation if it is
not/or can not be equipped with a sufficient number of TRXs.
The omni cell can create a lot of interferences and disturb the frequency reuse; the
TRXs of an omni site require a higher frequency reuse than the same TRXs in a 3
sector configuration.
Omni antennas are also offered for UMTS as macro and micro antennas.
Sector antenna
Main advantages:
?
Dual band antennas are characterized by being suitable for two frequency ranges and
having two separated input connectors; e.g. GSM900/GSM1800, GSM1800/UMTS,
GSM900/UMTS; GSM 850/GSM 1800
Currently dual band antennas are mostly offered as sector antennas.
Broadband antennas
Broadband antennas serve the specified frequency range with only one antenna inside
the radome.
E.g.: GSM1800/GSM1900/UMTS or GSM 900/GSM1800/UMTS (frequency range:
890-2170 MHz)
Main advantages:
Possibly cheaper price than the respective dual band/triple band antennas;
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Main drawback: identical antenna characteristics for all bands, e.g. no different
electrical downtilt possible.
A broadband antenna shall be selected instead of a dual band antenna only if
commercially required (if cheaper).
Dual polarized antenna
Polarization is defined as the direction of oscillation of the electrical field vector. Dual
polarized antennas are used to integrate two RX antennas in one, reducing the
necessary number of antennas on site (gain of space and esthetic). Used with a
duplexer, they permit the integration of the TX path on the same antenna. Used with
air combining, one TRX can be associated with one polarization direction.
Dual polarized antennas are offered only as sector antennas (and not omni).
Microcell antenna
Picocell antenna
Repeater antennas
APPENDIX C
Can be offered as single band, dual band, broadband or triple band antennas.
They are characterized by esthetical design, suitability for indoor wall/ceiling mounting,
low dimension and light weight. Their installation is quick, easy, and unobtrusive. They
can be omni, directional, single and dual polarized; they are offered in all frequency
ranges.
For repeater applications antennas with a high directivity such as Yagi antennas are
used for the link between the donor cell BTS and the repeater.
X
900
TMA
TMA
Jumper
Within the TMA, the duplexer separates and recombines the signals on the Rx and Tx
paths. It also provides sufficient out-of-band filtering and isolation between the two paths
(min 30 dB isolation). Only the RX signal gets amplified by a low-noise amplifier inside
the TMA, thus, improving the quality of the UL branch; the TX signal is bypassed to the
antenna.
For RX or RX/TX antenna diversity operation, the configuration has to be doubled. This
means that for each antenna, one TMA unit is required (see figure). If the two units are in
the same housing, it is called dual TMA.
Feeder
TMA usage in multiband configurations is possible only if the signals applied to each
antenna are single band signals (i.e. the TMA module which is used per antenna is only
single band).
BTS
The DC supply of the TMA is done via the RF feeder cable from the Bias-T included in the
Node B's antenna unit ANXU.
Friess Formula
In order to calculate the overall noise Figure of a reption chain, the Friess Formula is
used. Equation 9 gives an example (cf. [1.3]) with TMA and no jumper cables:
n tot = n TMA +
n cable 1
n DX 1
n BS 1
+
+
g TMA
g TMA g cable gTMA g cable g DX
Equation 9 Friess Formula with TMA
with
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n element = 10
NFelement
10
and
g element = 10
Edition 01
G element
10
RELEASED
where NFelement is the noise figures in dB and Gelement is the gain in dB of the
corresponding element (note that a loss is a negative gain!). The index element can
be TMA, cable (denotes cables and connectors, here excluding jumper cables), DX
(denotes diplexer or filter) or BS (denotes node B). If there are no diplexers or filters in
the chain, nDX and gDX are set to 1.
In case there is no TMA, the Friess Formala is given in Equation 10:
n tot = n cable +
n DX 1
n BS 1
+
g cable
g cable g DX
APPENDIX D
Scope of downtilt
Mechanical downtilt
Frequent mechanical tilt adjustment (done onsite!) has bad visual impact (site
operation outage).
Benefit: the adjusted downtilt angle is constant over the whole azimuth range, so all
lobes are equally tilted; this yields an equal reduction of all interferences and a regular
reduction of coverage.
Drawback: electrical tilt adjustment is not possible (antenna swap necessary associated
with visual impact, site operation outage).
Benefits:
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Easy cell size tuning according to capacity evolution while minimizing co-channel
interferences;
Drawbacks :
Variable electrical tilt adjustment must be done via control button at the antenna
radome (i.e. installer must climb up);
Higher price.
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For time being, tilt adjustment is done from the base of the antenna tower via a
control unit linked with a cable to a laptop. For the next BSS releases (B8?) it is
foreseen to implement an interface to the OMC-R=>tilt tuning without sending
crew onsite, i.e reduction of network optimization costs especially for badly
accessible sites.
A high first upper side lobe suppression is a mandatory feature for electrically tilted
antennas. The drawback of increased antenna length has only a small impact on site
geometry and can be tolerated.
The first upper side lobe, which is typically in the range of up to max. 20, is critical for
inter-cell interference.
Electrical tilt adjusts antenna footprint: it minimizes inter-cell interference while
maintaining cell coverage. Both coverage and inter-cell interference are traffic
dependent =>optimum tilt value to control inter-cell interference is traffic dependent.
In inhomogeneous traffic scenarios:
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Scope:
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APPENDIX E
The purpose of using diversity is to reduce short-term fading effects, such that an
acceptable level of performance (receiver sensitivity) can be achieved, without having
to increase the transmitted power or the bandwidth.
Principle
The principle relies on the combination of two or more signals, containing the same
information, which are at least partially decorrelated. If two signals of the same level
are completely decorrelated, the probability that both signals experience the same
depth of fade is only the square compared to the probability for one signal. Therefore
the signal reliability is increased.
Rx Diversity systems
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Category
GSM
yes
yes
yes
n.a.
no
no
Rx diversity
space div.
polarization div.
space div. + polarization div.
4-Rx diversity
space div. + polarization div.
Tx diversity
space div.
polarization div.
Figure 17: Overview on diversity types
Applicable in
UMTS
yes
yes
n.a.
yes
yes
yes
For space diversity, the decorrelation is achieved by receiving the signals with two
spatial separated (horizontally or vertically) antennas.
low signal level difference between receiver paths (due to the maximum ratio or
enhanced diversity combining methods in the Alcatel BTS which weighten the
signals in proportion to their signal/noise ratio, see APPENDIX E ).
The G3 receivers in the Alcatel BTS use the maximum ratio combining (MRC) method.
The MRC method does not reduce the interference level received from other mobiles
using the same frequency(ies) (co-channel interference) or from adjacent frequencies
(adjacent interference). It only improves the received signal by steering a beam into the
direction of the mobile; it estimates the phase difference between the two antennas,
corrects this phase difference, weightens the signals in proportion to their signal to
noise ratio before the co-phased signals are added; there is coherent addition of the
signals and incoherent addition of the noises; this increases the signal to noise ratio.
MRC combining offers:
Very good performance under noise limited conditions; for diversity gain see
Table 23: 3 6 dB improvement compared to no antenna diversity.
The G4 receivers in the Alcatel BTS (G3 BTS or G4 BTS) use the enhanced diversity
combining method. This feature is available from B6.2 BSS software release onwards.
The enhanced diversity combining uses several algorithms:
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Enhanced diversity combining gives its best efficiency when the useful signal and the
interfering signals come from different directions.
Space Rx diversity
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Principle: during a deep fade at one Rx antenna location, the fade will not be as
severe at the other Rx antenna location, if the two Rx antennas are sufficiently
separated. For space diversity, reflections are not so important.
Advantages:
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Diversity type
Advantages:
Polarization Rx diversity
The aim of transmit diversity is to alleviate fast fading and therefore to increase the
capacity of the downlink transmission.
The transmit antenna diversity technique consists in using at the transmitter several
antennas, broadcasting complementary signals. To implement the TX diversity feature,
two power amplifiers per sector are needed. Adding a power amplifier will double the
available output power (3dB gain on output power); this gain of 3dB is not a diversity
gain in the original sense of the word, but merely linked to the second power amplifier.
Several transmit diversity techniques have been standardized in the FDD mode of
UMTS for two transmit antennas:
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The isolation between ports is the attenuation between the branches in near field. In
contrary the cross-polar discrimination is the attenuation between the two branches in
far field.
Antenna inter-port isolation: Denotes the ratio in dB of the power level applied to one
port of a dual polarized antenna to the power level received in the other input port of
the same antenna. Typical value is minimum 30 dB.
Cross polar discrimination (XPD): The difference in dB between the co-polarized main
beam signal and the cross-polarized signal measured within an angular zone in
azimuth of twice the maximum half power beam width of the frequency band. E.g. for
a 65 hor. HPBW antenna , XPD is measured both in the main axis and at 60 opening
angle. Typical value is 3035 dB minimum.
The better the cross polarized discrimination is,
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APPENDIX F
the lower the level of disturbing signal (coming from the opposite slant) is, in order
to insure a safer reception.
Thus cross polar antennas allow air combining configurations with a single antenna.
Remark: Air combining with horiz./vert. polarized antennas is not recommended, since
there are losses of typ. 3 dB on the horizontal polarization direction, assuming a
vertical polarized MS antenna (see also ch. 2.7.3).
APPENDIX G
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Figure 18: Typical radiation pattern distortions of mast side mounted omni antenna
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Figure 19: Typical horizontal radiation pattern distortions of wall mounted GSM900 directional antennas;22 inclination
Figure 20: Typical horizontal radiation pattern distortions of wall mounted GSM900 directional antennas;45 inclination
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APPENDIX H
INTRA-/INTER-SYSTEM COMPATIBILITY
Intra-/Inter-system compatibility
1 system, 1 operator
Interference scenarios
The following interference scenarios are generally valid for any type of cellular systems.
Two different cellular systems shall cover the same area. The co-existence of two
systems or even site sharing means, that there are 4 possibilities that interference arise.
Serving Base Transceiver Station
S I
I-BTS DL S-BTS UL
S I
I-BTS DL S-MS DL
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I-MS UL S-BTS UL
S I
I-MS UL S-MS-DL
S I
I-BTS
I-BTS
I-MS
I-MS
DL
DL
UL
UL
Receiver
Link which is
interfered
S-BTS
S-MS
S-BTS
S-MS
UL
DL
UL
DL
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Transmit signals of system "A" are blocking the receiver of system "B" and vice versa.
This could be avoided by increasing the stop band attenuation of system "Bs" antenna
network in the receive path for transmit frequencies of system "A", or by increasing the
decoupling between the two systems (air or diplexer decoupling).
All rights reserved. Passing on and copying of this
document, use and communication of its contents
not permitted without written authorization from Alcatel.
IM can occur within one system, without co-location of any other system (1 system,
1 operator); this is an intra band IM; condition: both frequency signals are applied
on the same duplexer
Intra band IM: can happen on multi operator sites (e.g. UMTS-UMTS colocation: 1 system, 2 operators)
Inter band IM: can happen on multi operator sites (e.g. GSM1800-UMTS colocation: 2 systems, 2 operators ) or on single operator sites (e.g.
GSM1800-UMTS co-location- 2 systems, 1 operator)
where the order of the IM product=|m|+|n|; only positive fIM make sense.
Only low order IM products are critical; the higher the IM order, the less their power
and the less critical the IM products are.
The reference point for IM products inside a used Rx channel is the BTS antenna
connector. As long as the signal level of the interfering critical IM product is well below
the systems noise floor, almost no receiver degradation, and thus no problem due to
IM will occur.
The total intermodulation level compared to a power-rating of 1 mW is expressed in
dBm:
IM = 10 log PIMP3 [dBm] .
On the other hand, dBc is defined as the ratio of the third order intermodulation
product to the incident Tx carrier signal power:
IM = 10 log(PIMP3/P Tx ) [dBc] .
APPENDIX I
MISCELLANEOUS
Microcell outdoor antennas used for in-street coverage are mounted on the wall/pole
but below rooftop and the ones used for crossroad coverage are mounted on a pole.
Antenna near and far field
The antenna radiation behaviour is splitted in a near and a far field characteristic.
Typically the antenna radiation characteristics given in antenna catalogues are valid for
the far field. The near field antenna radiation characteristic depends on tower /mast
/wall construction elements and the antenna dimensions; it is not depending on the far
field radiation characteristics.
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The range of the antenna near field is dependent on the maximum size of the antenna
aperture D (i.e. antenna length) and the wavelength . It can be estimated with the
following deterministic formula:
Rmin=2D/
Typical values for macro antennas are:
GSM900 (D = 2.5 m; = 33 cm; Rmin = 38 m)
GSM 900 (D = 2.0 m; = 33 cm; Rmin = 24 m
GSM1800 (D = 1.3 m; = 16 cm; Rmin = 21 m)
UMTS (D = 1.3 m; = 14,6 cm; Rm i n = 23 m)
Close proximity scenario ( cell)
An indoor mobile is connected to micro BTS 1, while another mobile being connected
to micro BTS 2 might turn around the corner and have sudden direct line of sight
condition to micro BTS 1. In such a scenario there is a high risk of BTS receiver inband-blocking. In order to achieve a sufficient minimum coupling loss between mobile
antenna and BTS receiving antenna the mounting height has to be accordingly high,
taking into account the following two basic items:
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In order to increase the minimum coupling loss between MS and BTS, the antenna
should be positioned as high as possible.
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There should not be any obstacles within the near field since the antenna diagram is
then severely disturbed.