Trends in the

Periodic Table

Trends in the Periodic Table

Properties of elements change in
a predictable way as you move
through the periodic table. These
systematic variations are called
periodic trends.

Summary

Trends in the Periodic Table

Properties of elements change in
a predictable way as you move
through the periodic table. These
systematic variations are called
periodic trends.

Atomic Radius

Atomic size increases as

you move from top to bottom
in a family. This is because the
energy level increases when
you go down the periodic
table.

Atomic Radius

Atomic size decreases as you

move from left to right. This is
because the number of electrons
and protons increases but there
are no changes in the energy
level, thus increasing the
attracting forces making the
radius smaller.

Atomic Radius

Ionic Radii

When an atom loses an

electron or becomes a
positive ion, it becomes
smaller. The repulsive force
of
electrons
decreases
drawing the electrons closer
to the nucleus. The result is a
smaller radius.

Ionic Radii

When an atom gains an

electron or becomes a
negative ion, it becomes
larger. This is due to the
increase of the repulsive
force of electrons increasing
the radius of the ion.

Ionic Radii

Atomic and Ionic Radii

Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove an
electron from an atom to form an
ion.
The ionization increases when an
electron is removed, because once
this happens, the protons will have
higher energy drawing them closer to
the nucleus. The attracting force
increases thus requiring more energy
to release the second electron.

Ionization Energy
The ionization energy
decreases from top to
bottom because when the
energy level increases, the
electrons moves farther away
from the nucleus decreasing
the attracting force from the
nucleus.

Ionization Energy
Another is that the
electron is shielded by the
inner sub-shell, thus lesser
energy reaches the last
electron.

Ionization Energy
The
ionization
energy
increases from left to right
because
there
are
more
electrons in the outer most
energy level, this increases the
attraction of the electrons and
protons thus pulling them closer
to the nucleus.

Ionization Energy

The closer they are to

the nucleus, the harder
for them to be removed.
Thus, requires more
ionization energy.

Ionization Energy

Ionization Energy

Electron Affinity

The amount of energy

released or absorbed when an
atom accepts an electron giving
it a negative charge. For most
elements, energy is released
when an atom adds an electron.
This is also the measure of an
element to attract an electron to
form a negative ion.

Electron Affinity

Electron
affinity
increases from left to right
and decreases from top to
bottom in a group or
family.

Electron Affinity

Electronegativity

The ability of an element

to attract an electron.
The scale of relative
electronegativities, which F is
the most electronegative, the
value was developed by Linus
Pauling.

Electronegativity

Electronegativity increases
from left to right and
decreases from top to
bottom. This would tell that
metals have the tendencies to
lose electrons and the nonmetals to gain electrons.

Electronegativity