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4
0
30
(0 in m),
where 0 is the wavelength in vacuum, was used to disperse white light as shown in
Fig. P8.18. The white light is incident at an angle of 50 , the wavelength 0 of red
light is 0.7 m, and that of violet light is 0.4 m. Determine the angular dispersion
in degrees.
Solution:
B
Angular dispersion
60
A
Red
50
3
Gree
Vio
let
For violet,
nv = 1.71
4
0.4 = 1.66,
30
sin 2 =
sin 50
sin
=
,
nv
1.66
or
2 = 27.48 .
From the geometry of triangle ABC,
180 = 60 + (90 2 ) + (90 3 ),
or
3 = 60 2 = 60 27.48 = 32.52 ,
and
sin 4 = nv sin 3 = 1.66 sin 32.52 = 0.89,
or
4 = 63.18 .
For red,
4
nr = 1.71 0.7 = 1.62,
30
1 sin 50
2 = sin
= 28.22 ,
1.62
3 = 60 28.22 = 31.78 ,
(V/m)
is incident upon the planar surface of a dielectric material, with r = 4, occupying the
half-space z 0. Determine:
(a) The polarization of the incident wave.
k1 cos i = 4,
3
4
or
i = 36.87 ,
p
32 + 42 = 5 (rad/m).
(rad/s).
(c)
1 = 0 = 377 ,
0
0
2 = =
= 188.5 ,
r2
2
1 sin 36.87
1 sin i
= 17.46 ,
= sin
t = sin
r2
4
2 cos i 1 cos t
=
= 0.41,
2 cos i + 1 cos t
= 1 + = 0.59.
In accordance with Eq. (8.49a), and using the relation E0r = E0i ,
e r = y 8.2 e j(3x4z) ,
E
where we used the fact that i = r and the z-direction has been reversed.
e r e j t ] = y 8.2 cos(1.5 109t 3x + 4z) (V/m),
Er = Re[E
t = sin
2
= 5 4 = 20 (rad/m),
1
1 1
sin 36.87 = 17.46
sin i = sin
2
2
|E0t |2
(11.8)2
= 0.36 (W/m2 ).
=
22
2 188.5
0 k2 I02 l 2
sin2
S(R, ) =
32 2 R2
120 (2 /300)2 122 12 2
sin 45 = 1.51 109 (W/m2 ).
=
32 2 (5 103 )2
Rrad Z0 73 50
=
= 0.187,
Rrad + Z0 73 + 50
1 + || 1 + 0.187
=
= 1.46.
1 || 1 0.187
2 R2
t r At Ar
2
= 108
1 1 ( 4 (1 m)2 )( 4 (1 m)2 )
Problem 8.19 The two prisms in Fig. P8.19 are made of glass with n = 1.5. What
fraction of the power density carried by the ray incident upon the top prism emerges
from the bottom prism? Neglect multiple internal reflections.
45
1
Si
90
45
3
4
45
90
St
45
n1 n2 1 1.5
=
= 0.2.
n1 + n2 1 + 1.5
At interfaces 3 and 6,
b = a = 0.2.
At interfaces 2 and 5,
c = sin
1
1
1
= sin
= 41.81 .
n
1.5
Problem 8.22 Figure P8.22 depicts a beaker containing a block of glass on the
bottom and water over it. The glass block contains a small air bubble at an unknown
depth below the water surface. When viewed from above at an angle of 60 , the air
bubble appears at a depth of 6.81 cm. What is the true depth of the air bubble?
60
x
da
2
10 cm
dt
x1
x2
d2
Solution: Let
da = 6.81 cm = apparent depth,
dt = true depth.
1
n1
1
2 = sin
sin i = sin
sin 60 = 40.6 ,
n2
1.33
1
1
1 n1
3 = sin
sin i = sin
sin 60 = 32.77 ,
n3
1.6
x1 = (10 cm) tan 40.6 = 8.58 cm,
1
Hence,
and
(A/m)
k1 cos i = 6,
Also,
8
i = tan1
= 53.13 ,
6
p
k1 = 62 + 82 = 10 (rad/m).
= up k = ck = 3 108 10 = 3 109
(rad/s).
(c)
1 = 0 = 377 ,
0
0
2 = =
= 125.67 ,
r2
3
1 sin i
1 sin 53.13
= sin
= 15.47 ,
t = sin
r2
9
2 cos t 1 cos i
= 0.30,
k =
2 cos t + 1 cos i
cos i
k = (1 + k )
= 0.44.
cos t
In accordance with Eqs. (8.65a) to (8.65d), E0i = 2 102 1 and
e i = (x cos i z sin i ) 2 102 1 e j(8x+6z) = (x 4.52 z 6.03) e j(8x+6z) .
E
e r is similar to E
e i except for reversal of z-components and multiplication of amplitude
E
by k . Hence, with k = 0.30,
e r e j t ] = (x 1.36 + z 1.81) cos(3 109t 8x + 6z) V/m,
Er = Re[E
(d) In medium 2,
r
2
= 10 9 = 30 rad/m,
1
1
1 1
sin 53.13 = 15.47 ,
sin i = sin
t = sin
1
3
k2 = k1
e t = y
H
E0i k j(8x+28.91 z)
e
2
|E0t |2 |H0t |2
(2.64 102 )2
2 =
125.67 = 44 mW/m2 .
=
22
2
2
(V/m)
is incident upon the planar surface of a dielectric material, with r = 2.25, occupying
the half-space z 0. Determine
(a) The incidence angle i .
(e) The average power density carried by the wave into the dielectric medium.
Solution:
2
i
(a) From the exponential of the given expression, it is clear that the wave direction
of travel is in the xz plane. By comparison with the expressions in (8.48a) for
perpendicular polarization or (8.65a) for parallel polarization, both of which have
the same phase factor, we conclude that:
k1 sin i = 2,
k1 cos i = 3.
Hence,
k1 =
p
22 + 32 = 3.6 (rad/m)
k1 =
(c) In order to determine the electric field of the reflected wave, we first have to
determine the polarization of the wave. The vector argument in the given expression
e i indicates that the incident wave is a mixture of parallel and perpendicular
for E
polarization components. Perpendicular polarization has a y -component only (see
8.46a), whereas parallel polarization has only x and z components (see 8.65a). Hence,
we shall decompose the incident wave accordingly:
ei = E
e i + E
e ik
E
with
e i = y 4e j(2x+3z)
E
e ik
E
(V/m)
= (x 9 z 6)e j(2x+3z)
(V/m)
= 1 + = 0.75.
Similarly,
q
(2 /1 ) cos i + (2 /1 ) sin2 i
q
= 0.15,
=
(2 /1 ) cos i + (2 /1 ) sin2 i
k = (1 + k )
cos 33.7
cos i
= 0.76.
= (1 0.15)
cos t
cos 21.7
The electric fields of the reflected and transmitted waves for the two polarizations are
given by (8.49a), (8.49c), (8.65c), and (8.65e):
r
e r = y E0
E
e jk1 (x sin r z cos r )
r = i = 33.7
t = 21.7
k1 = 3.6 rad/m,
k2 = 5.4 rad/m,
r
i
E0
= E0
= (0.25) (4) = 1 V/m.
t
i
E0
= E0
= 0.75 (4) = 3 V/m.
r
i
Ek0
= k Ek0
= (0.15) 10.82 = 1.62 V/m.
t
i
Ek0
= k Ek0
= 0.76 10.82 = 8.22 V/m.
r
r
r
= (x Ek0
cos r + y E0
+ z Ek0
sin r )e j(2x3z)
(V/m).
(d)
et = E
e t + E
e tk
E
(V/m).
(e)
|E0t |2
22
t 2
|E0 | = (7.65)2 + 32 + (3.05)2 = 76.83
0
377
2 = =
= 251.3
r2
1.5
76.83
= 152.86 (mW/m2 ).
St =
2 251.3
St =
Problem 9.14 For a short dipole with length l such that l , instead of treating
e as constant along the dipole, as was done in Section 9-1, a more
the current I(z)
realistic approximation that ensures the current goes to zero at the dipole ends is to
e by the triangular function
describe I(z)
I(z)
I0
Solution:
(a) When the current along the dipole was assumed to be constant and equal to I0 ,
the vector potential was given by Eq. (9.3) as:
Z l/2
0 e jkR
e
A(R)
= z
I0 dz.
4
R
l/2
If the triangular current function is assumed instead, then I0 in the above expression
should be replaced with the given expression. Hence,
Z l/2
Z 0
2z
0 e jkR
0 I0 l e jkR
2z
e
1+
I0
1
dz +
dz = z
,
A = z
4
R
l
l
8
R
l/2
0
which is half that obtained for the constant-current case given by Eq. (9.3). Hence,
the expression given by (9.9a) need only be modified by the factor of 1/2:
e
e
sin .
E = E =
8
R
0 k2 I02 l 2
sin2 .
128 2 R2
(c) The power density is 4 times smaller than that for the constant current case, but
the reduction is true for all directions. Hence, D remains unchanged at 1.5.
(d) Since S(R, ) is 4 times smaller, the total radiated power Prad is 4-times
smaller. Consequently, Rrad = 2Prad /I02 is 4 times smaller than the expression given
by Eq. (9.35); that is,
Rrad = 20 2 (l/ )2 ().
s
r
f c
(106 Hz)(4 107 H/m)
l
1m
= 10.7 m,
Rloss =
=
2 a
c
(102 m)
3.5 107 S/m
Rrad
17.7 m
=
=
= 62%.
Rrad + Rloss 17.7 m + 10.7 m
(b) From Example 9-2, a Hertzian dipole has a directivity of 1.5. The gain, from
Eq. (9.29), is G = D = 0.62 1.5 = 0.93 = 0.3 dB.
(c) From Eq. (9.30a),
r
r
2Prad
2(80 W)
I0 =
=
= 95 A,
Rrad
17.7 m
and from Eq. (9.31),
Pt =
Prad 80 W
=
= 129.2 W.
0.62
2 Gr Gt
(4 )2 R2
= 103
(6 m)2 1.64 2
= 8.3 107 W.
(4 )2 (2 103 m)
(4 )2 R2
= 1.24 1012
Pt = Prec 2
= 75 ( W).
Gr Gt
(2 m)2 (1.64)(1.64)
Problem 9.23 Consider the communication system shown in Fig. P9.23, with all
components properly matched. If Pt = 10 W and f = 6 GHz:
(a) What is the power density at the receiving antenna (assuming proper alignment
of antennas)?
(b) What is the received power?
(c) If Tsys = 1, 000 K and the receiver bandwidth is 20 MHz, what is the signal-tonoise ratio in decibels?
Gt = 20 dB
Pt
Gr = 23 dB
20 km
Prec
Tx
Rx
Solution:
(a) Gt = 20 dB = 100, Gr = 23 dB = 200, and = c/ f = 5 cm. From Eq. (9.72),
Sr = Gt
102 10
Pt
=
= 2 107
4 R2 4 (2 104 )2
(W/m2 ).
(b)
Prec = Pt Gt Gr
4 R
= 10 100 200
5 102
4 2 104
= 7.92 109 W.
(c)
Pn = KTsys B = 1.38 1023 103 2 107 = 2.76 1013 W,
Sn =
Prec
7.92 109
=
= 2.87 104 = 44.6 dB.
Pn
2.76 1013