Professional Documents
Culture Documents
E U R O P E
Alistair M. Munro
Tony McMonagle
Alan Skinner
Jim Hardy
Eon Stratton
Amerada Hess
manifolds and in downstream equipment or in the
wellbore. The highest operational risk is that scaling downhole will impact on production.
In the long horizontal S. Arne wells, the potential for scaling was greater than in a conventional
homogenous reservoir. Since effective inhibition
is costly and technically difficult, every possible
alternative was considered in the design and operation of the waterflood system. It was considered
financially and environmentally more prudent to
remove the problem at source by the reduction of
the sulfate content in the injection water.
Scale prediction
Further analysis showed that the highest
potential mass amount of barite scaling would
occur at a mixing ratio of 20:80 FW:SW, 880 mg/l
at 115 C and 920 mg/l at 60 C, although significant amounts were predicted over much of the
mixing range. The higher mass amount precipitated at the lower temperature, representative of
process conditions, was due to the lower solubility.
The high scaling tendency meant that the scale
would form and deposit rapidly at the point of mixing of the incompatible water types. The scaling
reaction would have been difficult to inhibit using
chemicals alone. A moderate potential for deposition of strontium sulfate was also identified.
However, solutions adapted to control the more
serious barium sulfate problem also mitigated
against the minor strontium sulfate scale risk.
When untreated seawater meets formation
water containing barium, scaling is inevitable. The
scale forms immediately downstream of the point
of mixing, typically topsides, in the production
Operational lessons
Weir Westgarth has the benefit of over 40
years experience in desalination processes with
over 20 years related to membrane installations.
Experience transferred from Marathon Brae and
Weir Westgarths own installations, such as Agip
Tiffany, provided considerations during retrofit
designs:
Reprinted with revisions to format, from the August 2001 edition of OFFSHORE
Copyright 2001 by PennWell Corporation
O F F S H O R E
E U R O P E
Mixture control
The design conditions for the Syd Arne plant
were 10-24 C with three high pressure pumps,
each rated for 354 cu m/hr with a 270 meter developed head, along with a 750 kW motor running at
3000 rpm. By controlling the mix ratio of the feed
water, the membranes can be operated in a steady
state condition with respect to temperature.
This allows a constant feed water pressure to
be applied to the membrane ensuring a 75% conversion of seawater feed to low sulfate product
water for injection. The residual 25% is discharged overboard and contains the sulfate ions
removed from the feed stream. The 75% conversion of feed to product is achieved by a two-stage
membrane process with 50% recovery over each
stage.
Because of the inter-relationship between
temperature and output, the system must be
able to vary the applied pressure to the membrane in order to maintain a constant output with
changing temperature. The control of the membrane system therefore incorporates analogue
loops to ensure that the reject to product ratio
stays constant.
Filtration
Prior to the start of the project, it was recog-
Authors
Alistair M. Munro is Director, Sales and Marketing; Tony
McMonagle is the Project Manager; and Alan Skinner is the
Manager, Sulfate Removal, all for Weir Westgarth Ltd.
Jim Hardy is a Production Chemist, and Eon Stratton is the
Project Manager, both for Amerada Hess