Diagram Tegangan dan dimensi Balok

FIGURE 3-4
HORIZONTAL LOADS MUST BE TRANSFERRED FROM ONE SUBSYSTEM SLICE
TO THE NEXT BY SHEAR RESISTANCE BETWEEN SLICES.
(a
)

LOAD
CONCENTRAT
ED
AT TOP

~_~~2~

SHEAR RESISrANCE
FROM SLICE? BELOW

LOA.
D

SHEAR RESISTANCE
FROM SLICE~ BELOW

SHEa/-s1cc SHEAR (VS) rRorl IS CONSTANT

SLICE ABOVE

SHEAR
RESISrANGE
FROtI
SLICE~BELQw

SHEAR
(V)FRON1

~SUCE ABOVE
AVERAGE
SHEAR STRESS:
AVERAGE
SHEAR STRESS

t~ .tLJh./

-AVERPeZ
SHEAR
STRESS; + ~7
-

A
-CE

other hand, Figure 3-4b illustrates that if the total horizontal load (H) were to
be distributed evenly along the height of a building (w = H/h), the shear at any point
(hi) would accumulate from zero at the top to (V1 = wh~). The shear diagram would
be triangular with the maximum (V= H) at the foundation and (~) will vary with slice
location.
Distributed loads can arise from the surface of a building because it offers
resistance to wind. Thus, for symmetric elevations, a wind load is often
On the

Overall Integrity and Major Subsystem Interaction

assumed to be fairly evenly distributed over a buildings height and, in design,

would be assumed to yield a triangular shear diagram.
Unevenly distributed horizontal loads may result from foundation movement due to
earthquake or nonsymmetric elevations under wind load. Figure 3-4c illustrates a
common type of earthquake load distribution, wherein the shear force is assumed
to vary over the height of a rectangular building. TIw load per slice varies according
to its mass and its distance from the foundation. Thus, for even mass distribution,
the load diagram is assumed to be an inverted triangle, the shear diagram
parabolic.
Thus far we have illustrated that horizontal slices represent basic subsystems that
must interact to resist and transfer not only axial compression under vertical
loading, but also horizontal shearing forces under horizontal loading. In a
continuously solid form, such a structural capability between imaginary slices is
inherent. However, if a solid form were actually to be constructed by stacking
blocks, it would not necessarily tend lo satisfy the requirement for shear
resistance- Figure 3-5 illustrates what would happen if sufficient shear resistance
were not achieved between the blocks. In primitive buildings this was
accomplished by either relying on friction between heavy stone blocks or by
physically keying the joint
FIGURE 3-5

FAILURE TO TRANSFER SI-tEAR RESISTANCE BETWEEN SUBSYSTEM BLOCKS

WILL
RESULT IN COLLAPSE OF FORM.
14
N
-H

FIGURE 3-6
PRIMITIVE MEANS Of TRANSFERRING SHEAR
RESISTANCE BETWEEN SUBSYSTEM BLOCKS.
FRICTION
H H

KEYING
H H

4-

Overall Integrity and Malor Subsystem Interaction

FIGURE 3-8

HORIZONTAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION DETERMINES SHEAR (I)

MOMENT
(Nb.)

SHEAR
(H ~

LOAD

_I

(b)

-M

-M

SECTIONAL SHAPE AND DEPTH DETERMINES THE REQUIRED

DISTRIBUTION OVER {h) OF:
(a)

AND MOMENT (M);

C-T FORCES.
DEIERMIMAJICtJ Of OVERTURN RESISTING FORCES roRsucC
AT h~:
-,

o.tT

_________
. VRTSISTJSG

ARM

Overall Integrity and Malor Subsystem Interaction

that, for equal (V), cases (a) and (c) produce moments larger than case (b).
Also note that the magnitude of the C-T couple Is determined by the
magnitude of the moment and the distance between C and T.
It is a natural property of a continuously solid form to resist both shear and
bending to some degree, although most materials will exhibit different