MTH302 FAQs

MTH302,FAQ`sBYCHSALMANRASULJATTALA
salmanjattala@yahoo.com
Question:
Why Chi-square(c2) distribution is negatively skewed?
Answer:
One fundamental question in probability and statistical analysis is whether or not a pattern of observed data fits a given
distribution such as a uniform, binomial, or normal distribution or some other distribution. Clearly, the data would not fit the
distribution exactly, so we would want to have some criteria of GOODNESS of FIT. The chi-square distribution gives such
criteria. In doing so this distribution is not symmetric and is skewed to the right. However for large value of its degree of
freedom it can be close to normal distribution.
Question:
What are lottery-style probabilty calculations?Can probability help to win at gambling?
Answer:
Probability theory is, of course, used in gambling or lottery but it cant HELP you to win at gambling. Actually,
mathematicians began studying probability as a means to answer questions about gambling games but not about its
winnings. Besides gambling, probability theory is used in many other areas such as insurance, investing, weather
forecasting, genetics, and medicine, and in everyday life. Probability can be called the mathematics of chance. The theory of
probability is unusual in the sense that we cannot predict with certainty the individual outcome of a chance process such as
flipping a coin or rolling a die (singularfor dice), but we can assign a number that corresponds to the probability of getting a
particular outcome. For example, the probability of getting a head when a coin is tossed is 1/2 and the probability of getting
a two when a single fair die is rolled is 1/6. But at the same time, it is a fact that we can also predict with a certain amount of
accuracy that when a coin is tossed a large number of times, the ratio of the number of heads to the total number of times the
coin is tossed will be close to 1/2. It is called the classical version of probability, which is often used in lottery.
Question:
What is the dispersion of data?
Answer:
The data values in a sample are not all the same. This variation between values is called dispersion. When the dispersion is
large, the values are widely scattered; when it is small they are tightly clustered. The width of diagrams such as dot plots,
box plots, stem and leaf plots is greater for samples with more dispersion and vice versa. There are several measures of
dispersion, the most common being the standard deviation. These measures indicate to what degree the individual
observations of a data set are dispersed or 'spread out' around their mean. In manufacturing or measurement, high precision
is associated with low dispersion.
Question:
What is unique point,no point,infinite points solution of linear equation?
Answer:
You know very well that ax+b=0---------(1) represents equation of a straight line parallel to y-axis. Now for such lines we
see these three cases; 1) Unique point solution: If we have say a=3 and b=2 then eq:(1) becomes 3x+2=0 It gives x = -2/3
which is the case of unique of solution. It represents a straight line parallel to a y-axis and located to its left at unit of (-2/3)
2) No point solution: If we have a = 0 and b= 3 say then eq: (1) becomes 0(x) + 3 = 0 0x = -3 It is invalid(unlawful) equation
as you can see on the left hand side, whatsoever value of x you have, we can never get -3 i-e the right hand side. So in this
case we say that equation has no solution as there exists NO number in mathematics whose product with zero can give -3
3) Infinite many solution: For a=0 and b=0 in eq: (1), we have 0(x)+0 = 0 it gives 0(x) =0 It is valid (lawful) equation as you
can see that ANY(even infinite many values) value of x can satisfy this. So it means equation is has infinte many solutions
as EVERY number in mathematics multiplying by zero gives zero.
Question:
Why interquartile range(IQR) is not affected by extreme values?
Answer:
IQR usually gives more accurate description of dispersion than the range. As the range may be strongly influenced by a
single small or large value. Consider the following two lists for n = 7 ListA: 7,9,9,10,10,11,14 ListB: 7,7,8,10,11,13,14 For
listA: Min = 7, Q1= 9, M=10, Q3=11, Max=14 So range = Max Min = 14-7 = 7 IQR = Q3-Q1 =11-9 = 2 For listB: Min =
7, Q1= 7, M=10, Q3=13, Max=14 So range = Max Min = 14-7 = 7 IQR = Q3-Q1 =13-7= 6 Here you can see that listB
exhibits more dispersion than listA, The range of both lists are same. However IQR = 6 of listB is much larger than the
IQR= 2 of listA.
Question:
What is Correlation?
Answer:
Correlation The degree to which two variables are associated. For example, height and weight have a moderately strong
positive correlation.
Question:
What is the difference between NORMDIST and NORMSDIST.
Answer:
NORMDIST returns the normal distribution for the specific mean and standard deviation whereas NORMSDIST returns the
normal distribution for mean =0 and standard deviation =1
Question:
What is the syntax and use of NORMINV function.
Answer:
NORMINV returns the inverse of normal cumulative distribution with the specified mean and standard deviation. Its syntax
is NORMINV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
Question:
For the input of NORMINV(0.5,1,-1) the system returns the # value! Error value.Why?
Answer:
In the above formula the input for standard deviation is -1 i.e negative. Whereas standard deviation is always positive.
Question:
What is standard error of the mean for the sample for which s=15, n=64
Answer:
STEM=S.D/n^(1/2) =15/(64)^(1/2) =15/8 =1.875
Question:
To what limits of percentage the 95% confidence interval lies.
Answer:
95% confidence interval for percentage is calculated as P +/- 2STEP Where P is percentage and STEP is standard error of
percentage.
Question:
Calculate the 95% confidence interval for percentage for the sample of 60 students which contain 12 (20%) who are left
handed.
Answer:
Range = P +/- 2STEP =20 +/- 2[20*80/60]^(1/2) =20 +/- 2[5.164] =20 +/- 10.33 =20 +10.33, 20-10.33 =30.33 and 9.67
Question:
What is the probability that if we take a random sample of 64 children from a population whose mean IQ is 100 with a
StDev of 15,the mean IQ of the sample will be below 95?
Answer:
S=15;n=64; population mean=100 STEM=15/(64)^1/2 =15/8 =1.875 Z=(100 95)/STEM =5/1.875 =2.67 From normal
probability the corresponding probability is 0.0038 which is quite low.
Question:
An inspector took a sample of 100 tins of beans. The sample weight is 225g.Standard deviation is 5g.Calculate the 95%
confidence interval for the population mean.
Answer:
STEM=s.d/(n)^1/2 Since s.d of population is not known,therefore we use s.d of sample as an approximation to s.d of
population which is 5. Hence, STEM=5/(100)^1/2 =5/10 =0.5 95% confidence interval=225 +/- 2* 0.5 =225 +/- 1 =
225+1,225-1 =226,224
Question:
What is finite population correction factor and when it is used?
Answer:
If population is very large as compared to the sample then multiply STEM and STEP by Finite Population Correction Factor
=[1-(n/N)]^1/2 Where N=Size of population. n=size of sample n=less than 0.1N
Question:
What are type I and type II errors.
Answer:
Type I error occurs when we might conclude there is a significant difference while there is actually no difference. Type II
error occurs when we might conclude that there is no significant difference while there is a significant difference.
Question:
When do we use the 1_tailed and 2_tailed tests?
Answer:
One tail test is used when alternative hypothesis contains only one of the symbols of inequality (<,>) and does not contain
the symbol ?.Two tailed tests are used when alternative hypothesis contains the symbol ?.
Question:
How do we decide that a specific hypothesis should be taken as null or alternative hypothesis?
Answer:
Null hypothesis is built in such a way that some probability distribution could be attached to that hypothesis .It usually
contains the sign of equality whereas an alternative hypothesis does not contain the sign of equality.
Question:
What is the syntax and use of CHITEST function.
Answer:
CHITEST returns the value from Chi_squared distribution for the statistic and appropriate degrees of freedom. Syntax
CHITEST(actual_range,expected_range) Actual_range is the range of data that contains the observations to test against
expected values. Whereas expected_range is the range of data that contains the ratio of product of row totals and column
totals to the grand totals.
Question:
What is PV function?
Answer:
PV is an Excel function that returns the present value of an investment.
Question:
What is FV function?
Answer:
FV is an Excel function that returns the future value of an investment.
Question:
What is NPV?
Answer:
NPV function returns the net present value of an investment based on a series of periodic cash flows and a discount rate.
Question:
What is XNPV?
Answer:
XNPV returns the net present value for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic.
Question:
What is difference between NPV and XNPV?
Answer:
NPV is used to calculate present value of periodic cash flow, whereas XNPV is used to calculate present value of cash flow
which is not periodic.
Question:
How can the date be written in Excel?
Answer:
For writing date in Excel, you can use DATE function. Its syntax is as follows: =date( year, month, day) For example, if you
want to write December 25, 2009, you can write it as: =date(2009, 12, 25)
Question:
What is SLN?
Answer:
SLN is an Excel function which returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period.
Question:
What is SYD?
Answer:
SYS is an Excel function which returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an asset for a specified period.
Question:
What is VDB?
Answer:
VDB is an Excel function which returns the depreciation of an asset for any period you specify, including partial periods,
using the double-declining balance method or some other method you specify. VDB stands for variable declining balance.
Question:
What is IRR?
Answer:
IRR is an Excel function which Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows represented by the numbers in
values. These cash flows do not have to be even, as they would be for an annuity. However, the cash flows must occur at
regular intervals, such as monthly or annually. The internal rate of return is the interest rate received for an investment
consisting of payments (negative values) and income (positive values) that occur at regular periods.
Question:
What is XIRR?
Answer:
XIRR is an Excel function which Returns the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily
periodic.
Question:
What is a linear equation?
Answer:
A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term is either a constant or the product of a constant and (the first
power of) a single variable. For example, 2x + 5y = 8
Question:
What are applications of linear equation in business?
Answer:
Followings are the applications of linear equation in the field of business. Perform linear Cost-Volume-Profit and breakeven analysis employing: The contribution margin approach The algebraic approach of solving the cost and revenue
functions
Question:
What is Break-even point?
Answer:
It is the point at which no profit is made and no losses are incurred on that product. In other words, cost and revenue become
equal.
Question:
How is Break-even point expressed?
Answer:
Break even point can be expressed as 1. units 2. Sales or Rupees (Rs) 3. Percent of capacity
Question:
What is the fixed cost?
Answer:
Fixed Costs are such costs that do not change if sales increase or decrease e.g. rent, property taxes, some forms of
depreciation.
Question:
What is variable cost?
Answer:
Variable costs change in direct proportion to sales volume e.g. material costs and direct labor costs.
Question:
What is production capacity?
Answer:
It is the number of units which a firm can make in a given period.
Question:
What is Contribution Margin?
Answer:
Contribution Margin is the Rs. amount that is calculated by deducting Variable Costs from Sales or revenues and
contributes to meeting Fixed Costs and making a Net Profit. It can be calculated on a total or per unit basis. Contribution
Margin = Net Sales Variable Cost = S VC
Question:
What is Binomial?
Answer:
Binomial A polynomial with two terms which are not like terms. The following are all binomials: 2x 3, 3x5 +8x4, and 2ab
6a2b5.
Question:
What is linear equation?
Answer:
A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term is either a constant or the product of a constant and (the first
power of) a single variable. Linear equations can have one, two, three or more variables. An equation consists of Variables
and Constants. Variables are denoted by x, y, z etc and Constants are denoted by 1,2,3 etc. For example, 2x +3=5, In this
equation x is variable and 2,3,5 are constants. A linear equation is one in which degree of the equation is 1.Degree of the
equation is determined by the power of the variable involved in the equation. For Example 3x+4=2 is a linear equation,
because the power of x in this equation is 1.Also 4x+5y=1 is a linear equation, because degree of variables x and y is 1.
Question:
Why we use Annuity?
Answer:
At some point in your life you may have had to make a series of fixed payments over a period of time - such as rent or car
payments - or have received a series of payments over a period of time, such as bond coupons. These are called annuities.
Annuities are essentially series of fixed payments required from you or paid to you at a specified frequency over the course
of a fixed period of time. An annuity is a type of investment that can provide a steady stream of income over a long period of
time. For this reason, annuities are typically used to build retirement income, although they can also be a tool to save for a
childs education, create a trust fund, or provide for a surviving spouse or heirs. The most common payment frequencies are
yearly (once a year), semi-annually (twice a year), quarterly (four times a year) and monthly (once a month).
Question:
Define annuity .
Answer:
The term annuity is used in finance theory to refer to any terminating stream of fixed payments over a specified period of
time. This usage is most commonly seen in academic discussions of finance, usually in connection with the valuation of the
stream of payments, taking into account time value of money concepts such as interest rate and future value. Examples of
annuities are regular deposits to a savings account, monthly home mortgage payments and monthly insurance payments.
Annuities are classified by payment dates. The payments (deposits) may be made weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, or at
any other interval of time. Payment made at a fixed interval. A common example is the payment received by retirees from
their pension plan. There are two main classes of annuities: annuities certain and contingent annuities. Under an annuity
certain, a specified number of payments are made, after which the annuity stops. With a contingent annuity, each payment
depends on the continuance of a given status; for example, a life annuity continues only as long as the recipient survives.
Contingent annuities such as pension plans or life insurance depend on shared risk. Everyone pays in a fixed amount until
the annuity begins; some will not live long enough to receive back all the money they have paid, while others will live long
enough to collect more than they have.
Question:
What is Accumulation Factor ?
Answer:
Accumulated value means that the total amount of the money which you will get after a specific period of time of your
investment. Or Accumulated value means how much your money's worth after it earns interest or experiences capital
growth. Includes the amount you started with, plus any increase. Accumulated value = payment*accumulation factor For
example if you invest 100 Rs for one year at a profit rate of 10% then the accumulated value will be 110 Rs after one year.
The Accumulation Factor can be calculated by treating the value at the end of year. In this example, the accumulation factor
after year 1 is 100+10/100=1.1.The accumulation factor after year 2 will be 110+11/100=1.21. So formula for accumulated
value is S = r ((1+i)^n-1/i Where, S is accumulated value, I is interest rate per conversion period, n is number of payments
and r is amount of annuity.
Question:
what is meant by compounding period and nominal interest rate in effect function?
Answer:
The compounding period is length of time over which interest on an investment is calculated The nominal interest rate is the
actual interest rate quoted by financial lenders and others. It is the stated rate of interest to be paid on a loan. The rate the
lender says the borrower will pay, it can be either a flat or declining balance rate. Nominal interest rates shows little about
the costs of a loan.
Question:
What is the major Difference between pmt and ppmt.?
Answer:
PMT Returns the periodic payment for an annuity. PMT (rate,nper,pv,fv,type) Rate: interest rate Nper: total number of
payments Pv: present value Fv: future value Type: number 0 (zero) or 1 PPMT Returns the payment on the principal for an
investment for a given period. PPMT (rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type) Rate: interest rate per period. Per: period and must be in the
range 1 to nper Nper: total number of payment periods Pv: the present value Fv: future value (0) Type: the number 0 or 1
(due) PMT& PPMT have different formulae
Question:
Explain the Term "CUMPRINC" .
Answer:
CUMPRINC returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan between start_period and end_period. Syntax
CUMPRINC(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,type) Rate is the interest rate. Nper is the total number of payment
periods. Pv is the present value. Start_period is the first period in the calculation. Payment periods are numbered beginning
with 1. End_period is the last period in the calculation. Type is the timing of the payment. Type Timing 0 (zero) Payment at
the end of the period 1 Payment at the beginning of the period
Question:
What is Cumipmt?
Answer:
CUMIPMT is an Ms excel financial function which returns the cumulative interest paid between two periods i.e. to calculate
the interest paid on a loan between start_period and end_period. Its syntax or formula is
CUMIPMT(rate,nper,pv,start_period,end_period,type) Rate is the interest rate. Nper is the total number of payment periods.
Pv is the present value. Start_period is the first period in the calculation. Payment periods are numbered beginning with 1.
End_period is the last period in the calculation. Type is the timing of the payment. Type Timing 0 (zero) Payment at the end
of the period 1 Payment at the beginning of the period If you want to know more about this function then go to Ms Excel
help and write this function. You will get enough information about this function.
Question:
What is multiplicative identity?
Answer:
In order to understand multiplicative inverse and identity let us consider the example of numbers. The number 1 is called the
identity as it satisfies the following: 1.b = b.1 = b for any real number b. In case of matrices the identity matrix plays the role
of the multiplicative identity.
Question:
what are excel Matrix Functions?
Answer:
A Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. while doing with matrices we may be interested in multiplication of matrices ,
determinant of a matrix ,inverse of a matrix .these all are called matrix functions and in Microsoft excel we have functions to
compute these all ,so The Matrix Functions in Microsoft Excel are as follows: 1. MINVERSE 2. MDETERM 3. MMULT
Question:
What is the difference between Array and Dimension?
Answer:
Arrays are the number in specific sequence while the dimension is the number of rows & columns in matrix. e.g: a matrix
having three rows & four columns then its dimension is represented by " 3*4 ":
Question:
Is AxB =Bx A in matrix multiplication or not if are not then why?
Answer:
When the number of columns of the first matrix is the same as the number of rows in the second matrix then matrix
multiplication can be performed. Here is an example of matrix multiplication for two 2x2 matrices A 2x2 matrix cannot be
equal to a 3x3 matrix as they don't even have the same number of elements (let alone all the corresponding elements having
to be equal). So in that case AxB certainly does not equal BxA. AB ? BA let A = [1 2] [3 4] let B = [5 6] [7 8] AB = [19
22] [43 50] BA = [23 34] [31 46] Note: That AxB is not the same as BxA
Question:
Define multiplicative inverse for matrix.
Answer:
If X is any set with multiplications * defined on it and a is any element of X then the multiplicative inverse of a is another
element of X notated by a-1 such that a* a-1 = a-1 *a =e Where e is the multiplicative identity of X. For example the
multiplicative inverse of 4 in R is 1/4 because 4(1/4) = (1/4) 4 = 1 Where 1 is the multiplicative identity of R. Similarly the
inverse of a square matrix A is another square matrix B of the same order such that AB = BA = I Where I is the
multiplicative identity of matrices.
Question:
Explain the Identity Matrix.
Answer:
The multiplicative identity matrix is the square matrix which when multiplied by any other square matrix of the same order
does not disturbs its identity i.e., If A is a square matrix and I is the identity then AI = IA = A In this respect the matrix I,
which has only real number 1 as its principal diagonal and zeros elsewhere, is the only square matrix that satisfies the above
definition. in identity matrix diagonal element = 1.
Question:
Define the term Frequency:
Answer:
The number of times that an event occurs within a given period.
Question:
Define the term Cumulative Frequency:
Answer:
The cumulative frequency is the running total of the frequencies. We sum up all the previous frequencies. Example: Height
(cm) Frequency Cumulative Frequency 0 - 100 4 4 100 - 120 6 10 (= 4 + 6) 120 - 140 3 13 (= 4 + 6 + 3) 140 - 160 2 15 (= 4
+ 6 + 3 + 2) 160 - 180 6 21 180 - 220 4 25
Question:
How we find Percent Relative Frequency?
Answer:
Percent Relative Frequency of a class =[Frequency of the class interval/total frequency] *100
Question:
How we find the Arithmetic mean of grouped data?
Answer:
Arithmetic mean of grouped data = Sum of (f*x)/ sum of (f)
Question:
What you ll infer about a population divided by its median provided that if its two halves contain less than half the
population?
Answer:
At most half the population have values less than the median and at most half have values greater than the median. If both
halves contain less than half the population, then some of the population is exactly equal to the median.
Question:
Describe the quantitative role of mean and median under the concept of skewness?
Answer:
The mean is typically higher than the median in positively skewed distributions and lower than the median in negatively
skewed distributions.
Question:
Is there is any arithmetic formulation for calculating the mode of a statistical data?
Answer:
For a given set of values, mode may not be a single value. It cannot be calculated arithmetically and one has to compare all
the values to obtain the modal value. It only tells us about the most frequent value and does not take into account the
remaining values or their frequencies.
Question:
Explain the use of matrix and determinants and in which feilds? also tell its origion and importance.
Answer:
The beginnings of matrices goes back to the second century BC although traces can be seen back to the fourth century BC.
However it was not until near the end of the 17th Century that the ideas reappeared and development really got underway. It
is not surprising that the beginnings of matrices and determinants should arise through the study of systems of linear
equations. The Babylonians studied problems which lead to simultaneous linear equations and some of these are preserved in
clay tablets which survive. The Chinese, between 200 BC and 100 BC, came much closer to matrices than the Babylonians.
Matrices are used to solve problems in electronics,statics ,robotics,linear programming ,optimisation ,intersections of planes
,genetics and we can use the determinant of a matrix to solve a system of simultaneous equations.
Question:
Define COUNT function:
Answer:
Excel's COUNT function is one of a group of Count Functions that can be used when you need to total the number of cells in
a selected range. Use it when you want to count how many numbers are there in a selected range.
Question:
How we can multiply one matrix to othr matrix in the excel?
Answer:
For multiplication of matrices, you can use the "MMULT" function. It can be used by following the steps written under. 1Select the range of cells where your answer will be displayed. 2-Press F2 from your key board. 3-Write the syntax of the
function as "=MMULT(array1,array2)" array1 is the first matrix and array2 is the second matrix. 4- Press
"Ctrl+Shift+Enter", your answer will be displayed on the selected range
Question:
what is the importance of matrices in business?
Answer:
In business you know linear programming is very important .In linear programming you always try to get maximum profit
with minimum cost and in linear programming you use matrices also to make calculations without sketching because
without using matrices you have to sketch each and every thing which is tiresome .Dear student if you find any difficulty
you can contact me again.
Question:
what is the importance of matrices in business?
Answer:
In business you know linear programming is very important .In linear programming you always try to get maximum profit
with minimum cost and in linear programming you use matrices also to make calculations without sketching because
without using matrices you have to sketch each and every thing which is tiresome .Dear student if you find any difficulty
you can contact me again.
Question:
Define "Asset Value".
Answer:
Asset Value is a net market value of a company's assets on a per-share basis as opposed to the market value of the shares. A
company is undervalued by the stock market when asset value exceeds share value.
Question:
Why we use semi colon";" in the formula of round ? can i use coma( ,) instead of semi colon?
Answer:
Most of the excel versions are using the concept of "Coma" instead of "Semi Colon" You can use any of them according to
your version of software.
Question:
What is the difference between + and : because in some formulas is is used : instead of +
Answer:
If you use SUM function then : will be used otherwise +.
Question:
Explain about payroll.
Answer:
The term 'payroll' encompasses every employee of a company who receives a regular wage or other compensation. Some
employees may be paid a steady salary while others are paid for hours worked or the number of items produced. All of these
different payment methods are calculated by a payroll specialist and the appropriate paychecks are issued. Companies often
use objective measuring tools such as timecards or timesheets completed by supervisors to determine the total amount of
payroll due each pay period. Certain life events may affect your pay or deductions, causing them to stop, restart, increase, or
decrease. Various policies, forms, and fiscal procedures have been developed to address these life events. These include
benefits changes (Benefit Life Events).
Question:
Tell about round formula .
Answer:
ROUND function is used to display the answer up to the desired decimal places. Syntax ROUND(number,num_digits)
Number is the number you want to round. Num_digits specifies the number of digits to which you want to round number.
For example =ROUND(2.5497, 0) rounds 2.5497 to an integer. (Answer is 3) =ROUND(2.5497,1) rounds 2.5497 to one
decimal place.(Answer is 2.5) =ROUND(2.5497,2) rounds 2.5497 to two decimal places.(Answer is 2.55) By this function,
you can get as much precise answer as you want.
Question:
What is the purpose of(=round)?
Answer:
Rounding is a method to approximate a number to a certain place. Sometimes we get a very large number or decimal number
with many digits. We want to cut short its some digits up to suitable approximated number without disturbing actual value.
Suppose, there is number 254.789666666. While displaying it, we make it short without disturbing its main value. We can
write it as 254.79. It is suitable form and easy to understand.
Question:
Why $ is used in cell references?
Answer:
In excel the alphabet in cell reference indicate column and the preceding number indicate the row. For example A23 refers to
cell in A column and 23rd row. The $ sign is used before the row or column reference to fix the location of the cell. If $ sign
come before column reference, it is called absolute column. If $ sign comes before row reference, it is called absolute row.
The column reference and row reference without $ sign is called relative column reference and relative row reference. There
are four types of cell references. 1. Absolute column and absolute row reference. It is simply called absolute cell reference.
For example $A$23 2. Relative column and absolute row reference. For example A$23. 3. Absolute column and relative row
reference. For example $A23. 4. Relative column and relative row reference. For example A23.
Question:
What is Exponential Smoothing ?
Answer:
Exponential Smoothing assigns exponentially decreasing weights as the observation get older. In other words, recent
observations are given relatively more weight in forecasting than the older observations
Question:
what is Statistical Representation of Data?
Answer:
Statistical Representation of Data: Because a list of raw data may be difficult to interpret, statisticians prefer to represent
their data in an organized way. Such arrangement of data is called Statistical Representation of Data. Two of the most
common ways to arrange the data are frequency distributions and graphs.
Question:
What is Factorial?
Answer:
Factorial The product of a given integer and all smaller positive integers. The factorial of n is written n! and is read aloud "n
factorial". Note: By definition, 0! = 1.
Question:
define 6!.
Answer:
6! = 654321 = 720
Question:
What is the difference between sd and md?
Answer:
A simple deviation is difference or movement away from a standard. It is the difference between a number and the average
of a set of values. The standard deviation measures the spread of the data about the mean value. It is useful in comparing sets
of data which may have the same mean but a different range. For example, the mean of the following two is the same: 15,
15, 15, 14, 16 and 2, 7, 14, 22, 30. However, the second is clearly more spread out. If a set has a low standard deviation, the
values are not spread out too much.
Question:
What is the purpose of knowing variance and standard deviation?
Answer:
Variance is basically a measure of the general dispersion of data in a sample, it gives you a sense of how far away data
points are from one another. the larger the variance, the more variability you have in your sample. Standard deviation is
more concrete: it is the average distance of each point in the sample from the sample mean in terms of the original units of
measurement. for instance, say you want to estimate the average height of a high school male basketball player. you take a
sample of 10 varsity basketball players from your school and calculate their height and standard deviation. say you find that
the mean of the sample is 70 in with a standard deviation of 2, you can say that the average difference between any given
high school varsity basketball player is 2 inches from the mean of 70. it gives you a tool for making educated predictions
about a population. if your sample is normally distributed, you can make even more educated predictions; in a normal
distribution, 68% of the population falls between -1 and +1 standard deviations (from the mean), 95% of the population falls
between - 2 and +2 SD, and approximately 99% of the population falls between - 3 and +3.
Question:
What is variance?
Answer:
Variance is how your results variates from your expected value or win rate. If that wasn't simple enough: It's how bad/good
you can run.
Question:
When do we use correlation?
Answer:
It will be used when we wish to establish whether there is a degree of association between two variables. If this association is
established, then it makes sense to proceed further with regression analysis. Regression analysis determines the constants of
the regression. You can not make any predictions with results of correlation analysis. Predictions are based on regression
equations.
Question:
Discuss the contribution of correlation analysis in the different fields?
Answer:
Correlation analysis contributes to the understanding of economics behavior, aids in locating the critically important
variables on which others depends, may reveal to the economist the connections by which disturbances spread and suggest to
him the path through which stabilizing forces may become effective.
Question:
Describe the simaltanous contrast of regression and correlation?
Answer:
Correlation deals with the association (importance) between variables whereas regression deals with prediction (intensity).
Question:
What is the usage of intercept function?
Answer:
Use the INTERCEPT function when you want to determine the value of the dependent variable when the independent
variable is 0 (zero). For example, you can use the INTERCEPT function to predict a metal's electrical resistance at 0C when
your data points were taken at room temperature and higher.
Question:
How we can use analysis tool pack?
Answer:
You can use EXCEL to perform a statistical analysis: On the Tools menu, click Data Analysis. If Data Analysis is not
available, load the Analysis ToolPak. In the Data Analysis dialog box, click the name of the analysis tool you want to use,
and then click OK. In the dialog box for the tool you selected, set the analysis options you want. You can use the Help
button on the dialog box to get more information about the options.
Question:
Explain some valid and invalid features of slope functions?
Answer:
1) The arguments must be numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers. 2) If an array or reference argument
contains text, logical values, or empty cells, those values are ignored; however, cells with the value zero are included. 3) If
known_y's and known_x's are empty or have a different number of data points, SLOPE returns the #N/A error value.
Question:
What is binomial coefficients ?
Answer:
A binomial coefficient equals the number of combinations of r items that can be selected from a set of n items. It also
represents an entry in Pascal's triangle. These numbers are called binomial coefficients because they are coefficients in the
binomial theorem.
Question:
Define Permutation.
Answer:
A selection of objects in which the order of the objects matters. Example: The permutations of the letters in the set {a, b, c}
are: abc acb bac bca cab cba
Question:
Define Combination.
Answer:
Combination Formula A formula for the number of possible combinations of r objects from a set of n objects. This is written
in any of the ways shown below. nCr or C(n,r) = n!/(r!(n-r)!) All forms are read aloud "n choose r."
Question:
Example: How many different committees of 4 students can be chosen from a group of 15?
Answer:
C(15,4) = 1365
Question:
Define the term Mean:
Answer:
The sum of a list of numbers, divided by the total number of numbers in the list is called a mean.
Question:
Define the term Median:
Answer:
"Middle value of a list. The smallest number such that at least half the numbers in the list are no greater than it. If the list
has an odd number of entries, the median is the middle entry in the list after sorting the list into increasing order. If the list
has an even number of entries, the median is equal to the sum of the two middle (after sorting) numbers divided by two.
Question:
Define the term Mode:
Answer:
For lists, the mode is the most common (frequent) value. A list can have more than one mode. A data set has multiple modes
when two or more values appear with the same frequency.
Question:
What is range of data?
Answer:
Range = Maximum value Minimum Value
Question:
What is Relative frequency?
Answer:
Relative Frequency of a class = Frequency of the class interval/Total Frequency
Question:
What is margin?
Answer:
A ratio of profitability calculated as net income divided by revenues, or net profits divided by sales. It measures how much
out of every dollar of sales a company actually keeps in earnings. Profit margin is very useful when comparing companies in
similar industries. A higher profit margin indicates a more profitable company that has better control over its costs compared
to its competitors. Profit margin is displayed as a percentage; a 20% profit margin, for example, means the company has a
net income of $0.20 for each dollar of sales. Also known as Net Profit Margin.
Question:
What is the formula for markup on sale?
Answer:
Markup on sale = (Selling price - Cost price/Selling Price)100%
Question:
What is the formula for markup on cost?
Answer:
Markup on cost = (Selling price Cost price)/(Cost price)100%
Question:
What is Binomial Distribution?
Answer:
Binomial probability distribution arises in any situation where there are: (1) only two possible outcomes, (2) the number of
trials or observations is fixed, (3) all the observations are independent 4) the probability of a success (p) is identical for each
observation. In the binomial situation the letter p stands for the probability of a success. Before it has just stood for the word
probability. In the binomial situation q is used to designate the probability of a failure. Success and failure are difficult words
to define at times within these problems. Just remember that there are only two possible outcomes in these situations. One
situation might be coded with a one (1) while the other is coded with a zero (0). For example, you might answer a question
on a test correctly (pass) and receive one point, or answer the question incorrectly (fail) and receive zero points. P would
indicate the probability of getting a one and q would indicate the probability of getting a zero. On any event, p + q must
always equal 1. You must do one or the other if there are only two possible outcomes. As has been our custom, we work a
problem before presenting the formulas. To compute a binomial probability, you need to calculate and multiply three
separate factors: the number of ways to select exactly k successes, the probability of success (p) raised to the k power, and
the probability of failure (q) raised to the (n-k) power. Since success and failure are the only two possibilities, q = 1 - p. The
probability of k successes in a binomial(n,p) distribution is: P(x=k) = n! / (k!(n-k)!) * p^k * q^(n-k)
Question:
Explain Cumulative Binomial Distribution.
Answer:
Cumulative probability is very useful in finding the probability of an occurrence that cannot be predictable in a specified
range. The idea of the random variable is used for it. It is a variable whose values are numerical events that cannot be
predicted with certainty.
Question:
Define slope.
Answer:
y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. Slope-intercept is the form used most often as the simplified
equation of a line.
Question:
Define Null Hypothesis.
Answer:
The null hypothesis, H0, represents a theory that has been put forward, either because it is believed to be true or because it is
to be used as a basis for argument, but has not been proved. For example, in a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis
might be that the new drug is no better, on average, than the current drug. We would write H0: there is no difference
between the two drugs on average.
Question:
What is Confidence Level?
Answer:
Confidence Level The confidence level is the probability value (1-alpha) associated with a confidence interval. It is often
expressed as a percentage. For example, say alpha=0.05, then the confidence level is equal to (1-0.05) = 0.95, i.e. a 95%
confidence level.
Question:
Define Confidence limits.
Answer:
Confidence limits are the lower and upper boundaries / values of a confidence interval, that is, the values which define the
range of a confidence interval.
Question:
Under which condition the mean and median of a data are equal?
Answer:
If a data consists of only two terms then the mean = average (mean)
Question:
On the histogram, how you can locate the median?
Answer:
Geometrically the median is the value of X (abcissa) corresponding to the vertical line which divide a histogram into two
parts having equal areas.
Question:
How you can locate median on the ogive curve(cumulative frequency curve)?
Answer:
On the ogive curve, the median is the abscissa of point P whose ordinate is 50%.
Question:
With the help of an example justify that the sum of squared deviations of the mean is less than the median?
Answer:
The numbers 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12 have a mean of 6 and median of 7. The mean minimizes sum of squared deviations. The sum
of the squared deviations from the mean is: (1-6) + (2-6) + (3-6) + (7-6) + (8-6) + (9-6) + (12-6) = 25 +16 + 9 + 1 + 4 +
9 + 36 = 100. From the median: (1-7) + (2-7) + (3-7) + (7-7) + (8-7) + (9-7) + (12-7) = 36 + 25 + 16 + 0 + 1 + 4 + 25 =
107
Question:
Justify with the help of an example that the sum of absolute deviations of the median is less than mean?
Answer:
The numbers 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12 have a mean of 6 and median of 7. The sum of the absolute values of the deviations from the
mean are: Abs(1-6)+ Abs(2-6)+ Abs(3-6)+ Abs(7-6)+ Abs(8-6)+ Abs(9-6)+ Abs(12-6) = 5 + 4 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 6 = 24.
From the median: Abs(1-7)+ Abs(2-7)+ Abs(3-7)+ Abs(7-7)+ Abs(8-7)+ Abs(9-7)+ Abs(12-7) =6 + 5 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 5 =
23.
Question:
Define Qualitative Data:
Answer:
Qualitative data is extremely varied in nature. It includes virtually any information that can be captured that is not numerical
in nature, e.g. Sex, religion.
Question:
Define quantitative data :
Answer:
Information that can be counted or expressed numerically. This type of data is often collected in experiments, manipulated
and statistically analyzed. Quantitative data can be represented visually in graphs and charts, e.g. Heights, weights, incomes
etc.
Question:
Write down the types of graphs:
Answer:
1 Picture graph 2 Column Graphs 3 Line Graphs 4 Circle Graphs (Sector Graphs) 5 Conversion Graphs 6 Travel Graphs 7
Histograms 8 Frequency Polygon 9 Cumulative Polygon or Ogive
Question:
Under which condition measure of dispersion of data is zero or greater or less than zero?
Answer:
A measure of statistical dispersion is a real number that is zero if all the data are identical, and increases as the data becomes
more diverse. It cannot be less than zero.
Question:
Give the description about the scale or unit of the measure of dispersion?
Answer:
Most measures of dispersion have the same scale as the quantity being measured. In other words, if the measurements have
units, such as metres or seconds, the measure of dispersion has the same units.
Question:
Enlist some scale free measure of dispersion?
Answer:
Some measures of dispersion which are dimensionless (scale-free) that is they have no units even if the variable itself has
units. These include: 1) Coefficient of variation 2) Quartile coefficient of variation 3) Relative mean difference
Question:
Define absolute measure of dispersion?
Answer:
It is the dispersion in terms of the same units as the unit of the data. For example if the units of the data are in cm, liter or kg
the unit of measures of dispersion is also in cm, liter or kg.The commonly used absolute dispersion is range, quartiles, mean
deviation, standard deviation, and variance.
Question:
Discuss the ineligibility of the use of absolute measure of dispersion?
Answer:
Absolute dispersion cannot be used to compare the variation in two or more than two sets of data.
Question:
Define relative measure of dispersion?
Answer:
A measures of dispersion when expressed as pure number in the form of a coefficient, percentage or ratio is called relative
measures of dispersion. The relative measures of dispersion are coefficient of range, coefficient of quartile deviation, mean
coefficient of dispersion, coefficient of variation.
Question:
Discuss the eligibility of the use of relative measure of dispersion?
Answer:
Since absolute measures of dispersion are independent of unit of measurement, therefore can be used to compare the
variation between two or more then two sets of data.
Question:
Shortly discuss the characteristics of different commonly used means?
Answer:
1) The arithmetic mean and represents the overall average. 2) The median divides data in two equal parts. 3) Mode is the
most common value. 4) Geometric mean is used in compounding such as investments that are accumulated over a period of
time. 5) Harmonic mean is the mean of inverse values.
Question:
Which is the best measure of central tendency and why?
Answer:
The best of tendency is arithmetic mean. It is defined as a value obtained by dividing the sum of all the observation by their
number, that is mean = [sum of all the observations]/[number of the observations] Arithmetic mean is used because it is
simple to understand and easy to interpret. It is quickly and easily calculated. It is amenable to mathematical treatments. It is
relatively stable in repeated sampling experiments.
Question:
Describe the significance of central tendency?
Answer:
The term central tendency refers to the middle value or perhaps a typical value of the data, and is measured using mean,
median or mode.Each of these measures is calculated differently, and the one that is the best to use depends upon the
situation.
Question:
Explain the limitations of Arithmetic mean?
Answer:
The mean is a fine measure of central tendency for approximately symmetric distributions but can be ambiguous in distorted
distributions, since it can be greatly prejudiced by scores in the tail. Therefore, other statistical tools like the median may be
more informative for distributions such as family income or reaction time that are frequently very skewed.
Question:
What is an outlier?
Answer:
An outlier is an observation in a data set which is far removed in value from the others in the data set. It is an unusually large
or an unusually small value compared to the others. For a set of numerical data, any value that is markedly smaller or larger
than other values. For example, in the data set {3, 5, 4, 4, 6, 2, 25, 5, 6, 2} the value of 25 is an outlier. An outlier might be
the result of an error in measurement, in which case it will distort the interpretation of the data, having undue influence on
many summary statistics, for example, the mean. If an outlier is a genuine result, it is important because it might indicate an
extreme of behaviour of the process under study. For this reason, all outliers must be examined carefully before embarking
on any formal analysis. Outliers should not routinely be removed without further justification.
Question:
Which is the measure of central tendency that is most affected by outliers?
Answer:
Imagine a set of numbers, {1, 5, 5, 5, 10}. The mean is (1+5+5+5+10)/5 = 5.2. This is the common "average" that people
usually talk about--add up all of the numbers, and then divide by how many there are. The median is 5. You take the middle
number in the entire group. The mode is 5. It's simply the most common value in the set. The range here is 10-1 = 9,
however. This is the only measure that is listed that is drastically affected by the outliers! If we took a similar set, {4, 5, 5, 5,
7}, with a closer grouping of values, the mean, median, and mode remain the same. The range changes to 7-4 = 3, however.
Keep in mind that if the outliers are not evenly distributed to both sides of the set, the mean can end up being drastically
different, as well, especially if they are significantly larger or smaller than the other numbers in the group. However, the
median and mode are unlikely to change.
Question:
Define Trend.
Answer:
Trend is a long term movement in a time series. It is the underlying direction (an upward or downward tendency) and rate of
change in a time series, when allowance has been made for the other components.
Question:
Define Regression Equation.
Answer:
A regression equation allows us to express the relationship between two (or more) variables algebraically. It indicates the
nature of the relationship between two (or more) variables. In particular, it indicates the extent to which you can predict
some variables by knowing others, or the extent to which some are associated with others. A linear regression equation is
usually written Y = a + bX + e where Y is the dependent variable a is the intercept b is the slope or regression coefficient X
is the independent variable (or covariate) e is the error term
Question:
What is residual?
Answer:
Residual Residual (or error) represents unexplained (or residual) variation after fitting a regression model. It is the difference
(or left over) between the observed value of the variable and the value suggested by the regression model.
Question:
What is the series discount?
Answer:
It is a further discount as incentives for more sales. Usually such discount is offered for selling product in bulk. If series
discount of 16%, 20%, 15% are offered on list price, say L= Rs.20000, of an item then net price is calculated as follows: Let
d1 = 16%, d2 = 20%, d3 = 15% , then above formula becomes N = L (1 d1)(1 - d2)(1 - d3) N = L (1 16%) (1 20%) (1
15%)= 20000*0.84*0.80*0.85 = Rs.11424
Question:
What is the cash discount?
Answer:
A reduction in the price of an item for sale allowed if payment is made within a stipulated period. Such a discount is an
advantage to both the seller and the buyer. The buyer has a saving of money while the seller has funds at his disposal.
Question:
What is the discount period?
Answer:
The period during which a customer can deduct the discount from the net amount of the bill when making payment
Question:
What are the credit periods?
Answer:
Credit Periods are periods for the buyers to pay invoices within specified times.
Question:
What is the seasonal discount?
Answer:
Seasonal discount is the reduced price to encourage the purchase of a particular product in the off-season; perhaps better
thought of as an "out-of-season" discount
Question:
What is correlation coefficient?
Answer:
The correlation coefficient is a numerical way to quantify the relationship between two variables, e.g. X and Y and it is
denoted by the symbol R. The correlation coefficient is always between -1 and 1, thus -1 < R < 1. If the correlation
coefficient, R, is positive, then a increase in X would result in a increase in Y, however if R was negative, an increase in X
would result in a decrease in Y. Larger correlation coefficients, such as 0.8 would suggest a stronger relationship between
the variables, whilst figures like 0.3 would suggest weaker ones. However, the correlation coefficient does not imply
causality, that is it may show that two variables are strongly correlated , however it doesnt mean that they are responsible
for each other.
Question:
What is negative binomial distribution?
Answer:
Negative Binomial Experiments: The experiments in which no. of success fixed and trails varies to produce the fixed no. of
success called negative binomial experiments and its probability distribution function is P(X=x) =(x-1)C(k-1)*p^k *q^(x-k) ;
x= k, k+1, It has two parameters k and p>0
Question:
Differentiate between Binomial and Negative Binomial Distribution.
Answer:
In binomial distribution the no. of trails are fixed and the success varies while in negative binomial distribution no. of
success fixed and trails varies.
Question:
What is Poisson Distribution?
Answer:
A limiting approximation of the binomial distribution when p, the probability of success is very small and n, the number of
trails is so large the product mean= np is of moderate size. Mean= Variance is the only parameter of Poisson distribution
Question:
What is Poisson is process?
Answer:
The Poisson process is a process in which the occurrence of events is noticed in a specified interval of time.
Question:
If initial value =12 and final value = 15 Then find percentage change.
Answer:
Change = final value - initial value = 15 12 = 3 Percentage change = (change/initial value) *100% = (3/12)*100% = 25%
Question:
What is normal distribution?
Answer:
The limiting form of a binomial distribution by increasing the number of trails, to a very large number for a fixed value of p,
the probability of success. It has two parameters mean and variance. Where, sigma = sqrt(variance)
Question:
What is standardized normal variable?
Answer:
The standard normal variable is denoted by Z and defined as Z= (X- mean)/ sigma
Question:
What is Standardized normal distribution?
Answer:
The normal probability distribution of normally distributed variable Z having zero mean and unit variance is called Standard
normal distribution
Question:
Define Correlation and types of Correlation.
Answer:
The word correlation or co-relation means a mutual relationship. It is the interdependences of two quantities variables.
Although it has different types but here we describe only two 1) Positive correlation: If the values of variables are varying(ie increasing or decreasing) in the same direction then such correlation is referred to as positive correlation. e.g: there exist
positive correlation b/w sales of soft drinks & temperature of surroundings because as the temperature of surroundings
increases the sales of soft drinks also increases. Thus direction of varying of the sales & temperature is the same. 2) Negative
correlation: If the values of variables are varying(i-e increasing or decreasing) in the opposite direction then such correlation
is referred to as positive correlation. e.g: there exist negative correlation b/w pressure of gas & its volume because as the
pressure is increased then volume is decreased. Thus direction of varying of volume & pressure is opposite. Other types are
perfect + & perfect -, simple & zero correlation.
Question:
Define Time series.
Answer:
Time Series: An arrangement of data by successive time periods is called a time series.
Question:
What is Exponential smoothing?
Answer:
The Exponential smoothing is a type of weighted moving average forecasting technique in which past observations are
geometrically discounted according to their age. The heaviest weight is assigned to the most recent datum. The smoothing is
termed 'exponential' because data points are weighted in accordance with an exponential function of their age.
Question:
Define Correlation Coefficient
Answer:
Correlation Coefficient A correlation coefficient is a number between -1 and 1 which measures the degree to which two
variables are linearly related. If there is perfect linear relationship with positive slope between the two variables, we have a
correlation coefficient of 1; if there is positive correlation, whenever one variable has a high (low) value, so does the other. If
10
there is a perfect linear relationship with negative slope between the two variables, we have a correlation coefficient of -1; if
there is negative correlation, whenever one variable has a high (low) value, the other has a low (high) value.
Question:
What is Least Squares?
Answer:
The method of least squares is a criterion for fitting a specified model to observed data. For example, it is the most
commonly used method of defining a straight line through a set of points on a scatter plot.
Question:
what is the formula of Contribution Margin (C.M.)?
Answer:
CM= S VC, where S is the value of sales and VC is variable cost.
Question:
what is the formula of Contribution Rate (C.R)?
Answer:
Contribution rate = CR = CM/S 100%. Where CM is the contribution margin and S is the value of sales
Question:
How we can find the Break Even Point in units?
Answer:
Break Even Point (BEP) in units = FC / CM, where FC is fixed cost and CM is the contribution margin.
Question:
How we can find the Break Even Point in rupees?
Answer:
Break Even Point (BEP) in rupees = (FC / CM)*S, where FC is fixed cost and CM is the contribution margin and S is the
value of sales
Question:
How we can find the Break Even Point as a percentage of capacity?
Answer:
Break Even Point as a percent of capacity= BEP in units/PC100, where PC is Production Capacity per period
Question:
Define Net Income:
Answer:
When fixed costs are deducted from the contribution Margin. The result is Net Income, i.e. Net Income = Contribution
Margin Fixed Costs
Question:
Explain the term Scenario:
Answer:
Scenario is in the Decision Making, Problem Solving, & Strategy and Planning & Scheduling subjects. Internally consistent
verbal picture of a phenomenon, sequence of events, or situation, based on certain assumptions and factors (variables)
chosen by its creator. Scenarios are used in estimating the probable effects of one or more variables, and are an integral part
of situation analysis and long-range planning. The name comes from a script used in film/television industry that contains all
the details on the appearance of characters, scenes, and the sequence of episodes.
Question:
what is the formula of Net income?
Answer:
NI=Number of units sale above BEP in units Contribution Margin per unit
Question:
What Does Net Loss Mean?
Answer:
The result that occurs when expenses exceed the income produced. OR Negative sign with Net Income means Net loss. That
is Net loss = - Net Income
Question:
How we can find Net Loss?
Answer:
Net loss=NL=Number of units sale below BEP in units Contribution Margin per unit
Question:
What is residual?
Answer:
Residual (or error) represents unexplained (or residual) variation after fitting a regression model. It is the difference (or left
over) between the observed value of the variable and the value suggested by the regression model.
Question:
what is dividend?
Answer:
Dividend, that part of the net earnings of a corporation that is distributed to its stockholders. Dividend disbursements are
based on a percentage of the par value of the stock or are a certain sum per share of no-par-value stock. They become
payable only when approved by the board of directors and are usually declared at regular intervals. Obviously, dividends
should not be paid unless the company has accumulated a profit or surplus. In the United States, dividends may be paid in
property of various kinds, including bonds and stocks of the company or stocks of other companies first acquired for other
purposes, in notes, or in cash. Dividends may be paid in stocks when the accumulated profits of a company are to be retained
for reinvestment in the business. Dividends in the form of notes, often called scrip dividends, are rare; they are only paid
when the company has earnings that it expects to convert into cash before the notes are due. In Great Britain, dividends are
payable only in cash. Liquidation dividends are the return of the capital of a business that is being terminated. Enterprises
with diminishing assets, such as mines, issue a modified form of liquidation dividend. The dividend from preferred shares of
stock is a fixed percentage that must be paid before the remainder of the profit is divided among other shares. If there are not
enough profits to pay the whole dividend on preferred stock, future profits may be assigned to pay back those dividends
before anything is paid on common stock. Preferred stock is ranked as first and second preferred, according to the priority of
its obligations. Preferred dividends differ from interest on bonds in that there is no default if the former are not paid. The
term dividend is also used to refer to a fractional payment of the amount owed by a bankrupt firm to a creditor
Question:
what is stock?
Answer:
Stock, in finance, instrument certifying to shares in the ownership of a corporation. Bonds are similar evidences of shares in
a loan to a corporation. Stock yields no dividends until claims of bondholders have been met. Preferred stock is entitled to
dividends of a specified percentage per annum before common stock is entitled to any dividends; the common stock is then
usually entitled to the rest of the profits. In case of liquidation of the company, holders of bonds and preferred stock take
precedence over holders of common stock in the division of assets. Holders of common stock usually have voting rights in
the management of the corporation; bondholders and, usually, holders of preferred stock have no voting rights. Since the
value of common stock depends largely on its earnings, it is often issued with no par value. Public demand for securities and
the need of corporations for ready capital have led to the development of stock exchanges in most of the major cities of the
11
world
Question:
What is yield?
Answer:
In general, yield is the annual rate of return for any investment and is expressed as a percentage. 2. With stocks, yield can
refer to the rate of income generated from a stock in the form of regular dividends. This is often represented in percentage
form, calculated as the annual dividend payments divided by the stock's current share price. 3. With bonds, yield is the
effective rate of interest paid on a bond, calculated by the coupon rate divided by the bond's market price:
Question:
Price Earning Ratio ?
Answer:
Relationship between the current price of a stock to the earnings over any earnings period. Also known as the P/E ratio. The
period in question can be the most recent quarter, annualized earnings, next year's projected earnings, and so on. The P/E is
calculated by dividing the current stock price by the earnings per share. The P/E ratio, also known as the P/E multiple,
measures corporate earnings power and is used by investors to gauge market demand for stocks. The ratio is calculated by
dividing the market value by earnings per share for the most recent 12-month period. Companies with a high P/E have
greater earnings potential than low P/E stocks, but also are more volatile and somewhat riskier investments.
Question:
What is Compound Interest?
Answer:
Compound interest is calculated each period on the original principal and all interest accumulated during past periods.
Although the interest may be stated as a yearly rate, the compounding periods can be yearly, semiannually, quarterly, or even
continuously. You can think of compound interest as a series of back-to-back simple interest contracts. The interest earned in
each period is added to the principal of the previous period to become the principal for the next period. For example, you
borrow $10,000 for three years at 5% annual interest compounded annually: Interest year 1 = p * i * n = 10,000 * .05 * 1 =
500 interest year 2 = (p2 = p1 + i1) * i * n = (10,000 + 500) * .05 * 1 = 525 interest year 3 = (p3 = p2 + i2) * i * n = (10,500
+ 525) *.05 * 1 = 551.25 Total interest earned over the three years = 500 + 525 + 551.25 = 1,576.25. Or P=10000
r=5%=0.05 n=3 Compound Interest= p*(1+r)^n=11576.25 Compound interest is paid on the original principal and on the
accumulated past interest. Formula: A = P*(1 + r /100)^n P is the principal (the initial amount you borrow or deposit) r is the
annual rate of interest (percentage) n is the number of years the amount is deposited or borrowed for. A is the amount of
money accumulated after n years, including interest. When the interest is compounded once a year: However, if you borrow
for 5 years the formula will look like: A = P*(1 + r / 100)^5 This formula applies to both money invested and money
borrowed
Question:
What is Simple Interest?
Answer:
When money is borrowed, interest is charged for the use of that money for a certain period of time. When the money is paid
back, the principal (amount of money that was borrowed) and the interest is paid back. The amount to interest depends on
the interest rate, the amount of money borrowed (principal) and the length of time that the money is borrowed. The formula
for finding simple interest is: Interest = Principal * Rate * Time. If $100 was borrowed for 2 years at a 10% interest rate, the
interest would be $100*10/100*2 = $20. The total amount that would be due would be $100+$20=$120 Simple interest is
generally charged for borrowing money for short periods of time. Compound interest is similar but the total amount due at
the end of each period is calculated and further interest is charged against both the original principal but also the interest that
was earned during that period. Simple interest is the profit on an investment. To calculate simple interest we use the formula
I=P x R x T / 100 Where p= principal amount , r= rate of interest , t=time period of loan (in years)
Question:
What is face value?
Answer:
Face value: The value of any financial instrument that appears on the front, or face, of the certificate. Face value of a stock is
the share price upon initial offering. The issuing company promise not to issue further shares below face value, so investors
could be confident that no one else will receive more favorable issue price.(An initial offering or initial public offering (IPO)
is the first sale of a corporation's common shares to investors on a public stock exchange
Question:
What is markdown?
Answer:
Markdown is a reduction in price in order to stimulate sales.
Question:
What is markup?
Answer:
Markup is the increase in the price of some item. Markup is the difference between the cost of a good and its selling price.
Question:
What is financial analysis?
Answer:
Financial analysis refers to an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business. It deals with the cost and
benefit flows from the point of view of a firm or individual.
Question:
What is financial mathematics?
Answer:
It is the branch of applied mathematics which deals with the financial markets.
Question:
What is break-even point?
Answer:
The breakeven point is a point where the Cash Inflow becomes equal to Cash Outflow.
Question:
What is net cash flow?
Answer:
The difference between Revenue and Cost is called the Net Cash flow.
Question:
What is Internal Rate of return?
Answer:
It is that Discount Rate at which the Present Worth of Costs is equal to the Present Worth of Benefits.
Question:
What is the use of AMORDEGRC function?
Answer:
AMORDEGRC function returns the depreciation for each accounting period.
12
Question:
What is the use of AMORLINC function?
Answer:
AMORLINC function returns the depreciation for each accounting period. The function is similar to AMORDEGRC, except
that a depreciation coefficient is applied in the calculation depending on the life of the assets in AMORDEGRC.
Question:
What is the use of CUMIPMT function?
Answer:
CUMIPMT function Returns the cumulative interest paid between two periods.
Question:
What is the use of CUMIPMT function?
Answer:
CUMIPMT function Returns the cumulative interest paid between two periods.
Question:
What is the use of DB function?
Answer:
DB returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the fixed-declining balance method.
Question:
What is Salvage value?
Answer:
Salvage is the value at the end of the depreciation (sometimes called the salvage value of the asset).
Question:
What is the use of DDB function?
Answer:
DDB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the double-declining balance method or some other
method you specify.
Question:
What is meant by the life of an asset?
Answer:
Life is the number of periods over which the asset is being depreciated (sometimes called the useful life of the asset).
Question:
What is the use of MIRR function?
Answer:
MIRR returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows. MIRR considers both the cost of the
investment and the interest received on reinvestment of cash.
Question:
What is difference between Provident Fund and Gratuity?
Answer:
Provident fund is a type of saving which the employees and the employees and the employer must remit into the fund with
the objective of serving as guarantee and welfare benefits for the employees after retirement. According to local laws, a
company can establish a Provident Trust Fund for the benefit of the employees. By law, 1/11th of Basic Salary per month is
deducted by the company from the gross earnings of the employee. An equal amount, i.e 1/11th of basic salary per month, is
contributed by the company to the Provident Fund to the account of the employee. Thus there is an investment of 2/11th of
basic salary on behalf of the employee in Provident Fund. The company can invest the savings in Provident Fund in
Government Approved securities such as defense saving Certificates. Interest earned on investments in Provident Fund is
credited to the account of the employees in proportion to their share in the Provident Fund. Gratuity is a part of allowance. It
is a benefit which an organization gives to his worker. Gratuity means the one basic salary after 11 month of a year given to
a worker. But every year that amount credit into the Gratuity Trust Fund of that organization on the behalf of that person.
Every year that amount added into the Gratuity trust Fund. Company invests that money into different resources. The profit
earned from that amount is also added into the workers gratuity account. A person received that amount when he left his job
or at the time of retirement. Its Formula is very simple Company contribution to Gratuity Fund = 1/11 of basic salary =
(1/11) x Basic salary
Question:
what is the difference between basic salary and gross salary?
Answer:
Basic salary means the fixed salary which is offered by an organization. But Gross salary means Basic salary plus
allowances like travel allowance, house rent etc. Note it that Basic salary does not include: Additional payment by way of
overtime, bonus or commission; Traveling, food or housing allowance; Any sum paid to an employee or contract worker to
defray special expenses incurred by him owing to the special, unusual or hazardous nature of the employment; Any
productivity incentive payments; Any allowance however described; Any contributions paid by the employer or employee to
any pension or provident fund; or Any gratuity payable on discharge or retirement.
Question:
What is Probability?
Answer:
The word Probability is derived from probable mean uncertainty. So in probability we measure the uncertainty in numeric
form. Probability is defined as a ratio of favorable ways to the total ways i.e. P(A)= number of favorable ways of occurrence
of an event Total ways of occurrence of the sample space
Question:
What are mutually exclusive events?
Answer:
Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if there is no common point in them Example: In a toss of a two fair dice we
have a sample space of 36 outputs Let, E= Sum of dots is even O=Sum of dots is odd O={ (1,2) , (1,4) , (1,6) , , (6,5) }
provided |O|= 18 E= { (1,1) , (1,3), (1,5) , , (6,6)} provided |E|= 18 Where O and E both have no common point
Question:
What is the probability of A or B OR P(A or B)= ?
Answer:
Let A and B are any two events of a sample space S. Then, P(A or B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A and B) And for mutually exclusive
events the intersection is empty so A and B =empty set P(Empty set)= 0. Thus, P(A or B)= P(A)+P(B)
Question:
Give the simultaneous contrast of the use of AM and HM with the help of an example. Also illustrate the situations under
which one of them should be preferred?
Answer:
If a blood donor fills a 250mL blood bag at 70mL/min on the first visit, and 90mL/min the second visit. What is the average
rate at which the donor fills a bag? Let's break it down: 250mL @ 70mL/min = 3.571 mins total 250mL @ 90mL/min =
2.778 mins total So 500mL total in (3.571+2.778) mins total =500/6.349 = 78.753 mL/min So the harmonic mean of
2/[1/70+1/90] = 78.750 gives a more accurate description of average rate, in this example, than the arithmetic mean
(80mL/min). This, however, only applies to rate. If, for example, you wanted to calculate average time to donate it would
just be the arithmetic mean (3.571+2.778)/2 = 3.175 mins.
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Question:
Discuss the extension of the idea of median?
Answer:
If a set of data is arranged in order of magnitude, the middle value (or the AM of the two middle values) that divides the set
into two equal parts is the median. By extending this idea, we can think of THOSE values which divide the set into four
equal parts. These values denoted by Q1,Q2 and Q3 are called the 1st, 2nd and 3rd quartiles, respectively, the value Q2
being equal to the median. Similarly the values that divide the data into 10 equal parts are called deciles and are denoted by
D1,D2,..,D9, while values dividing the data into 100 equal parts are called percentiles and are denoted by P1,P2,.,P99.
The 5th decile and 50th percentile correspond to the median . The 25th and 75th percentiles correspond to the 1st and 3rd
quartiles respectively. Collectively, quartiles, deciles, percentiles and other values obtained by equal subdivisions of the data
are called quantiles.
Question:
What is symmetric distribution?
Answer:
It is the distribution in which observations equidistant from the central maximum have the same frequency.
Question:
Explain the concept of empirical relationships?
Answer:
An empirical relationship is one based solely on observation rather than theory. An empirical relationship requires only
confirmatory data irrespective of theoretical basis.
Question:
Discuss the advantages and drawback of Trimmed mean.
Answer:
Advantage:--The trimmed mean is a useful estimator because it is less sensitive to outliers (an observation that is
numerically distant from the rest of the data) than the mean but will still give a reasonable estimate of central tendency or
mean for many statistical models. Drawback:--The truncated mean uses more information from the distribution or sample
than the median, so unless the underlying distribution is symmetric, the truncated mean of a sample is unlikely to produce an
unbiased estimator for either the mean or the median.
Question:
After removing a small percentage of the largest and smallest values, which formula for central tendency is used?
Answer:
After removing the specified observations, the trimmed mean is found using an arithmetic averaging formula.
Question:
What is the difference between markup and markdown?
Answer:
The terms Markup and Markdown are very important in Business Mathematics and they are mainly using in marketing
Markup means how much the retail price of a product is above then the cost of producing and distributing whereas the term
Markdown means how less the selling price of a product then the retail price of a product These terms can be expressed in
fix as well as in the form of percentage .For example the retail price of a product is 50 rupees and the product cost is 45
rupees then Markup=price-cost=50-45= 5
Question:
What is different between "Markdown" and "Discount"?
Answer:
Markdown is a reduction from the original sale price to force competitors out of the market, while discount is a reduction in
price which the seller offers to the buyer.
Question:
What is the difference between discount and trade discount?
Answer:
A reduction from the full or standard amount of a price or debt is called discount. Generally a discount is given as a
percentage of the standard amount. This percentage is called rate of discount. A discount on the list price granted by a
manufacturer or wholesaler to buyers in the same trade is called trade discount. If L is the list price and d is the discount rate
then Trade discount or the discount amount = L*d and Net price = List price - discount amount = L - L*d = L * (1-d)
Question:
Describe the types of trade discounts.
Answer:
There are two types of trade discount 1) Single trade discount. 2) Multiple or series trade discount
Question:
What are the main types of discount?
Answer:
The main types of discount are Trade discount Cash discount Seasonal discount, etc
Question:
What is expectation?
Answer:
Let X be a random variable assuming values x1, x2, , xn with their corresponding probabilities f(x1), f(x2) , , f(xn)
then Expectation is sum of product of values by their corresponding probabilities i.e. E(X) =x1f(x1) + x2f(x2) + +
xnf(xn)
Question:
Define Binomial Experiment and Binomial distribution
Answer:
If the probability of each outcome remains fixed throughout the experiment then such trails are called Bernaulli trails and the
experiment having n trails is called binomial experiment. The variable X denoting the number of success with the
corresponding probabilities f(x) = nCx * p^x * q^(n-x) ; x= 0, 1, 2, , n Where n = the number of trails x= the number of
success p= probability of success q= probability of failure =1-p nCx = n! /[x!*(n-x)!]
Question:
Define average with example.
Answer:
Average (Arithmetic Mean) = Sum /N Sum= Sum of all data values N = number of data values EXAMPLE: Data: 10, 8, 10,
30, 2 Sum: = 10+8+10+30+2 = 60 There are 5 data values Average = 60/5 = 12
Question:
Define weighted average with the example.
Answer:
Let {x1, x2, x3, ........, xn} is a set of n number of data and {w1, w2, w3, ...wn} are corresponding weights of the data then
Weighted average = (x1)(w1) + (x2)(w2) + (x3)(w3) + ...........+ (xn)(wn) It is important to note that the weights should be in
fraction. Example: Let Alis home work grade is 95, a quiz grade of 65, and a test grade of 85 and the weightage of
homework is 15%, quizzes 25%, and tests 75%. Here weights of homework, quizzes, tests are already in fraction i-e15% =
0.15, 25% = 0.25, 75% = 0.75 respectively. Thus Ali's average = (0.15)(95) + (0.25)(65) + (0.75)(85) = 94.25
Question:
what is difference between percent and percentage?
Answer:
Percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100 (per cent meaning "per hundred"). It is often denoted using
14
the percent sign, "%". For example, 45% (read as "forty-five percent") is equal to 45 / 100, or 0.45. Percentages are used to
express how large one quantity is relative to another quantity. The first quantity usually represents a part of, or a change in,
the second quantity, which should be greater than zero. For example, an increase of $ 0.15 on a price of $ 2.50 is an increase
by a fraction of 0.15 / 2.50 = 0.06. Expressed as a percentage, this is therefore a 6% increase.
Question:
Define decimal fraction and common fraction.
Answer:
A decimal fraction is a fraction where the denominator is a power of ten. e.g., 8/10, 83/100, 83/1000, and 8/10000 are
expressed as: 0.8, 0.83, 0.083, and 0.0008. A common fraction is a fraction in which numerator and denominator are both
integers, as opposed to fractions. For example 2/5is a common fraction.
Question:
How is %change found ?
Answer:
First find the value of change by following relation. Change = Final value initial value Then use following equation to find
percentage change. Percentage change = (Change / initial value) x 100%
Question:
Differenciat between interest and compound interest?
Answer:
Simple interest is the profit on an investment. To calculate simple interest we use the formula I=Prt Where p= principal
amount , r= rate of interest , t=time period of loan (in years) Compound interest is interest which is regularly added to the
debt (compounded). Interest is then calculated not only over the principal, but also over the interest that has been added to
the debt before--in other words, it is calculated over the total amount owed * Compound interest is paid on the original
principal and on the accumulated past interest. Formula: P is the principal (the initial amount you borrow or deposit) r is the
annual rate of interest (percentage) n is the number of years the amount is deposited or borrowed for. A is the amount of
money accumulated after n years, including interest. When the interest is compounded once a year: A = P(1 + r)n
Question:
How we calculate the dividends?
Answer:
Dividend is a kind of profit which companies give to their share holders after a certain time period. It is divided equally
among the shareholders of the company. For example if a company has introduced 10 shares in market and they have earned
120 as dividend then dividend to each shareholder will be 120/10=12.
Question:
What is difference between Principle and Amount?
Answer:
Principal : Definition:The initial amount of the loan, before interest is added or paid Context:If you take out a loan in the
amount of Rs. 250 that you will pay back with interest, the Rs. 250 is the principal. Definition (amount) Quantity or value, as
in a transaction or account balance.
Question:
Define rebate .
Answer:
A rebate is an amount paid by way of reduction, return, or refund on what has already been paid or contributed. It is type of
sales promotion marketers use primarily as incentives or supplements to product sales.
Question:
what is earnings per share?
Answer:
Earnings per share is the portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. It is generally
considered to be the single most important variable in determining a share's price.
Question:
What is the difference between raw data and arrays?
Answer:
Raw data are collected data that have not been organized numerically. An example is the set of weights of 100 male students
obtained from an alphabetical listing of university records. While on the other hand an array is an arrangement of raw data in
ascending or descending order of magnitudes.
Question:
Why the frequency distribution is so important in the data analysis?
Answer:
When summarizing large masses of raw data, it is often useful to distribute the data into classes or categories and to
determine the number of individuals belonging to each class, called the class frequency.
Question:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of grouped data?
Answer:
The grouping process generally destroys much of the original detail of the data, an important advantage is gained in the clear
overall picture that is obtained and in the vital relationships that are thereby made evident.
Question:
What is difference between class interval & class limits?
Answer:
A symbol defining a class, such as 50-52 in any frequency table is called the class interval. While the end numbers, 50 and
52 are called class limits; the smaller number is 50 is called the lower class limit & the larger number 52 is called upper class
limit.Class interval is the symbolic representation of class although these two are used interchangeably.
Question:
Give the description about open class interval?
Answer:
A class interval that, at least theoretically haas either no upper class or not lower class limit indicated is called an open class
interval. For example relating to age group of individuals, the class interval 50 years and below. It is represented as - 50
Question:
Describe the size or width of a class interval?
Answer:
It is the difference between the lower or upper class limits of a frequency distribution.
Question:
What is the class mark?
Answer:
It is the mid point of the class interval and is obtained by adding the lower and upper class limits and dividing by 2.For
example the class mark of the interval: 50-52 is (50+52)/2 = 51. It is also called the class midpoint
Question:
In forming frequency distribution,the choice of how many number of class intervals,is feasible?
Answer:
Depending on the data, the number of class intervals is usually taken between 5 and 20.There are many empirical formulas
for this choice among which two are as follows; 1) No. of classes = 1 + 3.3 log (n) 2) No. of classes = Square root of (n)
Where n is the total number of observations
Question:
Which kind of cares should be taken while making the number of classes in the frequency distributions?
15
Answer:
Class intervals are chosen so that the class marks coincide with actually observed data. However the class boundaries should
not coincide with actually observed data.
Question:
Name any two graphic representation of frequency distributions?
Answer:
These are the a) Histograms b) Frequency Polygons
Question:
How frequency polygons are constructed?
Answer:
Frequency polygon is a line graph of the class frequency against the class mark. It is constructed by connecting the
midpoints of the tops of the rectangles in the histogram.
Question:
While constructing the frequency polygons, does the extensions to the next lower and higher class marks result any error?
Answer:
It is not so because it is customary to add the extensions to the next-lower and next-higher class marks, which should have
corresponding class frequency of zero. In doing such, the sum of the areas of the rectangles in the histogram equals to the
total area bounded by the frequency polygon and the horizontal axis.
Question:
How the graphic representation of relative-frequency distribution is obtained?
Answer:
Graphic representation of relative frequency distributions can be obtained from the histogram or frequency polygon simply
by changing the vertical scale from frequency to relative frequency, keeping exactly the same diagram. The resulting graphs
are called relative-frequency histograms and the relative-frequency polygons.
Question:
What is the distinguished feature of cumulative frequency distribution unlike the general frequency distributions?
Answer:
Unlike a frequency distribution which tells you how many data points are within each class, a cumulative frequency tells you
how many are less than(more than) or within each of the class limits. It is useful for analyses that require quick results about
the proportion of data that lies below a certain level.
Question:
What is the important characterization of frequencies on the ogive curves?
Answer:
On the ogive curve frequencies are cumulative.
Question:
What is the major advantage of the summary table?
Answer:
A summary table is built specifically from detailed data. It contains summaries of the data and is used to speed up analysis.
Question:
In which cases, the horizontal and vertical bars are more effective?
Answer:
The vertical bar chart is an effective way for presenting a time series and qualitatively classified data whereas the horizontal
bars are useful for geographical or spatial distributions.
Question:
Under which conditions the pie diagram is at its best use?
Answer:
It is an effective way of showing percentage parts when the whole quantity is taken as 100.
Question:
Which are the distinguished features of Pareto charts ?
Answer:
A Pareto chart is a type of chart which contains both bars and a line graph. The bars display the values in descending order,
and the line graph shows the cumulative totals of each category, left to right.
Question:
Exemplify some important application of Pareto Charts?
Answer:
In quality control, the Pareto chart often represents the most common sources of defects, the highest occurring type of defect,
or the most frequent reasons for customer complaints, etc.
Question:
Which type of the tables are mostly used in commerce and by the insurance companies for the data handling?
Answer:
Contingency tables are used commonly in commerce, notably by insurance companies.
Question:
What is proportion?
Answer:
A proportion is an equation with a ratio on each side. It is a statement that two ratios are equal.
Question:
What is merchandising mathematics?
Answer:
It is the branch of mathematics which deals with merchandising activities such as, sale and purchase of goods, markup,
markdown, discounts etc
Question:
What is direct proportion?
Answer:
Direct proportion is that when one thing increases, the related thing also increases. Example: one book cost $5, if we
increase the # of books the price will also increase, suppose we have to find out what will be the price of 10 books. books
price 1 $5 10 p suppose the price will be p dollars because its a direct proportion, we will write 1/10 = 5/p cross multiply and
solve, p=50 dollars
Question:
What is indirect proportion?
Answer:
Indirect proportion is when one thing increase the other decreases. Example: If we are driving at the speed of 30 m/h we
cover some distance in 1 hour, if we double the speed, means drive at 60m/h, do you think the time taken to cover the same
distance will also increase, no, the time taken will decrease, this is indirect proportion. speed time 30m/h 1hr 60m/h t
(suppose we take t hours) write the proportion 30/60 = t/1 or, t=1/2 hour
Question:
What is the trade discount?
Answer:
Trade Discount is a deduction from the list price of goods provided by a business in return for payment within a specified
time frame.
Question:
Q#1 If two fair dices are rolled, what is the probability of getting i) A double six ii) A sum of 8 or more dots
Answer:
i) P(a double six)= 1/36 ii) P( required)= 15/36 = 5/12
16
Question:
Six white backs and four black balls, which are indistinguishable apart from color, are replaced in a bag. If six balls are taken
from the bag, find the probability of their being three whte and three black.
Answer:
Total ways= 10C6 = 210 Favorable ways = 6C3 * 4C3 = 80 P(required)= 80/210= 8/21
Question:
If A be an event of a sample space S and be complement of A then Show that P(A complement ) = 1- P(A) (Hint:
AU(Acomplement)=S)
Answer:
AU (Acomplement)=S P(AU (Acomplement))= P(S) P(A) + P( (Acomplement)) = 1 P((Acomplement) ) = 1- P(A)
Question:
The probability that a man will alive in 25 years is 3/5, and the probability that his wife alive in 25 years is 2/3. Find the
probability that i) Only the man will be alive ii) Both will be alive iii) Only the wife will be alive
Answer:
A = The man will be alive B = the wife will be alive -A= The man will not alive -B= the wife will not alive (i) P(A
intersection -B) = P(A)*P(-B)= 3/5*1/3=1/5 (ii) P(A intersection B)= P(A)P(B) = 3/5*2/3=2/5 (iii) P(-A intersection B) =
P(-A)P(B)= 2/5*2/3= 4/15
Question:
If one card is selected at random from a deck of 52 playing cards, what is the probability that the card is a club or a face card
or both?
Answer:
A= A card is club B the card is a face card P(A)= 13/52 P(B)=12/52 P(A B) =3/52 P(A B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A B)=
13/52+12/52-3/52 = 22/52
Question:
A pair of dice are thrown. Find the probability of getting a total of either 5 or 11.
Answer:
n(S)=36 A= total of 5 B= the total is 11 A={(1,4), (2,3),(3,2), (4,1)} B={(5,6), (6,5)} P(A B)=P(A)+P(B) =4/36+2/36=1/6
Question:
A and B play a game in which As probability of winning is 2/3. In a series of 8 games, what is the probability that A will
win i) exactly 4 games ii) at least 4 games
Answer:
i) P(A) = 2/3 P(-A ) = 1/3 P(required) =8C4 *(2/3)^4 * (1/3)^4 =1120/6561 =.1707 ii) P(required) =
P(x=0)+P(x=1)+P(x=2)+P(x=3)+P(x=4) =.9121
Question:
Define a cell in excel sheet.
Answer:
The intersection of a row and column in excel sheet is called a Cell.
Question:
A person throws a pair of fair dice. What is the probability that he will get a total for the second time on the eight throw?
Answer:
P(total of 7) = 6/36 = p. P(X=8) =((8-1)C(2-1))*(1/6)^2 *(5/6)^ (8-2) =.0651
Question:
Define a rang in excel sheet.
Answer:
The rang included all cells starting from most left column to last row.
Question:
Two hundred passenger have made reservation for an airport flight. If the probability that a passenger who has a reservation
will not show up is 0.0, what is the probability that exactly three will not show up?
Answer:
mean = 200*.01 = 2 Let, the num,ber of success is X P(X=3) = ( 2^3 * e^-2 )/3! = .1804
Question:
Define arithmetic operators.
Answer:
The arithmetic operators are Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Exponents
Question:
IF the salary of an employee is as follows: Basic salary = 20,000 Rs. Allowances = 10,000 Rs. Then find the taxable income
of the employee
Answer:
The % Allowances = (10000/20000) x 100 = 50% Hence allowances are not taxable. Total taxable income = 20,000 Rs.
Question:
If the salary of an employee is as follows: Basic salary = 20,000 Rs. What is the amount of allowances if House Rent = 40
%, Conveyance allowance = 1.5 % and Utilities allowance = 2.5 %?
Answer:
House rent allowances = 0.40 x 20000 = 8000 Rs. Conveyance allowance = 0.015 x 20000 = 300 Rs. Utilities allowance =
0.025 x 20000 = 500 Rs. Thus total allowances are 8000+300+500 = 8800 Rs
Question:
What percentage is 30% x of 150?
Answer:
Here, rate = 30% = 30/100 = 0.3 Base = 150 Percentage = 30/100 x 150 Or 0.3 X 150 = 45
Question:
In which kind of data analysis, we use side by side charts?
Answer:
It is mostly used when we have two independent data variables. A side-by-side bar chart allows you to display bivariate
categorical data in a way that allows for comparisons to be made.
Question:
Why the geometric mean of negative real numbers cant be taken?
Answer:
It can be explained in many ways but it is plausible to explain it geometrically. In fact geometric mean of two numbers, a
and b, is simply the side length of the square whose area is equal to that of a rectangle with side lengths a and b. Here
G.M is a kind of length and length can never be negative.
Question:
Give some algebraic setting of geometric mean?
Answer:
Geometric mean g can be obtained from the algebraic setting as the mean proportional g between two numbers a and b
a:g = g:b
Question:
What is an annuity?
Answer:
It some point in your life you may have had to make a series of fixed payments over a period of time - such as rent or car
payments - or have received a series of payments over a period of time, such as bond coupons. These are called annuities.
Annuities are essentially series of fixed payments required from you or paid to you at a specified frequency over the course
of a fixed period of time. A contract from an insurance company that individuals generally use to accumulate money for their
retirement on a tax-deferred basis and that guarantees a fixed or variable payment to the annuitant at some future time. The
guarantee associated with annuities are based on the claims paying ability of the issuer.
17
Question:
Define cost volume profit analysis.
Answer:
Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis expands the use of information provided by breakeven analysis. It deals with how profits
and costs change, with a change in volume. More specifically, it looks at the effects on profits by changes in such factors as
variable costs, fixed costs, selling prices, volume. By studying the relationships of costs, sales, and net income, management
is better able to cope with many planning decisions. For example, CVP analysis attempts to answer the following questions:
(1) What sales volume is required to break even? (2) What sales volume is necessary in order to earn a desired (target)
profit? (3) What profit can be expected on a given sales volume? (4) How would changes in selling price, variable costs,
fixed costs, and output affect profits?
Question:
What is mark up and mark down?
Answer:
Markup is an amount added to a cost price while calculating a selling price. Especially, an amount that takes into account of
overhead and profit. Markdown means a reduction from the original sale price to 1. stimulate demand or 2. take advantage of
reduced costs or 3. force competitors out of the market
Question:
What is the difference between mathematics and statistics.
Answer:
Mathematics is a science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from counting, measuring, and describing the
shapes of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation. Since the 17th century it has been an
indispensable adjunct to the physical sciences and technology, to the extent that it is considered the underlying language of
science. Today, mathematics is an inevitable part of science and it is used in almost every field be it natural science,
engineering, medicine, or economics. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation
or explanation, and presentation of data. It is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, from the natural and social
sciences to the humanities, and to government and business. Basic Statistics is a form of mathematics that allows you to
properly collect, analyze, interpret and present data in an easy to understand format. It is a basic skill needed to ensure
proper understanding of many of the more centralized statistic fields.
Question:
What is matrix?
Answer:
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers whose entries can be a real number, rational number or irrational number etc.
Matrices of the same size can be added and subtracted entrywise and matrices of compatible size can be multiplied.
Question:
Are matrices obeying the commutative law?
Answer:
Not necessary, that is, AB and BA are not equal in general
Question:
What is mean by an Array?
Answer:
An array is a systematic arrangement of objects, usually in rows and columns.
Question:
When inverse of a matrix exists?
Answer:
When the determinant of this matrix is non zero.i.e matrix should be non singular.
Question:
When multiplication of two matrices are possible?
Answer:
When no. of columns of first matrix is equals to the rows of the second matrix. What is the meaning of dimension of a
matrix?
Question:
What is the meaning of dimension of a matrix?
Answer:
The dimension of a matrix means its no. of rows and no. of colums.It is written as 2x2 2x3 etc.
Question:
What is linear equation?
Answer:
Linear Equation: An equation that can be written in the form "linear polynomial = linear polynomial" or "linear polynomial
= constant". The following are examples of linear equations: 2x 3 = 5, 4a + 9 = 8 9a, and 2x + 5y = 1. In general y = ax +
b
Question:
What is Regression?
Answer:
The process of finding a regression equation. A regression is a statistical analysis assessing the association between two
variables. It is used to find the relationship between two variables.
Question:
Define Scatter Diagram .
Answer:
The Scatter Diagram is a tool for determining the potential correlation between two different sets of variables, i.e., how one
variable changes with the other variable. This diagram simply plots pairs of corresponding data from two variables, which
are usually two variables in a process being studied. The scatter diagram does not determine the exact relationship between
the two variables, but it does indicate whether they are correlated or not.
Question:
Example: Find the Simple/Linear Regression Equation. X Values Y Values 60 3.1 61 3.6 62 3.8 63 4 65 4.1
Answer:
To find regression equation, we will first find slope, intercept and use it to form regression equation. First find SX, SY,
SXY, SX2. SX = 311 SY = 18.6 SXY = 1159.7 SX2 = 19359 : Substitute in the above slope formula given. Slope(b) =
(NSXY - (SX)(SY)) / (NSX2 - (SX)2) = ((5)*(1159.7)-(311)*(18.6))/((5)*(19359)-(311)2) = (5798.5 - 5784.6)/(96795 96721) = 13.9/74 = 0.19 Intercept(a) = (SY - b(SX)) / N = (18.6 - 0.19(311))/5 = (18.6 - 59.09)/5 = -40.49/5 = -8.098 -->
Regression Equation(y) = a + bx = -8.098 + 0.19x.
18

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MTH302,FAQ`sBYCHSALMANRASULJATTALA

Why Chi-square(c2) distribution is negatively skewed?

What are lottery-style probabilty calculations?Can probability help to win at gambling?

What is the dispersion of data?

What is unique point,no point,infinite points solution of linear equation?

Why interquartile range(IQR) is not affected by extreme values?

What is the difference between NORMDIST and NORMSDIST.

What is the syntax and use of NORMINV function.

STEM=S.D/n^(1/2) =15/(64)^(1/2) =15/8 =1.875

To what limits of percentage the 95% confidence interval lies.

What is finite population correction factor and when it is used?

What are type I and type II errors.

When do we use the 1_tailed and 2_tailed tests?

What is the syntax and use of CHITEST function.

PV is an Excel function that returns the present value of an investment.

FV is an Excel function that returns the future value of an investment.

What is difference between NPV and XNPV?

How can the date be written in Excel?

What is a linear equation?

What are applications of linear equation in business?

What is Break-even point?

How is Break-even point expressed?

What is the fixed cost?

What is variable cost?

What is production capacity?

It is the number of units which a firm can make in a given period.

What is Contribution Margin?

What is linear equation?

Why we use Annuity?

What is Accumulation Factor ?

What is the major Difference between pmt and ppmt.?

Explain the Term "CUMPRINC" .

What is multiplicative identity?

what are excel Matrix Functions?

What is the difference between Array and Dimension?

Is AxB =Bx A in matrix multiplication or not if are not then why?

Define multiplicative inverse for matrix.

Explain the Identity Matrix.

Define the term Frequency:

The number of times that an event occurs within a given period.

Define the term Cumulative Frequency:

How we find Percent Relative Frequency?

How we find the Arithmetic mean of grouped data?

Arithmetic mean of grouped data = Sum of (f*x)/ sum of (f)

Define COUNT function:

How we can multiply one matrix to othr matrix in the excel?

what is the importance of matrices in business?

what is the importance of matrices in business?

Define "Asset Value".

If you use SUM function then : will be used otherwise +.

Explain about payroll.

Tell about round formula .

What is the purpose of(=round)?

Why $ is used in cell references?

What is Exponential Smoothing ?

what is Statistical Representation of Data?

What is the difference between sd and md?

What is the purpose of knowing variance and standard deviation?

When do we use correlation?

Discuss the contribution of correlation analysis in the different fields?

Describe the simaltanous contrast of regression and correlation?

What is the usage of intercept function?

How we can use analysis tool pack?