REVIEW OF SCHOOL MATH CONTENT

LIMITS AND INTEGRAL

By : 8th Group
Baiq. Sri Rahayu Kartini (E1R011009)
Luh Putu Asri Parwati (E1R011023)
Satria Irawansyah (E1R011046)

Mathematics Education Program

Department of Mathematics and Science Education
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Mataram University
2012

Limits and Integral

Limits
A. The Definition of Limits of Functions
In daily life, you often hear or read the words such as approaches or almost. The
word of approaches or almost can be analogized as limit in mathematics.
There are two important ideas to understand the definition of limits of functions,
that is :
1. observing the graph of a function surrounding the point being observed.
2. calculating the values of the function surrounding the point being observed.
Example:
Given that the function of ( )

wat is the value of f(x) approaches

1?
Answer :
The limit of function at certain point can be observed by calculating the value of the
function in the vinicity of the point. Calculating the value of ( ) for x approaches 1
can be done by listing the value of function
( )

0.9
2.9

0.99
2.99

0.999
2.999

( ) for values of x approaches 1.

....
....

1
3

....
....

The sketch of the graph of the function ( )

1.001
3.001

1.01
3.01

1.1
3.1

is shown at the ficture at right.

The graph shows that if x approaches 1 then f(x) approaches 3. Mathematically, the
statement that the value of (x + 2) approaches 1 can be symbolized :
(

)
y

(read the limit of x + 2 for x approaches 1 is 3).

( )

x
2

Intuitively, the devinition of limit can be defined as follows :

( )

The expression of

shows that if

approaches a but

then

the value of ( ) approaches L.

B. The Limits of Algebraic Functions
1. Limits of Function ( )
a. Method of Substitusion
If the function of ( ) has a certain value for

( )

, then

( ).

Example :
Determine the value of following limits of function :

Answers :
(

b. Method of Factorization or Multiplication by Wholly Rational

For

( )

(undefined form), the value of limit of function can be

( )

found by factorizing or multiplying by wholly rational.

Example :
Determine the following limits of function :

Answers:
(
(

)
)

(
(

)(

)(

)(

(
(
(

)(

2 Limit of The Function ( )

Remember

( )

a. The form of

, , and 0

The form of,

( )

Considering the following limit of functions.

( )
( )

are the undefined form and the

values are unknown.

if we use direct substitusion on this kind of limit it will result in the form of
solution to this kind of limit is done by dividing ( )
the highest power of the denominator.

( )

. The

, where n is

Example :
Determine the value of every following limit of functions !

Answers :
a. The numerator of ( )and the denominator of ( )each is divided by ,
since the highest power of the denominator is 1, so

b. The highest power of the denominator is 2. Then divide the numerator and
the denominator by

Note
for

and

is constant

is a natural number.

c. The highest power of the denominator is 2. Then divide the numerator and
the denominator by

.
(

* ( )

b. The Form of

( )+

A limit of this form can be solved by multiplying the limit by its wholly rational,
that is

( )

( )

( )

( )

then devide it by

with the higest power of the denominator.

Example :
Determine the value of

Answers :

.
(

C. Limits Theorems
In evaluating the limits in the previous section, some theorems of limits had been
used. The limits theorems often used can be observed in the next section.
Let

be a constant, the function of

has a limit for

1.
2.

x=a
( )

3.

( )

4.

( ( )

( ))

( )

( )

5.

( ( )

( ))

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

6.
7.

( ( ))

8.

(
( )

( )
( ))

( ))
( )

Example :
Determine the value of following limit of functions :

Answers :
(

D. The Limits of Trigonometric functions

1. The Form of

( )

( )

This kind of limit can be analogized to the limit of algebraic function.

Example :
Determine
Answers :
. /

2. The Form of

( )
( )

( )

( )

Observe the solution of this limit by consider the following example.

Example :
Determine the value of :

Answers :

Remember

3. The Form of
If a trigonometric function can be converted to

, then the

formula unit of trigonometric function that to be used is as follows :

=
Proof :
Consider the picture. The picture is circle with the center of O radius of 1 and angel of
AOP =

radian. If

then point P approaches point A(1,0). Triangel OBP has angel

of right angel at B; and line PB pass through sector BOC.

The area of sector BOC The area of sector
(
(

Te area of sector AOP.

( )

1
P
C
X

x
1

Therefore,
Note
In general

A(1,0)

Example :
Determine the limits value of the following trigonomertic functions !

Answers :

/.

.
.

/
/

 Integral
A. Definition of Integral
Integral is an invers of differential or derivative, thus it also called antidifferential or
antiderivative. The derivative of a function F(x) is F(x) and hence the integral of F(x)
and hence the integral of F(x) must be F(x). See this diagram.
So, we wake a differential of function to obtain a function based on derivative of
function, and to obtain a function based on derivative we can do the integration to its
derivative of function.
From the description above, it can be indicated that there are many possibilities
antiderivative of F(x) = f(x) = 4x3. Note that F(x) only has the difference on the fixed
term, or is constant numbers.
Hence, in general antiderivative of F(x) = f(x) = 4x3 can be written as
F(x) = x4 + c, where c is an arbittary constant.

1. Definition of Indefinite Integral

If F(x) is any function which has derivative of F(x) = f(x) then it can be said
that F(x) is the antiderivative of F(x) = f(x).
Antiderivative of function f(x) to x denoted as ( ) dx is called indefinite
integral. By using the integration notation ( ) introduced by Leibniz, we obtain a
common form of indefinite integration as follow.
( )

= F(x) + c

Description :
f(x) = integrant or the integrated function
F(x) = the result of integration of f(x), where F(x) = f(x)
c

= the constant of integration

dx = shows the integration variable is variable x

2. Common Formulas of Indefinite Integral

How to determined antiderivative (indefinitely integrate) of a function?
Find it in the following discussions.
Derivative of F(x) = 5x is f(x) = 5, thus

= 5x + c

Derivative of F(x) = x4 is f(x) = 4x3, thus

= x4 + c

Derivative of F(x) = 2x7 is f(x) = 14x6, thus

= 2x7+ c

 Derivative of F(x) =

xn+1 is f(x) = axn , thus

thus

+c

From the explanation above, there are there are several common formulas of
indefinite integral as follows.
Let f(x) and g(x) have antiderivative (indefinite integration) and where a, c, dan
k are constant, then
a.

=x+c

b.

= ax + c

c.

where n

d.
e.

, where n

( )

f. , ( )

( )

( )

( )

( )-

( )

For function in the form of ( )

( )

or ( )

( )
, then the antiderivative is

defined as ln x + c, where ln x is called natural logarithm of x.

Hence,

3. Definition of Definite Integral

Supposed F(x)=f(x)=

( )

is provided and this means that function F(x) is

changing depends on the changes of x. Here, we are going to evaluate the value of
F(x) in the interval of x=a and x=b.
First of all, we need to determine function F(x) using indefinite integral
(antiderivative) then we calculate the changing value of F(x) between x=a and x=b,
as follows.
The changing value of F(x) between x=a and x=b is
F(b) F(a).
The result of the calculation above is often called a definite integral of function
f(x) and denoted as

( )

Hence, the definite integral of function f(x) from point ato point b is the value of
changes of anti derivative of the function f(x) from point a to point b.

( )

( )- = F(b) F(a),

With F(x) is the anti-derivative of f(x), a is lower limit and b is upper limit of
( )

integration. The notation of

is often read integral f(x)dx from a to b.

4. Formulas of Definite Integral

Several formulas for definite integration are as follows.
Let function f and function g have anti derivative (can be integrated) within the
interval [a,b] and k is a costant, then :
a.

( )

b.

( )

( )

c.
(

d.
( )

e.

g.

( )

f. , ( )

h.

( )-

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

Example :
Calculate the following integrals.
1.

2.

( )

Answer :
1.

2.

3. (

( )

( )

( )

( )

(
=. ( )
=.

)( )
/

/
.

. ( )
/ = 52

( )

4.

5. ( )

)-

( ) )

( ) /

B. Integration By Substitution
Integration by substitution is a technique to simplify the function of integral by
replacing its integration variable. This technique is arranged according to chain theorm
in deciding a differentiation. If g(x)= u is a function that is differentiable (has
derivative, which is g(x)=
( ( )) ( )

and F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x), then

( )

( )

( )

( ( ))

The equation above can be used to solve the integral use the technique of integration
by substitution. Following are steps of integration by substitution to solve integral of
function f(x).
1. Use variable u to substitute part of the function that has variable x in the form.
2. Rewrite the function f(x) into variable u, that is f(u) . function f(u) must be simpler
than f(x) to make the integration eaiser.
3. Calculate

and then determine dx.

4. Apply dx into integral.

5. Solve the integration and the substitute the variable x replace variable u to obtain
the final result.
Example : (

Answer :
Let (4x-3) = u, then
=

(4x-3) = 4

du = 4 dx

dx = du

Then, write the integral in variable u.

(

Substitute u to a first value in x, in which u = (4x-3), then we obtain :

(

C. Integration by Parts
Other technique of integration by substitution is integration by parts. This technique
is focused on the results of integration of the differentiation of the product of two
function. Suppose u and v are functions that are differentiable, then the differentiation
of multiplication of these functions is d(uv) = u dv + v du. Integration of both sides of
this equation, we obtain
(

Based on the detail above, we get a general formula of integration by parts, that is

In general, steps to solve the integral by using integration by parts are

1. Decompose the function of integration into (u) and (dv).
2. Integrate (dv) to get the form of (v) and multiply with (u), the result is (uv).
3. Differentiate (u) to get the form of (du) and multiply with (v), the result is (v du).

4. Calculate

Example :
Determine

using integration by parts.

Answer :
Let u = 2x

du = 2 dx
(

dv = (3x-1)
so that
therefore,

( 3x-)

= 2x.

) -

x(

) -

x(

) -

(
(

)
)