How to Use Metal Benders

By C.L. Rease, eHow Contributor , last updated February 21, 2012

Thicker metals used in construction, car, and motorcycle fabrication cannot be bent on a sheet
metal hand brake. Attempting to bend thicker metal or heavy rod on a sheet metal brake can
damage the bending and holding leaves of the brake, if you can even lift the bending leaf to bend
the metal. When attempting to bend thicker metal, round rod, or square stock, you need a tool
that has the power and bending capacity to bend structural gauged metals.

How to Use Metal Benders

By C.L. Rease, eHow Contributor , last updated February 21, 2012
Thicker metals used in construction, car, and motorcycle fabrication cannot be bent on a sheet
metal hand brake. Attempting to bend thicker metal or heavy rod on a sheet metal brake can
damage the bending and holding leaves of the brake, if you can even lift the bending leaf to bend
the metal. When attempting to bend thicker metal, round rod, or square stock, you need a tool
that has the power and bending capacity to bend structural gauged metals.

Instructions
1.
o

Test the stability of the metal bender by pushing against the top of the metal
bender with your hands; the metal bender should not move. If the metal bender
moves, it is not secure enough to use. The metal bender needs to be securely
fastened either to the floor or in some cases a table-mounted vise. If the metal
bender is not secure, refer to the metal-bender operating manual for correct
installation instructions.
o

Put on your leather work gloves and open the metal bender by pulling or pushing
the bending handle away from the center bending pin. The three pins located on
the metal bender will be aligned when the metal bender is fully opened.
o

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Slide the piece of metal flat bar into the open metal bender and move the bending
handle toward the middle of the metal bender to apply holding pressure to the
metal flat bar.
o

Adjust your position to a spot that provides you with the most leverage and apply
additional pressure to the bending handle to begin bending the metal flat bar.
o

Reverse the direction you are moving the bending handle, after you have the bend
you need on the metal flat bar. You need to re-open the metal bender to remove
the bent piece of the metal flat bar from the metal bender.
o

Move the handle of the metal bender inward to close the metal bender. This will
keep the bending handle closest to the center of the metal bender and not out in
the open.
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Read more: How to Use Metal Benders | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_6330617_use-metalbenders.html#ixzz25Og99VtU

V

How to Build a Metal Rod Bender

By Erin Ringwald, eHow Contributor

You can make your own bender

for metal rods.
A rod bender is a tool used to change the shape of a straight metal bar. Normally you couldn't
just bend a bar to the angle you needed, but using a rod bender makes the angling possible. You
could purchase a metal rod bender, but these can run up to a couple hundred dollars. If you have
a little bit of time, you can build your own metal rod bender.

Read more: How to Build a Metal Rod Bender | eHow.com

http://www.ehow.com/how_7649627_build-metal-rod-bender.html#ixzz25OgT87b6

vvInstructions
1.
o

Attach a T connector to the end of a 6-foot piece of pipe. A T connector is a Tshaped pipe attachment sold in home-improvement stores. It has two arms and a
leg piece to create the T.
Insert the 6-foot piece of pipe into the leg of the pipe connector. Twist the two
pieces together to attach them. The 6-foot segment is the handle for your rod
bender. The T connector is what will bend the rod.
o

Insert a pipe into one of the arms of the T connector. The pipe should be hollow.
Attach two pipes, one on either side of the T connector, by twisting them into
place. The length of the pipes you choose will affect the radius of the bend in your
metal rod. The shorter the pipe, the shorter the radius. If no pipes are added, the
bend will have an incredibly short radius.
o

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o

Insert a second pipe into the other arm of the T connector. This pipe should be be
same length as the other pipe. Twist it in place to secure it.
o

Insert the pipe to be bent inside the two pipes attached to the arm connector and
out the other side. Once the pipe is inserted through the pipes, place the T
connector on a hard flat surface and pull the long pipe toward you. This will cause
the pipe to bend. Move the T connector half the distance of the rod to be bent, and
pull again. Continue this until you have the bend you desire.
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Tips & Warnings

Do not make more than a 5 degree bend. A bend greater than 5 degrees can crack or
break the rod.

Read more: How to Build a Metal Rod Bender | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_7649627_buildmetal-rod-bender.html#ixzz25OgecVhz

Instructions
1.
o

Attach a T connector to the end of a 6-foot piece of pipe. A T connector is a Tshaped pipe attachment sold in home-improvement stores. It has two arms and a
leg piece to create the T.
Insert the 6-foot piece of pipe into the leg of the pipe connector. Twist the two
pieces together to attach them. The 6-foot segment is the handle for your rod
bender. The T connector is what will bend the rod.
o

Insert a pipe into one of the arms of the T connector. The pipe should be hollow.
Attach two pipes, one on either side of the T connector, by twisting them into
place. The length of the pipes you choose will affect the radius of the bend in your
metal rod. The shorter the pipe, the shorter the radius. If no pipes are added, the
bend will have an incredibly short radius.
o

Sponsored Links

Best Metal

Best Metal Parts Producer, jerry.wong@bestmetal.com.cn

www.bm-product.com
o

Insert a second pipe into the other arm of the T connector. This pipe should be be
same length as the other pipe. Twist it in place to secure it.
o

Insert the pipe to be bent inside the two pipes attached to the arm connector and
out the other side. Once the pipe is inserted through the pipes, place the T

connector on a hard flat surface and pull the long pipe toward you. This will cause
the pipe to bend. Move the T connector half the distance of the rod to be bent, and
pull again. Continue this until you have the bend you desire.
Sponsored Links

soco - Pipe benderwww.SOCO.com.tw

Taiwan no.1 Laser tube cuutter Bending , Sawing , Chamfering

Nickel alloy supplierwww.guobangsteel.com

Nickel base alloy Pipe and Fittings ISO9001AD2000PED97/23/EC

China Aluminum Tubeswww.GlobalMarket.com

Find Certified Manufacturers HERE. Inquire Quality Pipes for Export

Cybelec UK agentswww.cybelec.co.uk

Pressbrake & Shear servicing Spare parts supplied worldwide

Tips & Warnings

Do not make more than a 5 degree bend. A bend greater than 5 degrees can crack or
break the rod.

Read more: How to Build a Metal Rod Bender | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_7649627_buildmetal-rod-bender.html#ixzz25OgecVhz

Metalbending is a specialized sub-skill of earthbending that allows an earthbender to

ferrokinetically bend processed metal in a similar fashion to bending regular earth. The technique
was invented by Toph Beifong after Xin Fu and Master Yu captured and transported her in a
metal cage, which she metalbent and subsequently escaped.[1]
During a lecture about chakras, Guru Pathik explained to Aang that metal is merely earth that has
been purified and refined. Utilizing her unique ability to "see" using earthbending, Toph was
able to perceive the trace amount of "unpurified" crude earth still present in the metal, target it,
and use it to bend the purified metal itself.[1]

Contents
[show]

History

Edit

Toph discovering metalbending.

No earthbenders were able to manipulate processed metal with their bending for almost the entire
Hundred Year War. This inability was demonstrated by many earthbender prisoners who were
taken captive by the Fire Nation and forced to work on a prison rig made entirely out of metal.[2]
Their incapacity to bend metal was also emphasized when Xin Fu and the Earth Rumble VI
fighters captured Toph and Aang in cages fabricated with the material and suspended them in the
air, a situation impossible to escape from through the use of conventional earthbending.[3]
Toph was incarcerated in a metal cage during the spring of 100 ASC by Xin Fu and her former
teacher, Master Yu, when they lured her away from Team Avatar using a fake letter supposedly
from her mother.[4] While she was being transported back to Gaoling by her two captors, Toph
desperately attempted to break the cage. However, Xin Fu commented that even if she was the
best earthbender alive, it was impossible to bend metal. At this point, Toph decided to test
whether this was truly the case, subsequently realizing that metal was only a form of processed
earth. She began to meditate in her prison until she was able to feel the vibrations of the trace
amounts of earth in the metal. By utilizing these remaining fragments, Toph metalbent for the
first time, tearing a hole in her cage, consequently allowing her escape.[1]

Lin Beifong using metalbending to control the spools of metal cable on

her back.

After the Hundred Year War, Toph established a metalbending academy and, by 170 ASC,
metalbending had become the primary form of earthbending used by Republic City's police
force. The police use metal cables stored in cylindrical spool devices on their backs for various
tasks, such as subduing criminals or for extra mobility around the city.[5]

Toph's learning curve

Edit

Toph's metalbending seemed to be restricted to close-range manipulation; in almost all cases, she
was standing close to or in direct contact with the metal she intended to bend. She had
"scrunched" and otherwise deformed sheets of metal, but had never caused it to freely reshape
itself the way she had with earth. Toph was never seen being able to bend metal when it was
located far away. However, when making direct contact with a metal door, she was able to blast
it off its hinges with such force that it ricocheted four times around the inside of the prison
corridor before coming to a rest.[6]

Toph in metal armor.

Toph later developed the ability to greatly increase the range of her metalbending, as she was
able to knock several Fire Nation guards off the group's ship from several meters away, and
developed the ability to "see" through metal just the same as she could with regular earth.[7]
Other moments when Toph utilized metalbending include an instance in which she blasted
another door off its hinges to free Hama's prisoners,[8] opening a hole in the Fire Lord's secret
underground bunker to grant Aang, Sokka, and herself passage, and trapping a Dai Li agent in a
metal column.[9]
Toph seemed to have furthered her ability to control metal by the time she, Sokka, and Suki set
out to destroy Ozai's airship fleet, now controlling it more fluidly. She used the metal of the door
she knocked off its hinges to make a suit of armor in the same manner as the more traditional
earth armor technique. She also was able to manipulate the metal plating in the command bay of
the airship from a short distance to pin her opponents to the walls. Furthermore, she also was
able to metalbend the ship's floor upward to block a comet-charged fire blast just as a traditional
earthbender would block attacks through earthbending using a rock barrier. She then climbed
upside down across a pipe in the airship.[10]
Introduction

Bending is a process by which metal can be deformed by plastically deforming the material and
changing its shape. The material is stressed beyond the yield strength but below the ultimate
tensile strength. The surface area of the material does not change much. Bending usually refers
to deformation about one axis.

Bending is a flexible process by which many different shapes can be produced. Standard die sets
are used to produce a wide variety of shapes. The material is placed on the die, and positioned in
place with stops and/or gages. It is held in place with hold-downs. The upper part of the press,
the ram with the appropriately shaped punch descends and forms the v-shaped bend.
Bending is done using Press Brakes. Press Brakes normally have a capacity of 20 to 200 tons to
accommodate stock from 1m to 4.5m (3 feet to 15 feet). Larger and smaller presses are used for
specialized applications. Programmable back gages, and multiple die sets available currently can
make for a very economical process.
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Air Bending is done with the punch touching the workpiece and the workpiece, not bottoming in
the lower cavity. This is called air bending. As the punch is released, the workpiece ends up with
less bend than that on the punch (greater included angle). This is called spring-back. The amount
of spring back depends on the material, thickness, grain and temper. The spring back usually
ranges from 5 to 10 degrees. Usually the same angle is used in both the punch and the die to
minimize setup time. The inner radius of the bend is the same as the radius on the punch.

Bottoming or Coining is the bending process where the punch and the workpiece bottom on the
die. This makes for a controlled angle with very little spring back. The tonnage required on this
type of press is more than in air bending. The inner radius of the workpiece should be a
minimum of 1 material thickness in the case of bottoming; and upto 0.75 material thickness, in
the case of coining.

Moment Of Inertia
Second Moment of Area, Area Moment of Inertia
The Area Moment Of Inertia of a beams cross-sectional area measures the beams ability to resist
bending. The larger the Moment of Inertia the less the beam will bend.
The moment of inertia is a geometrical property of a beam and depends on a reference axis. The
smallest Moment of Inertia about any axis passes throught the centroid.
The following are the mathematical equations to calculate the Moment of Inertia:
Ix

equ. (1)

Iy

equ. (2)

y is the distance from the x axis to an infinetsimal area dA.

x is the distance from the y axis to an infinetsimal area dA.
Example
Polar Moment Of Inertia
Moment of Inertia about the z axis
The Polar Area Moment Of Inertia of a beams cross-sectional area measures the beams ability to
resist torsion. The larger the Polar Moment of Inertia the less the beam will twist.
The following are the mathematical equations to calculate the Polar Moment of Inertia:
Jz

equ. (3)

x is the distance from the y axis to an infinetsimal area dA.

y is the distance from the x axis to an infinetsimal area dA.
PERPENDICULAR AXIS THEOREM:
The moment of inertia of a plane area about an axis normal to the plane is
equal to the sum of the moments of inertia about any two mutually
perpendicular axes lying in the plane and passing through the given axis.
Using the PERPENDICULAR AXIS THEOREM yeilds the following equations for the Polar

Moment of Inertia:
Jz = Ix+Iy

equ. (4)

vvvvvvv

Toph metalbending the rudder of an airship.

Toph later bent the rudder of an airship, causing it to spiral and collide with the other ships.
When doing so, she took noticeably more time and concentration than if she had been required to
do so with orthodox forms of earthbending.[11]

Teaching methods

Edit

While teaching her first students the earthbending sub-skill, Toph forced them to remotely
metalbend small coins rather than manipulating the metal via direct contact. This seems to be a
result of her simplification of metalbending to its fundamentals after its long creative gestation
period during the final months of the War, in order to teach the art to other earthbenders who
lacked Toph's extensive talent with seismic sense. Remote metalbending seems to have been
favored over direct contact to break down the illusion of complete separation between bendable
earth and purified metal at the beginning of the student's training.
Metalbending instruction requires the learner to gather up all of their chi into their gut, heating
up their center with their fighting energy. This intensive focusing of their energy is used to refine
their senses so that they may feel the earthen impurities residing within the metal, and thus
potentially bend them.

Metalbending in Republic City

Edit

In contemporary forms of metalbending, the Metalbending Police Force can bend metals without
direct contact. An example of this advancement was shown when Lin Beifong unlocked Korra's
handcuffs from across the room with just a flick of her hand.[5] In another instance, Lin was
fighting Equalist chi blockers on the roof of the Pro-bending Arena. She knocked two chi
blockers off the roof by metalbending parts of the support rods.[12] In addition, she zipped up
Bolin's zipper from halfway across the room, causing him to blush.[13]

Weaknesses

Edit

During the events of the Anti-bending Revolution, it was revealed that metalbending is
ineffective against highly purified metal. An example of such a material is platinum, a metal that
was used by Hiroshi Sato to create the mecha tanks to counter any effective resistance from the
Metalbending Police Force.[14] However, metalbenders can still use other bendable metals to
restrain and attack the mecha tanks.
Other disadvantages of the sub-skill are its susceptibility to magnets, as evidenced when the
aforementioned mecha tanks were equipped with these unorthodox weapons to subdue the metalclad police force, and electrical attacks.
Vv

bstract
In selection-index theory it is assumed that phenotypic and genotypic parameters are known
accurately. In practice, however, these parameters are estimates. Their use may lead to an
inconsistent parameter set, resulting in, for instance, a calculated correlation between the index
and the breeding goal greater than one.
To modify the parameters, existing bending theory was combined with a criterion for consistency
of a parameter set. It was concluded that the proposed application seems to work quite well in
situations where the parameters are guessed, or taken from various sources.

Rsum
Dans la thorie de la slection sur index, on suppose que les paramtres phnotypiques et
gnotypiques sont connus sans erreur. Cependant, dans la pratique, ces paramtres sont des
estimations. Leur utilisation peut conduire un ensemble de paramtres contradictoires
entranant, par example, une corrlation entre l'index et l'objectif de slection suprieure un.
Afin de modifier les paramtres, la thorie actuelle du bending a t combine un critre de
compatibilit d'un ensemble de paramtres. Il est conclu que la solution propose s'applique trs
bien quand on fait des hypothses sur les paramtres ou quand ils proviennent d'origines
diverses.

Zusammenfassung
In der Selektionsindextheorie wird angenommen, da die phnotypischen und genetischen
Parameter fehlerfrei bekannt sind, in der Praxis sind sie aber nur Schtzwerte. Ihre Verwendung

knnte zu einem inkonsistenten Parametersatz fhren, so da z.B. die zwischen Index und
kombiniertem Zuchtwert berechnete Korrelation grer als eins wird. Um die Parameter zu
modifizieren, wurde die vorhandene bending-Theorie mit einem Kriterium fr die Konsistenz
eines Parametersatzes kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse gestatten den Schlu, da das vorgeschlagene
Verfahren in Situationen gut funktioniert, in denen mit geratenen oder aus verschiedenen
Quellen gezogenen Parametern gearbeitet werden mu.

There are no figures or tables for this document.

Originally presented as a meeting paper in the 37th E.A.A.P. Annual Meeting.

2

Present address: Research Institute for Animal Production Schoonoord, P.O. Box 501,
3700 AM Zeist (The Netherlands).

bstract
In selection-index theory it is assumed that phenotypic and genotypic parameters are known
accurately. In practice, however, these parameters are estimates. Their use may lead to an
inconsistent parameter set, resulting in, for instance, a calculated correlation between the index
and the breeding goal greater than one.
To modify the parameters, existing bending theory was combined with a criterion for consistency
of a parameter set. It was concluded that the proposed application seems to work quite well in
situations where the parameters are guessed, or taken from various sources.

Rsum
Dans la thorie de la slection sur index, on suppose que les paramtres phnotypiques et
gnotypiques sont connus sans erreur. Cependant, dans la pratique, ces paramtres sont des
estimations. Leur utilisation peut conduire un ensemble de paramtres contradictoires
entranant, par example, une corrlation entre l'index et l'objectif de slection suprieure un.
Afin de modifier les paramtres, la thorie actuelle du bending a t combine un critre de
compatibilit d'un ensemble de paramtres. Il est conclu que la solution propose s'applique trs
bien quand on fait des hypothses sur les paramtres ou quand ils proviennent d'origines
diverses.

Zusammenfassung
In der Selektionsindextheorie wird angenommen, da die phnotypischen und genetischen
Parameter fehlerfrei bekannt sind, in der Praxis sind sie aber nur Schtzwerte. Ihre Verwendung
knnte zu einem inkonsistenten Parametersatz fhren, so da z.B. die zwischen Index und
kombiniertem Zuchtwert berechnete Korrelation grer als eins wird. Um die Parameter zu
modifizieren, wurde die vorhandene bending-Theorie mit einem Kriterium fr die Konsistenz
eines Parametersatzes kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse gestatten den Schlu, da das vorgeschlagene
Verfahren in Situationen gut funktioniert, in denen mit geratenen oder aus verschiedenen
Quellen gezogenen Parametern gearbeitet werden mu.

There are no figures or tables for this document.

Originally presented as a meeting paper in the 37th E.A.A.P. Annual Meeting.

2

Present address: Research Institute for Animal Production Schoonoord, P.O. Box 501,
3700 AM Zeist (The Netherlands).

bstract
In selection-index theory it is assumed that phenotypic and genotypic parameters are known
accurately. In practice, however, these parameters are estimates. Their use may lead to an
inconsistent parameter set, resulting in, for instance, a calculated correlation between the index
and the breeding goal greater than one.
To modify the parameters, existing bending theory was combined with a criterion for consistency
of a parameter set. It was concluded that the proposed application seems to work quite well in
situations where the parameters are guessed, or taken from various sources.

Rsum
Dans la thorie de la slection sur index, on suppose que les paramtres phnotypiques et
gnotypiques sont connus sans erreur. Cependant, dans la pratique, ces paramtres sont des
estimations. Leur utilisation peut conduire un ensemble de paramtres contradictoires
entranant, par example, une corrlation entre l'index et l'objectif de slection suprieure un.

Afin de modifier les paramtres, la thorie actuelle du bending a t combine un critre de

compatibilit d'un ensemble de paramtres. Il est conclu que la solution propose s'applique trs
bien quand on fait des hypothses sur les paramtres ou quand ils proviennent d'origines
diverses.

Zusammenfassung
In der Selektionsindextheorie wird angenommen, da die phnotypischen und genetischen
Parameter fehlerfrei bekannt sind, in der Praxis sind sie aber nur Schtzwerte. Ihre Verwendung
knnte zu einem inkonsistenten Parametersatz fhren, so da z.B. die zwischen Index und
kombiniertem Zuchtwert berechnete Korrelation grer als eins wird. Um die Parameter zu
modifizieren, wurde die vorhandene bending-Theorie mit einem Kriterium fr die Konsistenz
eines Parametersatzes kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse gestatten den Schlu, da das vorgeschlagene
Verfahren in Situationen gut funktioniert, in denen mit geratenen oder aus verschiedenen
Quellen gezogenen Parametern gearbeitet werden mu.

There are no figures or tables for this document.

Originally presented as a meeting paper in the 37th E.A.A.P. Annual Meeting.

2

Present address: Research Institute for Animal Production Schoonoord, P.O. Box 501,
3700 AM Zeist (The Netherlands).

bstract
In selection-index theory it is assumed that phenotypic and genotypic parameters are known
accurately. In practice, however, these parameters are estimates. Their use may lead to an
inconsistent parameter set, resulting in, for instance, a calculated correlation between the index
and the breeding goal greater than one.
To modify the parameters, existing bending theory was combined with a criterion for consistency
of a parameter set. It was concluded that the proposed application seems to work quite well in
situations where the parameters are guessed, or taken from various sources.

Rsum
Dans la thorie de la slection sur index, on suppose que les paramtres phnotypiques et
gnotypiques sont connus sans erreur. Cependant, dans la pratique, ces paramtres sont des
estimations. Leur utilisation peut conduire un ensemble de paramtres contradictoires
entranant, par example, une corrlation entre l'index et l'objectif de slection suprieure un.
Afin de modifier les paramtres, la thorie actuelle du bending a t combine un critre de
compatibilit d'un ensemble de paramtres. Il est conclu que la solution propose s'applique trs
bien quand on fait des hypothses sur les paramtres ou quand ils proviennent d'origines
diverses.

Zusammenfassung
In der Selektionsindextheorie wird angenommen, da die phnotypischen und genetischen
Parameter fehlerfrei bekannt sind, in der Praxis sind sie aber nur Schtzwerte. Ihre Verwendung
knnte zu einem inkonsistenten Parametersatz fhren, so da z.B. die zwischen Index und
kombiniertem Zuchtwert berechnete Korrelation grer als eins wird. Um die Parameter zu
modifizieren, wurde die vorhandene bending-Theorie mit einem Kriterium fr die Konsistenz
eines Parametersatzes kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse gestatten den Schlu, da das vorgeschlagene
Verfahren in Situationen gut funktioniert, in denen mit geratenen oder aus verschiedenen
Quellen gezogenen Parametern gearbeitet werden mu.

There are no figures or tables for this document.

Originally presented as a meeting paper in the 37th E.A.A.P. Annual Meeting.

2

Present address: Research Institute for Animal Production Schoonoord, P.O. Box 501,
3700 AM Zeist (The Netherlands).

bstract
In selection-index theory it is assumed that phenotypic and genotypic parameters are known
accurately. In practice, however, these parameters are estimates. Their use may lead to an
inconsistent parameter set, resulting in, for instance, a calculated correlation between the index
and the breeding goal greater than one.

To modify the parameters, existing bending theory was combined with a criterion for consistency
of a parameter set. It was concluded that the proposed application seems to work quite well in
situations where the parameters are guessed, or taken from various sources.

Rsum
Dans la thorie de la slection sur index, on suppose que les paramtres phnotypiques et
gnotypiques sont connus sans erreur. Cependant, dans la pratique, ces paramtres sont des
estimations. Leur utilisation peut conduire un ensemble de paramtres contradictoires
entranant, par example, une corrlation entre l'index et l'objectif de slection suprieure un.
Afin de modifier les paramtres, la thorie actuelle du bending a t combine un critre de
compatibilit d'un ensemble de paramtres. Il est conclu que la solution propose s'applique trs
bien quand on fait des hypothses sur les paramtres ou quand ils proviennent d'origines
diverses.

Zusammenfassung
In der Selektionsindextheorie wird angenommen, da die phnotypischen und genetischen
Parameter fehlerfrei bekannt sind, in der Praxis sind sie aber nur Schtzwerte. Ihre Verwendung
knnte zu einem inkonsistenten Parametersatz fhren, so da z.B. die zwischen Index und
kombiniertem Zuchtwert berechnete Korrelation grer als eins wird. Um die Parameter zu
modifizieren, wurde die vorhandene bending-Theorie mit einem Kriterium fr die Konsistenz
eines Parametersatzes kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse gestatten den Schlu, da das vorgeschlagene
Verfahren in Situationen gut funktioniert, in denen mit geratenen oder aus verschiedenen
Quellen gezogenen Parametern gearbeitet werden mu.

There are no figures or tables for this document.

Originally presented as a meeting paper in the 37th E.A.A.P. Annual Meeting.

2

Present address: Research Institute for Animal Production Schoonoord, P.O. Box 501,
3700 AM Zeist (The Netherlands).

What Is Metal Bending?

By Katrina Cornwell, eHow Contributor

Metal bending machines can be

used to shape metal into angles.

Metal bending is a process that involves using bending tools and machines to alter physically the
shape of the material. The material is placed on the die and held in place by gages, stops and
hold-downs.
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Sheet Metal Bending Instructions

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1. Bending tools
o

Precision sheet metal bending is done by using bending tools or press brakes,
which have a capacity of 20-200 tons. For specialized applications, larger and
smaller presses may be used, according to Efunda.

Air Bending
o

The most common type of bending process is air bending, which involves the
metal coming into contact with the punch tip and the outside edges of the die,
according to Article Alley. Then, the punch is pushed forcibly into the V-shaped
opening, but it does not come into contact with the bottom of that shape.

Bottom Bending
o

In this type of metal bending, the die angle and the intended angle of the work
piece should nearly match. After placing the metal against the die, the radius of
the punch then is pushed forcibly into the metal to achieve the punch's angle.

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bstract
In selection-index theory it is assumed that phenotypic and genotypic parameters are known
accurately. In practice, however, these parameters are estimates. Their use may lead to an

inconsistent parameter set, resulting in, for instance, a calculated correlation between the index
and the breeding goal greater than one.
To modify the parameters, existing bending theory was combined with a criterion for consistency
of a parameter set. It was concluded that the proposed application seems to work quite well in
situations where the parameters are guessed, or taken from various sources.

Rsum
Dans la thorie de la slection sur index, on suppose que les paramtres phnotypiques et
gnotypiques sont connus sans erreur. Cependant, dans la pratique, ces paramtres sont des
estimations. Leur utilisation peut conduire un ensemble de paramtres contradictoires
entranant, par example, une corrlation entre l'index et l'objectif de slection suprieure un.
Afin de modifier les paramtres, la thorie actuelle du bending a t combine un critre de
compatibilit d'un ensemble de paramtres. Il est conclu que la solution propose s'applique trs
bien quand on fait des hypothses sur les paramtres ou quand ils proviennent d'origines
diverses.

Zusammenfassung
In der Selektionsindextheorie wird angenommen, da die phnotypischen und genetischen
Parameter fehlerfrei bekannt sind, in der Praxis sind sie aber nur Schtzwerte. Ihre Verwendung
knnte zu einem inkonsistenten Parametersatz fhren, so da z.B. die zwischen Index und
kombiniertem Zuchtwert berechnete Korrelation grer als eins wird. Um die Parameter zu
modifizieren, wurde die vorhandene bending-Theorie mit einem Kriterium fr die Konsistenz
eines Parametersatzes kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse gestatten den Schlu, da das vorgeschlagene
Verfahren in Situationen gut funktioniert, in denen mit geratenen oder aus verschiedenen
Quellen gezogenen Parametern gearbeitet werden mu.

There are no figures or tables for this document.

Originally presented as a meeting paper in the 37th E.A.A.P. Annual Meeting.

2

Present address: Research Institute for Animal Production Schoonoord, P.O. Box 501,
3700 AM Zeist (The Netherlands).