Day3 - Session13 - Uality of Service (QoS) Definition and Standards

06/11/2013
Session 13
Quality of Service
(QoS)
QoS) definition and
standards
ITU ASP COE Training on
Wireless Broadband
Sami TABBANE
5-8 November 2013 Nadi (Fiji Islands)

1
CONTENTS
I.
Qos definitions and objectives
II.
Qos criteria
III. Evaluation of the QoS

IV. Quality of Service in GSM/GPRS
V.
Quality of Service in UMTS
VI. Quality of Service in LTE

VII. Summary
06/11/2013
CONTENTS
I.
QoS definitions and objectives
WHAT IS THE QUALITY OF SERVICE ?
Evolution approach
Classically
Performance optimization in lower layers
improvement of user QoS.
Top-down approach: Better achieved as
changes in lower layers may have different
impacts on application layers and user
services.
06/11/2013
GENERAL APPROACH
Definition
Capability of the cellular service providers to

provide a satisfactory service:
Voice quality,
Signal strength,
Low call blocking and dropping probability,
High data rates for multimedia and data
applications.
END TO END QoS
06/11/2013
QUALITY OF SERVICE IMPAIRMENT ORIGINS
Radio network performances (errors, planning),

Network capacity,
Network design (Transmission capacity),
Application design (inappropriate protocols used for
mobile environment),
Service support (technologies incorrectly configured
as compression, quality control, ).
QoS: DEFINITION
QoS (UIT-T):
The collective effect of service
performance
which determines the degree
of satisfaction of a user of the service.
Network Performance, NP (UIT-T):
The ability of a network or network
portion to provide the functions related to
communication between users.
06/11/2013
QoS: DEFINITION
QoS refers to the capability of a network to provide better

service to selected network traffic over specific underlying
technologies.
In packet-switched networks, QoS is described by the
following parameters:
Delay,
Jitter,
Loss probability,
Reliability,
Throughput,
Delivery time.
9
QoS: DEFINITION
General process of Qos

User domain: throughput, accuracy, dependability
(reliability, availability),
Provider domain: delay, loss, utilization,
User domain
User QoS
Requirements
Provider domain
QoS offered by
The Provider
QoS experienced
By the User
QoS achieved by
The User
10
06/11/2013
QoS: DEFINITION
QoS and NP, Performance network (ITU Rec. E800)

Quality of Service
Service support
(ability to
provide a service
and help its
usage)
Service
operability
(capacity of a
service to be
used)
Service
accessibility
Servce sustainability
Service
integrity
Service
security
Serveability performance
QoS
NP
Traffic performance
Billing
(probability that the
network accounts the
communications by
type, destination,
Resources and
environment
Dependability
(availability,
reliability,
maintenance, support)
Transmission
11
QUALITY OF SERVICE AND USER SATISFACTION
Competition
Commercial offer
Trends
Users expectations in terms of QoS
Users satisfaction
Technical QoS
Network
performance
Terminal
performance
Non-technical QoS
Sales points
Customer
care
12
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SLA (SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT)
ITU-T Rec. E.860 Framework of a service level

agreement (2002).
Formal definition of a relation between 2 entities at least
the service provider and his customer
Consists in:
Legal and financial specifications,
Service level specifications (technical)
13
QoS is the degree of conformance of the service

delivered to a user by a provider with an agreement
between them.
Negotiation Phase
Documentation Phase
Implementation Phase
Maintenance and Reporting
Phase
Yes
Satisfaction (user/provider)
No
Termination Phase
14
06/11/2013
Examples of SLA parameters
Generally measured in a monthly base

RTT (Round Trip Time),
Packet loss ratio (measured by ping ICMP),

Time percentage: the subscriber port is available to
exchange traffic
Gigue (delay between successive packets).
Sampling can be achieved on a 5 minutes basis typically.
15
SLA AND QoS IN RADIO NETWORK MOBILE
QoS criteria in wireless and mobility context
Accessibility,
Reliability,
Connection delay ,
Interruptions or drop of service, due to the lack of
network resources ,
Network coverage,
Roaming and Hand-Over performance,
Voice quality,
Data transfer Throughput ,
Interoperability between different area
16
06/11/2013
QoE CONCEPT
The quality experience (QoE) is

defined as the traditional extension
of the QoS.
QoE indicates the manner with
which services are offered in the
point of view user.
QoE describes how a user perceives the usability of a
service when in use, how satisfied he/she is with a service
in terms of, e.g., usability, accessibility, retainability and
integrity.
17
QoE DEFINITION (ITU(ITU-T SG12)
QoE is the overall acceptability of an application or

service, as perceived subjectively by the end-user.
Quality of Experience includes the complete end-toend system effects (client, terminal, network, services
infrastructure, etc.). Overall acceptability may be
influenced by user expectations and context.
18
06/11/2013
QoE DEFINITION (ITU(ITU-T SG12)
19
DEFINITION OF QoS PARAMETERS AND COMPUTATION
ETSI TS 102 250-2 V1.5.1

(2007-10)
20
10
06/11/2013
QoS INDICATOR CLASSES
Indicators classes
Network access,
Service access,
Service integrity,
Service sustainability.
21
USAGE PHASES (USER

(USER POINT OF VIEW)
Network Availability
Network Accessibility
Service Accessibility
Service Integrity
Service Retainability
22
11
06/11/2013
RELATION QOS CAPACITY LOAD
System capacity
Load for a predefined QoS
QoS
Load for a predefined

Capacity
QoS
System capacity for a

predefined load
23
CONTENTS
II. QoS criteria
24
12
06/11/2013
QOS CRITERIA
QoS User criteria
Classically (voice service) 4 main criteria allow

users to evaluate the network Quality of Service:
Coverage,
Call establishment,
Voice quality,
Call drop.
25
QOS CRITERIA
Qos Operator evaluation
Coverage
Cannot be assessed through the system.
Radio measurements and subscribers
Communication quality during the call
Radio measurements
System measurements
Voice quality analyzers
Successful call rate
System measurements
Call drop rate
System measurements
26
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06/11/2013
QOS CRITERIA: OPERATOR STRATEGY
Application
server
Node B
RNC
3G
SGSN
3G GGSN
HLR
Conversational RAB
Streaming RAB
Interactive RAB, THP/ARP = 1
Background RAB
User profiles are stored in HLR.

Each user can have several user
profiles, which correspond to different
services and are mapped to different
bearers according to the operators
strategy.
27
QOS CRITERIA: OPERATOR STRATEGY
Operator can provide:

User differentiation with the
attribution of QoS profiles to
different users
Service differentiation with
corresponding to each service the
corresponding support according to
services characteristics.
o Satisfaction of different users

needed
o Allocation of the required
quality of service
o Usage optimization of
network resources
28
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06/11/2013
QOS CRITERIA
Quality of Service Coverage

ITU Rec. 800: probability that the user
receives a signal in specific conditions
Reasons/Actions:
Number of sites
Position of the sites
Antennas type, direction and height (RF
design)
Output power and cable losses
(installation or maintenance).
29
QOS CRITERIA
Quality of Service Successful call rates

ITU Rec. 800: probability that a service
can be obtained by the user in certain
operational conditions
Reasons/Actions:
Minimum access level in the cell
Difference between the dimensioning of
the resources and the offered traffic
Interferences
Radio coverage
30
15
06/11/2013
CONTENTS
III. Test: Evaluation of the QoS
31
TEST: EVALUATION OF THE QOS
Type of tests
1- Coverage GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS
2- Measurements quality of service voice
Accessibility
Maintainability of communication
Voice quality
3- Quality of service SMS
4- Quality of service DATA
MMS
WAP
FTP
32
16
06/11/2013
Coverage
Evaluation of the coverage (incar, indoor, outdoor)
Measurements in Idle mode
In Dedicated mode the power control distorts the
results
Threshold level of coverage:
Threshold
Values
Indoor
- 67dbm
Incar
- 87dbm
Outdoor
- 90dbm
33
Measurements tools:
Laptop
Software
GPS
Trace mobile
Calibration of signal level strength

Necessary equipments: measurements tools
Measurements type: City, Route, train, Indoor
34
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Accessibility evaluation from a regulator point of view

Method
conduct several call attempts spaced with 30 seconds
minimum
Measure End To End by investigators or Drive test
campaign
Threshold blockage rate at busy hour: 2%
Accessibility rate = number successful of communications

(delay of connection < 10s )/total call attempts number
35
Quality of Service Voice quality

Example: bad communication quality.
Reasons/Actions:
External interferences
Co-channel or adjacent channel interferences
Out-of-coverage
Bad installation
Transmission network (ex.: echo canceller or trunks).
36
18
06/11/2013
Voice Quality measurements principle
37
Main factors impacting the Voice Quality
38
19
06/11/2013
Voice Quality measurements

ITU-T P.800 recommendation
Absolute Category Rating (ACR):
Excellent (5),
Good (4),
Fair (3),
Poor (2),
Bad (1).
39
Quality of Service Call dropping
Reasons/Actions:
Coverage
Interference
Handover problems
Radio parameters
tuning
local
40
20
06/11/2013
Quality of Service MMS quality

Consist in an exchange of SMS between
two users equipments ( transmitter- receiver)
The evaluation indicators are:
Failure ratio
Number of errored messages
Delay of reception( <30s, 30 2 minutes, > 2 minutes).
Average reception delay
41
42
21
06/11/2013
Quality of Service MMS quality
43
Quality of Service Data ( FTP)
44
22
06/11/2013
Example of measurements
45
Radio coverage
Faiblesse (Rxlev < -94 dBm)

(-94 dBm<Rxlev < -84 dBm)
(-84 dBm<Rxlev < -74 dBm)
Ax
e
Ro
ss
o
Indoor (Rxlev>-74dBm)
No
ua
dh
ib
ou
Ax
e
NK
C
/N
DB
No
ua
kc
ho
tt
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
46
23
06/11/2013
47
CONTENTS
IV. Quality of Service in GSM/GPRS
48
24
06/11/2013
QUALITY OF SERVICE IN GSM/GPRS
GSM GoS (typical values)
Interfaces
Blocking rate
Um/TCH
2% (1 to 5%)
Um/SDCCH
0.1% (0 to 1%)
GSM-RTC
0.5% (0.1 to 1%)
0.1% (0 to 1%)
Abis
0%
Ater
0.1% (0 to 1%)
49
Indicators
Outdoor
Indoor
Incar
Blockage rate
< 2%
< 2%
< 2%
Dropped rate
< 2%
< 2%
< 2%
Power in dBm
- 90
- 67
- 87
HO Success rate
> 90 %
Quality
RXQUAL < 4 for 95% f the samples
50
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06/11/2013
GPRS (QoS indicators)

QoS profile (limitation by the
throughput class supported by
the client)
Service maintain in case of
malfunctioning:
Priority
classes
Reliability
classes
1. High priority,
2. Medium priority,
3. Low priority.
Residual error correction (Data

loss, error data, ):
1. VIP subscription,
2. Subscription without error
sensitivity .
QoS services
Packet priority:
1. High: Conserve packet in case of
congestion,
2. Normal: Conserve packet after those
with high priority
3. Low: Eliminate packet in case of a
problem.
Probability loss, duplication :
1. Sensitive to errors, without
correction capacity , limitation of error
tolerance
2. Sensitive to errors, limitation
correction capacity , good tolerance
3. Sensitive to errors, good correction
capacity or very good tolerance
51
QoS GPRS profile (R97/R98)

QoS parameters of a PDP context:
Precedence class: 1, 2 et 3 (1has priority)
Delay Class: 1-4 (4 = best effort)
Reliability class:
1: GTP ACK, LLC ACK/protected, RLC ACK,
2: GTP UNACK, LLC ACK/protected, RLC ACK,
3: GTP UNACK, LLC UNACK/protected, RLC ACK,
4: GTP UNACK, LLC UNACK/protected, RLC UNACK,
5: GTP UNACK, LLC UNACK/non-protected, RLC UNACK,
Maximum throughput class: 1-9 (8 2 048 kb/s)

Medium throughput class: 1-19 (0,22 bits/s 111 kb/s)
52
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06/11/2013
One profile per Qos DPD context ,

Qos profile parameters non detailed in the standard
Control resources tools in the BSS are limited (best effort in
release 1),
Precedence per context PDP.
R97/R98 OK in case of low load per cell.
53
QoS GPRS profile (R99)

GPRS R99: Subset of QoS profile 3GPP
Allocation/retention priority (ARP)
Traffic class + Traffic handling priority (THP)
o Interactive: THP1-3,
o Background.
Reliability parameters:
o Residual BER,
o SDU error rate ,
o SDU delivery with error.
Maximum throughput
54
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06/11/2013
Services:
o WAP,
o MMS: text, images, video clips.
Email,
Downloading,
55
Other QoS indicators
Item
Excellent
Good
Average
Best Effort
MOS
4-5
3.8-4.2
2.9-3.8
2-2.9
Call
establishment
delay
< 1.5 sec.
1.5 3
sec.
> 3 sec.
> 3 sec.
Round-trip delay
(ms)
< 150
150 250
250
450
> 450
Jitter (ms)
<1
< 18
> 18
> 80
Packet loss (%)
<1
<5
< 10
< 10
56
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06/11/2013
Transmission delay
Fixed network (PSTN): 35 msec end-to-end,

Node B RNC [3GPP]: < 10 ms,
UTRAN (real time services): < 5 ms,
UTRAN (non real time services): < 10 ms,
Radio interface: 70-80 msec in each direction.
Loss rate
UTRAN: < 10-4 (real time traffic), 10-7 (non real time
traffic)
57
Round-trip transmission delays for IP packets
GPRS: 650 ms,

EDGE (R99): 300-500 ms,
UMTS: 200 ms.
58
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06/11/2013
Indicators
Dropped call
Dropped call ( hardware causes)
Dropped call ( Radio causes)
Dropped HO
Blockage TCH
Blockage SDCCH
Call success establishment
HO (best cell)
HO (quality)
HO (strength signal level)
HO (interference)
HO (success)
Threshold
2%
1%
2%
1%
2%
0,5 %
95 %
50 %
30 %
20 %
1%
90 %
59
Data throughput calculation

Average data
throughput
X% of data
throughput
Network coverage divided into pixels with the same

size (BTS closes pixels of the highest throughput to
those of cell border). Average throughput=Average
of all pixels
Throughput calculation pixel by pixel.
Minimum throughput= minimum Throughput
reached by least x% of pixels(ex.: 50%, 90%, 95%).
Minimum
guaranteed
throughput
Minimum guaranteed throughput with a probability

for a specific area
60
30
06/11/2013
Conversational real time services perceived by users

Application
Voice
Video phone
Telemetry
throughput
(en kb/s)
4 25
32 384
< 28,8
Performance parameters and target values

End to end
delay
Jitter
< 150 ms
Max: 400 ms
< 1 ms
< 150 ms
Max: 400 ms
Synchro. < 100
ms
< 250 ms
Information
loss
< 3% FER
Max: 5%
< 1% FER
61
Evolution Voice QoS-Data QoS

Voice service
Avalibilibiliy of service or non
Service quality
Packet data services (GPRS/EGPRS)

Avaliability service with quality certain quality
Service quality
Distance MS-BTS
Distance MS-BTS
62
31
06/11/2013
CONTENTS
V. Quality of Service in UMTS
63
QUALITY OF SERVICE IN UMTS
UMTS QoS classes
Traffic classes
Conversational
Streaming
Interactive
Background
Main
characteristics
Minimum jitter,
Low delay
Minimum
jitter
No delay
Question/response
constraints
mode,
Minimizes the
Minimizes the errors
errors
Example
Voice
Video
Web browsing
Emails
64
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06/11/2013
Multimedia services
Real time communications
Voice
Text
Video
Non real time communications
Audio streaming
Video streaming
Data files
Text messaging (ex. SMS)
Email
Web browsing
Multimedia messaging
65
Some values of QoS UMTS parameters classes

Traffic class
Conversation.
scheduling
Yes / No
Corrupted SDU delivery
Yes/No
5*10-2,
10-2,
5*10-3, 10-3,
10-4, 10-5, 10-6
4*10-3, 105, 6*10-8
4*10-3, 10-5,
6*10-8
10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 104, 10-5
10-1, 10-2,
7*10-3, 10-3,
10-4, 10-5
10-3, 10-4,
10-6
10-3, 10-4, 10-
100 maximum
value
250
maximum
value
5*10-2,
transfer delay (ms)
Background
1 500 or 1 502
max. SDU size (octets)
SDU error rate
Interactive
< 2048
maximum throughput (kb/s)
residual BER
Streaming
10-2,
5*10-3,
10-4, 10-6
66
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06/11/2013
QoS UMTS classes

End to end services used by terminal (TE, Terminal Equipment),
achieved by the combination of:
UMTS Bearer Service: defined by the RAB (Radio Access Bearer) and
the service of CN (Core Network),
Service RAB: Confidential transport of the signaling and data between

MT et CN. Services based on radio interface characteristics .
Service support CN: control and usage of core network.
Radio support (RB): covers all transport aspects of radio interface. The
support service Iu provide transport between UTRAN and CN.
67
QUALITY OF SERVICE IN UMTS: ARCHITECTURE MODEL
TE
UTRAN
MT
Node B
RNC
CN Iu Edge
Node
CN
CN
gtw
TE
End to end services

Support
TE/MT
RAB service
RRM
External
Service
Support
Service support UMTS
Radio service
support
Service
Support Iu
Service
UTRA
FDD/TDD
Physique
Service
Support
Service
support CN
Service
Support
Backbone
GTP Packets
ATM: manage ATM

traffic and division in cells
68
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06/11/2013
QUALITY OF SERVICE IN UMTS: QoS PARAMETERS
End to End QoS:

Traffic classes
Maximum throughput
Guaranteed throughput(conversational and streaming
classes),
Maximum SDU size,
SDU forma information,
SDU error rate,
Transfer delay,
Traffic priority treatment,
DSU delivery error ,
Allocation/ maintain priority.
69
QoS traffic classes

Traffic classes
Characteristics
Example
Conversational
Preserve time relation between

information entities of the stream.
Conversational pattern (low Delay)
Voice
Video call
Streaming
Preserve time relation between

information entities of the stream.
Streaming and
video real
time
Interactive
Request-response pattern.
Preserve payload content.
Web
Background
Destination is not expecting the data

within a certain time.
Preserve payload content.
E-mail
FTP
Constraints
Delay
Jitter
Constraints
Bit rate
Jitter
Tolerance
Delay and bit rate
Can changed
Integrity
More simple
Delay and bit rate
Can changed
Integrity
70
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06/11/2013
QoS attributs R99
Values example
5
Residual BER
10
SDU error ratio
10 4
Delivery of erraneous SDUs
No
Maximum SDU size (octets)
1500
Delivery order
No
Transfer delay
100 ms (conversational)
280 ms (streaming)
ARP
1, 2 or 3
Traffic classes
Conversational, streaming,
interactive, background
THP
1, 2 or 3 (same as ARP)
Maximum bit rate
e.g. 64, 128 or 384 kbps
Maximum guaranteed bit rate
e.g. 64, 128 or 384 kbps
Depends on
operator strategy
Depends on QoS
strategy and
capacity
of UE/RNC
71
QoS traffic differentiation

Video
telephony
Streaming
Conversational RAB
Streaming RAB
Push-to-talk

Web
browsing
Background RAB
MMS
THP = Traffic Handling Priority
ARP = Allocation and retention priority
72
36
06/11/2013
CONTENTS
VI. Quality of Service in LTE
73
QUALITY OF SERVICE IN LTE
LTE QoS Framework

The traffic running between a particular client application and a
service can be differentiated into separate service data flows
(SDFs)
SDFs mapped to the same bearer receive a common QoS
treatment
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06/11/2013
LTE bearer
A bearer is assigned a scalar value referred to as a QoS class
identifier (QCI)
Guaranteed bit rate (GBR)
Non-guaranteed bit rate (non-GBR)
A non-GBR bearer is referred to as the default bearer,

which is also used to establish IP connectivity.
75
QoS attributes associated with the LTE bearer

QoS class identifier (QCI)
A scalar representing a set of packet forwarding treatments
Allocation and retention priority (ARP)
A parameter used by call admission control and overload
control
Maximum bit rate (MBR)
Guaranteed bit rate (GBE)
Aggregate MBR (AMBR)
The total amount of bit rate of a group of non-GBR bearers
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06/11/2013
LTE standardized QCI characteristics
77
LTE Air Interface Scheduler

The LTE air interface scheduler uses the following information
as input
Radio conditions at the UE identified
The QoS attributes of bearers
The interference situation in the neighboring cells
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06/11/2013
Buffer Status Reporting

The buffer status reporting mechanism informs the UL packet
scheduler about the amount of buffered data at the UE
A periodic BSR trigger does not cause a service request
(SR) transmission from the UE
Otherwise, the SR is transmitted via a random access
procedure
Short format can be used to report on one radio
bearer group
Long format one can be used for four groups
79
CONTENTS
VII. Summary
80
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06/11/2013
Summary
Summary
Various schemes have been seen for

maintaining QoS in cellular Networks and each
has its advantages and disadvantages
Multimedia services are delay sensitive and
require high bandwidth.
Renegotiation and channel reuse are good
techniques to assure better QoS and high data
rate
81
Thank you
82
41

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06/11/2013

5-8 November 2013 Nadi (Fiji Islands)

Qos definitions and objectives

III. Evaluation of the QoS

Quality of Service in UMTS

VI. Quality of Service in LTE

QoS definitions and objectives

WHAT IS THE QUALITY OF SERVICE ?

Capability of the cellular service providers to

END TO END QoS

QUALITY OF SERVICE IMPAIRMENT ORIGINS

Radio network performances (errors, planning),

QoS refers to the capability of a network to provide better

General process of Qos

QoS and NP, Performance network (ITU Rec. E800)

QUALITY OF SERVICE AND USER SATISFACTION

Users expectations in terms of QoS

SLA (SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT)

ITU-T Rec. E.860 Framework of a service level

SLA (SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT)

QoS is the degree of conformance of the service

SLA (SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT)

Examples of SLA parameters

Generally measured in a monthly base

Packet loss ratio (measured by ping ICMP),

SLA AND QoS IN RADIO NETWORK MOBILE

QoS criteria in wireless and mobility context

The quality experience (QoE) is

QoE DEFINITION (ITU(ITU-T SG12)

QoE is the overall acceptability of an application or

QoE DEFINITION (ITU(ITU-T SG12)

DEFINITION OF QoS PARAMETERS AND COMPUTATION

ETSI TS 102 250-2 V1.5.1

QoS INDICATOR CLASSES

USAGE PHASES (USER

RELATION QOS CAPACITY LOAD

Load for a predefined QoS

Load for a predefined

System capacity for a

II. QoS criteria

QoS User criteria

Classically (voice service) 4 main criteria allow

Qos Operator evaluation

QOS CRITERIA: OPERATOR STRATEGY

User profiles are stored in HLR.

QOS CRITERIA: OPERATOR STRATEGY

Operator can provide:

o Satisfaction of different users

Quality of Service Coverage

Quality of Service Successful call rates

III. Test: Evaluation of the QoS

TEST: EVALUATION OF THE QOS

TEST: EVALUATION OF THE QOS

TEST: EVALUATION OF THE QOS

Calibration of signal level strength

TEST: EVALUATION OF THE QOS

Accessibility evaluation from a regulator point of view

Accessibility rate = number successful of communications

TEST: EVALUATION OF THE QOS

Quality of Service Voice quality

TEST: EVALUATION OF THE QOS

Voice Quality measurements principle

TEST: EVALUATION OF THE QOS

410-3, 105, 610-8