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AIM OF MULTIPLEXING:
1. To share an expensive resource that is bandwaidth.
2. To maximize the utilization of channel
MULTIPLEXING:
Multiplexing means combining multiple streams of information for transmission over a
shared medium. Or Multiplexing is sending multiple signals or streams of information on
a carrier at the same time in the form of a single, complex signal and then recovering the
separate signals at the receiving end.
In analog transmission, signals are commonly multiplexed using frequency-division
multiplexing (FDM), in which the carrier bandwidth is divided into subchannels of
different frequency widths, each carrying a signal at the same time in parallel.
In digitaltransmission, signals are commonly multiplexed using time-division
multiplexing (TDM), in which the multiple signals are carried over the same channel in
alternating time slots. In some optical fiber networks, multiple signals are carried together
as separate wavelengths of light in a multiplexed signal using dense wavelength division
multiplexing(DWDM).
A multiplexer is the multiplexing device that combines the signals from the transmitters
and sends them over the high-speed channel. A demultiplexer is the multiplexing device
via which the receivers are connected to the high-speed channel.
TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING:
Figure 3: frequency domain plot of the channel allocation with a guardband visible
between channels.
If the channels are very close to one another, it leads to inter-channel cross talk. Channels
must be separated by strips of unused bandwidth to prevent inter channel cross talk.
These unsued channel between each successful channel are known as guardband. FDM
are commonly used in radio broadcast and TV networks
APPLICATIONS:
1. FDM is used for A.M. Radio & Radio broadcasting.
2. 550 KHz bandwidth is assign to each station.
3. FDM is used for T.V broadcasting.
4. In this frequency range is 80 108 MHz.
5. In this each channel is of 700 Mhz.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Simple
2. Inexpensive
3. Popular with Radio, TV, Cable TV
4. All the receivers, cellular telephones, need not to be at the same location
5. It is not sensitive to propagation delays.
6. It allows maximum transmission link usage.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. In FDM there is need of filters, which are very expensive and complicated to construct
and design.
2. Analog signal only having limited frequency range.
3. Sometimes, it is necessary to use more complex linear amplifiers in FDM system
Figure 4: TDM
a. SYNCHRONOUS TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING:
In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted. Statistical TDM allocates time slots
dynamically based on demand. Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame
full. Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of input lines
Figure 6: synchronous TDM system having slots unfilled when sources doesnt have a
data item ready in time
Figure 7: Statistical TDM to avoid unfilled slots and takes less time to send data
Statistical multiplexing is similar to time-division multiplexing except that it only
transmits low-speed channels that actually have data on the high-speed channel. The
name of this type of multiplexing comes from the fact that the multiplexers base their
behavior on statistics concerning the data rate of each low-speed channel.
Since the high-speed line does not transmit the empty channels, performance is better
than with time-division multiplexing.
A statistical multiplexor transmits only the data from active workstations.
If a workstation is not active, no space is wasted on the multiplexed stream.
A statistical multiplexor accepts the incoming data streams and creates a frame containing
only the data to be transmitted.