BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

Basic Life Support (BLS) is the foundation for saving lives following a cardiopulmonary
arrest by providing effective and high quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR can
saves life by manually supplying oxygenated blood to the brain and other vital organ
including cardiac itself.CPR can accomplish about 10-30% of the normal cardiac output.
Therefore, by performing CPR , it can reduce tissue damage.
Fundamentals aspect of BLS can be summarises in the chain of survival.
> Early recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of yhe Emergency Medical Services
(EMS)
> Early bystanders CPR with an emphasis on chest compression
> Early delivery of shock with a defibrillator
> Early effective Advanced Life Support
> Early integrated post resuscitation care
*early CPR can improve the likelihood survival following cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest
compression are an especially critical components of CPR bcoz perfusion during CPR
depends on these compression. The phase "push hard & push fast" emphasis some of these
critical components of chest compression. High quality CPR is important throughout the
course of resuscitation.
ACTIVATING EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM
When calling the EMS for help, it is important to make it is easy as possible for them to find
u., as quickly as possible. In emergencies, timing is imperative.
Step in how to call for help....
> STAY CALM. Call 999 from either landline or mobile phone. In hospital area need to
activate Code Blue as protocol.
> CONFIRM THE TYPE OF EMERGENCY. Describe the nature of ur emergency as fully
as possible.
> KNOW UR LOCATION OF THE EMERGENCY AND THE NUMBER U ARE
CALLING FROM. Give the operator your telephone number immediately. Thus, if u sre
accidental disconnect, operator can call u back, or trace u. Once connected to the dispatched,
be prepared to answer questions. Usual information required are including location of the
incident,- describe the easiest landmark located close to the area, the event of the incident, the
number and the condition of the victim (s), and types of aid provided.
> FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS. In some emergencies, the medical dispatcher will give
instruction. The instructions can include on step of performing CPR while waiting for
ambulance to arrive.
> DO NOT HANG UP THE CALL. The person making the phone call should hang up only
when instructed to do so by the dispatcher.
*the emergency service undertake to render the best service possible, but reminder that they
are forced tp priorities call when they are very busy. In other words, those in more immediate
danger or need will receive more urgent attention.
ADULT BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
The step of BLS consists of series of sequential assessment and intervention, with intension
to assist all types of rescuer to learn, remember and perform in logical and concise manner.

The new simplified algorithm is illustrated as below

DANGER
Once an emergency has occurred, u need to ensure the safety of all those at scene by
checking hazard. Chake for any risk to ; urself, bystanders and victims
In hospital setting, wearing Personal Protection Equipment (PPE).
RESPONSE
Check by tapping yje victims shoulder twice and asking loudly "hello, are u ok"
If the victims has responds
> leave them in the position in which you find them (providing safe from danger)
> check the victims conditions and send for HELP
> observe any reassess victim regularly
If the victims unresponsive;
> shout for HELP
> Check airway and commence CPR
*in a hospital setting, use phase "kecemasan kecemasan, tolong bawakan troli resusitasi
&AED"
AIRWAY
Ensuring an open airways is essential. Airway must be kept clear and maintain patent at all
times. Method use to open airways;
1)) head tilt, chin lift
2)) jaw thrust

BREATHING
Assess for any absence or abnormal breathing by looking for chest rise almost simultaneously
while opening the airways.
*this should not be more than 10sec. If no breathing, start compression.
*in 1st few minutes of cardiac arrest, sounds of gurgling or coughing may be present. This
type of breathing is ineffective, thus need to be treated as if they are not breathing.
CIRCULATION
Chest compression consist of forceful rhythm applications of pressure over the lower half of
the sternum. These compression create blood flow by increasing intrathoracic pressure and
directly comprising the heart. This delivery to the myocardium and brain.
Effective chest compression;
Push hard - depth of compression
Adult: at least 2inch (5cm)
Infant: at least 1/3 diameter of chest
Push fast - at least 100 compression/min
Allow chest recoil
Minimize interruption
Ratio of compression: rescue breath 30:2
Rescue breath

Once chest compression have been started, a rescuer should deliver rescue breath by mouthto-mouth or bag-mask to provide oxygenation and ventilation.
> ensure tight seal (close both nostrils)
> deliver each rescue breath over 1 sec
> give sufficient tidal volume to produce visible chest rise
> if no chest rise, re-open airway and until effective breath are given.
After 5 cycle of 30:2 (about 2min) - check for carotid pulse for no more 10 sec
> if no pulse, continue chest compression
> if pulse present, but NO breathing, give effective rescue breath (1 breath every 5-6sec) that
makes the chest rise. Total of 20-24 breath be given in 2min and reassess oulse after 2min
> if breathing present and effective circulation, place the patient in the recovery position
except for trauma victim.