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42
TIRES AND WHEELS

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter explains the care and service of tires and wheels. Factors that affect the performance and longevity of the tires are also explained.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Describe the basic wheel and hub design.
Recognize the basic parts of a tubeless tire.
Explain the difference between the three types of tire construction in use today.
Explain the tire ratings and designations in use today.
Describe why certain factors affect tire performance, including inflation pressure,
tire rotation, and tread wear.
Remove and install a wheel and tire assembly.
Dismount and remount a tire.
Repair a damaged tire.
Describe the differences between static balance and dynamic balance.
Balance wheels both on and off a vehicle.
Describe the three popular types of wheel hub bearings.

INSTRUCTIONAL OUTLINE WITH TEACHING HINTS

I. Wheels
II. Tires
A. Tube and Tubeless Tires
B. Types of Tire Construction
1. Bias Ply
2. Belted Bias Ply
3. Radial Ply
C. Specialty Tires
D. Tread Designs
E. Spare Tires
F. High-Performance (Speed-Rated) Tires

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IV.

V.
VI.

VII.

G. Tire Ratings and Designations

H. Tire Placard
I. Tire Care
1. Inflation Pressure
2. Tire Rotation
3. Tread Wear
J. Tire Pressure Monitor (TPM)
K. Run-Flat Tires
Hint: Describe how proper tire care increases the longevity of the tires.
Explain why rotation is important.
Tire Repair
A. Repair Methods
1. Plug Repair
2. Cold Patch Repair
3. Hot Patch Repair
B. Installation of Tire/Wheel Assembly on the Vehicle
Tire/Wheel Runout
Tire/Wheel Assembly Service
A. Tire/Wheel Balance
1. Static Balance
2. Dynamic Balance
Wheel Bearings
A. Front Wheel Hubs
B. Rear Hubs
C. Wheel Bearing Grease Specification
D. Bearing Troubleshooting

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Wheels are constructed either from stamped or pressed steel riveted or welded
together or from die-cast or forged aluminum or magnesium alloy.
2. Dynamic balance is described as an equal distribution of weight on each side of the
tires centerline. Static balance is an equal distribution of weight around the circumference of the tire.
3. The section of the wheel that allows the tire to be easily removed and installed is called
the drop center.
4. A tire may be repaired using a plug that is slightly larger than the size of the puncture. Some plugs are inserted from inside the tire and pulled through with an installation tool, while others may be installed using an installation tool without removing
the tire from the wheel. The plug is cemented in place and the excess is trimmed off,
with care being taken not to pull on the plug while trimming it.
5. A bubble balancer checks the static balance of a tire.
6. Underinflation can increase the rolling resistance of a tire. This results in rapid tire
wear, hard steering, squealing, and a decrease in fuel economy by as much as 10%.
7. d. The series of a tire describes its profile.
8. a. Belts are constructed of steel, nylon, or woven fibers.
9. c. Both technicians are correct.
10. a. An overinflated tire will be worn more in the center of the tread.
11. d. All of the above

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12. a. Sealant injected through the valve stem may be used to seal punctures in the tread
area.
13. c. Both technicians are correct.
14. b. The tire placard contains information about the tire.
15. b. Lateral runout is described as a side-to-side wobble.
16. b. Some axle nuts on FWD applications are staked in place after being torqued.
17. c. Wheel balancing should be done when the tires are rotated.
18. d. The bead is the portion of the tire that seals against the rim.
19. c. The maximum tire pressure and maximum load information are located on the sidewall of the tire.
20. d. The tire pressure molded into the sidewall of the tire is the maximum, not the recommended, pressure.

TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 42 of the Tech Manual:
1. Inspecting tires for inflation and wear.
2. Removing and installing front wheel bearings on a rear-wheel-drive vehicle:
3. Balancing a tire and wheel off the vehicle.

ADDITIONAL TEACHING HINTS

Compare samples of several types of tire construction.
Discuss tire/wheel runout.
Discuss the importance of maintaining wheel offset when changing to sport wheels.
Discuss the ratings in terms of performance and wear.
Demonstrate how to properly rotate tires and torque the lug nuts.
Discuss the limitations on spare tires.

ANSWERS TO TECH MANUAL REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Provide traction
2. a. directional
b. nondirectional
c. symmetrical
3. a. head-type plug
b. cold patch
c. hot patch
4. Axle bearings are on an axle that drives the wheels; wheel bearings are on axles that
do not drive.
5. Record the part number of the old bearing.
6. Ball or tapered-roller
7. Dial indicator
8. c
9. a
10. b

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43
SUSPENSION SYSTEMS

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter describes various types of suspensions including torsion bar suspension, liveaxle rear suspension, independent suspension, and electronically controlled suspension.
Functions of the various parts and service requirements are discussed.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Name the different types of springs and how they operate.
Name the advantages of ball joint suspensions.
Explain the important differences between sprung and unsprung weight with regard
to suspension control devices.
Identify the functions of shock absorbers and struts and describe their basic
construction.
Identify the components of a MacPherson strut system and describe their functions.
Identify the functions of bushings and stabilizers.
Perform a general front suspension inspection.
Check chassis height measurements to specifications.
Identify the three basic types of rear suspensions and know their effects on traction
and tire wear.
Identify the various types of springs, their functions, and their locations in the rear
axle housing.
Describe the advantages and operation of the three basic electronically controlled
suspension systems: level control, adaptive, and active.
Explain the function of electronic suspension components including air
compressors, sensors, control modules, air shocks, electronic shock absorbers, and
electronic struts.
Explain the basic towing, lifting, jacking, and service precautions that must be
followed when servicing air springs and other electronic suspension components.

INSTRUCTIONAL OUTLINE WITH TEACHING HINTS

I. Frames
A. Conventional Frame Construction
B. Unibody Construction

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II. Suspension System Components

A. Springs
1. Coil Springs
(a) Servicing Coil Springs
2. Leaf Springs
(a) Multiple-Leaf Springs
(b) Monoleaf Springs
(c) Fiber Composite Springs
3. Air Springs
B. Torsion Bar Suspension System
C. Shock Absorbers
1. Gas-Charged Shock Absorbers
2. Air Shock Systems
3. Shock Absorber Ratio
III. MacPherson Strut Suspension Components
A. Struts
B. Lower Suspension Components
C. Springs
IV. Independent Front Suspension
A. Short-Long Arm Suspension
1. Wheel Spindle
2. Control Arms
3. Ball Joints
4. Other Front System Components
(a) Bushings
(b) Stabilizers
B. Four-Link Front Suspension
V. General Front-Suspension Inspection
A. Chassis Height Specifications
Hint: Explain how chassis height changes over time and how this affects
handling and alignment. Explain how chassis height is restored.
VI. Front-Suspension Component Servicing
A. Coil Springs
1. Removing a Spring
B. Torsion Bars
C. Ball Joints
1. Typical Radial Check
2. Typical Axial Check
3. Inspection of Wear Indicators
D. Control Arm Bushings
E. Strut Rod Bushings
F. Sway Bar Bushings
G. Shock Absorbers
H. MacPherson Strut Suspension
VII. Rear-Suspension Systems
A. Live Axle Rear-Suspension Systems
1. Leaf Spring Live-Axle System
2. Coil Spring Live-Axle System
3. Live-Axle Suspension System Servicing

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VIII. Semi-Independent Suspension

A. Semi-Independent Suspension System Servicing
IX. Independent Suspension
A. Multilink Rear Suspension
B. Servicing Independent Suspension Systems
1. Servicing Rear Coil Spring
2. Servicing Rear Control Arms
X. Electronically Controlled Suspensions
Hint: Discuss the advantages gained with adaptive and active suspension
systems.
A. Adaptive Suspensions
1. System Components
(a) Compressor
(b) Sensors
(c) Electronic Shock Absorbers
(d) Electronic Struts
(e) Computer Control Module
(f) Electronic Leveling Control
2. Adjustable Pneumatic Suspension
B. MagneRide
XI. Servicing Electronic Suspension Components
A. Wheel Alignment
XII. Active Suspensions
A. Chassis Lubrication

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. A stabilizer bar is sometimes referred to as a sway bar. It stabilizes the suspension system by transferring the movement of one wheel over to the opposite wheel to create
a more level ride.
2. Sprung weight consists of all of the weight of the vehicle supported by the suspension
system. Unsprung weight includes undercar components such as the axles, control
arms, and steering knuckles that are not supported by the springs. A low ratio of
unsprung weight is desirable for better ride quality.
3. An air spring operates on the principle that as a bag filled with compressed air is compressed, pressure in the bag increases. Increasingly more force is required to accomplish additional compression of the bag. In this way, an air spring functions as a
variable rate spring and replaces conventional springs.
4. A conventional shock absorber dampens suspension movement by operating on the
principle of fluid displacement through an orifice. It is a velocity-sensitive hydraulic
dampening device. The faster it moves, the more resistance it has to movement. Kinetic energy (energy of motion) is converted to heat and dissipated to the atmosphere.
As the rod of the shock absorber is forced inward during the compression cycle, it
helps control the vehicles sprung weight. During the extension cycle, when the rod
is pulled outward, it controls the unsprung weight. A typical shock absorber is
designed to have a higher ratio of resistance during its extension cycle.
5. An independent suspension system allows each wheel to move independently in
response to inputs from the road surface, braking torque, and body motion without
affecting the other wheels.

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6. b. The core of any suspension system is the spring.

7. d. When the wheel moves downward from the frame it is called rebound.
8. c. The steering linkage and the tires are part of the unsprung weight; the engine is
part of the sprung weight of the vehicle.
9. a. When the wheel hits a bump and moves upward, it is called jounce.
10. b. Follower ball joints should be replaced when any perceptible play is found. Loadcarrying ball joints will have zero play until they begin to wear and are not replaced
until they exceed the wear limits.
11. c. Both technicians are correct.
12. b. The shock absorbers dampen or control the motion of the vehicle.
13. a. The coil springs of the vehicle support its weight.
14. b. The amount of fuel in the tank affects the ride height of a vehicle.
15. d. Neither technician is correct. It is the shock absorbers that are designed to limit
wheel tramp among other things. Leaf-spring-type rear axle suspensions are subject
to axle tramp, not wheel tramp.
16. d. SLA suspension systems may use a single or a double control arm design.
17. c. While most strut suspension systems use coil springs, the Chapman strut may use
leaf springs.
18. a. This describes a trailing arm.
19. a. The modified MacPherson strut rear suspension is very common in front-wheeldrive vehicles.
20. c. Both technicians are correct.

TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 43 of the Tech Manual:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Inspecting suspension components.

Removing a strut assembly.
Replacing the cartridge in a strut assembly.
Removing and installing control arm bushings on a rear coil-spring-type suspension
system.

ADDITIONAL TEACHING HINTS

Display and discuss several types of shock absorbers, including worn ones.
Examine and discuss the components of a front strut.
Perform a general front-suspension inspection using guidelines and the service
manual.
Replace ball joints on a vehicle.

ANSWERS TO TECH MANUAL REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. a. coil
b. leaf
c. torsion bar
2. c

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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

a
c
To the left
The shock absorber contains oil that contacts and lubricates the inner wall of the strut
body.
Ball joints
Precise wheel alignment settings or angles
a. difficult steering and handling
b. braking not smooth
c. excessive bouncing after stops
c

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44
STEERING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter discusses manual, power-, and four-wheel steering system theory, operation,
and components in depth.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Describe the similarities and differences between parallelogram, worm and roller,
and rack and pinion steering linkage systems.
Identify the typical manual-steering system components and their functions.
Name the five basic types of steering linkage systems.
Identify the components in a parallelogram steering linkage arrangement and
describe the function of each.
Identify the components in a manual rack and pinion steering arrangement and
describe the function of each.
Describe the function and operation of a manual-steering gearbox and the steering
column.
Explain the various manual-steering service procedures.
Describe the service to the various power-steering designs.
Perform general power-steering system checks.
Describe the common four-wheel steering systems.

INSTRUCTIONAL OUTLINE WITH TEACHING HINTS

I. Manual-Steering Systems
Hint: Have students give the correct name for common steering systems parts
from looking at several vehicles or by the use of a parts identification board.
A. Steering Linkage
B. Parallelogram Steering Linkage
1. Pitman Arm
2. Idler Arm
3. Links
4. Tie Rods
C. Rack and Pinion Steering Linkage
1. Rack

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II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

2. Pinion
3. Yoke adjustment
4. Tie Rods
D. Manual-Steering Gear
Hint: Demonstrate the correct way to adjust gear lash.
E. Steering Wheel and Column
F. Steering Damper
Power-Steering Systems
A. Integral Piston System
B. Power Assisted Rack and Pinion System
C. Components
1. Power-Steering Fluid
2. Power-Steering Pump
3. Power-Steering Pump Drive Belts
4. Electronic Power-Steering Motors
5. Flow Control and Pressure Relief Valves
6. Power-Steering Gearbox
Hint: Demonstrate the correct way to adjust preload and gear lash.
7. Power-Assisted Rack and Pinion Steering
8. Power-Steering Hoses
Electronically Controlled Power-Steering Systems
A. Active Steering
B. General Service
C. Electric/Electronic Rack and Pinion System
Steering System Diagnosis
A. Common Complaints
1. Excessive Steering-Wheel Play
2. Feedback
3. Hard Steering
4. Nibble
5. Pulling or Drifting
6. Shimmy
7. Sticking Steering or Poor Return
8. Wandering
9. Noise
B. Diagnosing
C. Power-Steering Pressure Checks
Visual Inspection
Hint: Demonstrate a prealignment inspection.
A. Power-Steering Pump Belt
B. Pitman Arm
C. Idler Arm
D. Center Link
E. Tie-Rod Assembly
F. Steering Damper
G. Dry Park Check
H. Turning Effort
I. Tie-Rod Articulation Effort
J. Worm and Roller Steering
K. Rack and Pinion Steering
Steering System Servicing
A. Steering Gear Adjustments

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B. Steering Columns
VII. Power-Steering System Servicing
A. Flushing the System
VIII. Four-Wheel Steering Systems
A. Mechanical 4WS
B. Hydraulic 4WS
C. Electro/Hydraulic 4WS
D. Quadrasteer

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. A parallelogram steering arrangement using either a recirculating ball or worm and
roller steering gearbox uses a pitman arm to connect to the steering linkage. The pitman arm transfers motion from the steering gearbox to the linkage, causing the wheels
to turn in the correct direction. A rack and pinion steering arrangement has a small
pinion gear attached to the end of the steering column that moves a toothed rack
attached directly to the tie rods. Movement of the pinion gear causes the rack to push
and pull the tie rods and moves the wheels in the desired direction.
2. A power-steering hose transmits fluid under pressure from the pump to the steering
gearbox.
3. An integral power-steering system consists of a power-steering pump and reservoir,
power-steering pressure and return hoses, and a power-steering gear (gearbox). The
power-steering gear contains a power piston and control valves to assist in turning
the wheels in both directions.
4. The term gearbox ratio refers to the number of input turns required to produce one
output turn.
5. All-wheel steering reduces the tendency of production-built cars to either oversteer
or understeer, producing near neutral steering under varying road conditions. The
advantages gained are increased stability, cornering, and maneuverability.
6. c. Power-steering hoses transmit fluid under pressure.
7. c. Both technicians are correct.
8. b. A shimmy is more likely to be the result of looseness in the steering linkage. Faults
in a manual steering gear would cause other symptoms.
9. c. Both technicians are correct.
10. c. Both technicians are correct.
11. a. Worn tie-rod ends can result in scalloped and scuffed tires.
12. d. The bellows boot protects the rack from contamination.
13. b. Variable ratio is normally used only in power-steering units.
14. a. Binding steering column U-joints are not a probable cause of wheel shimmy.
15. b. The idler arm supports the right side of the center link and keeps the center link
level, but it does not keep the steering system level.
16. b. A pull scale may be used to check steering effort. A misaligned frame would most
likely cause concerns other than excessive turning effort, such as dog-tracking or tire
wear.
17. c. In a linkage-type power-steering system the power cylinder is attached to the center
link. Two hydraulic hoses are attached to the power cylinder and two lines are connected to the control valve.
18. c. Contra phase four-wheel steering is turning the rear wheels in an opposite direction to the front wheels, greatly reducing the vehicle turning circle.
19. a. Rack and pinion steering is lighter and has fewer components.
20. b. The steering linkage connects the steering column to the wheels.

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TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 44 of the Tech Manual:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Diagnosing, removing, and replacing an idler arm.

Removing and replacing an outer tie-rod end on a parallelogram steering linkage system.
Flushing a power-steering system.
Testing the pressure of a power-steering pump system.
Inspecting a rack and pinion steering gear.

ADDITIONAL TEACHING HINTS

Display and discuss several types of steering components, including worn ones.
Examine and discuss the components of a worm and roller steering system.
Examine and discuss the components of a rack and pinion steering system.
Demonstrate the dry park check method for checking steering systems.

ANSWERS TO TECH MANUAL REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. a. rack and pinion
b. worm and roller
c. recirculating ball
2. Dry park
3. Pull scale
4. True
5. a. Always wear safety glasses when repairing an air bag system or when handling an
air bag module.
b. To prevent accidental deployment and possible injury, the backup power supply
for the air bag must be depleted before replacing an air bag and before servicing,
replacing, adjusting, or striking components close to the air bag sensor.
c. To deplete backup power supply, disconnect the ground cable of the battery and
wait at least one minute (some manufacturers recommend a longer waiting period).
d. Refer to the appropriate service manual to identify the location of the air bag sensors.
e. Never probe the connectors on the air bag module because doing so can cause accidental deployment.
f. Carry a live air bag module with the air bag and trim cover pointed away from your
body.
g. Never set a live air bag module down with the trim cover face down.
h. If a vehicle with an air bag was involved in an accident, inspect its sensor mounting bracket and wiring harness for damage. Replace any damaged parts.
i. After deployment of an air bag, the bag and the surrounding surfaces may contain
sodium hydroxide, which is a skin irritant. Wash your hands with soap and water after
working around the air bag.
6. c
7. b
8. d
9. a
10. c

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45
WHEEL ALIGNMENT

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter discusses the theory and importance of proper two- and four-wheel alignment.
Alignment equipment and tools are described.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Explain the benefits of accurate wheel alignment.
Explain the importance of correct wheel alignment angles.
Describe the different functions of camber and caster with regard to the vehicles
suspension.
Identify the purposes of steering axis inclination.
Explain why toe is the most critical tire wear factor of all the alignment angles.
Identify the purposes of turning radius or toe-out.
Explain the condition known as tracking.
Perform a prealignment inspection.
Describe the various types of equipment that can be used to align the wheels of
a vehicle.
Describe how alignment angles can be changed on a vehicle.
Understand the importance of rear-wheel alignment.
Know the difference between two-wheel and four-wheel alignment procedures.

INSTRUCTIONAL OUTLINE WITH TEACHING HINTS

I. Alignment Geometry
A. Caster
Hint: Use a steering knuckle that has been removed to show the arc traveled
by the end of the spindle when the wheels are turned by simulating both
positive and negative caster. Also show how tipping the steering knuckle to
provide positive camber places the load on the inboard area of the spindle.
B. Camber
C. Toe
D. Thrust Line Alignment

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II.
III.

IV.
V.

VI.

E. Steering Axis Inclination (SAI)

F. Turning Radius
G. Tracking
H. Load Distribution
Prealignment Inspection
Hint: Demonstrate a prealignment inspection.
Wheel Alignment Equipment
A. Turning Radius Gauges
B. Caster-Camber Gauge
C. Optical Toe Gauges
D. Trammel Bar Gauge
E. Miscellaneous Tools
Alignment Machines
Adjusting Wheel Alignment
A. Caster/Camber Adjustment
1. Shims
2. Eccentrics and Shims
3. Slotted Frame
4. Rotating Ball Joint and Washers
B. MacPherson Suspension Adjustments
C. Rear-Wheel Camber Adjustments
D. Toe Adjustment
1. Rear Toe
2. Thrust Line
Four-Wheel-Drive Vehicle Alignment

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Positive camber is the angle represented by the tilt of either the front or rear wheels
outward from true vertical as viewed from the front of the car.
2. Excessive negative camber causes the portion of the tread toward the centerline of the
car to wear.
3. Excessive negative caster can cause wandering, unintentional weaving, and instability at higher speeds.
4. Toe is the distance comparison between the leading edge and trailing edge of the tires.
If the leading edge distance is less than the trailing edge, there is toe-in; if it is greater,
there is toe-out.
5. The difference between rear toe and the geometric centerline of the vehicle is called
the thrust angle. The vehicle tends to travel in the direction of the thrust line rather
than straight ahead.
6. Excessive toe-out can cause the car to wander and lose stability on slick surfaces
because the tire is partially sliding, rather than rolling, on the road surface.
7. The bottom of the tire and wheel assembly must be moved inward in order to add
more positive camber.
8. Toe-out on turns is provided by the angles designed into the steering arm.
9. c. SAI is the angle formed between true vertical and a line drawn between the steering pivot points as viewed from the front.
10. During a four-wheel alignment, adjustments should be made in this order: (1) rear
camber, (2) rear toe, (3) front caster, (4) front camber, and (5) front toe.

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11. Caster may be checked using a caster-camber bubble gauge and the protractor scale
on the alignment equipments turntables. When this gauge is used it is normally
attached to a machined surface of the hub by a strong magnet. After the suspension
has been stabilized by jouncing and camber has been read and recorded, caster may
be measured. Apply and hold the brakes applied with a brake pedal lock. Turn one
wheel 20 outward and adjust the bubble gauge to zero, then turn the wheel inward
20 and record the reading indicated by the bubble gauge. Repeat this procedure on
the other wheel.
12. Tracking is a term used to describe the direction the rear wheels would travel if unaffected by the front wheels.
13. The following are guidelines for a prealignment inspection:
a. Begin with a road test. While driving the car, check to see that the steering wheel
is straight. Feel for vibration in the steering wheel as well as in the floor and seats.
Notice any pulling or abnormal handling problems, such as hard steering, tire squeal
while cornering, or mechanical pops or clunks.
b. Carefully inspect the tire wear patterns and for mismatched tire sizes or types.
Check the tires inflation and correct if necessary. Also look for the results of collision
damage or towing damage.
c. Check the tires and wheels for radial runout.
d. Check the wheel bearings.
e. Remove heavy items from the trunk and passenger compartment. However, if these
items, such as toolboxes, are normally carried in the vehicle, leave them in.
f. Check the vehicles ride height. Every vehicle is designed to ride at a specific curb
height. Curb height specifications and the specific measuring points are given in service manuals. Proper alignment is impossible if the ride height is incorrect.
g. Check the play of the steering wheel.
h. Jounce the vehicle to check the condition of the shock absorbers.
i. With the vehicle raised, inspect all steering and suspension components such as
control arm bushings, upper strut mounts, pitman arm, idler arm, center link, tie-rod
ends, ball joints, and shock absorbers. Check the CV joints (if equipped) for looseness, popping sounds, binding, and broken boots. Damaged components must be
repaired before adjusting alignment angles.
14. a. Positive caster provides directional stability.
15. d. the steering wheel lock centers the steering wheel during alignment. If the toe is
adjusted, the steering wheel may not be centered after alignment and a recentering
procedure is then required.
16. c. Both technicians are correct.
17. c. Both technicians are correct.
18. d. Steering axis inclination is not adjusted during an alignment.
19. d. Neither technician is correct.
20. b. When camber is unequal, the vehicle will tend to pull toward the side with the
most positive camber.

TECH MANUAL
The following procedures are included in Chapter 45 of the Tech Manual:
1. Measuring front and rear wheel alignment angles with a computer-based wheel aligner.
2. Centering a steering wheel.

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ADDITIONAL TEACHING HINTS

Demonstrate how to do a prealignment inspection.
Demonstrate how to read tire wear in terms of alignment problems.
Demonstrate how to adjust camber and caster.
Demonstrate how to adjust front wheel toe-in.
Demonstrate how to adjust camber, caster, and toe on rear wheels.

ANSWERS TO TECH MANUAL REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. a. greater safety
b. longer tire life
c. reduced fuel consumption
2. Toe adjustments
3. On the tie-rod ends
4. By installing an aftermarket caster adjustment kit, repositioning the upper strut mount,
or replacing the strut assembly
5. True
6. c
7. c
8. c
9. a
10. Equal camber means each wheel is tilted outward or inward the same amount.

SECTION 7
Answers to ASE Prep Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

c
c
b
b
d

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

c
a
c
c
b

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

b
c
a
d
b

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

d
c
c
c
b

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

c
c
c
c
b