MACEDONIAN

A COURSE FOR BEGINNING AND

INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS
THIRD EDITION

CHRISTINA E. KRAMER
and
LILJANA MITKOVSKA

The University of Wisconsin Press

The University of Wisconsin Press

1930 Monroe Street, 3rd Floor
Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059
uwpress.wisc.edu
3 Henrietta Street
London WC2E 8LU, England
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Copyright 2011
The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any format or by any means, digital, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or conveyed via the Internet or a website
without written permission of the University of Wisconsin Press, except in
the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles and reviews.
Printed in the United States of America
Kramer, Christina Elizabeth.
Macedonian: a course for beginning and intermediate students /
Christina E. Kramer. 3rd ed.
p. cm.
For this third edition Liljana Mitkovska, who has been
involved with this project from the very beginning, has become
co-authorIntroduction.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-299-24764-5 (pbk.: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-299-24763-8 (e-book)
1. Macedonian languageTextbooks for foreign speakers
English. I. Mitkovska, Liljana. II. Title.
PG1159.K73
2011
491.81982421dc23
2011018266
Companion CD ISBN: 978-0-299-16170-5

To Victor Allen Friedman, mentor and friend,

and all those who seek mutual understanding
through the study of language and culture

Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction to the Third Edition

ix
xiii

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Macedonian Pronunciation and the Macedonian Alphabet

The Macedonian alphabet
Notes on the alphabet and pronunciation
Stress (accent)
Cognates
Alphabetical order
Writing Macedonian

2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

Introductions and Occupations

Subject pronouns
Present tense of verbs, introduction
Present tense of the verb to be
Gender of nouns
Interrogatives
Conjunctions

11
11
12
12
13
15
17

3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7

Actions and Attributes

Plural of masculine and feminine nouns
Adjectives
Plural of adjectives
Present tense of verbs
Negation of verbs
/
Numbers 020

25
26
28
30
31
33
35
36

4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

Daily Routines
Adverbs
Plural of neuter nouns
Quantitative plural
Demonstrative adjectives
Definite articles
Definite direct objects and clitics
Possession
Conjunctions

43
45
45
47
48
49
52
55
56

5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

Food
Definiteness of adjective plus noun phrases
Direct object pronouns
Prepositions with personal pronouns
Introduction to constructions

65
69
71
75
75

1
1
2
5
7
8
8

Contents

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

The invariant verb in constructions seeking permission

vs.
Forms of whose
Conjunctions . . . , . . . , . . .

6.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8

Music
Indirect objects
Indirect and direct object clitics
Uses of
Verbal aspect
Future constructions
Future tense of
Subordination with
Relative clauses, introduction

89
90
93
95
96
99
102
103
103

7.
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

Cities, Giving Directions, Skopje, Free Time

Comparatives and superlatives
Possessive pronominal adjectives
Embedded questions and indirect questions
Imperatives
Auxiliary verb
Numbers 0100
Telling time, introduction

111
114
116
119
121
128
129
132

8.
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6

Education, Invitations
Aorist, introduction
Days of the week
Telling time, continued
Review of subordinate clauses
Relative clauses, continued
Intransitive verbs with

141
146
154
155
159
162
166

9.
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11

Vacations, Birthdays, and Other Celebrations

Aorist, continued
Verbal nouns, introduction
Hundreds, thousands, millions, billions
Numbers designating male human beings and mixed gender groups
Months of the year
Ordinal numbers
Dates
Verbs of liking
Order of clitics, review
Diminutives, introduction
Vocative

173
178
180
181
182
184
184
185
188
189
190
190

vi

78
79
80
80

Contents

10.
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5

Weather
Imperfect
Proximate and distance forms of the definite article
Interrogatives, pronominal adjectives, and adverbs of quantity and quality
Impersonal constructions
Imperatives, continued: and constructions

201
207
211
213
218
219

11.
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7

Appearance, Character
Colors, clothing, relatives
Expectative conditionals
Perfective imperfect and future-in-the-past
Indirect speech, introduction
Verbal nouns, continued
Verbal adverbs
Word formation

229
232
237
241
248
250
252
254

12.
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8

Health
Verbal l-forms and formation of the l-past
Approximate numbers
The emphatic verb
Compound conjunctions: , ,
The conjunction
The verbal prefix - and the verbs of lying, sitting, standing
Aorist, continued
Reflexive verbs

265
271
279
280
280
281
282
283
283

13.
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8

Housing
Comparisons continued and the prefix Hypothetical constructions with
Overview of conditionals
Admirative and dubitative
Indirect speech, continued
Suppositional or reported forms of perfective imperfect constructions
The use of with nominal subject
Optatives

293
294
300
304
306
308
311
312
313

14.
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

Geography of Macedonia, Travel

Verbal adjectives
Word order
Passive constructions with
Conjunctions (, ), (, )

321
324
333
335
338

15.
15.1
15.2
15.3

Wedding Customs, Sports, Arts

perfect
Dependent form of masculine personal names
Aspect distinctions and imperfective derivation

353
356
359
362

vii

Contents

15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7

Introduction to verbal prefixes

Prefixes for some, no-, every-, e.g. someone, no one, everyone
Indefinite pronouns meaning any-, e.g. anyone, anywhere
The conjunction , as if

364
369
370
372

16.
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6

Cultural Sites in Macedonia

Pluperfects
Constructions with plus verbal adjective
Diminutives, continued
Review of prepositions
Collective plurals
Suffixes in word formation

381
383
386
388
390
391
393

Glossary of Basic Grammatical Terminology

405

Grammatical Tables

407

Introduction to the Glossaries

421

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

423

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

463

Answer Key

501

Index

539

viii

Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments to the First Edition
Over the past three years, I have had the good fortune to consult with many people on this
project. Without their help and good wishes, I am sure this book would never have been
completed. First, I wish to thank Professor Victor Friedman for fostering my lasting interest
in Balkan linguistics and Macedonian studies. He provided tremendous help and support in
the completion of this grammar. I am also deeply indebted to Professor Ronelle Alexander for
inspiring this textbook. I know that many of my explanations and ideas for this book owe a great
deal to her clarity of thought and creativity.
I consulted with a number of people in Macedonia whose help has been crucial. In
particular, I would like to thank Liljana Mitkovska for her kindness, generosity and creativity.
She contributed a number of supplementary exercises to this textbook, probably the ones the
students will most enjoy. I will never forget working with her in Ohrid in the shade of the
kiwi vines. I am grateful also to Elena Petrovska and Blagoja Mitkovski for proofreading the
manuscript and offering numerous useful suggestions.
I thank my North American colleagues for reviewing and field testing early editions of
this manuscript, in particular Professor Jane Hacking at the University of Kansas, Professor
Grace Fielder at the University of Arizona, Professor Robert Greenberg at the University of
North CarolinaChapel Hill, and Kim Gareiss at the University of Chicago. Each of them has
contributed ideas, corrections, and encouragement. I am grateful as well to their students.
My students and colleagues at the University of Toronto were most instrumental in the
completion of this textbook. I wish to thank the students who survived years of Macedonian
courses with various versions of these chapters. This textbook project grew out of the University
of Toronto course, and I hope through this book to be able to thank the Toronto Macedonian
community for their generous support of my work.
Friends and colleagues in Toronto and Skopje helped in numerous ways with this project,
and I owe all of them thanks for sharing with me photographs, stories, and customs which have
enriched this book.
A special debt of gratitude is owed to two graduate students at the University of Toronto:
Elisabeth Elliott helped with proofreading, suggested ideas for vocabulary, exercises and
readings, and in general contributed in numerous ways to the completion of this project. I thank
Brian Cook for his patient help proofreading the glossariesthere will always be errors that
creep into a manuscript, but there would have been many more without his assistance. George
Stackpole, a graduate student at the University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, provided editorial
assistance in the final stages of this project; many grammatical points are clearer thanks to his
suggestions.
I also wish to thank my colleague Joseph Schallert for helping me with various thorny
issues in grammar.
Special thanks are due Steve Salemson at the University of Wisconsin Press, who guided
this project through production from beginning to end, and whose unflagging support was crucial
to its completion. Little did he suspect what he was getting himself into!
Illustrations for chapters 11, 12, 13, and 16 were done by my friend John Fraser.
I wish to thank Eran Fraenkel for permission to use the photographs on pages 106 and

ix

Acknowledgments

400, Jane Sugarman for the photo on page 484, Gwen Rust for the photo on page 89, Chris
Stefanovich for the photo on page 308, and Novica Aleksovski for the photos on pages 379
and 380. Also, thanks to the publisher Prosvetno Delo in Skopje for permission to reproduce a
simplifed version of their map of Macedonia on the inside front cover.
Finally, I wish to extend my thanks to Richard, Paul and Marisa Franz for helping with the
textbook. Throughout the writing and developing of the book, they contributed ideas, drawings,
photographs, criticism and encouragement. It helped me to see Macedonia through their eyes.
Acknowledgments to the Second Edition
During the past three years I have received many comments from students and teachers using this
textbook. I am grateful for their suggestions and corrections. In addition to corrections of errors,
this edition also contains some updated cultural information and, most importantly, an answer
key to the exercises. I had not realized that so many readers would embark on a self-study
course, and for them an answer key is essential.
I would like to thank first and foremost my students at the University of Toronto and
students at the University of Chicago and the University of North Carolina. Many errors were
corrected due to their careful study. For additional comments and corrections I wish to thank
Elisabeth Elliott, Grace Fielder, Victor Friedman, Kim Gareiss, Robert Greenberg, Leonid Livak,
Kate Minnis, Daniel Peluso, Elena Petroska, and Kat Tancock.
Steve Salemson at the University of Wisconsin Press has provided continuous support at
every stage of this project.
I owe special thanks to Liljana Mitkovska for her help in answering my many questions,
and for her invaluable help and guidance on producing the answer key. I also thank her and her
family for their kind hospitality in Macedonia.
Wayles Browne read the first edition with great care and provided me with numerous
corrections, helpful comments, and advice, all of which contribute to a clearer presentation in
this second edition. Everyone should be fortunate enough to have such a careful reader.
To David Kramer I owe thanks for advice in formatting the glossaries and for dealing with
corrupted files. I could never have produced the revised glossaries without him.
Finally, I thank Richard, Paul, and Marisa Franz for, once again, living daily with my
troubles in editing this book.
Acknowledgments to the Third Edition
During the summer of 2009 I returned to Macedonia to work on several updates to the
vocabulary and cultural notes for a new, slightly revised, third edition. The second edition had
been awarded the ATSEEL prize for best contribution to language pedagogy in 2006, so some
people might have thought that there was little work to be done. A banner ad in the city that
summer read: . The best can be even better. That
became the motto of my work together with Liljana Mitkovska who, in this edition, has played
an even more central role in the redesign of exercises, the composition of reading passages, and
as consultant on syntactic and lexical variation. As a result, this edition has significant changes
from the previous two editions, while preserving the core structure, dialogues, themes, and
lexicon of the earlier version.
I am grateful to the many people from around the world who have written to thank me
for this project. Their encouragement has been sustaining and I am deeply appreciative of their

Acknowledgments

support. Anyone who has written a textbook knows that it is an endless and daunting task
to get the details right.
No textbook is perfect, but this book has been greatly improved by students in the
second year Macedonian class at the University of Toronto who worked through the
entire new manuscript and made more corrections and suggestions than I could possibly
enumerate here. Mariana Bockarova, Dina Carovska, Marijana Josifovska, Jimmy
Mihajlov, Gabriela Rachkova, and Jelena Sekulovathank you. Your comments and
corrections will improve the learning experience for all future users of this book. I hope
the trip to Macedonia was sufficient reward for the inconvenience of working with pages
hot off the press.
To Victor Friedman I owe thanks for the answer to many grammatical questions and
for his willingness to test-drive the new chapters with his students at the University of
Chicago. Thanks also to students in the summer Critical Languages Institute at Arizona
State University and their instructor, Marija Kusevska. They, too, worked with earlier
versions of this manuscript and I am grateful for their comments.
Amanda Greber at the University of Toronto has offered numerous suggestions,
corrections and creative ideas for exercises. Bernadette Hunt contributed the drawing in
Lesson 11. Photo credits: Amanda Greber, Elisabeth Elliott, Marijana Josifovska, Jelena
Sekulova, Jimmy Mihajlov, Gabriela Rachkova, Liljana Mitkovska, Nathan Gilbert, and
Blagoja Mitkovski. The photos of Karneval were contributed by Aleksandar Cicimov,
Carneval President and museum conservator at The Strumica Museum. We also wish to
thank the Library Brakja Miladinovci (The Miladinov Brothers Library) for permission
to use an adapted text from their website about the Miladinovs. Thanks also to the
publishing house Prosvetno delo for helping us secure rights for two fairy tales (Rakavica
and Trite mechki). We thank Katica Kulavkova for permission to use her poem Od mene
do tebe and for recording it for us.
The following people dedicated their time and creative talents to the recording sessions:
Paul Petroski Foster, Marko Petroski Foster, Ljubomir Gjorevski, Boban Karapejovski,
Veselinka Labroska, Anastazija Kirkova-Naskova, Marjan Markovic, Sonja Milenkovska,
Blagoja Mitkovski, Angelina Panchevska, Bojan Petrevski, Liljana Mitkovska. The Slavic
and East European Languages Resource Center at Duke University sponsored travel to
Macedonia for the recordings. The University of Chicago, with the support of Victor
Friedman, made it possible for Quinn Dombrovski, and Gus Lacy to assist in the sound
editing.
The University of Wisconsin Press, from Steve Salemson to the new editor Gwen
Walker, has had unfailing faith in this project and anyone using this work should be
grateful to the Press for its strong support and belief in this project.
Finally, Richard, Paul, and Marisa Franzthank you for everything. This project
has been a continuing part of our lives and your help, humour, companionship, and
support make the whole enterprise worthwhile.

xi

Introduction to the Third Edition

The first edition of this textbook was published in 1999. Since then many students have
commented on the textbook, sending comments, thanks, and suggestions. For this third edition
Liljana Mitkovska, who has been involved with this project from the very beginning, has become
coauthor. We have worked more than two years to update the textbook. Our goal has been to
preserve the basic structure of the original work, but to add more cultural information, updated
vocabulary, and exercises that are better integrated with current teaching methodologies.
This textbook is designed for students with no prior knowledge of standard Macedonian.
It will provide them with a broad knowledge of Macedonian language and culture, including a
strong foundation in grammar. In North America, Macedonian is taught to disparate audiences:
graduate students with an in-depth knowledge of another Slavic language who wish to learn
Macedonian for reading knowledge and research; people of Macedonian heritage who may have
rudimentary spoken language skills but are unable to read and write; ethnographers interested in
Macedonian culture; andas a number of people have written to tell meindividuals who hope
to master Macedonian because they have met Macedonians who have become significant people
in their lives. It is an impossible task to write a textbook that appeals directly to each of these
target audiences, but we hope that this book will be useful to a wide variety of potential students.
An answer key to selected exercises for self-study is given at the back of the book.
Every chapter contains reading selections, a broad variety of exercises, and cultural
commentary. Each chapter also has a number of listening exercises to help master listening
comprehension. Each chapter provides lists of active vocabulary. Students should familiarize
themselves with these words as they begin a new chapter. Additional vocabulary is given for
reading exercises. All of the vocabulary is contained in the glossaries at the end of the book.
We have tried to cover basic grammar without overburdening students with numerous
exceptions. We have included some discussion of linguistic variation and we have introduced
some principles of word-formation to help students improve their ability to learn vocabulary and
to begin reading more complex texts.
Since the publication of the first edition, the internet has become a rich source of materials
for language learning. We encourage students to find supplementary materials on-line. There are
many sites where students can see pictures and watch video clips of Macedonia, where they can
listen to Macedonian music, including the songs contained in the textbook, and learn more about
famous people and places in Macedonia.
The musical note () in the left margins indicates that this text is available as an audio file
on the CDs created to accompany the 3rd edition.

xiii

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Macedonian Pronunciation and the Macedonian Alphabet

The Macedonian alphabet
Notes on the alphabet and pronunciation
Stress (accent)
Cognates
Alphabetical order
Writing Macedonian

1.1 The Macedonian alphabet

The Macedonian alphabet is a form of the Cyrillic alphabet. Variations of the Cyrillic alphabet
are also used in writing Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Bulgarian, and Serbian. It is much
easier to learn to read and write Macedonian than English because, in general, each letter
corresponds to a single sound. Once you have mastered a few simple rules of pronunciation,
words are pronounced as they are spelled.
Cultural note:
In Macedonia one sees quite a bit written in the Latin alphabet due to the presence of signs in
other languages used there, including Albanian, Turkish, or Romany, as well as widespread
advertising in English. Sometimes Latin letters have specific uses such as text-messages
and the letter code for cities on license plates. English also has prestige as an international
language in advertising.
The Macedonian alphabet has thirty-one letters. Their sequence in the alphabet, standard
transliteration in Roman letters, and approximate pronunciation are given in the table below.1
Macedonian is also written on occasion in Latin letters. There are different systems of
transliteration. Below on the left is the old standard, on the right a newer version without
diacritics. These transliteration systems are also used when a person does not have access to
Cyrillic type-fonts, for example when sending a text-message.
Standard transliteration
Cyrillic

Pronunciation
a
b
v
g
d
gy
e
zh
z
dz
i
y
k
l

father
boy
van
girl
dog
argue
pet
azure, pleasure
zebra
beds, adze
pizza
yard, toy
skin
look

old
A
B
V
G
D
G
E

Z
Dz
I
J
K
L

new
a
b
v
g
d
g
e

z
dz
i
j
k
l

A
B
V
G
D
Gj
E
Zh
Z
Dz
I
J
K
L

The musical note () in the left margin indicates that this text is available as an audio file on the CDs
created to accompany the 3rd edition.
1

a
b
v
g
d
gj
e
zh
z
dz
i
j
k
l

Standard transliteration
Cyrillic

Pronunciation

soft l
m
n
ny
o
p
r

s
t
ky
u
f
kh

ts
ch
j
sh

old

leaf, magnolia
moon
nut
onion, canyon
boat
spider
flapped r similar to
sound in English butter
sun
stop
cute
boot
fig
as in German Bach or
English yech!
cats, tsetse
cheese
judge, jump
shoe

new

Lj
M
N
Nj
O
P
R

lj
m
n
nj
o
p
r

Lj
M
N
Nj
O
P
R

lj
m
n
nj
o
p
r

S
T
K
U
F
H

s
t
k
u
f
h

S
T
Kj
U
F
H

s
t
kj
u
f
h

C
Ch
Dj
Sh

c
ch
dj
sh

Saints Cyril and Methodius, St. Jovan Bigorski Monastery

Lower scroll shows old Cyrillic alphabet

1.2 Notes on the alphabet and pronunciation

1.2.1 Vocalic r and the reduced vowel sound schwa
In addition to the five vowels , , , , and Macedonian functions as a vowel, e.g., ,
, , . This looks odd to an English speaker, but the use of as a vowel is similar to
2

the vowel + r sequences in English words such as bird and computer. When a syllabic occurs
at the beginning of a word or root, it is preceded in writing by an apostrophe: , .
Some dialects, but not the standard language, have a vowel similar to the schwa in English,
e.g. Columbus. In writing this is shown with the apostrophe, e.g. fate ( in the
standard language).

1: Listen and practice saying the following words with vocalic r:

1.2.2 Palatalized consonants

Special attention must be given to the following: , , . At the same time as you pronounce
these sounds flatten your tongue against the hard palate, i.e, the roof of your mouth,
approximating a y sound.
The sound of is similar to the pronunciation in the English words: onion, canyon.
The velar consonants and are pronounced somewhat like the g and c/k in argue, regulate, and
cute, cue, key. There is a great deal of dialect variation in pronunciation. In some dialects the
sounds approach those of English j, as in jeep, and ch, as in cheap. Before the letter , normally
and are written, but the sound is the same, e.g. in the word below. (If, however, we add
to words that already have or , e.g. in the plural form, then or remain, e.g. night +
= nights, foreign + = foreign lands.)

2: Listen and practice the pronunciation of these sounds in following words:

1.2.3 Dierence between and

The pronunciation of Macedonian and is not uniform among Macedonian speakers and
the norm is changing. Pronunciation is reflected in the orthography, and the differences will be
summarized below.
Orthographic :
1. before back vowels -a, -o, and -u (Cyrillic , , ), before another consonant (except -), and
in word final position:
According to the prescribed norm, before back vowels -a, -o, and -u, before another consonant
(except -), or in word-final position, is pronounced as a dark l, as in the English word table.
2. before the front vowels -i, -e (Cyrillic , ) or the consonant -j
According to the prescribed norm, before the front vowels -i, -e, or the consonant -j, is
pronounced like a clear or European l, as in the English words leaf and lip. This is summarized
in the table below:
3

before back vowels -a, -o, and -u or before another consonant (except -):
, ,
at the end of a word
before a consonant (except j)

dark l

before the front vowels -i, -e, or the consonant -j

clear l

, ,

Orthographic : In the prescribed norm, orthographic represents the clear l pronunciation

before the back vowels a, o, u, in word-final position, and before consonants, except j. Many
speakers have lost this distinction and pronounce the letter as a palatal consonant, as in the
English words million and billiards. This pronunciation merges with that of the sequence lj, and,
as a consequence, many speakers do not always know whether a word is written with or .

3: Listen and practice these sounds in the following words:

, , ,
, ,

[ before the back vowels , , and u (Cyrillic , , )]

[ before the front vowels i and (Cyrillic , )]

, , ,

[ before the back vowels , , u (Cyrillic , , ) and in syllable

final position]

1.2.4 Unaspirated stops

In English, when we pronounce k, p, and t we produce a puff of air at the moment of release of
the sound. This aspiration is not present when k, p, and t are preceded by s. If you place your
hand in front of your mouth and pronounce the pairs of words pit spit, kit skit, tick stick,
you will be able to detect the difference. In Macedonian, these sounds are never accompanied by
aspiration.
1.2.5 Voiced and voiceless consonants
In order to learn Macedonian pronunciation and to understand many spelling conventions,
you need to understand the difference between voiced and voiceless consonants. Your voice is
produced by the vibration of your vocal chords, which are located in your larynx at the front of
your neck. When we make vowel sounds, our vocal chords vibrate. If you put your hand over
your larynx while pronouncing a long vowel sound, you can feel this vibration. When we make
consonant sounds, the vocal chords may or may not vibrate, producing two different sounds;
compare, for example, [s] and [z]. If you make these sounds with your fingers on your larynx,
you can feel the difference. In other words, when we make so-called voiced consonants we
are allowing our vocal chords to vibrate, whereas there is no vibration in the pronunciation of
voiceless consonants. In the following consonant pairs, the first member of each pair is voiced,
while the second is voiceless:
, , , , , , , ,

There are two very important rules of Macedonian pronunciation based on the voiced/voiceless
opposition:
1. At the ends of words, voiced consonants become voiceless:
: [rop]; [lep]
: [brek]; [mik]
: [ma]; [no]

: [laf]; [igraf]
: [grat]; [mlat]
: [pras]; [mras]

Note that the letter s never occurs in word-final position, and the letters , almost never occur
in word-final position.

4: Listen and pronounce the following words. Be sure to make the final consonant
voiceless.

2. When consonants occur next to one another in a word, in general they must all be either
voiced or voiceless, depending on the last consonant. This is called regressive assimilation of
voicing, because it operates backward from the end of the group of consonants and makes all the
consonants similar to the last one, so that the whole cluster is either all voiced or all voiceless.
In Macedonian, this influences both pronunciation and spelling. Let us look at a few examples
where the spelling of a root changes when a suffix is added:

horn
hill
town
groom

little horn
hillock
small town
wedding

There are, however, several exceptions to this rule. The spelling of the consonant does not
change even though the pronunciation does:
1. The consonant doesnt change, e.g., [ftori], [orefe].
[Note also that although /v/ is voiced, it does not cause voicing of a preceding consonant:
[svoj] not *[zvoj] or [zatvor] not *[zadvor]
2. remains before the suffix -: [gratski]
3. The feminine definite article - does not alter the spelling of feminine nouns ending in a
consonant, e.g., [r] rye, [rta] the rye, [zop] oats, [zopta] the oats

1.3 Stress (accent)

In general, Macedonian has fixed antepenultimate (i.e., third-from-the-last syllable) stress on
words of three or more syllables, and on the first or only syllable of shorter words, e.g., ,
, , , s. The placement of the stress on the antepenultimate syllable
is so central to Macedonian that when suffixes, such as the plural ending or definite article, are
added to the word, the stress will move, e.g.:

salesman; salesmen; the salesmen

There are exceptions to the antepenultimate rule, primarily due to borrowings from other
languages, e.g., , , , etc. This includes many foreign place
names, e.g. . The shift of stress to the antepenultimate in foreign words, e.g.,
, is considered substandard. In borrowed nouns in which the stress is on a syllable
other than the antepenultimate, the stress will not shift when suffixes are added, e.g.:
parliament parliaments the parliaments
In the vocabularies for each chapter, stress will not be marked on nouns that have
antepenultimate stress. On words with stress on other syllables, the accented vowel will be typed
in bold face.
5a: Look at the list of temperatures in European cities given in a Macedonian newspaper
and answer the following questions. Degrees are in centigrade:
:

20
18
13
18
17
11

28
3
14
20
17
15

1. Is the temperature higher in Stockholm or Paris?

2. What is the temperature in Belgrade?
3. What English city is listed?
4. Which city has the lowest temperature? Which the highest?
5: Who are these famous people?
1. J
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8. M
9.

1.4 Cognates
Macedonian shares many words with English. Some of these words are cognates, that is, they
are descended from the same Indo-European source, while other words were borrowed into
Macedonian from various western European languages.

6: Listen and repeat the following words. If the stress does not fall on the
antepenultimate syllable, the stressed vowel is in boldface:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. e
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.

Compare the same list in italics:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. e
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.

7: You are beginning to make your own Macedonian dictionary. Find the Macedonian
words in the list above that match their English translation below and write the
number next to the appropriate word:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.

computer
tourist
taxi
sandwich
student
hamburger
theatre
restaurant
park
museum

K.
L.
M.
M.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.

coffee
interview
bank
university
tennis
sister
radio
jazz
pizza
centre

1.5 Alphabetical order

If you are not familiar with the order of the letters in the alphabet, it will be extremely difficult
and time-consuming to use a dictionary. Therefore, you should take some time now to master the
alphabet.
Note the position in the alphabet of , , , and . These letters arose from the combination of ,
, , and , with j respectively, so they occur in predictable sequences: , , , .

8: Put the following words into alphabetical order:

, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, -, , ,

1.6 Writing Macedonian

In Macedonia, like elsewhere, less and less is handwritten. More often people are using
computers, and typewritten text is the norm. Notes, personal letters, homework, etc. are of
course, still hand-written. Below is one style of Macedonian cursive letters. Look at the examples
following to see other styles.

9: Write the number of the word next to the letter that corresponds to it in the written
text, as in the examples:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
.
.
.
s.
.
.
.
.
.
.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

. 17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. e
28.
9

10: Study the Macedonian handwriting in the table above and the samples here, then
write in script the names of the Macedonian cities given below and the cities in
5, given here below, in script.
, , , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , ,
,

11: Read the names of the cities given below and match them with the appropriate
license plate city code in Latin letters!
. . . . . . e.

1. ___

2. ___

3. ___

4. ___

5. ___

6. ___

7. ___
10

2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

Introductions and Occupations

Subject pronouns
Present tense of verbs, introduction
Present tense of the verb to be
Gender of nouns
Interrogatives
Conjunctions

!
! .
. . .
. .
. .
. . .
.
. . .
.
1:
Answer the following questions:
1. ?
3. / ?
5. /?

2. ?
4. /?
6. /?

2.1. Subject pronouns

Singular

Plural

1st person

we

2nd person

you

you

3rd person

he
she
it

they

Macedonian, unlike English, but similar to other European languages, has two different words
for you. is used when addressing close friends, children, animals, and God. is used
when addressing elders, teachers, and people with whom you are not acquainted. The usage
roughly corresponds to our first-name basis, namely, if you would address someone by first
name, you probably will address them as , but if you address them by last name and title, e.g.
Dr. Markovski, Prof. Ivanovska, you will address that person by . The form is also used
to address more than one person, cf. you guys, or you all in colloquial English.

11

2.2 Present tense of verbs, introduction

Macedonian verbs agree with their subject, i.e. there are special endings for I, you (sg.), he/she/
it; we, you (plural and polite), and they. In the next chapter we will introduce the three different
conjugation patterns in the present tense. In this chapter you will only work with two verbs,
to be called and the irregular verb to be, introduced in the next section. Because
Macedonian has lost the infinitive, i.e. the form corresponding to to be, to be called, most
verbs are listed in the third person singular he/she/it form. The only exception is the verb
which is listed in the first person I form. More details will be given in the next lesson.
For this lesson, you will work with verb forms for . Note that in this verb is a special
invariant reflexive particle. You will learn many Macedonian verbs that are composed of this
particle and the verb.

//

Because the Macedonian verb itself signals who is the subject of the verb, the personal pronouns
are generally omitted. The pronouns are used if the pronoun is being stressed in some way or in
the third person if it is not clear from context who is the subject of the verb.

2.3 Present tense of the verb to be

Again, as with the verb to be called above, notice that each person has its own special
form of the verb. This is not so in English, compare:
.
You are here.

.
We are here.

You are here.

.
They are here.

In English the verb are stays in the same form in the plural. In the sentences below the
Macedonian forms are clear who the subject is, while the English verbs arent:
. . .
are here. [who is?]
Forms of the verb to be do not usually occur as the first word in a sentence. The sentence ?
, for example, is ungrammatical and sounds strange to native speakers.

12

2: :
Fill in according to the example:
: .
1. ____ .
2. ____ .
3. ____ .
4. ____ .
5. ____ .

6. ____ .
7. ____ .
8. J ____ .
9. ____ .
10. ____ .

2.4 Gender of nouns

The noun is a grammatical term that has been traditionally defined as the name of a person, place
or thing. In fact, the term is broader and covers also words designating concepts and actions, e.g.
beauty, running.
In English, gender is, for the most part, based on reality, and is grammatically marked only in
the third-person singular pronouns. This means that in English male beings are masculine and
referred to as he, female beings are feminine and referred to as she and everything else is neuter
and is referred to as it. In Macedonian, as in French, German, Spanish, Russian and many other
languages, nouns have grammatical gender; that is, each noun is considered masculine, feminine
or neuter. You must know the gender of each noun since gender helps determine the form of the
definite article, the form of the plural, the shape of adjectives, pronouns and some verb forms.
In Macedonian, nouns belong to one of three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine or
neuter. Gender of the noun is usually determined by the final letter of the word. Most exceptions
are masculine nouns ending in a vowel designating male relations, male proper names, or
occupations.
2.4.1 Masculine nouns
We can group masculine nouns into six categories. Keep in mind that most masculine nouns
belong to the first three groups, while the others involve a very few words. You will not need
to know all the words given here, but you should learn the different categories of nouns now
since all types will be covered in later vocabulary lists.
1. Masculine nouns most typically end in a consonant, e.g.:
university, brother, engineer, student,
Macedonian
2. Masculine nouns may end in the vowel -. These nouns will be marked in the vocabulary ()
for masculine gender. Nouns in this category include some professions (many
ending in -) and personal names, but in all instances they refer to human subjects:
, , judge, relative, colleague
3. A small number of masculine kinship terms, several personal names and a few pejoratives
(i.e. nicknames with negative qualities) ending in - and - are masculine, here again, in all
instances they refer to human subjects:
13

grandfather, father, , lazybones,

cry baby, whiner
4. Masculine nouns may end in -. This group includes a small number of masculine nouns,
typically diminutives (i.e. special forms for expressing emotional colouring, usually smallness,
youth, affection; cf. Pauly, Susie, Daddy); also personal names, and some foreign borrowings:
daddy, male personal names: , , ; attache
5. All the months of the year are masculine including those ending in -:
, , , , , , ,
, , , ,
6. A very small group of borrowings into Macedonian belong to the masculine gender but end in
vowels other than those listed above. These words often refer to humans, e.g.:
guru
2.4.2 Neuter nouns
1. Almost all neuter nouns end in - or -:
radio, movie theatre, child
2. Foreign words ending in a vowel and which do not refer to humans are typically neuter. Nouns
that do not end in -o or -e and are neuter will be marked () neuter gender.
interview, taxi, kiwi
2.4.3 Feminine nouns
1. The vast majority of feminine nouns end in -a:
sister, book, Macedonian (female)
2. There is a small class of feminine nouns ending in a consonant. These must be memorized, and
will be designated (), feminine gender in the vocabulary lists. Abstract nouns
ending in -, e.g. , comprise a sizable class of nouns in this category.
nationality, joy, happiness
Note also several words designating times of day or seasons:
night, evening, spring, autumn
3a: Help Branko identify the gender of the following nouns and put the list in
alphabetical order:

14

(mans name)

watchmaker
(mans name)

3: Identify the gender of the nouns in 1, 6.

4: ? What is this called in Macedonian?
) Write the appropriate noun under each picture and identify its gender:
, , , , , , , , ,

() 1.

______ 2.

______ 3. ______4.

______ 5.

______ 7.

______ 8.

______ 9.

______ 10.

______ 6.

2.5 Interrogatives
There are several ways to form questions in Macedonian.
2.5.1 Questions can begin with a question word such as:
K? Who?, ? What?, ? When?, ? Where?, etc.
? .

Who is this? This is Branko.

? .

Where is he? He is in Toronto.

? .

What is this? This is a university.

As you can see in the above questions, the question word typically comes at the beginning of the
sentence. While in English a preposition can come at the end of a question, e.g. Where are you
from?, in Macedonian the preposition must precede the question word:
15

?
Notice also that the subject of the verb will come after the verb in neutral interrogative sentence
word order:
?
.
2.5.2. Yes-No questions
Yes-No questions are questions that invite yes or no as a response. Here we will review yes-no
questions with the verb . In the next chapter you will learn more structures with other verbs.
1. rising intonation
A declarative sentence can be turned into a question simply using rising intonation, cf.
.
He is in Toronto.

?
Is he in Toronto?

2.
The sentence can begin with the question particle . Usually the verb will follow the
question word:
?
Is Branko in Toronto?
3. interrogative particle
If a particular element in the sentence is questioned, the part of the sentence emphasized will
be put at the beginning of the sentence, followed by the interrogative particle :
?
Is Branko in Toronto?

?
Is it Branko who is in Toronto?

Note: Remember the verb to be cannot occur at the beginning of a sentence. So a question
such as: * ? is ungrammatical.
It is extremely important that you pay attention to the use of the interrogative particles and
. These interrogative particles are actively used in Macedonian. English has no equivalent
expressions for these and while the words are not translatable into English, you must be aware of
the different ways they can be used to emphasize a particular sentence element and the way they
change word order.
2.5.3 Negative answers
When a yes-no question is answered negatively, the negative word no, is used, followed by
a short pause, then the negative particle is placed before the verb, e.g.
?
, . .
?
, . .
16

5a: .
Listen to the following dialogues.
1.
: .
: .
: ?
: J .
: ?
: .
: ?
: J .
: .
: .
2.
: .
: .
: ?
: J .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: , . J .
.
: .

3.
: .
: . ,
?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: , .
: . .
: .

5: Now, working according to the above models, read the following sentences and then create
dialogues based on the following four texts.
1. . . . .
2. . . . .
3. J . J . .
.
4. . . .

2.6 Conjunctions
There are two conjunctions that express the idea of and in Macedonian. If the two things to be
conjoined are considered to be equivalent, the conjunction is used; if there is some sort of
contrast, the conjunction is used. A comma always precedes the conjunction . Compare the
following:

17

J .
I am a student and he is a student.

J , .
I am a college student and/but he is a [primary or
secondary school] student

Note that in the second example can be translated as and or but in English, depending on
the degree of contrast or similarity the speaker wishes to make. Context will determine if the
conjunction is best translated as and or but. The conjunction is also used to introduce
questions as in the following:
J , ?
, ?
6: , :
Fill in according to the example, insert or [add commas where necessary]
: J _______ .
J .
1. ______ .
2. _____ .
3. ___ .
4. _______ .
5. _______ .

Nouns
, 1 Australian (male/
female)
Australians
() 1 lawyer
2, 1 American (male/
female)
Americans
England
, 1 English (male/
female)
drugstore
1 architect
grandmother
whiteboard
brother
door
city
eraser; rubber
grandfather
country

name
1 engineer
, 1 Canadian (male/
female)
Canadians
movie theatre
school desk, bench
chalk
() 1 doctor
mother
2, 1 Macedonian (male/
female)
Macedonians
pencil
, 1 teacher in middle
school, teacher
3 nationality
() night
pen
last name
2 window

18

profession
() 1 high school teacher, professor
radio
sister
, 1 office worker
chair
() 1 student
(), () 1 judge
board; blackboard
father
television
notebook
university
, 1 student (primary and
secondary)
() 1 school teacher
form, application
Verbs
4 to be called
(s)he, it is
they are
you (informal) are
we are
you (formal and plural) are
I am
Prepositions
, in
at; to; of
by, along
Adverbs
good
where
how
here

Personal pronouns
, , , , 6 I, you, he, she, it
, , we, you, they
, , 7 short form pronouns (see below)
who
what
Expressions
Thank you
Thank you very much.
. please
! Good afternoon!
! Good Evening!
! Good morning!
Good-bye! See you!
! Hello; hi!
! Im delighted (to meet you)!
. I am pleased
to meet you.
5 Goodbye!; Enjoy!; Bon apptit!
/ ? What is your
nationality?
/ ? What is your
profession?
?/ ?4 What is
your name?
Other words
Particle used to introduce new topic
yes
interrogative particle; whether
8 Aegean Macedonia
/9 mothers/fathers name
interrogative particle
9 place of residence
no; marker of negation
this [neuter singular]
USA

Conjunctions
and, but
and; also

19

Notes to the vocabulary

1. You will notice that many, but not all, terms designating professions and nationalities have
separate forms for male and female gender. Most often the suffix - is added to the masculine
form to yield the corresponding feminine form, e.g.: , ,
. If the noun ends in -, the - changes to a before the suffix is
added: . Some nouns have a separate suffix, e.g. .
Although some professions have different forms for male and female, just as in English, the male
form may be used for both, cf. the use of English: She is an actor.
2. There are some Macedonian nouns and adjectives that have fleeting vowels, i.e. a vowel which
appears in some forms, in the case of nouns, in the singular, but disappears in others, in the case
of nouns, in the plural: , . There are also adjectives and some verb forms
with a fleeting vowel. You will learn more about this in later chapters. Note here, however, that
any word with a fleeting vowel will have that vowel underlined, e.g singular window,
plural .
3. The noun can also mean ethnic minority when talking about different ethnic
groups in Macedonia.
4. The present tense of verbs will be covered in the next chapter. Here note that verbs will agree
with their subject and that there are many verbs in Macedonian like that are made up of
two parts: the verb, and the particle . This is not related to the verb to be, e.g. They
are. These are called reflexive verbs or betterintransitive verbsand you will learn more
about them later. For now, just learn the verbs and expressions as listed in the vocabulary. In
many instances the particle will not be translated into English.
5. The word is derived from the adjective pleasant. It is used in a variety
of ways. Some of its most common uses are: when saying goodbye, finishing a telephone
conversation, before starting to eat to wish everyone at the table a pleasant meal, cf. French Bon
apptit!
6. There is a great deal of regional variation in all forms of the pronouns. For example, in Skopje
and other regions you will hear in place of the subject pronouns given here the forms: he,
a she, o it, they. This introductory textbook cannot cover all variation, but you
should be aware of the fact that pronoun usage will vary across Macedonian linguistic territory.
7. The short form pronouns , , will be treated in greater detail in a later chapter. Learn
them now to express possession with close relatives, e.g. my grandmother,
your mother, your grandfather.
8. Grandmother is from Aegean Macedonia. Since the partition of Macedonia after the second
Balkan War in 1913, the region of Macedonia located in Greece is termed Aegean Macedonia
. The region located in Bulgaria is termed Pirin Macedonia
. The region now the Republic of Macedonia is termed Vardar Macedonia
.

20

9. In the exercise that follows, 7, you will fill in an official form. Here the preposition
is used in its possessive function: name of mother; mothers name;
name of father. Compare also, place of residence.

7a: .
Listen to the dialogue and fill in the first questionnaire. The text of the conversation
is in the answer key at the back of the textbook.
1

(, )

________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

(, )

________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

(, )

________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

7: .
Converse with someone else in your group and fill in the second questionnaire.
The following tables give some common Macedonian names and their nicknames:
Female names

()
()
()

()

(, , )
(, )

()
()
()
()
, (,
)
()
()

21

(
()

()

Male names
(, ,
)

(, )
()
(, )
(, )

()
()
, ()

J ()
()

()

()

()

(, )
(, )
()

8: Brankos friend Steve is trying to learn some Macedonian words.

Unfortunately his flashcards fell on the floor. Help him sort out the cards by matching
the English and Macedonian:
1.

A. high school teacher, professor

2. please

B.

3.

C. thank you

4.

D.

5. sister

E.

6. What's your name?

F.

7.

G. brother

8. father

H. ?

9.

I. doctor

10. city

J.

11.

K. judge

12. Hello

L. mother

9: !
Get acquainted with the other students!
9: Read the following short dialogue. Then, working in pairs, introduce yourselves to each
other, asking your names, where you are from, and your profession.
: J . J . ?
: . J . .
9: Now, working in small groups, introduce your partner to the others as in the example:
:
, . .
: .
: .
22

9: Now, continue the conversation by asking each other questions about where they live, their
profession, etc. The following list of professions may help you. These are not for active
knowledge, but for interest:
- auto mechanic
lawyer
administrator
() actor
architect
banker
barber
businessman
() librarian
locksmith
veterinarian
plumber
driver
cook
economist
electrician
dentist
farmer
s builder, mason
engineer
() doctor
nurse
musician

journalist
firefighter
politician
police officer
lawyer
() sales clerk
() professor; high school teacher
, worker
administrator (more common than
)
watchmaker (cf. )
painter, photographer
employee; civil servant
carpenter
judge
technician
() teacher
() hairdresser
() cleaner
watchmaker
() tailor, seamstress
driver, chauffeur

10: .
Translate the following sentences into Macedonian.
1. My mother is an American. By profession she is a doctor.
2. Is your sisters name Marija? Yes.
3. What nationality is your grandfather? He is Canadian. He is in Toronto.
4. What is your name? Tom McDonald. What is your nationality? I am Canadian.
What is your profession? I am a doctor.
Who is this? This is my brother. He is a judge.
5. Where are you from? We are from the USA.
6. Stojan is a student and Branko is a student, but Biljana is a [university] student.
7. Branko, this is Pavle. He is from Macedonia. Hello! I am pleased to meet you.

23

11: Vesna is inviting people to a party. Can you match her hand-written list with the
numbers on the list she typed to her friend in an email? One is done for you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

24

3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7

Actions and Attributes

Plural of masculine and feminine nouns
Adjectives
Plural of adjectives
Present tense of verbs
Negation of verbs
/
Numbers 020

. .
.
. . a
. .
. . J
, -,

1.
, .

1: :
Answer the following questions:
1. ?
3. ?
5. ?
7. ?
9. ?

2. ? , ?
4. ?
6. ?
8. ? ?
10. ?

. . j .
. .
. . .
j.
. ,
2.

Olivera Nikolova (1936)Macedonian author. Zoki Poki is a widely read classic of childrens literature.
Petre Andreevski (19342006)Macedonian author.

1
2

25

2: :
Answer the following questions about Mira:
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?

5. ?
6. ?
7. -?
8. ?

9. ?
10.
?

3.1 Plural of masculine and feminine nouns

There are a number of possible endings for the plural of nouns. In this chapter we will introduce
the plural forms for masculine and feminine nouns. There are a small number of very common
irregular nouns whose endings must be learned separately. Irregular plurals will be given in the
vocabulary lists in parentheses marked (.) for plural.
You have learned that the majority of Macedonian words have stress on the antepenultimate
syllable, that is the third syllable from the end of the word. Keep this in mind as you learn the
plural forms of nouns. When a new syllable is added at the end of the word this will have an
effect on the placement of stress since the stress will move to the antepenultimate syllable. This
rule does not typically apply to recent borrowings that tend to maintain a fixed stress. Words that
have fixed or irregular stress will have the stress marked in bold face in the vocabularies.
3.1.1 Plural of masculine nouns
Group 1: masculine nouns of more than one syllable ending in a consonant.
The vast majority of masculine nouns belong to this group. These nouns end in a consonant and
the noun itself is more than one syllable. These nouns add the ending - directly to the singular
form:
, ,
One common exception to this rule must be memorized:
person people
Note here the three-syllable word . In the singular the first syllable is stressed. When
the plural suffix - is added the stress will shift: .
There is an important consonant change that affects nouns in this category, a change that reflects
an historical change in Macedonian. If the singular form of the masculine noun ends in the velar
consonants -, -, or - these will change to -, -, and - respectively before adding the plural
ending. While you must learn all three mutations, bear in mind that the alternation - to - is by
far the most common. Below are examples of all three:
, adverb , success
In the last lesson you were introduced to fleeting vowels. Some nouns in Group 1 display this
alternation. All of the nouns you have seen so far with a fleeting vowel have the suffix -, e.g.
, pl. , also , and , . Fleeting
vowels will be underlined in the glossaries, e.g. .
26

3: :
Put the following nouns into the plural:
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.

13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.

Group 2: masculine nouns ending in -a

The ending - is also used to form the plural of masculine nouns ending in -. The - suffix is
dropped and replaced by -. The velar consonants do not mutate.
colleague, pl. (note the change of to does not occur here)
judge, pl. (note the letter is dropped before the ending )
Group 3: monosyllabic masculine nouns
Most masculine nouns of only one syllable add the ending -, (or -, see below).
city, pl. ; bread, pl. ; park, pl.
We must note several types of exceptions: a. nouns of more than one syllable that take this
ending, b. several monosyllabic nouns that should, but do not take this ending, and c. those that
take the alternate ending -.
a. The two nouns of more than one syllable that take this ending are given below. Note both of
these nouns have a fleeting vowel that drops when the plural suffix is added:
fire ; wind
b. Several very common monosyllabic nouns are exceptions to this rule. In this lesson you will
learn two:
brother brothers
husband; man husbands; men
c. There is an important subclass that may take the alternate ending -. This group
consists of nouns ending in -, -, -, -.
1. Nouns ending in -, -, and - may end in either - or -,
.g.: hedgehog /, basket /
2. Nouns ending in - take only the ending - and drop the -j before the
ending, e.g.: tea ; number
Group 4: masculine nouns ending in -o
The class of masculine nouns ending in - is made up primarily of male terms of relation. These
nouns take the plural ending -:

27

4: :
Put the following nouns into the plural and then in alphabetical order:

3.1.2 Plural of feminine nouns

Almost all feminine nouns take the plural ending -; those ending in - drop the - before adding
the ending -.
book
girl
nationality
Note that the consonant mutations affecting masculine nouns do not apply to feminine nouns, cf.
masc. worker, pl. / fem. , pl. .
There are two exceptions in the feminine that must be learned:
hand, arm
foot, leg
5: :
Put the following nouns into the plural and then arrange them in alphabetical order.

3.2 Adjectives
Adjectives, with the exception of a small class of invariant adjectives, must agree with the gender
and number of the noun they modify. In English, we do not have grammatical gender so we are
not concerned about agreement between adjective and noun, cf.: a green house, green houses;
a young man, a young woman, young people. In each of these phrases the adjective green or
young does not change.
In Macedonian adjectives must be both the same gender and number as the noun they modify, i.e.
either singular or plural.
Let us take a few adjectives and see how they change to agree with nouns of each gender:
tall
beautiful
new

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

As you can see in the above examples, adjectives will generally end in a consonant if they
refer to a masculine noun; - if they refer to a feminine noun; - if they refer to a neuter noun.
Adjectives also have a plural form that will be discussed later in this chapter.

28

3.2.1 Fleeting vowels

You have already been introduced to the concept of fleeting vowels. This vowel-zero alternation
is a result of an historical change in Slavic languages, leaving traces in all modern Slavic
languages. In Macedonian, as noted in 2, there are a number of adjectives, some nouns,
and several verb forms, which have this so-called fleeting vowel, or vowel-zero alternation.
In the masculine singular form of adjectives with a fleeting vowel, the vowel comes between the
final two consonants. This consonant disappears or flees before adding the feminine, neuter,
and plural endings. Look at the following examples:

In the vocabulary lists fleeting vowels will be underlined, e.g.: . Fleeting vowels are fairly
easy to predict. Most adjectives ending in -, - (but not those derived from verbs, which
will be discussed later), and - will have a fleeting vowel, though there are several common
exceptions, e.g. given above. Look at some more examples of adjectives with fleeting
vowels:




sweet tea

In the last two examples you will notice the change of to and to . This is due to the rule
cited in the first chapter, namely when two consonants occur beside each other in a word both
must be voiced or voiceless. This is reflected in the spelling. Consult 1 for more details.
In the glossaries, the masculine and feminine forms will be given to remind you of this consonant
shift.
3.2.2 Masculine adjectives ending in -
There is a class of adjectives that end in - in the masculine singular form, but which are
otherwise regular:

6: Make the adjective agree in gender with the noun it modifies:

______
______
______
______
______

______
______
______
______
______

29

______
______
______
______
______

3.2.3 The number one,

The number one, , is an adjective with a fleeting vowel. It agrees in gender with the noun it
modifies: , , . The number one also functions in some contexts as
the indefinite article a; a certain when something specific but unidentified is mentioned. In the
opening text of this chapter you read: , i.e. Mira
has a book (something specific but here unidentified) by Petre Andreevski.
7: :
Translate the following sentences into Macedonian:
1. My grandmother is old.
2. Your grandfather is old.
3. My sister is young.
4. I am a Macedonian.
5. You are in Toronto.
6. They are in Skopje.

7. Chicago is a big city.

8. Skopje is an old city.
9. Brajchino is a small village.
10. Stojan is a good brother.
11. Toronto is an interesting city.
12. This is sweet coffee.

3.3 Plural of adjectives

In the plural there is no distinction in gender. The same plural adjective form will be used with
masculine, feminine and neuter plural nouns. The ending - is added to the stem. If the adjective
has a fleeting vowel it will drop out before adding the - suffix as well as the feminine suffix -a,
and the neuter suffix -o. Compare the forms below. Note the fleeting vowel in the first example.
Note also how gender is marked in the singular adjective, but not the plural:

Adjectives ending in -, e.g. have the same form in the masculine singular and
in the plural:

8: Below is a list of nouns and a series of adjectives. Mark an X beside the adjectives
that match the number and gender of the noun given, as in the example:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

30

9: :
Put the following phrases into the plural:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

3.4 Present tense of verbs

Macedonian has lost the infinitive form of the verb, the form which corresponds to English
to read, to write, Russian , ; or Spanish leer, escribir. Macedonian verbs can be
divided into three groups, or stem classes, according to the final vowel of the third-person
singular, that is, the form which corresponds to (s)he reads. These three classes are: -stem, stem and -stem.
Examples: -stem: ,
-stem: ,
-stem: ,
3.4.1 Formation of present tense of verbs
The present tense endings of Macedonian verbs are highly regular and you will have little
difficulty in conjugating verbs. The following endings are added to the basic stem, which is the
third-person form listed above.
1 person
2nd person
3rd person
st

Singular
-
-
-#

Plural
-
-
-

Note: the symbol # is used to designate a zero ending, i.e. nothing is added to the stem. See the
sample conjugations below for examples.
To form the first-person singular, the form, the stem vowel is dropped before adding the
ending -.
-
j-
-

j-

() -
() -
() -

In the a-stem verbs the third plural ending is added after the stem vowel, e.g.
-

() --

31

In -stem and -stem verbs, however, the vowels and truncate, i.e. are dropped, before the
ending in the third-plural ending -:
-
-

() -
() -

The only irregularities in the present tense conjugation are the verb , which you have already
mastered, and the verb to know which has the first singular form , rather than the
expected form *.
Verbs are listed in dictionaries according to the form of the third-person singular. This is the
citation form of the verb and all verbs will be given in the vocabulary lists in this form. The
only exception to this rule is the verb to be, which you learned in 2, which has the first
person singular, , as the citation form.
Study the following examples before completing the exercise:
A-stem
read

talk; speak

-stem
do; make

go

stand

E-stem
drink

eat

In these sample conjugations you will notice that there are some spelling and accent conventions
that must be observed:

32

1. In pronouncing the third-plural of -stem verbs, keep in mind that both s are separate
syllables; thus the third plural of is pronounced with the stress on the
antepenultimate syllable : ---.
2. The letter is always written in Macedonian between and , as in the and forms
of the verb : , . But, -j is not written before and : , . In verbal
conjugation, is also written between and , as in the and forms of : ,
. Similarly, in verbal conjugations j is written between and , e.g. to poison: j
, , .
10:
Put the verbs in parentheses into the present tense:
1. ___________ () .
2. ___________ () .
3. ___________ () .
4. J ___________ () .
5. ___________ () .
6. ___________ () ___________ () .
7. ___________ () .
8. ___________ () .
9. ___________ () .
10. ___________ () .
11. ___________ () , .
3.4.2 Uses of the present tense, introduction
The present tense is usually used to describe actions, e.g. I speak or states, e.g. I am, that
occur at the time of speaking. Macedonian does not have a special verb form that corresponds
to the English present progressive, e.g. He is working. The same present tense form
could mean either Tanas works or Tanas is working.

3.5 Negation of verbs

To negate most verbs, place the negative particle before the verb. In answering questions the
typical response is:
, (pause) + verb:
? , .
Do you speak Macedonian? No, I dont speak Macedonian.
? , .
Do you know where your mother is? No, I dont know.
Notice the placement of with verbs like . The negative particle precedes the
particle :
? , , .
? , , .
33

3.5.1
The only exception to this rule of negation is the verb have. The negative form of this verb
is .
?
, .
Do you have work today?
No, I dont.
?
, .
Do you have a new radio?
No, we dont.
11: , , ,
. .
A relative, Uncle Ilija, is conversing with Branko, he asks him about his family.
Answer the questions below for Branko.
1. : ?
: , , .
2. : ?
: _________________
3. : ?
: ____________________
4. : ?
: _____________________
5. : ?
: ______________________
6. : ?
: __________________________
!

Ohrid gate

12: :
1. -?
2. J ?
3. ?
4. ?

5. ?
6. ?
7. , ?

12: Now ask people in the class the same questions above and fill in the blanks below:
/ :
Find a student in the group who:
-: ________________
x: ________________
: ________________
: ________________
: ________________
: ________________

34

13: :
1. I speak English and Macedonian.
2. Where is Branko going? I dont know.
3. They live in a beautiful house on Garden Street.
4. Mira lives in a new apartment in Skopje. Her sister lives in Toronto in an old house.
5. What are you doing? Nothing.
6. What are Biljana and Branko doing? They are reading something.
7. What are you doing today? I am working.
8. Your grandmother and grandfather are standing here.
9. We are drinking coffee and talking with your grandfather in a Macedonian restaurant.
10. Mira and Andrej are hungry. They are eating sandwiches.

3.6 /
Macedonian uses the third person singular of the verb to have to express the existence of
something. This Macedonian expression corresponds to German es gibt, French il y a, Spanish
hay. The verb is singular regardless of whether the noun phrase is singular or plural. The negative
form is .
Look at the following sentences:
.
, .
In Toronto there are good restaurants.
There are large parks and tall buildings, but there arent old buildings.
. . .
In Brajchino there arent good restaurants. There arent tall buildings. There are beautiful
houses and old streets.
?1 , . .
.
What is in the room? There is a small door, large windows, and a large blackboard. There are
no pictures. There are new desks.
14: :
Answer the following questions in the negative according to the model:
: -? , -.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?

6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. J ?

The form is comprised of the noun and the definite article -. This means the room [see
4 for details].

35

15: Write ten sentences describing what you have or do not have in your city using the
following vocabulary in the singular () and plural ().

3.7 Numbers 020

The Macedonian word for zero is . The number one is an adjective (see 3.2.3
above) and takes the gender of the noun it modifies:
, ,
There is also a plural form, , which means several, some, e.g.
some friends
The numeral two has two forms:
is used with masculine nouns;
is used with feminine and neuter nouns.
The numerals three and up are invariant; they do not have special forms for different genders.
Notice that the numbers eleven through nineteen are derived historically from the following:
one on ten two on ten, etc.
Because masculine nouns take a special counting form after numerals (which will be introduced
in 4), e.g. , , , you will only be expected to use numbers
here for arithmetic problems like those given below.
020:
0
1 , ,
2 ,
3
4
5

16
17
18
19
10

11
12
13
14
15

16
17
18
19
20

16: :
Write the exercises in words:
:
3 + 1 = 4 /
5 3 = 2 /
1. 7 + 4 =
2. 2 + 13 =
3. 18 + 1 =
4. 5 4 =
5. 16 5 =

16. 8 + 9 =
17. 3 + 5 =
18. 4 + 14 =
19. 10 8 =
10. 17 14 =

11. 4 + 2 =
12. 11 + 9 =
13. 12 8 =
14. 15 8 =
15. 9 7 =
36

16. 6 + 6 =
17. 3 + 15 =
18. 20 13 =
19. 19 8 =
20. 6 3 =

17: , o, , .
Listen to each question, answer, then listen to the answer and check your work.
:
: 3 + 8?
:
: 11
1. 6 + 5?
2. 19 + 1?
3. 13 + 4?
4. 12 + 6?

5. 2 + 7?
6. 5 2?
7. 14 10?

8. 20 5?
9. 18 9?
10. 3 3?

18: A folk dance club is on tour and the performers are staying in a hotel. The following
is the list with the names and the numbers of the rooms they are occupying in the
Hotel Palace in Tetovo.
, .
Discuss in groups of two, according to the model:
: ?
. .
A: Who is in room ten?
B: Lidia.

: ?
: ( ) .
A: In which room are Goran and Ilija?
B: In (room number) twelve.
-

1.
2.

15
9

3.

19

4.

10

5.

12

6.

7.

13

8.

14

9.

10.

20

11.

11

12.

17

13.

14.

15.

2
37

-x

18: , -x.
.
Now the folklore group is in a different hotel, the Metropol in Ohrid. Listen and write in the
table above who is in which room. Answers are in the key in the back of the book.

19a: . /

.
Some members from the folklore group have gone to restaurant. Listen to /read
the following restaurant orders and note down in which order the following written
orders are given.
____
1
3
2 -

____
1
1
2

____
1
1
2

waiter
1.

2.

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

: . ,
-.
: .
: ?
: .
: , .
: . , .
: -!
: , , , .

.
.
!?
.
.
?
.
, .
, ?
, .

3.
: .
: .
?
: , .
.
: , ,
.
: .
: , , . E
.
: .

38

19: . .
:
Working in pairs, create dialogues like those above. Take turns playing the waiter or the
person ordering. Here are the orders:
1
1
2 -
1 ()
2 ( )

1 ()
2 ()
1
1 -
1

Nouns
bank
businessman
(. ) brother
(. ) number
newspaper
(. ) wind
() evening
year
group
child

convenience store
store
wife; woman
building
language
coffee
waiter
book
-1 Coca-cola
house
39

bread
(. ) husband; man
museum
park
beer
pizza
1 store
() sales clerk
work
, worker; employee
restaurant
(, )2 relative
village

1 sandwich
picture; photo
room
juice
apartment
3 theatre
street
morning
x1 hamburger
hotel
tea
uncle
(. ) person (pl. people)

Adjectives
English
tall
tasty
good
hungry
large
one
interesting
Canadian
, , , which

5 Macedonian
small
young
() low; short
new
strong
() sweet
old
pretty
tired

Verbs
look at; see, watch
live
talk
( ) know (I know)
/ have/dont have; there is/there isnt
eat
go
drink

write
make, do
work
sit
stand
study
read

Adverbs
/6 today
how much/ how many
here

now
then

Prepositions
on
7 by

with

40

Conjunction
but
Pronouns
4 her [short form pronoun]
4 him [short form pronoun]

something
nothing

Expressions
. . . ? 8 How old is . . . ?
.8 He is ten years old.

? With whom is he/she

speaking?

Numbers
zero
, , ; one; some, several
, two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten

eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty

Notes to the vocabulary

1. Macedonian vocabulary has been enriched from a number of different languages during its history.
There are many words of Turkish, Arabic and Persian origin that entered the language through Turkish
during the Ottoman period. In many instances there exist doublets, i.e. words with similar meanings,
such as and , where one is of Turkish origin, the other Slavic. In general, the Turkish
words will have more colloquial colouring. In this lesson is of Turkish origin,
Slavic. English is the source of many new borrowings. In this vocabulary, note: , , and
.
2. There are a handful of nouns in Macedonian that have dual gender, i.e. they can be modified by
masculine or feminine adjectives, depending on the gender of the person to which they refer, eg.
, a relative.
3. The noun has a fleeting vowel.
4. The short pronouns and will be discussed in greater detail in a later chapter. For now, learn them
with their possessive meaning with close relatives, for example: his sister, her
sister. Remember to mark the accent on . This spelling convention is used to make a distinction between
the short pronoun and the conjunction and.

41

 3
5. In Macedonian names for nationalities are capitalized but adjectives derived from nationalities,
countries, city names, etc., are not; cf. English and Macedonian:
He is Macedonian. He speaks Macedonian.
. .
6. The two forms of today, and , have the same meaning. The form may be
slightly more colloquial.
7. In the last chapter you learned the preposition with the meaning from. You have also seen that
the preposition has multiple meanings. Prepositions are tricky because they have so many meanings
that are dependent on context. As you learn Macedonian you will discover the range of meanings that
individual prepositions have. When a new meaning of a preposition is encountered, the preposition will be
given again in the glossary with this new meaning.
8. In English we say we are a certain number of years old, in Macedonian one has a certain number of
years, cf.:
How old is Stojan? Stojan is nine years old.
? .

42

4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

Daily Routines
Adverbs
Plural of neuter nouns
Quantitative plural
Demonstrative adjectives
Definite articles
Definite direct objects and clitics
Possession
Conjunctions

:
: , ?
: , , .
: , ? ?
,
? ? ?
?
, , . , , .
.
. .
, .
. .
, . ! , ,
, .
, ! . , .
.
,

1: , :
Now state what is correct, and what is incorrect according to the email:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .

43

7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .

:
: . ? .
: , . !
: ? ?
: .
: , ?
: ! . ? ?
?
: , .
2: , ? .
In this exercise, explain which person in the first column has or doesnt have the items
in the last column. Write sentences like the example
: .

3: :
Answer the following questions:
1. ?
2. ?
3. ? ?
4. ?
5. ?

6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. ,
? , , , ,

44

4: . :
Liljana is talking with Biljana about the email.
Read the questions below and place them where they belong:
: ? ? ?
? , ? ?
: , , .
: 1___________________________________________?
: . .
: 2___________________________________________?
: . . .
.
: . Taa .
3
______________________________?
: , . .
.
: ! 4___________________________________________
: , , . .
: 5___________________________________________?
: . .
: 6___________________________________________
: , . .

4.1 Adverbs
Adverbs are words that tell how, when, or where an action takes place, for example:
well, only, sometimes, often sincerely,
always, usually, now outside, there. In Macedonian, many
adverbs of manner are identical to the neuter singular adjectival form. Compare the following
sentences:
.
.
.
.

Stojan is a good child.

He speaks Macedonian well.
Tanas is writing an interesting letter.
He writes interestingly.

4.2 Plural of neuter nouns

There are three types of neuter endings. They are given below:
1. The plural of neuter nouns ending in - is -. The singular - suffix is dropped before
adding -:

45

2. Neuter nouns ending in - generally drop the - and add the suffix -:

You have already learned an important exception to this rule:

3. Neuter nouns ending in - preceded by , , , or drop the - suffix and add -:
egg eggs
school schools
question questions
Remember: If the noun ends in -, when the - changes to - you must insert j between the
vowels according to Macedonian spelling rules:
magazine magazines
5: ? ,
!
Do you know the rules? Put the first group of nouns into the singular, and the second
group into the plural! (Most of the following nouns will be encountered in the textbook
in later chapters. They are not for active vocabulary here).
I Plural

Singular

II Singular

Plural

1. (seats)
2. (pieces)
3. a (suns)
4. (newborns)
5. ja (populations)
6. ja (recognitions)
7. a (appetizers)
8. a (hobbies)
9. a (building sites)
10. (wines)
11. (apples)
12. a (little dogs)
13. (tables)

1. (egg)
2. (haven)
3. (saints life)
4. (uprising)
5. (heart)
6. (friendship)
7. (pill, tablet)
8. (baby)
9. (experience)
10. (harbor)
11. (bathroom)
12. (lake)
13. (pen)

46

4.2.1 Summary of plurals

You have now learned the plurals for all three genders. The table below gives a brief summary of
the major forms. See Section 3.1 in 3 and 4.2 above for more details on formation and
major exceptions
Gender

Ending in Singular

Plural endings

Examples

Masculine

consonant and more than one

syllable, or -a

consonant and monosyllabic

-/

-o

Feminine

-a or a consonant

Neuter

-, -, , ,

-e

, , ,
,

6: :
Put the following nouns into the plural and place them in alphabetic order:
: , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
: , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
: , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,

4.3 Quantitative plural

You have now learned how to form the plural of most nouns. In addition to those forms, there
is a special plural form used with masculine nouns after quantifiers and numerals. The suffix -
is added to the masculine noun. Note that the addition of this suffix does not cause the loss of a
fleeting vowel. Not all speakers of Macedonian use the quantitative plural consistently; often,
the regular plural form is used instead. The quantitative plural is particularly common with
frequently used counted masculine nouns, such as: , hour, month, son,
e.g. , , .
Here are some of the environments where the quantitative plural is more likely to be used.
1. The quantitative plural should be used after the number two and the quantifier
several, e.g. , .

47

2. The quantitative plural may be used with other numbers; this is particularly common when
counting monosyllabic masculine nouns between two and ten, e.g.
, .
7: Complete the table below contrasting the regular plural, the , with
the quantitative plural, the .

4.4 Demonstrative adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives are used to point out which object is the focus of our attention. In
English, we use two demonstratives which refer to objects close to the speaker: this or distant
from the speaker: that, e.g. I am reading this book. Please give me that cup. In Macedonian,
there are three different forms: , , and . These correspond roughly to:

which?
this (close to the speaker)
that (far from the speaker and listener)
that (far from the speaker but close to the listener; see note below)

The demonstrative adjective is the most neutral of the three and often will be used in a
narrative to mean that which we are talking about, rather than to designate a spatial relationship.
The forms of these adjectives are slightly different from regular adjectives. Note the forms below
carefully:
.
.
.
.

?
?
?
?

.
.
.
, .
, .
. .

48

8: :
Note: Because English does not differentiate and , use the demonstrative given in
parentheses for translating English that, those.
1. These buildings are in Toronto.
2. Those people are Macedonians. ()
3. This university is new.
4. These teachers are young.
5. This village is small, but that one is big. ()
6. Those cities are beautiful. ()
7. That professor is an interesting person. ()
8. Who are those people? ()
9. This city is beautiful.
10. This book is interesting, but that one is not interesting. ()
4.4.1 Neuter singular forms
The neuter singular forms, which were introduced in 2., are used in sentences in which
the speaker is defining something, e.g., This is my grandmother: . In this usage,
the neuter form does not agree with gender and number since it stands alone as the subject of the
sentence. Look at the following examples:
.
.
.
?
? .
? , .

4.5 Definite articles

A noun, or noun phrase, is definite when it has been already specified or defined in a
conversation. In English, nouns that are viewed as definite are preceded by the definite article
the. It occurs as a separate word before the noun or the noun phrase:
The book is on the table.
The students are waiting.
The flowering trees are in blossom.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
Macedonian nouns, and noun phrases, can also be made definite. However, unlike the English
definite article, the definite article is attached to the end of a word.

49

As you start to learn Macedonian, you will note differences in usage in the definite article
between English and Macedonian. For example, Macedonian, unlike English, uses the definite
article to describe a general idea when it is the subject of the sentence. Note the definite article
- on the word Love in the example: a. Love is blind.
Other differences will be pointed out later. Experience with the language will guide you in
usage.
4.5.1 Forms of the definite articles
In Macedonian, selection of the appropriate form of the definite article is based on a combination
of form and gender, i.e., the final vowel of the word, its gender, and number. In addition,
Macedonian makes a three-way opposition in the definite article, corresponding to the
demonstrative adjectives , , and . Because the forms in - are most neutral and most
frequently used, we will describe them first in some detail; the others will be treated later. In this
chapter, you will learn how to make nouns definite. In later chapters we will discuss how to make
noun phrases (adjective plus noun) definite.
The definite article can take the following forms: -, -, -, -. Remember, the forms are
assigned on the basis of both form and gender as outlined below:
1. Masculine nouns ending in a consonant take the singular ending -:
masc.

Note also that the addition of the article does not cause the loss of a fleeting vowel:

2. All nouns ending in -, regardless of gender or number, add the suffix -:
fem.
masc.
plural

3. Feminine nouns ending in a consonant add -:

the blood, the evening.
If the noun ends in - preceded by a vowel, including vocalic -, then - is doubled. Otherwise, a
single - is written, compare: the death and the nationality.
4. All remaining singulars, i.e., neuter nouns in -/-, words of foreign origin ending in - or -,
masculine nouns in -o, and collectives, including , people, add -:
ntr. , ,
masc. ,
collective pl.

50

5. In the plural, all nouns except those given above, take the article -.
, , , , hands
In general, the definite forms will correspond to English nouns preceded by the definite article
the. Compare the following sentences and their translations into English:
The student lives in the house.
.
A student lives in the house.
.
The student lives in a house.
.
The definite forms are summarized in the table below:
-
masculine nouns
ending in a
consonant

all forms ending in -a,

including:

neuter and masculine

nouns ending in -o

masc. and fem. sg.

neuter plural

collective plurals

-
all other plurals

words of foreign origin

ending in - or -

9: :
1. The student is a Canadian.
2. The people are watching television.
3. Those textbooks are on the table.
4. These children are eating hamburgers.
5. That apartment is new.

6. These cities are large.

7. The fathers are drinking coffee.
8. The brothers are reading books.
9. The apartments are old.
10. That house is beautiful.

10: Listen and read the texts below about two families and then put a check mark in the
correct column.
. j, . ,
. , .
, . , . o
. , .
.

51

. .
. . ,
. .
, -.

1.
2.
3. .
4. .
5. J .
6. .
7. .

4.6 Definite direct objects and clitics

Verbs that describe an action often have a direct object. The direct object of a verb is the noun
that is acted on by the subject of the sentence. The action of the verb is directed towards it. Look
at the following sentences:
1. We bake cookies.
2. Milan opened the door.
3. Stojan is reading a book.
4. We see Steve.

What are we baking? Cookies.

What did Milan open? The door.
What is Stojan reading? A book.
Whom do we see? Steve.

The answer to the four questions above is the direct object. Not every verb takes a direct object,
and some take an indirect object as well, which will be discussed in more detail in a later chapter.
Read the following sentences and determine whether there is a direct object. If so, what is it?
1. We are eating bread.
2. Jovan is reading a book.
3. Jovan is reading.
4. Andrej likes Mira.

5. Biljana gave the novel to Petre.

6. Mother is watching television.
7. Grandmother is sleeping.

In Macedonian, an important distinction is made between definite and indefinite direct objects. If
the direct object is indefinite, then you may simply add the noun phrase:
. I read books.
. He is writing a letter.
. We are drinking milk.
If, however, the direct object is definite, then a special grammatical marker called a direct object
clitic must be used.

52

4.6.1 Clitics
A clitic is a word that carries no stress of its own and has a set syntactic position, that is, it has
a fixed position in the sentence structure. In Macedonian, the direct object clitic must be placed
directly before the verb. There are two exceptions to this rule, which will be discussed later.
The full set of clitics will be given in the next chapter; here we will give just the forms for the
third person. Note that there is only one form for both masculine and neuter nouns, and only one
form for the third person plural.
/

Remember, nouns in Macedonian have gender, so the selection of the appropriate form of the
clitic depends on the gender of the noun. If we wish to say in Macedonian Branko is reading the
book, we must remember that is a feminine noun and so we need to insert the appropriate
clitic before the verb. This signals that a definite feminine noun is the direct object.
.
This means something like: Branko it is reading the book. Obviously, the clitic will not be
translated into English, but it must be there in Macedonian.
These clitics are also used as direct object pronouns, e.g.:
.
This is a letter.
.
This is Marko.

.
I am reading it.
.
I love/like him.

Here are some more examples:

. .
We know the professor. We like him.
ja . ja
The children love the book Zoki Poki. The children love it.
?
Where is the book?

.
I am reading it.

? , .
Are you reading the novel by Andreevski? Yes, I am reading it.
?
Where is the book?

.
Biljana is looking for it.

53

If the verb is negated, the negative marker precedes the direct object clitic.
? , .
Do you like the professor? No, I dont like the professor.
.
Branko and Stojan dont like the textbooks.
4.6.2 The direct object form of the interrogatives and
:
The direct object form of the interrogative who is . This interrogative is viewed as
specific, and is, therefore, generally used with the direct object clitic.
Note also that does not specify gender. The answer to the question could be feminine, or
even a plural:
? .
? .
:
The direct object form what is treated as indefinite, unspecific, and therefore, does not
usually occur with the clitic. Compare the following two questions:
? .
What are you looking for? I am looking for an apartment.
? .
Whom are you looking for? I am looking for Prof. Stojanovski.
11: :
1. .
7. .
2. .
8. .
3. .
9. .
10. .
4. ? .
5. ?
6. , !
12: , , :
: . .
1. . ___ .
2. . ___ .

6. . ___ ?
7. . ___ .

54

3. . ___ ?
4. . ___ .
5. . ___ ?

8. . ___ .
9. ? ___ .

13: :
1. I know the students.
2. Aunt Mira has English books. She doesnt read them. She doesnt have time.
3. The brothers are standing in the restaurant by the door.
4. Who is drinking the tea?
5. Biljana is eating a sandwich.
6. Biljana is eating the sandwich.
7. Branko and Stojan are eating the pizzas.
8. Grandmother Elena is writing the letter.
9. Grandfather Petre is writing letters.
10. I like sweet coffee but my brothers like sweet tea.

14: / .
Listen to /Read the dialogue and underline the demonstrative adjectives. Be prepared
to explain why each demonstrative was selected, i.e. where is each book in relation
to the speakers?
?
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

, ?
.
. ?
, .
, ?
! .
. ?
, . !

4.7 Possession
In English, we can say either the students book or the book of the student. In 2 you
were introduced to the phrase: /. In Macedonian, possessive constructions
are formed according to the model: the name of your mother/father; the book of the student. In
other words, the object possessed comes first, followed by the preposition or and then the
possessor. Both and are accepted in the literary standard, but is viewed as less standard
and more typical of western dialect areas.
Look at the following sentences:
.
The book of the student is on the table.
The students book is on the table.

55

.
The husband of Marija works in the bookstore.
Marijas husband works in the bookstore.
?
Do you know the children of my sister?
Do you know my sisters children?
Neutral word order is as above: the item possessed comes first, followed by the preposition, then
the possessor. However, in colloquial speech, it is very common to begin with the preposition
and the possessor, followed by the item possessed:

my sisters children
my sisters husband

15: :
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?

4.8 Conjunctions
Macedonian has three words that correspond to the conjunction but. You have already learned
that can sometimes be translated as but. There are two additional conjunctions that always
correspond to but: and . The two are stylistically differentiated. The former, , a
borrowing from Turkish, is used in spoken, colloquial language; the latter, , is more formal
and is used in both formal speech and the written language. There is no difference in meaning.
These conjunctions express a stronger contrast than the conjunction .
Note that you have already learned the conjunctions and . The former links two similar ideas
and is translated as and. When occurs at the beginning of a sentence or clause, it means also,
too. Compare the following sentences:
. . .
Stojan and Branko are students. Steve is also a student. But Biljana is a (university)
student.
. . .
Mira has an apartment. Vera has an apartment, too. But Vesna has a house.

56

The conjunction designates a contrast, e.g., , but not as sharp

a contrast as /, e.g. , / He is a student, but he doesnt
study well.
To summarize: The conjunction can be translated by either and or but, whereas, and
are always translated as but. The conjunction is always translated as and.
The tricky conjunction is since context will guide whether it is best translated as and or but.
The following table illustrates these correspondences:
and

but

16: : , /, .
.
Select the appropriate conjunction: , /, . Place commas where needed.
1. ___ .
2. ___ .
3. ___ .
4. ___ .
5. . ___ .
6. ___ . .
7. ___ .
8. ___ ___ .
9. ____ .
10. ____ .

bus
allergy
burek (meat or cheese filled pastry)
weekend
train
1 time; weather
geography
day
home
house pet
winter
history
historian

2 caf
2 caf, pub, bar
bookstore
car
(.), colleague, co-worker,
classmate
computer
dog
summer
mom
table
mathematics
cat

57

(. ) 3 foot, leg
letter
greeting
message; e-mail
() friend
(. )3 hand, arm
parent
novel
son
specialty
foreigner

() taxi
dad
aunt
tourist
4 pickled foods; preserves
daughter
textbook
school
faculty of tourism
center; downtown

dear
healthy
what kind of?
, , , ? which
, , , some sort, a
certain . . .

this
that (see 4.4)
pleasant
that (see 4.4)

look for; seek

come, arrive
buy
think

() ask (someone)
converse
want; love, like
hear, listen to

5 object form of you (plural and formal); whom

see below
everything
, , direct object clitics: him, her, them

nearby
quickly
already
at home, homeward
why
little, few
many, much; very
really, truly, indeed (expresses
confirmation)

several
usually
, 6 on foot
sometimes
only
always
sincerely
there
often

outside

58

7
by, up to, beside
for
of, about; in, to, on, at

from, by
about; along
with, by

Conjunctions
but
because

and; also
but

downtown
(, , )!8 here [he/she/they] is/are!
I should tell you; let me tell
you
no problem
(). I walk/go to work
on foot.

everything is okay (lit.,

everything is in order).
leave, depart
! Thanks a lot!
? Whats new?

Notes to the vocabulary

1. Note that means both time and weather.
. The weather is beautiful.
? .
Do you have time? We are going to a new cafe.
2. Little cafes are very popular in Macedonia. There are various terms used to describe these places:
, , . The first term is colloquial, the second is higher style, and the third is Skopje
slang. There also is a word , which refers to a small restaurant where you can get things to drink
as well as eat a meal.
3. The words and do not correspond exactly to hand and foot, since they can also refer to
arm and leg, respectively. It is generally clear from the context what is meant.
4. Mira and Liljanas parents live in the village of Brajchino in southwestern Macedonia. They are
preparing for the winter. People put up many foods for the winter, including pickled vegetables
and relishes. This activity is not, of course, restricted to village people. In Skopje, just as in Toronto, there
are people who can foods and relishes in the late summer and fall.
5. Mira writes: . The forms of the pronouns used after prepositions will all be
learned in chapter five. In this lesson, just learn the form .
6. The form is colloquial and means the same thing as .
7. As mentioned in the last chapter, prepositions have many different meanings and frequently there is
not a direct correspondence between choice of preposition between languages. Context is the key to
determining the correct meaning. For example, in the past chapters you learned meaning fromand

59

 4
by in the sense of written by: a novel by Petre Andreevski. In this
chapter you learn the preposition with the meaning about, e.g., .
I am looking for the book about geography [the geography book].
The preposition has many meanings. In this lesson it is used with three separate meanings:
A. Possession:
B. Location:
C. Direction:

.
.
.
.

8. The particle is used to point out something close by. If used with a pronoun, it is followed by the
direct object clitic:
? !
Where is Stojan? Here he is!
? !
Where is the book? Here it is!
You will encounter more examples of this particle later in the textbook.

17: :
Put the verbs in parentheses in the present tense.
1. _____ () .
2. _____ () .
3. _____ () .
4. _____ () .
5. _____ () ?

6. _____ () .
7. _____ () .
8. _____ () .
9. _____ () ?
10. _____ ()
.

18: . ,
.
Place the verbs where they belong in the correct form in the present tense. Then
listen and check your work.
, , , , ,1
I , 1. _________ . 2._________
. 3._________
. 4._________ , , .
5. _________ , 6. _________ .
, , , , , ,
II 1. _________ . o
2._________ . 3._________ .
4. _________ . 5. _________ .
6.
_________ . 7._________.

When the verb is used with the particle it gives the verb a meaning of leave; depart.

60

19: ?
Is the following information correct?
Answer yes or no to the following questions about the Naumovsky family.
1. : .
2. . _____
3. . _____
4. . _____
5. . _____
6. . _____
7. . _____
8. . _____
9. . _____
10. . _____
11. . _____
20: Fill in the missing words in the Macedonian sentences. Remember to fill in the
necessary reduplicated clitic pronouns in the spaces provided as in the example:
: .
Liljana is reading the letter from Brajchino.
1. __ ________ .
Mira is reading the novel by Petre Andreevski.
2. __ ____________.
Tanas is reading the book.
3. __ ? ___ ________________.
Whom are you looking for? I am looking for the professor.
4. __ _____________.
I dont like the textbooks.
5. __ _________________.
I dont see the children.
6. __ _____________.
Grandma Elena is drinking the coffee.
7. __ _____________.
I dont know the [female] teacher.
8. __ _____________.
The brothers like the dog.
9. __ _____________.
Grandfather Petre is writing the letters.
10. __ _____________.
Do you know the judge?

61

21: Write a short letter or email message to someone. Include the following things:
Ask how they are and what is new.
It is already winter but the weather is fine.
You are studying at the university this year.
You live downtown in a tall building.
Near the university there is a new Macedonian restaurant.
Your sister has a new friend. He is Canadian and is a teacher.
You are reading an interesting Macedonian novel by Petre Andreevski.

22a: / . .
.
Listen /read the conversation. Anas answers are below. Write in the number that
corresponds to the place in the text where each one belongs.
:
a. , . , , . 4
. .
. , , .
. , .
. , .
. , . ___
. . ___
. . ___
1
=

.. =

questionnaire
ok (literally: in order)
day
design
entertainment, pastime
occupation; profession
play
go out
!! Excuse me!

internet
? Pardon me?
rest
well; hesitation word
please; go ahead
reporter
magazine
tennis
hour; class

(Note: additional vocabulary will be provided for supplemental exercises and readings. These
lists are not considered active vocabulary. Words given as in supplementary readings are marked
with chapter number and s in the end glossaries).

62

:
. .:
:
. .:
:
. .:
:
. .:
:
. .:
:
..
:
. .:
:
..:

, !?
?
1 .
, . .
?
1.

?
2.

?
. .

3.

?
, , .
?
4.
.
?
5.
. .
.
:
. . ?
, 7.
. .: 6.
:
, ?
. .: 7.
:
?
. .: 8.
:
. .
. .: .
22:
.. . ,
.
Write Anna Tomovskas answers in the questionnaire. Then, ask the students in your group and
write down their answers.
..

1. ,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

63

22: :
1. ? ?
2. ?
3. ? .
4. : , , .
5. .

Old-style Ohrid houses

64

5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

Food
Definiteness of adjective plus noun phrases
Direct object pronouns
Prepositions with personal pronouns
Introduction to constructions
The invariant verb in constructions seeking permission
vs.
Forms of whose
Conjunctions . . . , . . . , . . .

?
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

j ?
, .
?
.
? .
. .
, ? j ?
? , .
?
. , .
? ? ,
-?
, , .
, . ?

1: :
Read the dialogue and answer the questions:
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?

4. , ?
5. ?
6. ?

.
.1
:
:
:
:
:

. . . , ! .
. , .
, . . a .
.
. . .

is a Skopje district named for a leader of a 17th century uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
Karposh was killed on the Stone Bridge in Skopje, where a plaque commemorates the Karposh
Uprising.

65

:
:
:
:
:

.
, .
, .
, . , ,
.
.

2:
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?

4. ?
5. ?

3: :
1. ?
, , , , , , , , ,
? , , , ,
? ? , , , , ,

? , , ,
2. ?
, , , , , , , ,
?
?

, , ,
, , , ,

3. ?
-, , , , , , ,
?
, , , ,
?
, ,
? ? ?

66

4. Koja , ? ?
o, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , ,
4: Shopping
4: , . .
.
Andrej, Ivan, and Blagoja have gone to the store. Say what they want to buy. Use the counting plural where necessary.
.
These are the items in the pictures.
, , , , , , ,
, -, , ,

2
1
3 _________
4 _________
2 _________
2 _________
1 _________

2 _________
1 _________
3 _________
3 _________
10 _________
2 _________
1 _________

67

2 _________
3 _________
3 _________
2 _________
1 _________
10 _________
1 _________

4:

: , , .
Listen to the dialogue and say who is in the store: Andrej, Ivan, or Blagoja.
(The text is given in the answer key)

4: o .
Listen again and answer the questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4:

?
?
?
?
?

: ()
, () .
Working in pairs, compose dialogues in a store like the one you heard: A (Ivan) wants to
purchase the products on his list, and B (Andrej) from the other.

5: .
Listen to the conversation and fill in the missing words.

.
:
:
:

:
:

!
?
1. _____ _______, , 2. _____,
.
3.
_____: , , 4. _____ _____ . . . , ,
5.
_____ . a , , , 6. _____.
. ,
7._____.
.

68

:
:
:
:

, . 8. _____, .
.
, 9. _____ .
! ? . . . .
. ,
10.
_____ ?
! 11. ____ , - .

:

: -!
: - . 12. _____ _____.

6a: :
Listen again and write down what each person wants:


:
_______________________ _______________________
:
_______________________ _______________________
:
_______________________ _______________________
:
_______________________ _______________________
6: !
: /
: .
: , , .
1. /
2. /
3. /
4. /

5. /
6. /
7. /
8. /

5.1 Definiteness of adjective plus noun phrases

You have learned how to attach the forms of the definite article to nouns. Here you will learn
how to attach them to adjectives. Look at the following two English sentences. You will notice
that the definite article occurs only once in a noun phrasei.e., the noun plus any adjectives
modifying itand that it occurs at the beginning of the phrase:
The big, red table is in the kitchen. The new Macedonian book is on the table.
In Macedonian, the definite article is also used only once in a noun phrase, but it is attached to
the end of the first modifier:
69

, . .
The definite article is attached directly to the adjective, which agrees in number and gender with
the noun it modifies. There is one slight modification to masculine singular adjectives, namely:
masculine singular adjectives add - and then the definite article. Note that the addition of this
suffix will cause a fleeting vowel to drop:

You will recall that when the definite article is attached to a noun, it is important to keep in mind
both form and gender. For example, all nouns ending in -, regardless of gender, take the definite
article -:

(ntr. sg.)
(masc. sg.)

and all nouns ending in -, regardless of gender and number, take the definite article -, as do
feminine nouns ending in a consonant:

(fem. sg.)
(masc. sg.)
(ntr. pl.)
(fem. sg.)

When adjectives precede a noun, they must agree with the noun in gender and number. The article on a definite adjective will more clearly show gender and number than the article attached
to the noun because all definite masculine singular adjectives end in -(), all definite feminine
singular adjectives end in -, definite neuters in -, and definite plurals in -. Compare the following:
ntr. sg.
ntr. pl.

masc. sg.
masc. pl.
masc. sg.
masc. pl.

fem. sg.
fem. pl.
fem. sg.
fem. pl.

great joy

The stress will move after the addition of the definite article to
stay on the antepenultimate syllable, e.g.:
70

7: :
Put the following noun phrases into the definite form:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

8: :
You are in a restaurant and ask the waitor questions about the food:
: ()
: /, ?
: , .
Remember to make the adjective agree with the noun, and make the phrase definite!
1. ( salty) 6. ( )
2. ()
7. ( )
8. ( )
3. ()
4. ( )
9. ()
5. ()
10. ()

5.2 Direct object pronouns

In the last chapter, you were introduced to the third person direct object clitic forms used when
there is a definite direct object in the sentence. The table below provides all the direct object
forms for pronouns. In this table, the subject pronouns are followed by the direct object long
forms and direct object clitic forms.
In addition to the forms for first, second, and third person, also included here are the reflexive
direct object pronouns, which are used when the subject is speaking about himself or herself. The
forms / are interchangeable. Examples will be given below.
Note the direct object form us, is written with an accent mark to distinguish it from the
negative, .

71

Subject and Direct Object Pronouns

Subject

Direct Long

Direct Clitic Subject

Direct Long

Direct Clitic

In general, the long forms are only used as direct objects for emphasis or contrast. When they
are used, the short form clitic must also be used. Remember, the direct object clitic must come
directly before the verb. The long form may be placed at the beginning of the sentence or after
the verb.
.
He loves me.
, .
, .
He loves me, but not you.
.
The professor is looking at us.
.
.
Hes looking at us./Its us hes looking at.

Paprika

? , .
Do you know Stojan? I dont know him, but I know Branko.
.
They are looking for you.

, .
Its you theyre looking for, not us.

/.

He really likes himself.

Branko knows himself well.

Whom do you love?

72

5.2.1 Types of definite phrases requiring the clitic

When we speak of definite direct objects, there are several types of phrases which are considered
definite and which demand the use of the clitic before the verb. These include:
1. Definite noun phrases:
.
.
.
.
2. Noun phrases containing a demonstrative adjective:
?
.
.
3. Proper nouns:
.
?
.
4. Close terms of relation with the possessive clitics:
.
.
?
5. Long forms of pronouns:
.
.
The direct object clitics are also used in the following contexts:
6. The particles Here is!, , There is!
? !
? !
? !
7. The negated verb when talking about the absence of something specific, e.g.
?
?
?
.

.
.
.
.

73

9: ,
:
Fill in the correct form of the direct object clitic pronoun:
1.
. ()
2. _____ . ()
3. _____ .
4. _____ .
5. _____ .

6. _____ . ()
7. _____ .
8. _____ .
9. _____ . ()
10. _____ .

10: , , (#). .
Fill in the blanks with , , or hatchmark (#) (i.e., nothing if there is no definite
direct object). Listen to the text and check your work.
. 1 _____ .
2_____ . 3 _____ ,
4_____ . ?
5
_____ , , 6 _____ . .
7_____ . 8_____
. 9_____ , .
11: ,
/.
Fill in the questionnaire about yourself, and then talk with someone else
from the group and fill in the questionnaire about him/her.
.
.
Converse in groups of two, as in the example. Be sure to use the correct pronoun according
to the gender of the noun.
. ?
. ___________________

a






/

?
__________________

?
________________

___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________

74

________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

12: :
Compose ten sentences with the following verbs:
, , , , , , ,
Be sure to use adjective noun combinations and include definite direct objects, e.g.:
.

5.3 Prepositions with personal pronouns

You have already learned several prepositions: , , , , , , , . When prepositions
are followed by pronouns, the long form direct object pronouns are used. Stress may move to
the preposition (exceptions to this rule include the preposition except and prepositions
longer than two syllables, which you will learn later in the course).
.

We are going with them.

We are not eating lunch without you.

They are thinking of you.

They are talking about him.

He/She is talking about himself/herself.

Younger speakers, notably in Skopje, typically do not move the stress back to the preposition and
you will hear, for example, both: and .
I am speaking with her, etc.
13: ,
:
Fill in the correct form of the long direct object pronoun:
1. _____ ().
2. _____ ().
3. ______ (), .
4. _____ ().
5. _____ ().

6. _____ ().
7. _____ ().
8. _____ ().
9. _____ ().
10. _____ ().

5.4 Introduction to constructions

Macedonian does not have an infinitive. In contexts where English uses an infinitive after another verb, e.g., I want to go, We want to write, etc. or after modal verbs, such as can, may,
and must where English uses a so-called short infinitive without to, e.g. I can read, I may go, I
must answer him, Macedonian most frequently uses the following sequence:
conjugated verb + + conjugated verb
75

Lets look at an example.

means roughly: I want that I go. Of course, that is not English, so we translate
it as I want to go.
Here are some more examples:
.

I want to speak with you.

Grandmother doesnt like to speak English.

We can read Macedonian.

14: , , ,
, , :
Compose ten sentences describing the plans that Branko, Stojan, Liljana, Tanas,
Grandpa Petre, and Grandma Elena have for today, according to the model:
.
.
.
5.4.1 clauses with dierent subject in each clause
In the preceding examples, both verbs have the same subject, but this is not always the case.
Consider the following sentences in English, in which we use an infinitive:
I want you to go.
She wants you to speak with him.
They want us to go with them.
In Macedonian, we can translate these sentences with a construction as well. In these examples, you will notice that the verbs on either side of must be conjugated and agree with
their intended subjects:
() .
I want you to go.
() .
She wants you to speak with him.
() .
They want us to go with them.
In normal conversation the pronoun in parentheses
is deleted. If the speaker wishes to emphasize who
is to perform the action, then the personal pronoun
is used. For example:

76

.
They want us to go with them.
In this example, there is special emphasis on the fact that we are wanted, not someone else.
5.4.2 Word order in clauses
Pay close attention to the word order. The pronoun (or noun) can either precede , as in the
above examples, or it can follow the verb in the second clause. This latter method is used when
the pronoun is even more emphatically stressed:
.
I want that you go.
Youre the one I want to go.
.
Andrej wants that you speak with him.
Youre the one Andrej wants to speak with him.
.
Vesna and Ivan want that we go with them.
Were the ones that Vesna and Ivan want to go with them.
If a noun or proper noun is used, it will most often be placed directly before :
.

We want Stojan to read.

If there is a definite direct object in the second clause, the clitic will appear just where one would
expect, namely, before the verb in the clause after .
.
We want Biljana to read the book.
5.4.3 a used with the modal verbs can, be able and
must
a is also used after the verbs can, be able and must. In English, the short
infinitive without the word to is used after these verbs: I can read. I must read this book. Both
and are followed by a clause:
1. . I can read Macedonian books.
2. ?

Can you read these letters?

3. ?

Are you able to come with us to the movies?

4. .

I must read this book.

5. .

We must go.

77

6.
.

Branko and Stojan can speak Macedonian

with Grandmother Elena and Grandfather
Petre.

5.5 The invariant verb in constructions seeking

permission
The verb has two meanings. When it expresses can, be able, the verb conjugates for all
persons: , , . When, however, the
verb is used to ask permission, is it possible/it is possible, the verb may be invariant with
used for all persons:
M ?

May I eat dinner at Steves?

M ?

May Steve eat dinner at our house?

15: :
Combine the following words to make sentences:
Remember to add the direct object clitics and where necessary and to delete pronouns if there
is no special emphasis on them.
/////
.
1. ///
2. ////
3. ///
4. /////
5. // ////
6. /// //
7. ///////
8. ////
9. //////
10. /// /
16: In the exercise below, use invariant to ask for permission, e.g.:
: ?
: , .
16a: .
Write similar dialogues between Branko and his mother.

78

:
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

16: .
Choose some of these expressions and continue the dialogues. An example is given
below.
:

: ?
: . ,
?
: .

-.
-, .
- /
-, . . . .
- .
-.
-

- .
-, . . .
- .
-.

5.6 vs.
The preposition has the basic meaning of in. The preposition has the basic meaning of
on or at. When used with a verb of motion, however, both prepositions and can mean
to. You must learn which nouns take which preposition. There are some generalizations that
can be made, but they do not apply in all cases. Geographical locations generally take , while
79

events and institutions tend to take . Some words with are introduced here, but they will be
introduced again in later chapters. There is a variant of , namely , but in most instances the
forms are in free variation, i.e., there is no difference in meaning, and choice may be dependent
on individual speakers. There are differences in certain specific contexts, which will be noted.
nouns with : , , , , , , , ,
nouns with : , , drug store, post office, movie
theater, test, theater, concert, school

5.7 Forms of whose

The interrogative whose agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies:
Masculine:
Feminine:
Neuter:
Plural:

?
?
?
(magazines)?

17: :
Fill in the correct form of whose:
1. __________ ?
6. __________ ?
2. __________ ?
7. __________ ?
3. __________ ?
8. __________ ?
9. __________ ?
4. __________ ?
5. __________ ? 10. _________ ?

5.8 Conjunctions ... , ... , ...

The conjunctions above correspond to English both . . . and, either . . . or, and neither . . .
nor, respectively. Compare the following groups of sentences:
1a. .
I want to eat both salad and peppers.
1b. .
I want to eat either salad or peppers.
1c. .
I want to eat neither salad nor peppers.
2a. .
She likes/wants both to read and to watch television.
2b. .
She likes/wants either to read or to watch television.
2c. .
She likes/wants neither to read nor to watch television.
80

Pay special attention to the negative sentences. In Macedonian, unlike English, the main verb
must also be negated. English does not permit double negatives, but the negation of the verb is
required in Macedonian. Compare also the following:
.

I dont want anything.

No one is watching television.

J .

I never eat hot peppers.

18: :
Make the following sentences negative:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

. .
.
.
.
.
.

winter market, Skopje

1 corner
baklava (phyllo and nut pastry)
banana
2 dinner; supper; evening meal

wine
water
() (. ) 3 guest
dessert

81

4 tomato
cereal
5 vegetables
idea
apple
food
egg
6 liquid, drinkable yogurt
mineral water
6 yogurt
pickled cabbage
potato
cucumber
onion
lemon
garlic
type of stew
honey
meat
convenience store
milk
fruit juice
5 fruit
4 tomato
() singer
mushroom
drink
() pepper (black)
pepper
meat or cheese filled pastry similar to
burek
spiced ground meat patty, similar to hamburger
breakfast

orange
peach
appetizers
problem
butter
fish
7 rose
2 lunch
salad
traffic light
family
8 cheese
grilled meat
ice cream
() salt
spinach
magazine
9 soup
baked bean casserole
telephone
cake
10 Turkish coffee
grilled ground beef in sausage shape
1 corner
movie
refrigerator
food
flowers
chocolate
9 thick soup; chowder
sugar
11 chopped vegetable salad
spaghetti

82

white
12 sweet
, 10 bitter
domestic; homemade; of the home
other
sour
12 spicy; angry
a mixed
normal
favorite
13 roasted

chicken
13 stuffed; filled
magnificent; gorgeous
13 fried
special
average; middle
14 fresh
Turkish
15 red
15 black

say
eat dinner
can; be able; may
must; have to

eat lunch
phone
cost; be worth
? ? How much does
it cost?

without
16 by; at someones place
1 opposite

between
before, in front of
1 opposite

never
excellent
firstly, first of all

indeed; by all means

surely

, you (pl. and polite) (dir. obj. long,

and clitic)
, me (dir. obj. long, and clitic)
, us (dir. obj. long, and clitic)
, her (dir. obj. long, and clitic)

, him (dir. obj. , and clitic)

, they (dir. obt. , and clitic)
no one
, you (sg. dir. obj. long, and clitic)

83

. . . both . . . and
. . . either . . . or

. . . neither . . . nor

fine, ok, agreed

. Let me see.
, , (, ) here [he/she] is!, there
[he/she] is!
, excuse me
be a guest, go visiting

tag question asking for confirmation

/? How do you know?
, 17 please; youre welcome;
help yourself
of course; its understood

Notes to the vocabulary

1. The doublets and are again comprised of a more formal Slavic word and
a more colloquial Turkism.
2. In Macedonia, the midday meal is typically the biggest one of the day. In this chapter, Liljana is
preparing the big meal for the evening, according to Canadian custom.
3. belongs to the a small class of masculine nouns most often referring to members of a group,
e.g. ethnicity or citizenship, which end in the suffix -. In the plural this suffix is dropped and the
nouns take the plural ending -, other examples include: - Serb(s), -
Bulgarian(s), - citizen(s). The feminine forms have a predictable, and regular plural,
e.g. .
4. Many Macedonians call tomatoes in colloquial speech, but the standard written form of
the word is . It is that form which will appear in printed recipes. For those wishing to expand their
culinary vocabulary and who love eggplant (aubergine) as much as the authors of this book, the word for
eggplant is purple or black .
5. The nouns and are singular in form but collective plural in meaning, i.e., fruits and
vegetables. The noun can form a plural, .
6. In Macedonia, there are two different kinds of yogurt: is thick and eaten with a spoon,
and is most similar to North American yogurt. J is also a cultured dairy product, but is a thick
liquid. This terminology may blur as more foreign yogurt is imported and, while labeled J, is the
consistency of .
7. The word given here for rose is . In Skopje many people often refer to this flower as . Older
people, and those outside of the city, may also use the native Macedonian term . The following
list of other common flowers is for interest:
carnation
daffodil
daisy
geranium
(wild) geranium

gladiola
hyacinth
iris
lilac
lily

84

pansy
poppy
(wild) poppy
sunflower o
tulip

 5
8. The word for cheese is . The most common type of cheese is feta or white cheese, .
Restaurants also frequently serve , a lightly breaded and fried kashkaval. Kashkaval is
a yellow sheep milk cheese.
9. There are two words for soup: refers to a soup with a water-based broth; refers to a thick
soup, typically with a cream- or milk- based broth with more pieces of meat and vegetables in it.
10. he normal adjective for bitter is . When talking about coffee without sugar, however, the
form is . When ordering Turkish coffee one is asked ? The answer will be one of
the following: : / sweet, medium, bitter, without sugar.
11. is a typical Balkan salad made with chopped tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, onion
(), and grated feta cheese.
12. Peppers are either hot or sweet: . The word for spicy also means angry: He is
angry
13. The adjectives , , and are derived from the verbs to roast, to fry,
and to fill. Because they are derived from verbs, the -e does not drop out in the non-masculine
forms: , , , , ,
.
14. The adjective , another Turkism of Persian origin, is invariant, i.e. it does not inflect for number
or gender, e.g. , , , . You will learn several other invariant
adjectives in this course, some derived from English, e.g. !
15. Dark red wine is referred to as black wine: . Lighter red wines are called red wine:
.
16. The word is used colloquially for the adverb where but as a preposition it means by; at
someones home.
17. The expression is used to invite someone to sit down, to enter, to help themselves to food,
etc. You will hear it in a number of situations. In each context, the speaker is inviting the person to
perform the action: sitting, entering, eating, etc

19: You have gone with some friends to the Macedonian restaurant
. Look over the menu given below and the notes, then decide
what each of you will order. Reread the dialogue in the restaurant and make up
similar dialogues.
?
What will you order?

?
. . . ?
What do you want to drink? . . . to eat?

Notes to the menu:

1. The names for types of meat are typically used in adjectival form in the neuter, modifying the noun
: pork, lamb, chicken, beef.
2. a dish made with a dough similar to phyllo which is then stuffed with various fillings. is
similar and is sold in many take-out stands.
3. trout.
4. carp.

85

 5
5. food on the grill. Grilled meat, , is very popular. is mixed
grill.
6. pork chops.
7. a casserole typically made with chunks of meat with onions, peppers, carrots, and mushrooms.
8. a type of pastry made with phyllo pastry, nuts and honey.
9. a pastry made of shredded wheat with a sweet syrup.

86

The following list of food is for interest and conversation. Only the words given in the vocabulary list above are considered active vocabulary.
Fruit
pineapple
banana
blueberry
sour cherry
grapes
melon
quince
apple
strawberry
apricot
pomegranate
blackberry
kiwi
coconut
pear

lemon
watermelon
raspberry
mandarin; tangerine
mulberry
orange
peach
current
plum
almond
peanut
chestnut
hazelnut
walnut

Vegetables
green bean
y broccoli
bean
peas
tomato
lettuce
cabbage
cauliflower
potato
nettle

cucumber
onion
garlic
eggplant
spinach
pumpkin
squash
beet
celery

87

Meat and fish

cod
lamb
lamb
eel
young beef
chicken
sausage
carp
pork chop
squid
brains
trout

chicken
ground beef patty
crab
salami
pork
veal
grilled meat sausage
liver
tripe
schnitzel
ham

Dairy products
[liquid] yoghurt
clotted cream
hard, yellow cheese
yoghurt

cream cheese
butter
cream
cheese

Beverages
boza (millet drink)
carbonated beverage
cocoa
coffee
mineral water
lemonade
mineral water
milk

fruit juice
tea
wine
brandy
liqueur
beer
brandy

88

6.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8

Music
Indirect objects
Indirect and direct object clitics
Uses of
Verbal aspect
Future constructions
Future tense of
Subordination with
Relative clauses, introduction

? ? ?
: , ?
:
. , ,
, , . ,
.
: ?
:
, , . .
, , .
. , .
.
, .
:
. .
:
, , ,
. . . , , .
: . .
. .
:
? ,
, ,
, .
: , .
?
:
,
.
1: / .
:
. .
. a .
. .
. .
. .

89

:
1. ___
2. ___
3. ___
4. ___
5. ___

.
. .
. .
.
.

2: .
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. , ? ?
5. ? ?
(), , , , , , , ,,
, , , ,
6. ? , , , ,
7. , , ?

6.1 Indirect objects

The indirect object expresses to whom or for whom an action is performed. Look at the following
sentences in English:
I am baking a cake for my mother.
We will buy you the paper.
He will bring you the books.
They will bring the papers to you.
In each of the preceding sentences, the indirect object is underlined. In English, we can designate
the indirect object in two different ways: use the prepositions to and for; or place the indirect
object after the verb and before the direct object. Compare the following:
We are telling you the story.
I give him the money.
They bought us a cake.

We are telling the story to you.

I give the money to him.
They bought a cake for us.

In Macedonian, the indirect object is most often expressed by the preposition followed by the
indirect object and an indirect object clitic placed before the verb. Here, as with other pronominal
forms, there is a great deal of dialect variation. You will hear differences, but writing and reading
knowledge is impossible without using and understanding the standard forms below.
In most instances, if a sentence expresses an indirect object, definite or indefinite, you must use
an indirect object clitic.

90

Below are the forms of the indirect object pronouns together with the subject pronouns and direct
object pronouns for comparison. You will recognize some of the short form indirect objects because you were using them for expressing possession, e.g., :
Pronouns
subject

direct object

indirect object

long

clitic

long

clitic

()

()

Look at the following examples:

.
I give money to Ivan.
.
I read letters to my grandmother and grandfather.
.
I bring coffee to Biljana.
.
The teacher reads books to the children.
As you can see in these examples, if the indirect object is named,
you must place the indirect object clitic before the verb.
If the indirect object is a pronoun, then typically the indirect object
clitic is used alone:
. .
Branko is here. I am giving him money.
.
You bring me coffee.
91

,
Gajda Player, Struga

.
Biljana is buying herself newspapers.
However, if you wish to emphasize the pronoun or to express contrast with another pronoun,
then there are two possible constructions:
1. The long form of the indirect object pronoun may be used together with the clitic. The
clitic must be placed before the verb, while the long form can occur in a variety of positions. This is the form prescribed in some grammars:
, !
, !
, !
You are bringing coffee to him but not to us!
2. The most common method, heard in many parts of Macedonia including the capital
Skopje, is to use the preposition followed by the long form direct object pronoun,
which is used with all prepositions:
, !
, !
Note: in colloquial speech some speakers use the feminine form in place of after
prepositions, e.g. / in place of / to/with her.
3: ,
.
Complete the following sentences with the short form indirect object pronouns.
1. ____ .
2. ____ () .
3. ____ .
4. ____ .
4a:

5. ____ .
6. ____ () .
7. ____ .
8. ____ .

,
.
Complete the following sentences with the long form indirect object pronoun:

: .
1. ______ .
2. _______ .
3._________ .
4. _________.

5. _________.
6. __________.
7. _________ .
8. _________.

4: Now rewrite the above sentences substituting plus the long form direct object pronoun for
the long form indirect object.
: . .
92

5: , /
. .
Complete the following sentences with the short and/or long form indirect object pronoun. Listen and check your work.
1. :
:
:
:

, , ?
, 1._____ .
? ?
. 2.____ .

2. :
:
:
:

3.______ ?
. 4.____ .
?
5.
______ 6.______ .

3. , 7.______ .
4. :
:
:

, , 8.______
.
9.______ ?
, . 10.______ 11.______ !

5. : , . 12.______ ?
: !? ? 13.______
.
: .
: , 14.______ .
. 15.______ 16.______
: 17______ ?
: , .

6.2 Indirect and direct object clitics

In all of the above examples, the direct object is indefinite and therefore there is only one clitic,
the indirect object clitic. When the direct object is definite, the sentence will contain two clitics,
one for the direct and one for the indirect objects.
Note: The indirect object clitic always precedes the direct, and both come before the verb. If the
sentences are negated, the negative particle precedes both clitics:
() indirect clitic direct clitic verb
Look at the following examples:
.
.
Marija is (not) bringing the book to the teacher.
93

.
.
I (dont) give the money to my father.
When you are writing or speaking Macedonian, or when you are translating from English into
Macedonian, you must remember the following:
1. If the direct object is definite, you must use a direct object clitic.
2. If there is an indirect object in the sentence, definite or indefinite, you most often
use an indirect object clitic.
3. If both object clitics occur in the sentence, indirect precedes direct.
4. If the sentence is negated, comes before both clitics.
6.2.1 Use of clitics and freer word order
Bear in mind that the use of clitics allows for much freer word order. While the clitics have a
fixed sentence position, other elements in the sentence may move to shift emphasis. For example,
the subject will often come after the verb if it carries special emphasis, but the chain of clitics
and verb cannot be separated. Look at the following variants of the above sentences:
.
.
.
If the sentences are negated, the negative particle precedes both clitics:
.
.
.
6: Fill in the correct forms of both direct and indirect object clitic pronouns.
Remember: indirect before direct. Then rewrite the sentences making them negative.
1. _____ _____ .
2. _____ _____ .
3. _____ _____ .
4. _____ _____ .
5. _____ _____ .
6. _____ _____ .
7. _____ _____ .
8. _____ _____ .
9. J _____ _____ .
10. _____ _____ .

94

7: Unscramble the questions below:

1. .
?
2. .
?
3. e .
?
4. .
?
5. . ?
6. ? .
?
Tapans, Museum of Macedonia

8: Long or short? Direct or Indirect? Fill in the correct form of the personal pronoun in
the sentences below:
1. ______ ().
2. ______ .
3. ______ .
4. ______ ().
5. ______ .
6. ______ ()
7. ______ .
8. ___ .
9. ______ .
10. ______ ().
11. ______ .
12. ______ .
13. _____ ?
14. ____
?
15. _____ .

16. ______ ?
17. ______ ().
18. ______ .
19. ____ .
20. ______ () .
21. ______ .
22. ______ .
23. ___ .
24. ____ .
25. ______ .
26. _____ .
27. ______ .
28. ______ ().
29. ______ ().
30. ______ .

6.3 Uses of
Prepositions are difficult to learn in any language because they have multiple meanings that can
only be understood from the context. Very often prepositions in one language do not correspond
to the use of the same preposition in another language. The most frequent preposition in Macedonian is . You have already seen many examples of it. It has many possible translations in
English, including on, at, of, to. You must pay attention to context in order to determine
95

the function of the preposition in the sentence. Here are some common functions of the preposition :
1. Location at a place, institution, event:
, j .
Branko is at school, but Stojan is at the movies.
2. Motion towards a place, institution, or event:
, j .
Branko is going to school, but Stojan is going to the movies.
3. Location on top of:
.
The book is on the table.

!
We will eat in the restaurant on Vodno!

4. Possession:
.
This book is Miras.
9: Translate the following sentences, paying special attention to the changing translation
of the preposition.
1. .
2. .
3. J.
4. .
5. .

6.4 Verbal aspect

Nearly every verbal action in Macedonian is expressed by two verbs. The verbs, though expressing the same action, are differentiated in the way they describe it. One of these verbs conveys the
idea of an action as general, basic, and unbounded, and the other implies an action that is in some
way bounded or limited. A speaker can often choose to describe an action using one verb or the
other, depending on the focus of the narrative. The grammatical term for this verbal distinction is
aspect. Aspect refers to the point of view a speaker takes of a particular action. The two aspects
are called imperfective (general, unbounded) and perfective (bounded). So far, all of the verbs
you have used are imperfective because all present tense verbs are imperfective.
6.4.1 Uses of the imperfective aspect
Imperfective verbs are used most often if:

96

1) The action is an on-going process, e.g.:

, .
I am reading now, and my brother is writing.
The action is habitual or repeated, e.g.:
.
Every day we buy newspapers.
.
They want to visit us more often.
2) The verb simply names a general action, e.g.:
.
You like to talk a lot.
6.4.2 Uses of the perfective aspect
Perfective verbs are used most often to express a single, one-time action that is viewed as complete. In Macedonian, the perfective verbs in non-past tenses must be preceded by one of a small
group of modal words, or particles. You have already had one of them: . In this chapter, you
will get a second particle that can precede a perfective verb, namely . Here, the particle will
be used to express a future meaning.
A perfective verb may focus on:
1) The start of an action, e.g.:
.
The children want to begin to sing.
2) The conclusion or result of an action, e.g.:
.
We are planning to write (and finish writing) the letters
today.
3) The action in its totality, e.g.:
?
Can you read through the letter?

Kaval player

When learning verbs, it is best to learn both members of an aspect pair at the same time. Some
of the aspect partners for the verbs you have already learned are listed at the end of this chapter.
There are a number of patterns in the relations between aspect pairs. Some of the main types of
paired verbs and rules for predicting aspect are given at the end of this chapter.
97

10: .
Select the appropriate verbperfective or imperfective.
1. _______ (/) .
2. __________ (/) .
3. ___________ (/) .
.
4. ___________ (/) (/) .
.
5. ______ (/) (/).
6. _______ (/) .
7. ________ (/) ?
8. , _________ (/) .
9. , ________ (/) ? .
6.4.3 Aspectual pairs and predicting aspect
A complete inventory of types of perfective pairs is unnecessary at this point. However, some
basic guidelines will help you to recognize the aspect of a verb. In general, certain suffixes are
associated with the imperfective aspect, others with the perfective aspect. Prefixes are associated
with the perfective aspect. In addition, there are pairs of consonants that mark aspect pairs.
The difference between perfective and imperfective may be expressed through the following
means:
1. non-prefixed imperfective vs. prefixed perfective
2. difference in suffix
3. different prefix and suffix
4. completely different verb
5. in a few instances, the same verb can be both perfective and imperfective, and context
determines meaning.
Examples of different types of aspect pairs are:
1. Non-prefixed imperfective vs. prefixed perfective
/ sing / begin to sing
/ read / read through
/ make, do / finish making, complete

98

2. Difference in suffix
The suffix - is the most frequent imperfectivizing suffix.
/ say; tell
/ buy
The suffix - is a frequent indicator of a perfective verb.
/ begin
/ hear
3. Difference in both prefix and suffix:
/ write
4. Completely different verb:
/
/
/

Zurlas and tapan

In addition to these guidelines, often, if you know both aspectual pairs it will be easy to predict
which is imperfective and which is perfective: most often, if a verb is prefixed, it is perfective. If
the verb has the consonant pair vs. , e.g., , the form with will be imperfective. Similarly, if the verbs have the consonant pair vs. , the form with will be imperfective, e.g., to come.

6.5 Future constructions

Macedonian does not have a future tense per se. Instead, it has an invariant particle, , which
forms many types of modal constructions. One of its most frequent uses is to express actions
that will occur after the moment of speech, which in traditional grammars is called a future tense
meaning. The particle is invariant; it does not change to show a different person, number or
tense. This particle is placed before the verb. The verb endings in future constructions are the
same as the present tense endings that you have already learned.
.
I am reading.

I will be reading.

.
We are writing.

We will be writing.

.
You are watching a movie.

.
You will be watching a movie.

99

If there are direct or indirect pronominal clitics, they will come between and the verb. Remember, indirect will precede direct:
+ indirect clitic + direct clitic + verb
.
Liljana will show you the pictures.
.
I will read/be reading the book.
.
I am reading the book to the children.
.
I will read the book to the children.
The verb following the particle can be either perfective or imperfective, depending on the
focus of the action. If the speaker wishes to present the action as bounded in some way, e.g.,
completed, focusing on the start or end of an action, or its result, then the perfective aspect will
be used. If the action is viewed by the speaker as being in progress in the future, repeated, habitual, orin other wordsunbounded, then the imperfective aspect will be chosen. Often there
are temporal adverbs that give clues about which aspect to use. If the sentence contains words
such as always, usually, often, or every day, then the imperfective will be used. Compare the following sentences:
.
Every day I will write my parents a letter.
.
Tomorrow I will write them a letter.
: Notice how the meaning of changes depending on the aspect of the verb. With an
imperfect it can often mean while, and with a perfective when.
(imperfective), .
While you are reading, we will watch television
(perfective) , .
When I am finished reading the book, I will give it to you.
11: In the sentences below, choose the correct aspect of the verb in parentheses. The
imperfective verb is given first.
1. ___________ (/) .
2. ___________ (/) .
3. ___________ (/) ?
100

4. ___________ (/) .
5. ___________ (/) ?
6. ___________ (/) .
7. ___________ (/) , .
8. ______ , _______ . (/).
9. __________ (/).
10. ___________ (/) .
6.5.1 Negated future constructions
There are two ways of forming negative future constructions:
1. The future tense is most often formed by using the negative, impersonal and invariant verb
followed by plus the conjugated form of the verb:
+ + indirect clitic + direct clitic + conjugated form of the verb
.
.
.
.
.
.
2. The future tense can also be negated by placing the negative particle before the invariant
particle :
.
.
.
.
.
12: The following sentences got scrambled. Put them back in order. Watch outboth
types of negative future constructions are used!
: .
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
101

7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .

6.6 Future tense of

The future tense of the verb is derived from a different verb, :

In most future constructions, this is the form of the verb that is used. There are colloquial
contexts where can be followed by a present form of , e.g. . Here,
too, is possible, i.e. but this is more colloquial than . These
alternate constructions will not be treated here.
13: :
Change the following sentences into the future:
: . .
1. J .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .

6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. ?

14: . ,
?
Converse in pairs. Which activities will you do and which wont you do in the
course of the following week? Construct dialogues as in the example:
: . ?
. , .

, (/ ) .

102

6.7 Subordination with

The subordinating conjunction is best translated as that, e.g.
.
I think that Naum will come.
.
I know that Liljana is making stuffed peppers.
Compare the following sentences with and . You can see that clauses subordinated to
are potential in meaning, an expression of a desired action, while clauses subordinated to
are factual in meaning, an expression of an action that is taking place, or is expected to take place
in the future, e.g.:
.
Petre wants Tanas to dance.

.
Petre knows that Tanas is dancing.

.
Andrej knows how to play tapan.

.
Andrej knows that he is playing tapan.

15: :
1. ____ .
2. ____ .
3. ____ .
4. ____ .
5. ____ .
6. ____ .
7. , ____ .
8. ____ .

6.8 Relative clauses, introduction

A relative clause is a special type of subordinate clause that is introduced by a relative pronoun
(e.g., who, whose, that) or WH word (i.e., an interrogative word such as where or when in
English). The relative clause refers back to someone or something already mentioned, called the
antecedent, and provides further information about that noun or noun phrase. Relative clauses are
used to combine two ideas about the same person or thing. Look at the following examples from
English given below.
1a. We are speaking with the professor. The professor is from Macedonia.
b. We are speaking with the professor who is from Macedonia.
2a. The child is my cousin. The child is speaking.
b. The child who is speaking is my cousin.
103

3a. There is a house on Garden Avenue. Branko lives in the house.

b. There is a house on Garden Avenue, in which Branko lives.
In the preceding sentences, we combined two separate ideas into one sentence. In examples a. the
repeated noun was underlined. In examples b., one of the nouns was deleted and replaced by a
relative pronoun. In each sentence b. the relative clause is in italics.
Based on the examples above, we can state the rule for forming relative clauses as follows:
1. Delete the word that is repeated when the two sentences are combined and replace the
second instance of the noun with a relative word, e.g., which.
2. The relative word moves to the head of the clause (but after a preposition, e.g. 3b above).
6.8.1 Relative clauses in Macedonian, introduction
In this chapter we will introduce relative clauses built with the word which and the alternate combined form . In 8 you will learn more details about the formation of
different types of relative clauses.
The form of the adjectives and agree in number and gender with the noun they modify, i.e. their antecedent. In the examples below, the antecedent is underlined while the relative
word is in italics. Note that in the first example the relative word refers to a definite direct object,
and therefore, there must be a definite direct object clitic:
1. / .
Aunt Mira will send music which young Macedonians listen to.
2. j /
.
Grandma Elena will bring the book in which there are pictures of folk instruments.
3. / .
Grandpa Petre knows a lot about instruments [on] which people play in Macedonia.
6.8.2 Relative clauses in context
You are about to read a slightly modified newspaper account about a folk music festival in the
town of Dolneni, Macedonia. Unfamiliar words are glossed below. Many of these words are borrowed from English; others are common words that will be given as active vocabulary in later
chapters. New grammar points are footnoted.

104

Cultural note:
Pece Atanososki is one of Macedonias most famous musicians. He was born in Dolneni in 1927.
In 1950 he became one of the first members of Tanec, a group which made Macedonian folk music and dance internationally known. In addition to his gajda playing, Atanasoski is also widely
known for his folk dance workshops in which he taught Macedonian dances to international folk
dance groups.


. 7 77
, , .
,
.
, .
300 , ,
, .
, . 9
.
.
, ,
. ,
, . 1
.
.
, 10 300
. , ,
,
.
.
A , .
, , ,
10 20 . ,
a, , .
2 .

105

 6
Some of the words listed here are included in your active vocabulary, others will appear as active vocabulary in later chapters.

a conj. if
a n. amphitheater
n. lake
n. entertainment
n. video or movie camera
n. linden tree
n. expert; artist; master craftsman; etc.
n. mission
c / v. take place; occur
adj. Prilep
adj. natural

v. reserve
c / v. to gather
c n. sun

C n. Ascension Day
c/ v. sleep/fall asleep
adv. thus, in this way
adj. traditional
n. camera
x n. hotel
/ v. preserve

Grammatical notes:
1. He is pleased You have learned the expression: I am pleased to meet you.
This impersonal expression X is pleasing to me, him, etc. will be treated in more detail with other impersonal expressions in 10.
2. it is necessary. Constructions with will be treated in 7.
3. Remember, adjectives from place names are not capitalised, e.g. .

16: .
16a: .
4 .
Read through the text about the folk instrument and folksong festival Pece Atanososki. There are four relative clauses in the text. Find them and translate them into
English.
16: :
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ? ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. , ?

106

16: :
Write out all the facts connected with the following:
:

16: :
Find the words in the text which mean:
1. . _________________
2. . ___________________
3. . _______________
4. . _______________
5. . ____________
6. . __________________
7. , , . ________________
16: 100
16.
Write an essay of approximately 100 words for Macedonian radio in connection with the
Dolneni festival and tell something about each of the four themes in exercise 16.
(The place; the time; the participants; places for sleeping and dining)

The Balkans, the Balkan peninsula

viola
violin
cello
1 gajda (bagpipe)
guitar
() 2 friend
euro
entertainment
1 zurla (double-reed instrument)
choice
instrument
internet
kaval (end-blown flute)
country music
piano
clarinet
concert

place
music
jewelry
week; Sunday
oboe
opera
dance
market
() money
song; poem
piano
pop music
() post office
holiday
o rock music
watch; hour
saxophone
instrumentalist, musician
107

style
tambura (stringed instrument)
tapan (large drum)
, course, in the course of
shopping center, mall
trombone
trumpet
( ) participant

festival
philharmonic
flute
folklore; folkloristic
camera
accordion
jazz

loud, noisy; aloud

future, next
classical
music, musical
folk; national
excellent
various, different

all sorts of
certain, sure, assured
following, next
similar
contemporary
sport
traditional

/ say
/ see
/ give
/ come
/ dance; play/begin to dance; play
/ send
/ eat
/ tell
/ buy
/ think
; /3 bring
/ go
/ rest, relax
/ sing/begin to sing

/ drink/drink up
/ write
/ show
/ do, make
/ () play/start to play an
instrument
/ sit/sit for awhile
/ sit down
/, listen
/ be
participate; take part
/ study/learn
/ read

, to whom
, me
, him, to it
, her
, us
, to you

, them
everything
(), to oneself (reflexive)
4 everyone

108

together
again
more, greater; a number of
better
afterwards

later
more often; frequently
everywhere
(invariant) super; excellent
so; like so; thus

that
however
but also; and even

5 come on!
future/modal particle

Notes to the vocabulary

1. In the opening dialogue, Branko wants a loud instrument. The zurla and gajda are both loud, but the
zurla, unlike the gajda, is never played indoors. Other Macedonian musical instruments include the
tapan, kaval, accordion, clarinet, and tambura. A list of instruments for information and conversation is
given at the end of the chapter.
2. Both () and () mean friend. The term () typically refers to a friend from
childhood. This term was also used during the Communist era as a term of address Comrade.
3. The perfective verb to bring has an imperfective partner , but is much less
used in some of the contexts given here than the unprefixed verb .
4. Note that the pronoun takes a plural verb, cf. English:
Everyone is here. .
5. The interjection , from Turkish, is used with constructions to form a type of imperative: !
Come on, lets . . . ! Come on, lets sing! ! Come on, lets go! can be
used by itself to mean come on; lets!; Cmon lets go!

17: .
.
Read the text and select the correct verb form. Then listen to the text and check your
answer.
. . * 1.___________ (/
) . 2.___________(/) , ,
. 3.___________ (/).
4.___________ (/).
. 5.___________ (/) 6.___________ (/
market.

109

) . 7. ___________ (/) .
. (/) 8. ___________ 9. ___________
(/) .
18:
Compositions
1. Using the constructions and vocabulary you have learned so far, write a short composition (at
least ten sentences) describing life at the Naumovskis.
2. Write a note to Mira explaining Brankos interest in music, and explain that you will tell her
what current music you think is interesting, and some good English books to read, but now you
have no time.
Musical instrumentsterms for enrichment, not active knowledge
accordion
acoustic guitar
banjo
baritone horn
bass clarinet -
bass guitar -
bassoon
bouzouki ,
bugle
cello
clarinet
concertina
cornet
double bass
drums
electric guitar
fife /
flute
french horn
guitar
harmonica
harp
harpsichord
mandolin

oboe
organ (electric)
organ (pipe) ,
piano ,
piccolo
recorder
saxaphone o
sousaphone
synthesizer
tambourine
timpani ,
trombone
trumpet ,
tuba
viola
violin
voice: alto
voice: bass
voice: mezzo -
voice: soprano
voice: tenor
whistle ,
xylophone

110

7.
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

Cities, Giving Directions, Skopje, Free Time

Comparatives and superlatives
Possessive pronominal adjectives
Embedded questions and indirect questions
Imperatives
Auxiliary verb
Numbers 0100
Telling time, introduction

1: ? ,
:
What do you know about Skopje? Answer the following questions, and then read the
text and check your answers, or fill in what you have now learned.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
.
. ,
. : , ,
, . , : ,
, , , .
. , .
, .
. -.
, . - .
, - .
, , , , ,
. .
, . ,
.
.
. , , ,
.
2: (), ()
()?
According to the text which statements are true (T), untrue (NT), or there is no
information (NI) given?

111

1. . ______
2. . _____
3. . _____
4. . _____
5. . ______
6. , 5 . _____
7. - . _____
8. . ______
9. . ____
10. . _____
3: :
According to the information in the text, write one sentence about these places:

4: ?
1 10 .
/ /, ,
?
When you have free time, what do you like to do? Put the following activities in order
from 110 according to what you like most and least (1 being the most). Then discuss
your choices with a partner and compare your answerswhat does (s)he like more/
most, what do you like equally, where do you differ?

Old and New Skopje

112

5: / :
Listen and read the conversation then answer the questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

?
?
?
?
?

,
.
: ?
: , . . . . .
. .
: , . .
: , , , , ?
. . .
: , . .
: . .
? . ?
: . .

,
113

6: , .
Read the following notes, and say which one of them is Vesnas.
.

10.00

15



9.00

5



10.00

7: :
1. , , , ,
, ?
2. : , , , , , , ?
3. , , , , , ?

7.1 Comparatives and superlatives

In Macedonian, it is quite simple to form adjectival comparatives, e.g. smarter, younger, older,
more beautiful and superlatives, e.g. smartest, youngest, oldest, most beautiful.
7.1.1 Comparatives
To form the comparative, the prefix - is attached to the adjective:
, .
Meto is old, but Goran is older.

, .
Liljana is young, but Biljana is younger.

Macedonian uses the preposition to express English than, e.g.:

, a . .
Goran is older than Meto, and Zoran is older than Goran. They are older than I am.
8: :
Fill in the correct form of the comparative:
: , .
1. , _____________.
2. , _____________.
3. , _____________.
4. , ___________ .
5. , _____________.
6. , _____________ .
7. , - _____________.
8. , ________
9. , _____________.
10. , (Chinese) _________.
114

Now compose five more sentences according to the models given above.
9: . e .
: . (Eiffel Tower) .
?
. ,
.
. -.
. . - .
: /
: /-
: /
: /
: /

: /
: /
: /
: /
: /

10: :
1. Montreal is an old city, but Skopje is an older city.
2. My sister is younger than your sister.
3. Zorans building is taller than this building.
4. This jacket is inexpensive, but Brankos jacket is more inexpensive.
5. Stojan is shorter than his brother.
6. Buf is a smaller village than Brajchino.
7. This sweater is more expensive than your sweater.
8. This new novel is better than the old novel.
9. These peppers are hot, but those peppers are hotter.
10. The clock tower in Skopje is taller than the clock tower in Bitola
7.1.2 Superlatives
It is equally simple to form the superlatives of adjectives in Macedonian, i.e., the forms corresponding to English smartest, youngest, oldest, most beautiful. To form the superlative, the prefix
- is attached to the adjective:
. , .
11: / :

115

7.1.3 Comparative and superlative markers with adverbs

The prefixes - and - can also be attached freely to adverbs, e.g.:
, ,
.
Stojan speaks Macedonian well, Branko speaks Macedonian better, but Biljana speaks
best.
, .
, .
Biljana reads Macedonian slowly, and Branko more slowly. Liljana and Tanas read more
quickly than they do, and Grandpa Petre reads fastest of all.
7.1.4 Irregular comparatives and superlatives
The only irregular forms are:
many, much

more

most

(The variant superlative form is seen in some texts but some speakers consider it
dialectal and not the preferred form in the standard language. The form is a colloquial
variant).

7.2 Possessive pronominal adjectives

7.2.1 Introduction
The possessive pronominal adjectives correspond to the English possessives my, your, etc. In
Macedonian, these possessive forms are adjectives because, like other adjectives, they agree in
number and gender with the noun they modify. This differs from English in which the possessive
forms are invariant. In most instances, the possessive adjective will also be definite. Examples
will be given below. Let us compare one example in English and Macedonian:
My book
My books

My chair
My chairs

My dog
My dogs

In other words, the specific form of the possessive adjective in Macedonian is determined by the
noun that is possessed.

116

7.2.2 Formation of possessive pronominal adjectives

The indefinite and definite forms of the possessive pronominal adjectives are given in the tables
below. Note the fleeting vowel in the masculine form of their, :

whose
1st sg.
2nd sg.
3rd sg.
masc. & ntr.
3rd sg. fem.
1st pl.
2nd pl.
3rd pl.
reflexive

masculine

/
/

feminine

/
/

neuter

/
/

plural

/
/

/
/
/
/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/
/

7.2.3 Definite forms of the possessive pronominal adjectives

Possessive adjectives tend to occur in the definite form most frequently in subject position.
12: :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. .
14. .
15. .
16. .

117

13: :
Fill in the correct form of the possessive pronoun:
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________
5. ____________
6. ____________
7. ____________
8. ____________
9. ____________
10. ____________
11. ____________
12. ____________
13. ____________
14. ____________
15. ____________
16. ____________
17. ____________
18. ____________
19. ____________
20. ____________

(her) .
(our) .
(his) .
(whose) ?
(your) .
(my) .
(their) .
(his) .
(her) .
(your) .
(his) .
(their) .
(our) .
(my) .
(your) .
(your, pl.) .
(his) .
(my) .
(their) .
(her) .

7.2.4 Indefinite forms of the possessive pronominal adjectives

Indefinite forms of the possessive adjective often occur in sentences of the type shown below in
which the possessive adjective is in the predicate, and defines the possession of the subject of the
sentence, e.g. This book is mine.
.
This student is ours.

.
Those students are ours.

.
Those are our students

The indefinite form is also used in answering the question whose?, e.g.:
? .
7.2.5 Dierences in usage between English and Macedonian
As you learn to read and speak Macedonian, pay close attention to the differences in usage
between Macedonian and English. English tends to use these possessive pronominal adjectives
much more than Macedonian. Despite the similarities in meaning, usage differs in these languages, and experience will help you not to overuse them in your Macedonian speech. For example, when referring to parts of ones own body, or the clothes one is wearing, Macedonian
generally uses definite forms in place of possessives. Compare for example, the following:

118

!
Give me your hand!

.
Ana has an apple in her hand.

You have also learned that Macedonian uses the indirect object clitics to express possession with
close relatives, e.g. , , . These clitics are also frequently used for other
types of possession, particularly for some body parts and objects that come in contact with the
body:
C . His watch is new.
. Her eyes are green!
You are not expected to know these differences now, but you should pay attention to usage when
you read and listen to Macedonian.
14: , , , , , ?
(, , , , , , a/, )
What color are your shoes, coat, shirt, blouse, sweater, pants?
(white, black, red, green, blue, yellow, brown, grey)
, : /
_____, . . .
Write down this information for one student in the group, e.g.: his/her shoes are
_________, etc. Read your description aloud to the others in the group. They need
to guess whom you are describing.

7.3 Embedded questions and indirect questions

7.3.1 Embedded questions
You have already learned a number of question words: ? ? ? ? ? These
question words can be used to embed a question into another sentence. Look at the following English examples:
1. Where is Branko? Do you know where Branko is? I dont know where Branko is.
2. Who is talking to the architect? Do you know who is talking to the architect? No, I dont know
who is talking to the architect.
3. Why is Stojan eating ice cream? Do you know why Stojan is eating ice cream? I dont know
why Stojan is eating ice cream.
4. Whose books are these? Do you know whose books these are? No, I dont know whose books
these are.
5. Do you know whether/if Vesna and Ivan will come to visit tomorrow? No, I dont know
whether/if they will come tomorrow.
119

Now compare the Macedonian translations:

1. ? ? .
2. ? ? ,
.
3. ? ? ,
.
4. ? ?
, .
5. ? , .
15: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Liljana doesnt know where Branko is.

I dont know why Risto is talking with Biljana.
We do not know what this is.
Stojan will not tell me why his white shirt is on the table.
They dont know whose books these are.
I will ask Aunt Mira what food her dog likes.
I cant tell you where your book is.
Biljana doesnt know why she is watching television.
Do you know how old your town is?
I want to ask Nick if he has a pen. Mine doesnt work.

7.3.2 Indirect questions

When asking for directions in formal situations we often use indirect questions that sound more
polite than direct questions. For example, compare the following:
:

: , ?
, ?
, ?
16:
? (, , , ,
, , )
Pose the following questions in a more polite manner then write down where you
would ask these questions.

120

: ?
, ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

-? _____________
? _____________
? _____________
? _____________
? _____________
? _____________
? _____________
? _________

7.4 Imperatives
Imperatives are used when the speaker wishes to command, ask, or request the listener to perform some action, or to refrain from performing some action:
Open the door!
Close your books!

Dont go in there!
Dont talk!

The formation of the imperative in Macedonian is based on the present stem, that is, the third
singular form. There is one set of rules for -stems and - and -stems that have a vowel before
the stem vowel, and a different set of rules for - and -stems that have a consonant before the
stem vowel.
1. a-stems:
- /-
The stem vowel - is retained and to this stem - is added for the singular imperative, i.e., when
only one person is addressed, and - for both the plural imperative and the singular polite form,
that is, used with people whom you address as .
!
, !

!
, !

2. - and -stems:
a.

- /-

If a vowel remains when the final stem vowel - or - is dropped, then the endings are the same
as for -stems, namely - and -, e.g.
: Drop the final -; now, to the form - add - for the singular and - for the plural and
polite:
!

!
121

: Drop the final -; now, to the form - add - for the singular, - for the plural and polite:
!

b. - /-
If, after the - or - stem vowel has been dropped, the resulting form ends in a consonant, - is
added for the singular and - for the plural and polite form, e.g.
: Drop the final -; now, to the form - add - for the singular, - for the plural and
polite:
!

: Drop the final -; now, to the form - add - for the singular, - for the plural and polite:
J!

J!

IMPERATIVE FORMATION
Remember: -stem vowel is kept but - and - stem vowels are dropped
I. imperative stem ending in a vowel: -/
present stem
imperative stem
singular

-stem

-stem

-stem

II. imperative stem ending in a consonant: -/

verbal group present stem
imperative stem
singular

-stem

-stem

plural/polite

plural/polite

Exceptions: There are only two verb stems that do not follow the above rules. Since they are
common, their forms should be memorized:
give:

put:

! !

The imperative of the verb is based on the verb and is regular:

:

122

17: :
Fill in the correct form of the imperative:
1. () ______________ ()!
2. () ______________ ()!
3. () ______________ ()!
4. () ______________ ()!
5. () ______________ ()!

6. ()
7. ()
8. ()
9. ()
10. ()

______________()!
______________ ()!
______________ ()!
______________ ()!
______________ ()!

7.4.1 Aspect in the imperative

Imperatives, particularly positive imperatives, can be made from verbs of either the perfective
or imperfective aspect. Imperatives are most often formed from perfective verbs if the command
is given to fulfill an action once; imperatives are most often formed from the imperfective if the
command is given to carry out an action repeatedly, or with the focus not on the completion but
on the action itself:
!
!
, !
, !
7.4.2 Order of clitics with the imperative
You have learned that clitics precede the verb. There are two
exceptions to this rule. The imperative is the first of the two
verbal forms that cause the clitics to move directly after the
verb. Indirect will, as always, come before direct. Compare the
following sentences:
1. .
Naum is reading the letters to his grandfather.
1. , !
Naum, read the letters to your grandfather!
2. .
Every day Marija gives the book to the teacher.
2. , a!
Marija, give the teacher the book every day!
3. , ?
Tanas, will you call me at ten?
3. , !
Tanas, call me at ten!

123

18: ,
. .
Read Liljanas note and select the correct verb, perfective or imperfective. Then listen and correct your work.
,
.
. (/) 1_________ . (/)
2
__________ (/) 3__________ .
(/) 4___________ .
(/) 5__________ . .
(/) 6__________ . (/)
7
_________ . .
,

19: Change the following indicative sentences to imperatives; if there are clitics, be sure
to move them after the verb:
: .
!
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
7.4.2.1 Accentual units of imperatives and clitics
When the clitics move after the verb, the whole phrase may be read as one accentual unit. This
means that when placing the accent third syllable from the end, the clitics have to be counted!
Compare the following:
!
!
!
!

124

20: ?
20: .
Connect the pictures with the instructions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

!
! ___
! ___
! ___
! ___
___

20: . /
.
Anna and Stefan are telling some friends how to get to their place. Listen/ read the instructions and find their houses.
: 45, 55 65 (
). .
. .
.
: .
. . .
, , , 32.

125

20: . .
. .
/.
Work in pairs. You live in one of the other houses. Write down how to get to your house
from the bus stop. Then exchange instructions. Read the instructions and find out where
your partner lives.
20: . .
:
, , , ,
:
A.

, ?

, ?
, ?

:
.

. ,
.

126

7.4.3 Negative imperatives

1. is used most often to form negative imperatives of imperfective verbs. If the imperative
is only two-syllables, there is a strong tendency for the phrasal stress to move back onto the
negative :
! !
While the standard grammars prescribe the placement of clitics after the verb (a. below), some
speakers place the clitics between the negative particle and the imperative (b. below). Despite
the fact that many speakers move the clitics to this position, it is not considered standard. Compare the constructions below:
a. !
b. !
In other words, the norm is for the clitics to follow the imperative in both positive and negative
constructions.
When used with perfective verbs, plus the imperative takes on a slightly different meaning,
that of a threat, or warning:
!
Dont go there, youll see what happens!
2. ! ! can be used alone to express a negative imperative Dont!, or it can be
followed by a clause most often followed by an imperfective verb. In some contexts a perfective verb is possible:
! Dont speak!
! Dont read this letter!
! Dont tell me you have work to do!

21: .
.
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate pronominal forms. Listen and
check your work.
1. :
:
:
:

1___ .
?
. 2___ .
.

2. :
:

3___ - .
4___ -.
5___ .

127

3. :
:
:
4. :
:
:
:

. 6___
.
7___ . , ,
.
, .
, 8___ 9___ !
! . ?
38. 10___ ?
, , 11___ .

5. : , 12___ .
:
, , ?
: ! .
6. :
:

13___ 14___ , .
.
, 15___ .

22: Dedo Petre is trying to sleep, but Branko and Stojan are doing all sorts of naughty
things. Using the verbs that you already know, use and command forms to
tell either Branko or Stojan, or both of them together, what to do and what not to do.
Remember: if your sentence contains clitic pronouns, they will follow the verb.
:
, !
, ! (Children, dont argue!)
!

7.5 Auxiliary verb

Macedonian uses the verbal auxiliary to express the concept that some action needs to or
must be completed: I need to/ought to/should. The modal verb is unusual because in this
meaning it does not change form for any person. The verb following is marked for person, i.e.
it tells who should perform the action, e.g.:
.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

128

7.5.1 and other verbs of obligation

You have now learned two different modal verbs for expressing obligation, and . Of
the two, expresses a stronger obligation to perform an action.
23: :
1. Branko should read his textbook slowly.
2. Stojan, you must give your brother his book.
3. You need to write your grandfather a letter.
4. We need to bring our friends the letter from Skopje.
5. I need to buy myself new shoes.
6. They have to tell Branko when he should come to our place today.
7. You need to eat up that big sandwich quickly.
8. She has to tell us where the restaurant is.
9. I must go to work today.
10. They must tell us when they will come.

7.6 Numbers 0100

0
1 , ,
2 (m.) (f. and n.)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

Notes on the formation of the numbers from one to one hundred:

7.6.1 he number 1 at the end of compound numerals
The number one, when used alone or at the end of a compound number, such as 151, behaves
like an adjective, i.e., the form of the number agrees with the gender of the noun it modifies. In
addition, the noun following will often, though not always, be singular if the compound number
ends with one:

129

7.6.2 he number 1 used as an indefinite, specific article

Forms of the number one sometimes function as the indefinite article to specify a specific, certain
item. This may then cause the addition of a clitic:
, .
Branko really wants a [certain] book about music, but he has no money.
The spread of to function as an indefinite article is an area of language change taking place.
As you read Macedonian you may encounter examples of this usage.
7.6.3 Special remarks on the number 2
The number two has two different forms: for masculine nouns, for both feminine and
neuter nouns.

two

masculine

feminine and neuter

7.6.4 Special remarks on the numbers 1119

The numbers from eleven to nineteen derive historically from the formulation 1 on 10, 2 on 10,
etc. The number ten occurs in a shortened form in these compounds: -.
7.6.5 Special remarks on the numbers 2090
The tens are based on a formulation which derives historically from two tens, three tens, etc. Up
to sixty, the shortened form of ten occurs; in the numbers 70, 80, and 90, the full form of
appears. Note the spelling of 50: and 60: .
Compound numbers have the conjunction and between the last two numbers, e.g.:



24:
: , , , , ,
, , , , ,
Write the words under the corresponding picture: watermelon, plums, peaches, pears, grapes,
cucumber, tomatoes, peppers, cabbage, eggplant, beans

130

_______

__________

______________

_____________

______________

______________

__________

______________

10

_____________

____________

____________

11

24:
.
Listen to the conversations at the market and write down the prices of the products in the
dialogues.
. salesperson
1
: ?
: , , 1. ____ .
: . , , .
?
.: 2. ____ .
: . , 3. ____ ?
.
.: 4. ____ . ?
: , .
: ?
.: 5. ____ .
: .
.: , 6. ____ . !
: , . ?
.: 7. ____ .
: . . .

131

2
: , . . ?
.: 8. ____ , . ?
: .
: ?
.: 9. ____ . . .
: , . . .
, .
: , . ?
.: 10. ____ . ?
: .
: .
: , ? , 11. ____ ,
12.
____ . .
: , , . ?
.: .
: , , .
?
24:
.
Listen to the conversations one more time and write down
what Vesna and Ivan are buying at the market.
:
2
____
____
____

____
____
____
____ __ .

:
enough, sufficient
oh! oh!, wow! oh boy!

, half
/ try

7.7 Telling time, introduction

Official time in Macedonian is based on the twenty-four-hour clock, but the twelve-hour system
is used as well. The word , which you learned in the last lesson, is derived from Turkish, and
means hour, clock, and watch. The Slavic words hour and clock, watch are
used in the written language and in more formal speech situations.
Clock time in Macedonian traditionally is written with a period, not a colon, between the hour
and the minutes, e.g., 7.30 (not 7:30), although this distinction is not always observed. In
132

8 you will learn more time expressions, here we will focus on reading official time using the 24-hour clock. Official time is expressed as the hour followed by the number of minutes,
e.g.:
7.20
18.50

/
/

7.7.1 Asking time in ocial situations

You can ask about schedules in the following ways:
, ?

(9.40).

, ?

(21.50).
(8.30).

, ?

25:
.
Look at the following television schedule and answer the questions in Macedonian.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

?
?
?
?
?
?

.
Continue ask and answer practice in pairs.
1
17.05
17.35
18.00
18.15
19.20
20.55
21.25
21.40
22.45
23.00
23.30
24.00

1


2
,

- .
.

1
2

133

:
current; up-to-date; topical
news
documentary

broadcast; program
program
series

:
-

, ?
?
? :
, , , , (animated film), (live action),
? : , , , ,
, ,

26: ,
. .
, . .
.
A group of tourists is at the hotel on Mosha Pijade Street near the bridge on the
Vardar. Their guide is telling them about their plan for tomorrow. They will visit the
following places, but not in this order. Read the text and put these places in order.
Then write a sentence about each one.
___
___ -
___ -
___
___

___ -
___
___
___ -

: 10.00 . ,
. .
. (100)
- . ,
. ,
.

134

-
, .
.
.
, - .
.
. . ,
. .
. .
-, . ,
.
- . , .
, .

26: . .
Several of the tourists have questions for the guide. Write down his answer.
: : , ?
: , .
.

135

1. : . ?
: ________________________________________________
2. : ?
: ________________________________________________
3. : ?
: ________________________________________________
4. : ?
: ________________________________________________
5. : , ?
: ________________________________________________
6. : ,
?
: ___________________________________________________
7. : , - , ?
: ___________________________________________________

136

Note: This chapter has a longer than usual vocabulary list in order to introduce basic color terms,
clothing, and urban life.

bus stop
/ (. )1
Albanian

Turkish bath
bath
- market (flea market)
vicinity, proximity,
neighborhood
blouse
color
boulevard
boutique
3 bicycle
news
, (. )1 Vlah
entrance
guide
gallery
capital
grave, tomb
courtyard
part; region
denar (Macedonian currency)
discoteque, club
drama
3 wood; tree
lake
broadcast
life
greenery
live action movie
exhibit
iconostasis (wall of icons in an
Orthodox church)
language, tongue
fortress, citadel
credit card
(. ) quay

, kilo, kilogram
club
comedy
shirt
() edge; end
pear
watermelon
meter
subway
() mobile phone
bridge
folk costume/traditional
clothing

costume
clothing
jacket, coat
pants, trousers
or a poster
plan
mountain
poster
beginning
example
program
intersection
river
republic
() (. )1 Rom (Gypsy)
concert hall
- memorial house
() (. )1 Serb
side
fortification; fortress
2 bicycle
thriller
() (. )1 Turk
narrow street, alleyway
art gallery

137

hero
horror (film)
church
animated film
market place

hour
clock
shoe
mosque
sweater

Albanian
Vlah
5 second
main
city, urban
right
documentary
long
inexpensive
yellow
green
same
stone
/ brown (coffee-colored)
useful
left

bad
modern; fashionable, trendy
known; famous
straight
5 first
Rom
grey
blue
expensive
free; unoccupied
opposite
Serbian
() difficult; heavy
narrow
Turkish
wide

/ return
/ take
4 mean, signify
/ go out
/ excuse (oneself )
/ () call; get in touch;
contact

/ climb up; ascend; get on

/ pass, go through
/ beg, request
I beg you, i.e., please
/ be located
/ find
! ! dont!

(impf.) wear
/ pay
/ pass by, pass along
/ visit
/ cross; cross over
/ continue
/ turn
/ arrive; get to; reach a
destination
should; ought to; need to
/ wait
cost, be worth
/ stroll; go for walk

138

Possessive Pronominal Adjectives

your
my
our
his

her
their
(reflexive pronoun) ones own
your

slowly
immediately
() far (from)
right
late
left
in the evening
back
least
most

all over, everywhere

in the morning
somewhere
from there
, , half
straight
early
freely
xactly
tomorrow

behind
along, after

along side
across

Prefixes

because, for, since

in order to
and, well, so, then

- most, -est (superlative marker)

- more, -er (comparative marker)

hello (used when answering telephone)

6 ciao

ten
twenty
thirty
forty
fifty

sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
one hundred

139

Notes to the vocabulary

1. In this chapter you were introduced to the main ethnic groups in Skopje. While the terms for people and
language are not part of the active vocabulary, you should be familiar with these peoples. Macedonians
and Serbs speak South Slavic languages, while Albanian is an Indo-European language unrelated to the
other languages, Romany is an Indic language, Vlah is a Romance language related to Romanian, and
Turkish is a Turkic language, unrelated to the other languages, which are all Indo-European.
Below are the terms for describing people of these nationalities:

, , .
, , .
, , .
, , .
, , .

.
.
.
.
.

2. The word bicycle is widely used for in colloquial speech.

3. The noun means both tree and wood. In the latter meaning, the plural form is .
4. The verb occurs most often in the third person when the meaning is to have meaning, to signify, What does X mean? ? ? It can, however, be
used with an indirect object to mean that someone or something has meaning for someone:, e.g.
You mean a great deal to me.
5. In this lesson, you learned the ordinal number for first and second. Ordinal numbers up to tenth are as
follows. A separate section will be devoted to them in a later chapter:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

6th
7th
8th
9th
10th

6. The use of ciao is very common among young speakers.

140

8.
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6

Education, Invitations
Aorist, introduction
Days of the week
Telling time, continued
Review of subordinate clauses
Relative clauses, continued
Intransitive verbs with

,

.

.
.

? .
.
. , , .
. , ,
.
.
! , .
.
. , .

.
. . , .
, . .
, .
!
.
! .
,

141

1: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

2: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

?
?
?
?
?

3: :
Connect the themes with the words:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,

.
.
.
.
.

4: :
1. ? ? ?
, , , , ,
(agriculture), , (engineering), ,
, (theater arts),
(music), (fine arts),
(education)
2. , ?
3. ? /.

142

Cultural Note: Holiday celebrations

In Macedonia, people celebrate New Years on January 1st, but Christmas is celebrated on
January 7th, according to the old Julian calendar. There are customs associated with the day
before Christmas, , Christmas Eve, , and Christmas Day, .
Customs vary from place to place, but the following description of traditional celebrations in
one village will highlight some typical events.
Early in the morning of January 6th, groups of children gathered and traveled from house to
house singing special songs, . People gave the singers something to eat,
e.g., walnuts, chestnuts, candies, apples. In the
afternoon, children went out and found a large oak branch for the Yule log. As they brought
the log back to the village, the oldest child walked straddling the log while the others followed
making noises of various domestic animals. As they arrived home, the oldest would call out:
! ! ! !
Good evening! May the fields bear harvest! May the flocks increase! May the corn grow!
While calling out these greetings, he spread the log with fat while the other children continued
making animal noises. Then the oak log was put in the fire, and later the charred log was set
aside until , St. Basils Day i.e., New Years on January 14th according to the
old calendar. Families lit candles out in the stables, one for each member of the family. The
person whose candle burned the longest would have the most luck in the coming year. Then
they prepared a special holiday meal. First, they cut a loaf of bread in which a coin had been
baked, and the person who received the coin would have luck during the year (Biljana got it
last year!) The rest of the meal consisted of Lenten food, i.e., no meat or dairy products:
beans, lenten sarma (no meat in the filling), . After
the meal, they ate fruit and nuts, e.g., , , , dried figs,
plums, , hazlenuts.
On January 7th, Christmas day, a special breakfast was served consisting of roast poultry,
fritters, and warm rakija (grape brandy). Meat was eaten for lunch. The men went to church,
and after the service they ate and drank together. On the following day, the women went to
church and celebrated together.
On all three days of the Christmas holiday, there was a dance in the village center, .
When people met, they said: Christ is born, to which the response is:
In truth he is born.
Many of these customs have disappeared, but both in Macedonia and in migr communities,
some of these traditions are preserved. Families still gather on Christmas Eve and eat bread
with a coin hidden inside. An oak branch is still part of the decorations. Those who eat a
Lenten meal on Christmas Eve eat and . And the table still holds a wide
variety of fresh fruit, nuts, and dried fruit. The custom of is also being revived.

143

Greetings for the holidays:

!
!
!

1
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

!
, . . .
.
, , ,
. , .
. , 9.00
.
, . . ?
.
?
, ?
. Ja .
, .
. .

2
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

?
, .
, . ?
, ... ,
? .
? . , , .
. .
.
, . .
. . !
!

3
:
:

!?
. . ?

144

:
:

, , . [, .]
, ?

:
:
:

. , .
, ! ?
. , .
. .
. a . !
. .

:
:
4.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

, ,
1. ?
?
9.00.
,
. ,
.
, .
. .
, .
, ! .

5: / :
Listen/Read the conversations above and answer the questions:
1. Koj ?
.
.
.
.

________
________
________
________

.
.
.
.

2.
. ?
. ?
. ?

________________
________________
________________

3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
1

Boris Trajkovski was president of Macedonia from 1999 to 2004. His term ended tragically when he died in a plane
crash.

145

6: Invitation: You now know how to use the verbs , , + to extend an

invitation to someone, and how to accept or refuse an invitation. Reread the phone
conversations above for models how to offer, accept, or refuse an invitation, then do
the exercises below.
. 15 :
Connect the sentences from 15 with those from ad:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .

. ?
. ?
. ?
. ?
. ?

. : .
Complete the dialogues above: Accept or refuse and tell the reason why.
: . . .
. , . .

, .
, .
. .
, . .
.

, ...
, ...
. ...
, ...
, ...

8.1 Aorist, introduction

The aorist, called in Macedonian either or , i.e.,
past definite complete tense, is a form which refers to a completed action in the past tense. It
most often corresponds to the simple past in English: I read the book, I wrote the letter, I ate my
supper, etc. In contemporary standard Macedonian, the aorist is formed almost exclusively from
perfective verbs.
8.1.1 Formation of the aorist
For most verbs, the formation of the aorist is not complex. There are, however, numerous
small subcategories. All verbs in the aorist (except ) take the same endings but there are

146

complexities in the aorist stem vowel and possible consonant alternations. In this lesson we will
begin discussion with the most regular forms and most frequent types of alternations.
All verbs (except , see below) take the following endings in the aorist:

-#

-#

The sign # means that there is a zero ending, i.e., nothing is added after the stem vowel.
8.1.2 -stem
All members of this group preserve the stem vowel -a and add the aorist endings; in other words,
there is no change in stem vowel.

7:
:
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the aorist and then
translate the sentences into English:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

(j) _________ () .
_________ () .
_________ ().
() _________ ().
_________ () .
() _________ () .

147

7.
8.
9.
10.

_________ () .
_________ () .
() _________ () .
_________ () .

8.1.3 -stem
Most, but not all, -stem verbs keep the stem vowel -. There are several classes of exceptions to
this rule that will be discussed in the next chapter.
Note the insertion of j between stem vowel and ending in the third plural - due to spelling
rules.

8:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

() __________ () .
(J) __________ () .
__________ ( ) ?
()__________ () __________ ().
__________ () .
__________ () .
() __________ () ?
(J) __________ () .
() __________ ( )?
__________ ()? !

8.1.4 -stem
Most -stem verbs change the stem vowel - to -. This includes the large class of perfective
verbs ending in -. However, there are several sizable subgroups of e-stem verbs to which many

148

common verbs belong. Some of these subgroups will be treated later in this chapter; others will
be discussed in later chapters.
The tables below show verbs that make the change of stem vowel from - to -. As you review
the tables below compare the stem vowel in the aorist and in the future.
E

9:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

() ___________ () .
___________ () .
___________ () .
___________ () .
___________ () .
() ___________ () ?
___________ () .
J ___________ () .
___________ () .
___________ () .

8.1.5 Three subcategories of e-stem aorists

1. e-stem with o alternation
2 e-stem with o alternation and velar alternation
3. e-stem with #-stem vowel
8.1.5.1 e-stem with o alternation
You have already encountered a number of very high frequency verbs that belong to the
e-stem with o alternation group: , , , , , .

149

These verbs:
- preserve the -e stem vowel in the second and third person singular (, );
- in all other forms, the stem vowel changes to -o;
- in the third person plural there is no - before the -.

You will notice that, as with a-stem and -stem verbs, the third-singular form of this group is
identical to the non-past. When you encounter perfective verbs with the same form in the aorist
and non-past, you will be able to recognize the aorist because, unlike in other contexts, these
perfective verb forms are not preceded by one of the particles that must be used with perfective
verbs in the non-past, e.g., , . Compare the following examples:
.
He came.

.
He will come.

.
He wants to come.

8.1.5.1.1 An important exception:

Note the following exception: the verb , although an -stem verb, behaves in the aorist like
one of the e-group with o-alternation, and therefore it will be included here:

10:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

(J) ____________ () .
____________ () .
() ____________ () ?
____________ () .
____________ () .
____________ () .
____________ () .
____________ () .
(J) ____________ () .

150

10. ____________ () .
11. ____________ () .
12. () _______ () _______ () .
8.1.5.2 E-stem with both o alternation and velar alternation
There are a number of common verbs in this subgroup that display the alternation -e/-o as in the
previous category. In addition, the velars - and - alternate with - and - respectively. In this
chapter, you will learn one of the most frequently encountered verbs in past narrative, the verb
to say. Also given here is the verb to enter, which will be learned in the next
lesson. In the future tense, these verbs are regular e-stem verbs.

8.1.5.3 E-stem with #-stem vowel

In this category of e-stem verbs, the stem-vowel - is preceded by a vowel. You have already
had several verbs in this subgroup: , , , . Verbs in this subgroup drop the
stem vowel -e before adding the aorist endings. Note the insertion of j in the third plural due to
spelling rules.

8.1.6 The verb

The verb has only one form for both the aorist and imperfect (see 10). Compare the
following forms:

151

8.1.7 Additional notes on the aorist

1. The aorist second and third singular forms are identical. These forms are distinguished
from context or, if the meaning is ambiguous, by personal pronouns. Pay close attention to the
examples below:
. ! ?
Marija! When did you arrive?

.
I arrived last night.

. ?
When did Vesna arrive?

.
She arrived last night.

2. The third singular aorist forms of all a-stems, and of those -stem and e-stem verbs that do not
change stem vowel, are identical to the forms of the perfective non-past. You will always be able
to distinguish an aorist from a perfective non-past because, as you will recall, the non-past cannot
be used independently in a sentence, but must be preceded by a particle, e.g., or . Compare
the sentences below:
a. .
Elena read the book.
b. .
Elena wants to read the book.
c. .
Elena will read the book.
11:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.

() ________() .
() ________() .
________ () .
________() ?

152

5. ________() .
6. () ________() .
7. ________( ) .
8. () ________() .
9. () ________() .
10. ________() .
11. ________ () .
12. ________ () .
13. ________() ?
14. ________() ?
15. () ________() ?
16. ________() .
17. () ________() .
18. ________() ________ ().
19. ________() ?
20. () ____________ ( )?
12: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

.
.
.
7.00.
?
.
.
?
.
J .
.
.
.
.
. ,
.

13: Reread Biljanas letter at the beginning of the chapter. Underline all the aorist forms
and identify to which group they belong.
14:
) .
.
In the following text, Vesna is talking about her education. Put the verbs in parentheses into
the correct form of the aorist.
J 1_______ ()
. 2_______ ( ) .
3________() 4_______( )
153

. 1994 .
5
________ ( ) , 6__________()
, . 7________()
8__________ (). 9_____________ ()
1 10__________ ()
.
) . .
In the following conversation with Vesna, you have the answers. Fill in the questions.
1. : _________________________________?
: .
2. : _________________________________?
: .
3. : _________________________________?
: .
4. : _________________________________?
: , .
5. : _________________________________?
: .
. . .

8.2 Days of the week

Note that the days of the week are not capitalized in Macedonian.
Sunday (and week)
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday

When a perfective verb is followed by plus an expressed amount of time, it means that the action
was or will be completed in this time, e.g., I graduated in four years.
I will graduate in four years.
1

154

8.2.1 Expressions with days of the week

.
.
.
.
.

Today is Monday.
Yesterday was Sunday.
The day before yesterday was Saturday.
Tomorrow will be Tuesday.
The day after tomorrow will be Wednesday.

every Monday
last Monday
next Monday

or :
While / can both be used to refer to the next occurring day of the week, e.g.
the next day, next Monday, next Friday, etc., bear in mind that specifically connotes the
future, upcoming day. In past contexts, you must use , which means the following, e.g.:
, .
Mira arrived in Bitola on Sunday, but the following day Andrej arrived.
In this example only is possible since it refers to the future at some point in the past,
not future from the point of view of the present.
In the following expressions, pay attention to the variation in the preposition and the definiteness
in the name of the week. The difference between and is not
maintained by all speakers.
a. last Monday
The preposition is and the name of the day is definite:

b. next Monday
The preposition is and the name of the day is indefinite:

c. every Monday, on Mondays
The preposition is and the name of the day is indefinite:

8.3 Telling time, continued

In 7, you learned to read official times using the 24-hour clock. Here you will learn how
to tell time using the 12-hour clock and various time expressions.

155

8.3.1 What time is it?

In answering what time it is, the hour is given followed by the minutes up to the half hour:
/? What time is it? (7.00), (7.20).
8.3.2 Quarter past the hour
A quarter after the hour is expressed as the hour followed by the number fifteen or the word for a
quarter :
or (7.15)
You may also hear the older, Turkish word for quarter: : .
8.3.3 Time on the half hour
The time on the half hour is expressed as the hour and a half, with the stress on the conjunction:
:
(7.30).
8.3.4 Time between the half and the hour
The following three methods may be used to specify the time between the half and the next hour:
1. State the minutes until the next hour with the preposition , e.g.,
(literally: five before ten, i.e., 9:55)
2. State the next hour minus the minutes with the preposition , e.g.,
(literally: ten without five, i.e., 9:55)
3. State the hour plus the minutes, e.g.,
(literally: ten fifty-five, i.e, 10:55)
8.3.5 At what time?
To ask at what time something will take place, or at what time something did take place, the
preposition is used. Study the following examples:
1. / ?

/.

2. ? (colloquial) .
3. ?

(/).

Note that is used in more formal contexts, in more colloquial contexts.

15: Answer the following questions using the times in parentheses:

156

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

? ____________ (at 6:00).

? ____________ (at 7:30).
? ____________ (at 10:10).
? ____________ (at 5:15).
? ____________ (at 2:00).

16: :
1. Stojan watches television every Monday from 3:30 to 4:30.
2. My aunt came from Macedonia last Thursday at 6:00 in the evening.
3. I have classes on Wednesday from 1:00 to 2:00, but next Wednesday we will not have
class.
4. On Saturdays, Branko likes to play with his friends.
5. Next Thursday my father has to travel to the United States.
6. Last Friday was Brankos birthday.
7. We have a test in chemistry every Thursday.
8. Today is Sunday; yesterday was Saturday; tomorrow will be Monday.
8.3.6 Specifying time of day using the 12-hour clock
When the 24-hour clock is used one doesnt need to specify a.m. or p.m. With the 12-hour clock,
however, the following expressions are used:
/ in the morning (from 1:00 a.m. to noon)
before noon (typically from 10:30/11:00 to noon)
at noon
afternoon (from 1:00 p.m. to 6:00)
in the evening (from 6:00 to midnight)
at midnight
17: Convert the following twenty-four hour clock times to the twelve-hour system
according to the model:
22.00 = 10.00
10.00 = 10.00
12.00; 23.30; 21.15; 13.00; 16.30; 9.00; 11.00; 5.00; 14.00; 15.30; 17.15; 4.00
18: .

18: .
:
Student life at the University of Sts. Cyril and Methodiusin Skopje. Read about

157

what two students from different departments do each day. How do they differ in the
following things? (unknown vocabulary is listed at the end)
1.
2.
3.
4. ,
. .
. , 7.30 14.00
. , 6.30. .
, 7.00,
.
, .
8.15 9.15, 7.30 8.10. .
, .
.
.
, .
: 8.15 13.40,
14.30 18.45, , 10.00 13.00 , 17.15 18.45.
. ,
. , 15
.

.
. .
: .
, ,
. , ,
19.20 20.50. , ,
.
18: .
6.
:

:
: .
: ?
: .
: ,
.

1. : / ()
2. :
158

3. :
.
4. :
5. :
6. :
7. :

aerobics
() activity
hospital
debate, adj.
exhibit
rent
practice, training

performance, show
regularly
term paper, essay
rental apartment
/ get up
third
fourth

8.4 Review of subordinate clauses

As you already know, a clause is a group of words containing a subject and a conjugated verb.
There are two types of clauses: main (or independent) clauses and subordinate (or dependent)
clauses. A main clause can stand alone as a simple sentence: We live in Skopje. They eat dinner
at 7:00. A subordinate clause, on the other hand, cannot stand alone, but must be combined with
a main clause. In the sentences below, the subordinate clauses are underlined:
I know that he lives in Toronto.
Branko thinks that he knows more than his brother.
We know where they are.
A subordinate clause in Macedonian is introduced by a subordinating, linking word, i.e., a
conjunction or relative word, e.g. , .
In this chapter you will learn new types of subordinate clauses.
First we will review four types of subordinate clauses that you
have already encountered, including those beginning with the
following conjunctions:
1.
() .
I want you to come.
2.
.
I think that grandmother wants to watch television.
159

.
We think that Mendo will come tomorrow.
3. Interrogative words introducing embedded questions:
.
I know when my mother will arrive from work.
.
We dont know where Naum lives.
?
Do you know who is talking on the phone?
.
I dont know what is on television today.
.
We dont know why you dont speak Macedonian.

4. Relative clauses headed by /

, , .
The child who lives here is named Marco.
8.4.1 Subordinate clauses headed by
The conjunction is used to introduce a subordinate clause that contains an embedded yes/no
question. Look at the English sentences below:
Does Branko live in Skopje?
I dont know whether Branko lives in Skopje.
Does your mother read Macedonian newspapers?
I dont know whether my mother reads Macedonian newspapers.
Macedonian yes/no question sentences are embedded with the conjunction :
?
/ /
.
?
.
19: .
: ?
160

./ .
1.
?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?

6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. ?

20: :
1. I dont know whether Stojan likes mathematics.
2. Do you know whether Liljana received a letter from her sister?
3. I dont know whether I will pass the test.
4. Do you know why the children are arguing?
5. The students do not know that this is a difficult lesson.
6. We dont know whether Steve can help us with our presentation.
7. Do you know whose textbook this is?
8. Grandma Elena doesnt know whether Branko likes to listen to folk music.
9. Do your parents know that you didnt pass the exam?
10. Do you know whether Mira has a dog or a cat?
21: . ?
21: :
Complete the sentences:
: , , .
.
: ? ! ?
: 1___________
: . ?
: 2___________
3___________
: ?
: 4___________
: ?
: . 5__________.
21: . .
: .
1. _________________________________________
2._________________________________________
3._________________________________________

161

8.5 Relative clauses, continued

You were introduced to the basic principles of relative clauses in 6. In this lesson you
will learn more of the relative words, and variation in their formation. Read the following section
carefully. There are numerous examples that will help you understand the explanations.
In English, relative clauses are introduced by one of the relative pronouns who, which, and that.
In colloquial English, where and when can replace which, as, for example, in the sentences
below:
That is the time at which he will come. That is the time when he will come.
This is the part of the city in which Mira lives. This is the part where Mira lives.
The particular form of the relative pronoun depends on its function in the clause. Look at the
following sentences in English. In each sentence the underlined relative word refers back to the
woman:
This is the woman who lives on our street.
This is the woman whose husband plays the tapan.
This is the woman about whom we were speaking.
8.5.1 Relative words in Macedonian
In Macedonian, all WH words, i.e., interrogatives, can be used to introduce relative clauses. In
this chapter, we will introduce the most frequent, namely:

which, that, who

who, which
where
when
whose

When these words function as a relative word some of them can, but do not have to, be specially
marked as relative words by adding the word . This is particularly common in formal
written style. The norms for the use of these relative words are changing, but according to recent
grammars published in Macedonia, the following tendencies are given:
1. is never followed by ;
2. is rarely followed by ;
3. and may be followed by ;
4. is more likely to be followed by .
If is added, it is written as one word with and , e.g. /, but as a separate
word with and , e.g. . Look carefully at the examples below:
.
.
I am speaking with a person who knows Macedonian.
162

?
?
Do you know the student whose father is from Brajchino?
.
.
We are speaking about the restaurant where we were last night.
8.5.1.1 and
These two relative words are often interchangeable. The relative word is simpler in form
than , but is more restricted in the types of clauses in which it can be used. In colloquial
speech the relative word is much more frequent, while written language and formal contexts
use .
1.
1. The relative word is not marked for gender or number; it can refer to singular or plural
nouns of all genders. It cannot be used with a preposition and can only serve as the subject or
direct object of the relative clause. When is the direct object, a direct object clitic will occur
with the number and gender of the noun to which it refers.
Subject of the relative clause:
1.a. .
I am speaking with the (female) student who is from Macedonia.
b. .
Biljana is speaking with the (male) student who is from Macedonia.
c. .
I am speaking with the (pl.) students who are from Macedonia.
2.a. .
Heres the Canadian who knows how to play the gajda.
b. .
Keti really likes the people who live in this house.
Direct object of the relative clause. Note the direct object clitics in bold.
a. .
I am speaking with the person whom we saw at the festival in Dolneni.
b. .
Heres the book I wanted to buy for you.
163

c. .
We want to eat some of the plums that we bought today.
2. K
The relative word can be used in all grammatical positions and with all prepositions. In the
examples below, can be written together with . The relative word changes form to agree
with the gender and number of the noun to which it refers. When refers to a male person, it
may also have special forms when used as a direct or indirect object. Study the examples below.
Subject of the relative clause:
1a. / .
Biljana is speaking with the student who is from Macedonia.
b. / .
Biljana is speaking with the student who is from Macedonia.
c. / .
Biljana is speaking with the students who are from Macedonia.
2.

/ .
Here is the Canadian who knows how to play the gajda.

3.

/ .
Keti really likes the people who live in this house.

Direct object of the relative clause. Note the direct object clitics in bold. Also, note that
masculine nouns referring to humans can take the direct object form or, more colloquially,
the subject form :
1.

/ //
.
I am speaking with the person whom we saw at the festival in Dolneni.

2.

/ .
Heres the book I wanted to buy you.

3.

/ .
We want to eat some of the plums that we bought today.

Indirect object of the relative clause. Masculine nouns may use the long form indirect object
form , the long form direct object form with the preposition , , or, more and more
frequently, the preposition with the subject form . Note the indirect object clitic in bold.

164

1a. / ?
b. ?
c. ?
Where is the student to whom we gave the books?
2.

/ ?
Where is the student (female) to whom we gave the books?

3.

/ ?
Where are the students to whom we gave the books?

Object of a preposition in the relative clause. Note that here, too, masculine nouns referring to
humans use the object form or, more rarely, the subject form :
1a. , .
The student about whom we are speaking is from Macedonia.
b. , .
The [female] student about whom we are speaking is from Macedonia.
2a. .
We like the city in which we live.
b. J .
We like the house in which we live.
c. .
We like the apartments in which we live.
22: 7. ?
.
The tourists in 7 visited these places. Do you remember what they are
called? Fill in the missing relative words and the names of the places.
1. __________ __________.
2. __________ a __________ .
3. __________ __________ .
4. __________ __________ .
5. __________ __________ .
6. __________ __________ .
23: .
Underline the relative pronouns and find the word to which they refer:
,
.
, .
, , (
). .
.
. .
, . .
165

, .
, ,
. , ,
.
? .
,

24: a .
.
Combine the sentences below into one complex sentence.
Replace the underlined word with the correct relative pronoun.
: . .
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
? .
. .
. j .

8.6 Intransitive verbs with

You have by now encountered a number of verbs formed with the intransitive marker :
, , , , . All these verbs share the notion of
intransitiveness, i.e., they cannot be followed by a direct object. There are numerous verbs in
Macedonian that take the intransitive marker . In later chapters, we will discuss other
functions of these verbs. For now, just learn the verbs together with the particle, which is an
integral part of the verb. The particle follows the syntactic rules of other direct object clitics
except in the imperative, where both clitics follow the verb:
.
You will get on the bus.

!
Get on the bus!

.
I will call you.

J !
Call me!

25: , /
.
166

1. ?
, , , , ,
, , , ,
2. ? ?
3. ?
4. ? , , , , ?
?
5. ? a ?
6. ?

library
biology
Christmas
exercise, drill
high school
() December
document
homework
friend (diminutive)
friendship
company
explosion
sorrow, pity
dance
the future
test
rent
mid-year exam
(. )1 course
literature
2 Nova Scotia
education
class, grade in school
primary school
3 coin
present, gift
invitation
politics
political science
post-graduate
study
o law

lecture
subject
presentation
performance
application
difference
vacation; school break
religion
Saturday
hall (music, sports, conferences, etc)
4 sarma (stuffed vegetables, e.g. cabbage
or grape leaves)
world
system
sociology
high school
fellowship award
dormitory
; study, project; studies
test
university
studying
:
architecture
engineering
economics
agriculture
mechanical engineering
medicine
law
dentistry
physical education
167

philology (languages and

literature)
:
dramatic arts
information
technologies
fine arts
music
pharmacy

() February
physics
philosophy
physical education
chemistry
humanities
() roommate
hour; class
chance

twentieth
busy; occupied
5 winter
easy
5 summer
past
usual, normal
written
special; separate
law
e holiday; festive
admitted; accepted

() (un)fortunate, (un)lucky,
(un)happy
such, that kind of
, , , oral
polite
[] pharmacy
[department]
philosophy
philological (language and
literature)
strange, curious
forestry

impf. to show (e.g. a movie)

/ (. , ) receive
/ (. , ) find out
experiment
be entertained, have fun
/ complete
/ register; enroll
/ (. , ) go out;
exit
/ argue; quarrel
impf. /pf. graduate from high
school
impf. hope
/ fall; fail an exam
/ (. , )
submit

/ wish
/ invite
/ () write/take (an exam)
/ () help (give help to
someone)
/ fill out
/ move; change
residence
/ apply
/ accept; receive; admit
/6 arrive
/ decide
() /() 7 meet
/8 study/learn
congratulate

on account of; for the sake of

except
9 each; per

under
due to; on account of
through, across
168

yesterday
day before yesterday
once
day after tomorrow
likewise
last year
peaceful
in the evening

at noon
in the morning
midnight
afternoon
before noon
morning, in the morning
completely, entirely
still; yet

if
therefore

10 that; because

goodbye; see you later

/ Im (really) sorry
unfortunately

() it fell to me; I got it

rental
once again

Days of the week

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday

Friday
Saturday
Sunday; week

Notes to the vocabulary

1. There are often difficulties comparing terms for education. For example, the word course is
typical for an English speaker describing a subject taken in university. While this term is becoming more
common in Macedonia, it is more typically used to describe an extra-curricular course, for example
someone might take a special .
2. The names of the Provinces and territories of Canada are not active vocabulary, but they include:
, , , , , ,
, , , , J,
, .
3. coin refers to the lucky coin baked into bread for Christmas. The person who gets it has
luck in the new year. The technical word for coin is while the colloquial word for change or
coins, is , i.e. small money.
4. Stuffed cabbage leaves are traditional at New Years.

169

 8
5. A number of the adjectives above are derived from common nouns; note in particular summer
, winter , world . In English, a noun can be used as an adjective
when placed before another noun, e.g., world literature, summer vacation. In Macedonian, adjectives,
with the exception of some foreign borrowings (such as , and ), must have an adjectival ending
and agree with the gender and number of the noun they modify.
6.The verb / is similar in meaning in most situations to the verb you have
already learned: /. Both mean to arrive. You will learn, through this course and
your continuing study of Macedonian, the role of prefixation in verbal derivation. A special section is
devoted to the topic in 15. Prefixes alter the basic meaning of the root, i.e. that part of the word
that carries the core meaning. While both of these verbs mean to arrive, the prefixed form is preferred
when discussing the arrival of trains, airplanes, etc. The unprefixed verb can, in some contexts, mean to
catch up with, overtake.
7. The verb () /() to meet can be used transitively or intransitively. When used
transitively without , it means to meet, come across someone.
. I met /bumped into/ Andrej when I was at the club. When used intransitively, it means to meet,
get together with someone . Mira and
Andrej met in the coffee shop this afternoon.
8. The verb refers to the act of studying, whereas means to be a student of a subject or in an
institution: , .
9. You have already seen the use of the preposition with distributive meaning with numbers,
. They ordered one cup of coffee each;
There are two exams per subject.
10. is used colloquially for because and why. When used in the sense of because it replaces the more
literary forms , , : //
. When used in the sense of why it replaces the literary : ?
?

170

26:
.
Read the following text quickly and write down the places for entertainment given
within the text.
26: :
Before reading again more carefully, find the meaning of these words:
; ; /; ; ;
; ; ;

, . ,
. ,
. .
. .
.
. , ,
. .
.
: 19 . ,
. , .
. .
Lady Blue . .
.
171

: 20 . .
. .
, , .
, .
. .
26: :
1.
. . . . . .
2.
. . . . . .
3. ?
. . . . . .
4.
. . . . . .
5. ?
. . . . . .
26: .

automobile
at present
lately
urban elite
exclusive
outdoors
newly composed
nightlife
/ remain

/ begin
introduce
/ gather
theme
() teenager
last, persist
company
forestry

172

9.
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11

Vacations, Birthdays, and Other Celebrations

Aorist, continued
Verbal nouns, introduction
Hundreds, thousands, millions, billions
Numbers designating male human beings and mixed gender groups
Months of the year
Ordinal numbers
Dates
Verbs of liking
Order of clitics, review
Diminutives, introduction
Vocative

. .
,
.
. ().
. .
, , .
.
, , .
, ,
, .
, .
, . . . .
1: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

?
?
?
?
?
? ?
?
? ?
? ?
? ? ? ? ?
, , ;
?
? ? ?

173

2: ?
:
What do you like to do during your yearly vacation? Select three of the activities you
like the most and discuss them with others in your class:
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
- ( , )
-
- ,

?
: ? ! ? , ? ?
! , ? ,
. , . ,
. . , .
, ! .
! . , , . . . . . .
3: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

?
?
? ?
?
? ?

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

, ! ? !
, !
?
, . . . !
?!
.
, ?

. , , :
:

, ? ?
174

: , , , .
: ?! , ? ?
?
: . - . .
: ? ?
: , . .
. .
: . , ?
: , . , .
: , , . . .
. . .
:

, . ,
, , .
: .
: , ? . . . ?
?
: , . .
: ?! ? ! ! ,
?
: ? . , , ? J
. , , !
: ? , . , , .

4: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

?
?
? ?
?
?

175

6. ? ?
7. ?
5: .
Put the events in the order in which they occurred:
-

.
.
.
.
.
. .
o s.
.

6:
1. /?
2. ()?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?

6. ? ?
7. ?
8. a ?
9. ?
10. ?

Cultural Note: Birth of children, birthdays, name days, and other celebrations
In Macedonia, there are special customs that are associated with the birth of a child,
. The day after the child is born, the mother-in-law makes a type of yeast bun
called either or . The rising of the yeast symbolizes the hope that the child
will grow big. Relatives and friends come and congratulate the new parents. Although rifles
are no longer shot to signify the birth of a male child, there is still pride attached to the birth
of a son, particularly a first-born. When the mother and child return from the hospital, female
neighbors, close friends, and relatives come , that is, the first visit to a newborn.
Traditionally, guests bring gifts for the child and something sweet, e.g., cookies,
box of chocolates. If the baby is to be christened, the ceremony takes
place when the child is six weeks old.
In Macedonia, birthday parties are typically for children. In North America childrens birthday
parties usually have only the childs friends as guests whereas in Macedonia sometimes extended
family and friends will come as well. The birthday celebrant gets presents and a cake with
candles. In Skopje, and perhaps elsewhere, people may even sing Happy Birthday in English.
Adults do not normally celebrate birthdays but may celebrate their name day. The
name day is dedicated to the saint whose name the person carries. On this occasion, friends
may call and ask if the day is being celebrated, or they may simply drop by. The celebrant does
not usually invite anyone, so does not know how many people will come. Friends know which
saints day it is and they simply arrive to extend their good wishes. It is not uncommon for them
176

to bring some flowers or a bottle of wine or brandy, but usually not larger gifts. Some families,
or even a whole village, may celebrate a particular name day and hold a in honor of the
household or village saint on that day.
Other events at which people are congratulated include:
graduation
engagement

a new apartment
marriage

Here are some typical congratulatory remarks:

! Congratulations!
/! Congratulations on your son/daughter!
() ! May (s)he grow big!
! Happy Slava (Sts. Day Festivity)
! Happy Birthday!
! Congratulations on your new apartment!
Here are some typical responses:
! The same to you! (literally: may you await it as well)
! The same to you! (literally: ay it return to you!)
() () / May your son/daughter be alive and healthy!
/ ! May we dance at his/her wedding!
/! May you have the same from your son/daughter!
or Thank you.

7: .
Greetings on various occasions.
After reading the customs described above, read/listen to the dialogues then select
from the list of events the title for each dialogue. Not all the events will be selected.
, , , , ,
,
1 ________________
- ! !
!
- , .
- , .
2 ________________
- ! !

177

- . , .
- a .
3 ________________
- ! ?
- .
- ! .
4 ________________
- ! !
- !
- , .
5 ________________

Christmas tree, Vrelo Shopping Center

- ! .1
.
- , .
- , . .

9.1 Aorist, continued

In the last chapter you learned how to form the aorist for the largest groups of verbs. There are,
however, some other categories of aorist that fall into smaller classes. All of the subclasses are
in the -stem and -stems. In this chapter we will introduce four more subgroups of aorists, two
belonging to the -stem and two to the -stem.
9.1.1 -stem with change of to
. There is a semantic class of verbs in this subcategory that describes a process of becoming, for
example, to get better, to turn red, to blacken. Many verbs of this type with an -stem, have an
aorist with the stem-vowel -e:
to get better

to get sick

b. There is a small group of verbs that either keep the -stem vowel or change the to in the
aorist, i.e. both forms of the aorist occur. There is a growing tendency for these verbs to keep the
stem vowel , but you should also learn the aorist in -.

Here this verb means to live, cf. .

178

9.1.2 -stem with change of to

The remaining subgroup of - verb to be discussed here involves the change from
- to -. Verbs in this group have either a palatal consonant (namely or ) or an - before the
stem vowel. Many of these verbs are shifting to become regular - aorists that keep the
stem vowel . Here, however, you will learn the shifting form.
Pay special attention to the j inserted between the vowel o and the aorist endings. Also,
remember that when three vowels occur in a row, j is inserted between the last two, e.g.,
. Both forms of the aorist of below are accepted.
a. Palatal consonant, e.g. before -
to note

b. o before -
to count

9.1.3 -stem, - type

There is a small but important class of e-stem verbs built on the stem -, e.g. to
understand, to gather, collect, to pick, e.g., flowers, apples, mushrooms, etc.
to select, choose. All these verbs ending in - change the - to - in the aorist:
to understand

179

9.1.4 Prefixed forms of the verb to sleep

The prefixed forms of the verb to sleep have a unique aorist form that must be
memorized. You will only learn the verb to fall asleep in this course, but this rule
applies to the other prefixed forms as well, e.g. to have a good sleep, take
a nap, sleep for a certain time, etc.
to fall asleep

8: Fill in the correct form of the aorist in the following sentences using the verbs learned
above:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

_________ ().
J _________ ().
_________ () .
_________ () ?
()_________.
________ () , ________ () .
_________ () .
_________ ()?
Ka _________ ().
, _________ ( ) .

9.2 Verbal nouns, introduction

The verbal noun is a form that denotes an activity derived from a verb. Often, this form
corresponds to an -ing form in English: swimming, hiking, running, eating, smoking, studying,
etc. You have already learned a number of verbal nouns in Macedonian: , ,
, , , , . Often the verbal noun becomes integrated into
the language as a noun and the connection to the underlying verb may no longer be sensed, or the
translation into English will be a simple noun, e.g. cheese derives from the verb
which means to curdle; turn into cheese; is clearly derived from the verb
to teach; lecture, but it is best translated as class or lecture.
Other times the English -ing form, the gerund, is a better translation. In this lesson, because
we are discussing types of activities, you are introduced to many more verbal nouns which
name activities, e.g. hiking; mountaineering, mountain climbing;
swimming; rowing; sailing.

180

The formation of verbal nouns will be explained in 11. For now, note that verbal nouns
are widely used in Macedonian and that they are easily recognized by the ending
-. Verbal nouns can be more verbal or more nominal. When they become more like nouns
than verbs, they can have a regular neuter plural form, e.g.: question,
questions.

9.3 Hundreds, thousands, millions, billions

Below are samples of numbers in the hundreds, thousands, millions, and billions. Special notes
follow.
100
200
300
400
500
600
1.000.000
2.000.000
3.000.000

700
800
900
1.000
2.000
3.000

1.000.000.000
2.000.000.000
3.000.000.000

Notes:
1. The numbers 200 and 300 take special forms, unlike 400900.
2. The number changes to beginning with four hundred. Note how the hundreds are
written as compound words.
3. A thousand, , and a billion, , are feminine nouns and, therefore, the numbers 1
and 2 are in the feminine form. The plural ends in -.
4. Million, , is a masculine noun, so 1 and 2 are in the masculine form. The special counting
form of the noun is used with the numbers 2 and up, e.g. .

9a: Be prepared to count from one to one hundred by twos, fives, tens, and to count to
one thousand by hundreds.
9: Translate the following phrases, writing out all numbers:
1. 2 new books

5. 87 sandwiches

9. 1 001 nights

2. 21 large buildings

6. 365 days

10. 40 days

3. 135 children

7. 76 trombones

11. 3 million denars

4. 6 sweet peppers

8. 12 months

12. 2 billion people

181

10: Read the following text and answer the questions below.
,
,
. ,
1 ,
.
,
. 2
.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?

. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .

30
30
50
250
750
120
80
60

4. ?
5. ?
6. ?

Cultural note: Throwing a party

In Macedonia, if you have cause to celebrate, you pay the bill. For example, when you pass an
exam at the university, buy a new car, get engaged, or graduate, you throw the party. This is
different from North America, where ones friends usually organize the celebration.

9.4 Numbers designating male human beings and

mixed gender groups
The special counting forms that you learned in section 4.3 in 4 are most often used with
inanimate nouns. Macedonian also has a special set of numbers used for designating male human
beings and mixed gender groups that include at least one male. These numbers are given below:
///

The preposition is used here with a distributive meaning. ,

means they ordered a glass of wine each.
2
( ) treat someone to something.
1

182

There are additional forms for higher numbers, but these are rarely encountered. These special
counting forms have the suffix -, e.g., , . In some dialect areas,
the suffix - is used for additional numbers, e.g. . For large groups, one can also
use regular numerals followed by soul, person, e.g. , .
Note: the nouns following these forms are in the plural form, not the special male counting form,
compare:
, / ,
These special number forms are not used consistently, and one will hear both variants with
masculine animates, e.g.:
.
.
I have two brothers.

.
.
Two students came.

While there is no difference in meaning, you should learn to use these forms, particularly for the
numbers 110. is the most frequently encountered form in this category.

11a: .
.
Listen to the heights of these mountains. Connect each mountain with its height.
Find the mountains on the map on the inside cover of the book:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

____
____
____
____
____

. 1 568
. 2 084
. 2 538
. 2 600 ()
. 2 254

11: . ( 2009).
.
Listen to the number of inhabitants in these cities (data are from 2009). Connect the cities
with their inhabitants. Find the cities on the map on the inside cover of the book:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

72 944
108 471
54 908
86 528
474 889
73 814
50 974
57 873

183

11: ( 2009).
Read aloud the number of inhabitants in these cities (data are from 2009). Find the cities
on the map on the inside cover of the book:

48 279
38 646
26 531
16 825

45 508
30 138
22 431
10 442

9.5 Months of the year

All the months of the year are masculine and are similar to the months in English. Unlike
English, however, the names of the month are not capitalized:

9.5.1 In what month?

To say that something happens in a certain month, use the preposition :
()?
, .
In what month were you born? In April, in March.
or, in more colloquial speech: ()?

9.6 Ordinal numbers

Listed below are the ordinal numbers from one to ten. Ordinal numerals are adjectives that agree
in number and gender with the noun they modify. The masculine singular form ends in -, other
genders take the usual adjectival endings: feminine -, neuter -, plural -, e.g. , ,
, . Definite forms are formed the same way as other adjectives, e.g. , ,
, .

1st

6th

2nd

7th

3rd

8th

4th

9th

5th

10th

Pay attention to the formation of ordinal numerals from 9th to 90th. These ordinals add - to
the cardinal number to form adjectives. These forms will have a double - before adding the
endings for gender, number, and definiteness. Look at the examples below:
Indefinite: , a, ,
Definite: , , ,
184

The cardinal numerals 100900 form ordinals ending in -: 100th,

900 th, 1000 th millionth, billionth.
Remember, these ordinal numbers are adjectives and will agree with the noun they modify.
Here are examples in the definite form: the second exercise, o
the ninth place, the hundredth book, the thirties,
(inhabitant) the billionth citizen.

9.7 Dates
To express the date, use the ordinal number for the day, followed by the month:
,
9.7.1 On what date? In what year?
say that something occurred or will occur on a certain date , use the preposition followed
by the month:
? .
If the year is included, it is read as an ordinal number, e.g. 2021st:
/ ?
In what year?

In 2001, i.e. he two thousand twenty-first year.

In other words, only the final number is a feminine ordinal numeral agreeing with year.
1998
2000
2010
9.7.2 Writing dates
The date is typically written in one of the following two ways:
a. The day is in Arabic numerals followed by a period, the month in Roman numerals,
followed by the year in Arabic numerals:
17.XI 84

06.X 2006

b. The day, month and year are in Arabic numerals separated by periods.
17.11.84 or 17.11.2004

06.10.06 or 06.10.2006

185

The date will be read using ordinal numbers for the day in the masculine form agreeing with
and the final number of the year in the feminine ordinal to agree with , e.g.
17.XI.84

12: Read the following dates out loud:
02.VIII 1903
03.I. 2010
14.VII 1988
24.11.1859
25.12.1855
08.IX.1991

06.02. 82
18.IV.1775
12.X.1492

13: , .
, .
. .
You are at the Seminar for Macedonian Language, Literature, and Culture. You have
a program of lectures, but it is incomplete. Talk in groups of two in order to complete
your program. Dont look at the other program.
:
: - ?

1. -

2.

6.

13.08

7. -

15.08

8. -

21.08

9.

12.08

5. -

10.

19.08

1. -

2.

18.08

6.

14.08

7. -

3. -

4.

11.08

8. -

20.08

9.

22.08

10.

3. -

4.

5. -

186

Cultural note: Major holidays in the Republic of Macedonia

1.
7.
8.
1.
24.
2.
8.
11.

,
Monument to the fallen revolutionaries of the Ilinden Uprising,
August 2, 1903

Some of the holidays in Macedonia are celebrated elsewhere in the world, for example New
Years Day on January 1st, Labour Day on May 1st, and International Womens Day on March
8th. Macedonian Orthodox religious holidays are celebrated according to the Julian, rather than
the Gregorian calendar. Other holidays are national holidays, celebrating historic moments in
Macedonian history, for example a celebration of education and literacy; the Ilinden (St. Elijahs
day) uprising in August 1903 and the establishment of the Krushevo Republic, a short-lived
independence movement that ended in defeat by the Turks; the 11th of October marking the 1941
uprising against Bulgarian, Italian, and German occupation during WWII; and September 8th,
marking Macedonias Independence Day.
?
14: , ?
1.
2.
3.
4.

.
.
.
.
187

__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________

5. .
__________________
6. . __________________
7. .
__________________

uprising
ethnology
Ilinden, St. Elijahs Day
() independence
education

against
labor
Fascism
whole

15: ? .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

/ ?
?
/?
?
?

9.8 Verbs of liking

You have already learned the verb , which means to like, love, and want. This verb is
followed by a construction or a noun, e.g.:
. I like coffee.
. I love you.
. I want to watch television.
In this chapter, you will learn the verb /. This verb is used only with noun phrases
to express that a particular thing or event is liked by, or is pleasing to, a person. In constructions
with this verb, keep in mind that the thing that is liked is the subject. The person who does the
liking is the indirect object. Compare the sentences in English:
1. I like this book. I like these books.
2. This book is pleasing to me. These books are pleasing to me.
Constructions with / are more like the second examples, i.e. something is
pleasing to someone. Compare the examples below. Note that the verb agrees in number with the
item possessed and, if the possessor is named as in examples 2. and 3. below, you must have an
indirect object clitic.
1. .
He likes the movie.

.
He likes the movies.

188

2. .
.
Branko likes the movie.
3. .
Vesna really likes the new shoes.

9.9 Order of clitics, review

You have already learned a number of clitic placement rules. These rules are summarized again
for you here.
1. The clitics precede all finite verb forms, e.g. present, future, aorist, imperfect.
2. The indirect object clitic will always precede the direct object.
3. The particle will precede indirect and direct object clitics in future and modal
constructions.
4. If the future is formed with , will precede the particle .
5. If the future is formed with , then the clitics will follow and precede the main
verb.
6. If the verb is made intransitive by the particle , then takes the place of the direct
object. It will appear immediately after the indirect object clitic and directly before the
verb.
The following tables summarize these first six points:
negative

future

indirect

direct/reflexive finite verb

indirect

direct/reflexive verb

Different rules apply for the imperative:

7. In imperative constructions, the object clitics follow the imperative.
negative

imperative

indirect

direct/reflexive particle

189

Study the examples provided here. The clitics and particles are in bold face, the verb form is
underlined:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .

6. .
7. !
8. !
9. !

16: .
.
The words in these sentences are scrambled. Put them in the correct order.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

.
.
?
.
?
.
.
.
.
?

9.10 Diminutives, introduction

Diminutives are forms of nouns that are used to denote affection, smallness, youth, or familiarity.
You will not be expected to form diminutives at this point, but you should recognize them. It is
often difficult to translate a diminutive into English. If it is a diminutive of a name, a nickname
may be suitable, or, as in the story in this chapter when Biljana calls Branko , a
translation like little fool would be appropriate. Sometimes a different modifier may be
appropriate: a tiny puppy, a small cup of coffee.
You have already been introduced to two diminutive suffixes, and another occurs in this chapter:
-, -, -
e.g., , , , ,
More examples of diminutive formation will be given in 16.

9.11 Vocative
When a person or object is being addressed, a special form called the vocative may be used.
There is a tendency to avoid the use of the vocative with proper names since such forms are felt
190

by some speakers to be rude, humorous, or dialectal. You should, however, be able to recognize
a vocative when you see or hear one. You should also learn to use it with titles, e.g. ,
Director, Boss where it is obligatory (see 1b below). In the story, for example, you
encountered and . There are songs with the line: ! This would be in
English: O, Macedonia!
Only masculine and feminine singular nouns can take the special vocative ending, and even then
not all nouns have vocative forms. For nouns that do form the vocative, the endings are:
1. Masculine
a. monosyllabic nouns and those ending in - usually add the ending -:
! !
b. Other masculine nouns take the ending -e (but -e is sometimes generalized for all types,
including monosyllabic):
! !
! !
2. Feminine
a. nouns ending in -, and - take the ending -:
! !
b. other feminines take the ending -:
! !
A very popular Macedonian folksong contains several feminine vocatives. Can you find the
forms for , , (literally soul; here my dear)?
, !

, !

, !

,

,
e !

,

,
, !

, ,


, !

whiten; bleach
soul; my dear
Oh you; Hey you!
e upward

linen
allow, permit
hear

191

17: , .
Write a sentence in direct speech using the title in the vocative, as in the example:
: .
a. : , ?
b. : / , ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

.
e .
.
42.
.
.
.
.

airplane
coast; shore; bank
boat
(, ) 1 fool
little fool (diminutive)
engagement
rowing
Mr.
Mrs.
Miss
date
graduation
( ) west (in the
west)
name-day
( ) east (in the east)
( ) south (in the south)
kayak
() canoe
swimming; bathing
small coffee (diminutive)
peanut
cookie
2 neighbor
box

little dog (diminutive)

lion
mom! (vocative form)
() possibility
sea
newborn
( ) rest; vacation
ocean
hiking
beach
mountaineering; mountain
climbing
swimming
sailing
portion
visit
sight-seeing
birthday
birthplace; native land
() wedding
( ) north (in the north)
family
family feast in honor of patron saint;
glory
sunbathing
192

2 neighbor
luck
tourist agency
rowboat

glass
bottle
forest, woods

important
stupid
married (said of a man)

() married (said of a woman)

divorced
native

/ (. /)
count out
/ (a. /) enter
() worry (about)
discuss
/ () like; to be
pleasing to someone
/ ( ) marry
(said of a man)
/ (. ,
) notice
/ forget
/ start to ring
/ (. , )
select
/ bathe; swim
/ (. , )
bark/start to bark
/ ( ) marry
(said of a woman)
/ (. , )
get well, recover

/ stay, remain
/ travel
/ plan
swim
/ greet
/ grow up
/ order, i.e., in a
restaurant
/ begin
/ celebrate
/ be born
/ (. , )
understand
ce /ce divorce
/ get sick
/ remember, recall
/ sunbathe
/ (. , ) sleep
/ run/start to run
/ be quiet/start to be quiet, fall
silent

this evening
altogether, in total
this summer
soon

first time
nearly, almost, practically
soon
that way, in such a fashion

193

toward
by, near, beside

after
before; in front of; prior to; ago

intensifying particle just; exactly
! big deal!
! come here!
fortunately

! oh, oh! (interjection)

happy birthday
! thank you
! congratulations!

one hundred
two hundred
three hundred
four hundred
five hundred
one thousand

two thousand
million
two million
one billion
two billion

January
February
March
April
May
June

July
August
September
October
November
December

Notes to the vocabulary

1. You have already learned in 3 that there are a few nouns in Macedonian that have
dual gender, e.g. . The noun can take masculine or feminine modifiers, depending
on the referent, e.g.:
!
!
2.You are introduced here to another semantic doublet, and both mean
neighbor. As expected, the form of Turkish origin is more colloquial.
18: Complete these sentences with the correct form of the aorist.
1. __________ () ?
2. __________ () .
3. __________ () j.

194

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

__________ () .
__________ () .
______ (), _______ () .
__________ () ?
__________ () !
________ () e.
j________ ( ) ____ ( )
.
11. ________ () .
12. __________ () a .

19: :
1. Biljana gave her younger brother a dog for his birthday.
2. We are planning to travel to Macedonia on June 23rd.
3. Where will you celebrate the New Year? We will go to a restaurant with our best friends.
4. I bought your sister some Macedonian music for her birthday. I know that she wants a
cat, but she has allergies.
5. Come in! How are you! Whats new? Would you like something to drink?
6. Last year my brother moved into a smaller apartment, which is located nearer to my
parents. On Saturdays, he comes and helps them.
7. Our neighbor received an interesting letter from a friend who is studying in Macedonia
this summer.
8. My friends travel almost every year. Last year, they were in Boston a week. They liked it
very much.
9. Are there mountains and lakes where you live?
10. Dont go into that room! Grandfather is sleeping.
11. Liljana told me that her younger sister will marry Andrej this summer.
12. I really liked (Do not use !) the concert. Macedonian folk music is much better
than opera!
13. Do you know whether Kale is more famous than the Stone Bridge?
14. Can you tell me when Liljana will arrive?
20a:
.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

: , , , ?
?
? / ?
?
?
?
195

20: ?

4 /2
-
-

-

: 21.
: 190

5 /3 -
-
-
-

: 20.
: 250

5 / 2

4 /3

-
-
-
a
: 19.

20:

: 320

-
-
-

: 22.

: 560

2027. . 34
.
.
You have a spring break from 2027 April. In groups of 34 students select one of the
trips which everyone would like to take. At the end, you must explain why your group
selected this trip.

Useful expressions:
- . . .
- . . . .
- . . .
- . . .
- . . . ?
- . . . ?
20:

- .
- . / , . . .
- , . . .
- , . . .
- , .
- /.
- . / .

.
:
Several people have gone on a trip and have sent postcards to their friends. Read the
cards and then explain where they have been:? ?

196

? j?
1. _____, 2. _____, 3. _____
,
. .
. .
.
.
( ).
, .

,
. ,
. , . , ,
. , .
, .
.
,
E,
. .
. .
. . .
. . J .
,

glorious, magnificent
real experience
gondola
select
outing
be surprised
canal
unforgetable
nights lodging
( ) sailing
square

departure
fix
visit
postcard
sight-seeing tour
break down; spoil
occur
agree
pill; tablet
price

197

20: .
Underline the verbs in the aorist and sort out what group they are in.
20: .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

e ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?

20: e.
21: Can you guess the meaning of the following sports and other recreational activities?
Match the terms:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)

football
aerobics
rowing
fitness
mountain climbing
hiking
boxing
soccer
tennis
yoga
swimming
ping-pong
handball
cards
chess
running
bicycling

21: , ?
22:
:
Read the text about a sports centre in Macedonia. Tell which of the above activities
are not in the text:

198

-

.
-
. 10 5
. -.
, ,
.
.
.
, , .
-
. .
:
.. .
.
.. .
.
.&. . , . -
.
22:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

(), ()
()?
. ____
, . ____
. _____
. ____
-. ____
, . ____
- . ____
. ____
. . ____
.&. . ____

199

22:

? ?

truly
thick
experience
/ single or
double room
playing-field
() possibility
unforgetable

path; track; trail

- ping-pong
recreational
recreation
relax
fitness
soccer

200

10.
10.1
10.2
10.3

Weather
Imperfect
Proximate and distance forms of the definite article
Interrogatives, pronominal adjectives, and adverbs of quantity and
quality
Impersonal constructions
Imperatives, continued: and constructions

10.4
10.5

10

.
. . . ,
, .
, .
, . . . .
. . . .1
-

:
, , , , , ,
, ? .
. !

, .
, , . ,
: .
. , - :
- ?
--. ?
-J -. !
-!
. 2, . :
- ?
-- -. ?
-J -. !
-!
. :
- ?

201

 10

--, - . ?
-J -. !
-!
, . 3, :
- ?
--, -, -, -.
?
-J -. !
-!
. . :
-, , , ?
--, -, , - -.
?
-J -. !
. , .
- !
- , !
- ? !
. . !
. , . :
- ?
--, -, - , ,
-. ?
-,, , , 4! J -.
!
- ? .
- !
- , !
. ,
.
. .
. , :
. :
-, !

202

 10

, .
.
( , : )

Notes to the story:

1. You have already mastered most of the grammar needed to read the story above.
The following notes are to clarify certain passages in the story, but you will not
be held responsible for active use of these constructions at this time. Vocabulary
used in the story is given below and at the end of the chapter. Only the words
listed in the glossary at the end of the chapter, and those you have already had in
earlier chapters, will be considered active vocabulary.
2. Remember that ! Here is!, ! There is!, and ! There is! are
followed by the direct object clitic. Here are some additional examples:
!
Heres Stojan!

!
Steves over there!

?
Where is Biljana?

!
There she is!

!
There are the kids!
?
Where are Mira and Andrej?

!
There they are!

3. The indirect object clitic can be used in narratives and colloquial speech to
heighten the listeners or readers involvement in the text. The use of the indirect
object clitic in this way is never obligatory; it is a stylistic device. As you become
more fluent in the language, you will get a feel for when it is appropriate to use it.
The following sentence is a good example:
.
When there to you it also the wolf.
Perhaps the best way to translate this sentence would be:
When, before you know it, heres the wolf, too.
Here the indirect object does not mean literally that this is for you, but it is to pull
you into the narrative.

203

 10

Similarly, Macedonians will often use the indirect object reflexive clitic with
certain verbs to heighten or emphasize the speakers involvement in the action.
You have already seen, for example, how the use of the particle with the verb
changes the meaning from to go to to leave or to depart. Experience will teach
you the particular nuances with different verbs.
.
Im leaving.

.
Im going to bed.

4. You have already learned the formation and use of the aorist. In this chapter, you
will learn the formation and use of the imperfect. In the fairy tale you just read, there is
another past tense verb form, one of the so-called l-forms.
-, , , , !
Oh, oh, oh, how many of you have pushed inside!
In this context, the l-form is being used to express surprise. We will treat the l-forms
in detail in chapters 12 and 13.

misfortune
() / push, shove
boar
- boar-windchaser
inside
, . wolf
- wolfy-grey hair
() / squeeze into
move
mouse
- mousy-long tail
chase
branch
snort
- grandfather bear
wild
/ approach
/ catch sight of
/ run up to
frog
- frog-jumping-granny
(. ) animal
/ notice

hare
- wide-eyed hare
growl
/ (. , ) take
ground, earth
/ drop
so many, how many
/ crunch, crackle
lie
fox
- sister fox
small
() bear
/ move
back
in front
somewhere
somehow
unexpectedly
/ be frightened
after
/ move
ask

204

 10

/ let
/ scatter, run away
mitten
/ tell a story, narrate an
event
/ tear
jump

on the side
dry
and so
tight
so much
/ run, run away

1: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

?
? ?
?
?
?
?
: .
?
?
?
? ?

2: !
Lets talk about the weather and the seasons!
The word means both time and weather. As you begin to talk about the
weather, you need to know the seasons of the year: spring, summer,
fall, autumn, winter. Note that and are both feminine
nouns . To express in a season the prepositions and are used. The seasons
and are used most often with the preposition . The seasons and
are used most often with the preposition . The vocabulary below will help
you understand the weather maps and weather reports below:
precipitation, rainfall
thunder
to move
todays, adj.
local
fog
maximal adj.
minimal adj.
lightening
cloud

cloudy adj.
() cloudiness
changeable
weak; thin adj.
light rain
sunny adj.
degree
moderate adj.
morning adj.

205

 10

2a: ?

19 | 10

7 | 4

0 | -3

-5 | -10

. . .
1.
2.
3.
4.

o ?
?
?
?

2: :
11. ? ? ? ? ?
12. ? , , , ?
13. ?
14. / ?
15. ? ?
16. ?
17. ? ?
18. ?
19. ?
10. ? ?
11. , ? , , , ,
?
3: Read the following weather forecasts (note: temperature is in Centrigrade) and
answer the questions given.
1. :
, .
. 4 10 .
, , , , ? ?
?
2. :
.
2 6, 8 16 .

206

 10

, , , , ? ?
?
?
3. :
,
. 5 10 .
, , , , ?
?
?
, ? ?
4. :
.
30 36 .
, , , , ?
? ?
?
? , ?
?

10.1 Imperfect
Imperfects are formed from verbs of either imperfective or perfective aspect. However, because
of differences in meaning and usage, in this chapter we will only discuss the uses of the
imperfect tense formed from imperfective aspect verbs.
10.1.1 Formation of the imperfect
The formation of the imperfect tense (called in Macedonian or
, the past definite incomplete tense) is one of the most regular in Macedonian
verbal morphology. In fact, there are no exceptions other than the verb .
10.1.2 The imperfect of
You have already learned this form because the imperfect and aorist forms of are identical.

207

 10

10.1.3 The imperfect of other verbs

To form the imperfect stem, take the third-person singular non-past, e.g. , , . The
stem vowel does not change for a-stem and e-stem verbs, but all -stem verbs change the stem
vowel to e. The following endings are then added to the imperfect stem:
-
-
-

-
-
-

Look at the table below:

-stem
-stem vowel remains in all
forms

E-stem
E-stem vowel remains in all
forms

-stem
-stem vowel changes to e
in all forms

Note: if three vowels would occur in a row in the third person plural, the letter j is written
between the last two, e.g.

4: .
Fill in the correct form of the imperfect tense:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

_________ () .
_________ () .
_________ () .
_________() .
_________ () .
_________ () .
_________ () .
J _________ () .
_________ () .
_________ () .
_________ () .

208

 10

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

_________ () .
_________ () .
_________ () .
_________ () .
_________ () .
_________ () - .
J _________ () .
_________ () _________ () .
_________ () .

10.1.4 Meaning of the imperfect tense

The imperfect:
a. Emphasizes the duration of an action in the past, not its completion:
.
b. Focuses not on the actions completion, but on its progress through time:
.
c. Expresses repeated past actions:
, .
d. Establishes the background against which other events are highlighted:
j , s.
10.1.5 Contrast with the aorist
The imperfect contrasts with the aorist. Here we will summarize how this contrast is drawn.
The aorist in the contemporary language is formed almost exclusively from perfective verbs
and conveys a sense of completion. It is used to move the narrative along and to indicate the
completion of an action. The aorist functions to highlight events that occurred in the past; the
imperfect is often employed to indicate backgrounded information.
Recall from 8 that the aorist is used to express:
a.

that an action took place in the past and was bounded, i.e. a goal was attained:
.

b.

that the action was completed only once:

.

c.

that only one part of the action is focused upon, e.g. its beginning or conclusion:
, .
209

 10

d. That the action is viewed in its entirety, e.g., an action completed in a short timeframe,
such as to have a brief conversation, to wait just a short time, or to have a quick nap.
The verbs conveying this type of meaning often have the prefix -.
.
Here are some typical contrasting situations. The imperfect forms are in italics, the aorist in
boldface:
1. j . .
2. , , , j
, , , j,
.
3. j a . j j .
5: Reread the narrative at the beginning of the chapter and underline the aorists
and imperfects. Be prepared to discuss why each verb form has been selected.
Remember: the aorist typically focuses on an action as complete or bounded in some
way, the imperfect typically focuses on duration, progress of the action in time, or
repetition.
6: , ,
.
.
Put the verbs into the past tense, aorist or imperfect, according to whether the verb is
perfective or imperfective. Then explain what meaning the verb has in each instance.
1. : ______ ( )
, ______ () ______ () . ______ () ,
______ () .
2. () ______ () , ______ ( ) ______ ( )
. ______ () ______ () .
_______ () ______ () , ______ (
) . ______ () -, ______ ()
, ______ (1) .
3. ______ ( ) ______ ()
______ () . ______ ()
______ () . ______ () ,
______ () ______ () .

This verb has an irregular aorist. See Notes to the Vocabulary.

210

 10

4. , ______ ( ). ______
() , ______ () . ______
() . ______ ()
, ______ () .
______ ( ) () ______ () , ______
() .
5. ______ () . ______ ()
______ () . ______ ()
______ () 10 . ______ ()
, _______ () .
6. : ______ () (lost) . ______
() ______ () . ______ () ,
______ ( ), ______ (). ______ () ,
______ (). ______ () ______
() . ______ ( )
, ______ () . ______ ( )
. , ______ () .

10.2 Proximate and distance forms of the definite article

Earlier we discussed the demonstrative adjectives , , and . In addition to these,
Macedonian has separate forms of the definite article that express proximity and distance. These
articles, - and -, correspond to the demonstratives and . The particle form of the
proximate and distance articles added to a noun is similar to those for -, described in 4:
. .

211

 10

. .
. .
. .
. .
The use of - and - is particularly common in the spoken language:
! / !
Buy me this book!
! / !
Buy me that book!
These forms are not encountered as frequently as the neutral forms in -; as stated above,
however, they do occur fairly often in the spoken language. The forms in - are used as well
in written language, particularly journalistic style: this country; this
Republic, etc., and also in time expressions such as this year.
7:
:
Rewrite the following phrases comprised of demonstrative adjective and noun using
the appropriate form of the definite article as in the example.
: ;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Lake Ohrid in late spring

212

 10

10.3 Interrogatives, pronominal adjectives, and adverbs of

quantity and quality
In 4, section 4.3, you learned the demonstrative pronouns this, that, and
that. In this chapter you have been introduced to the proximate and distance forms of the
definite article. There is, in addition, a series of pronominal adjectives and adverbs which convey
similar demonstrative meaning, i.e., words which carry the sense of here, there, and over there,
as well as meanings such as this way, that way, such a way. You have already learned many of
these words in previous chapters. A more complete table is given below.
Before you study the tables, consider again the contrast described earlier in which forms with
specify closeness to the speaker, specify distance from the speaker, and are either close to the
addressee and far from the speaker, or are used to designate definiteness in general, i.e. The thing
talked about in the conversation.This three-way contrast is maintained in a series of adverbs and
pronominal adjectives.
Note: In two of the forms, namely this amount and this size, the standard
language adopted forms without initial . Despite the standard, in the current usage of many
speakers, the forms with initial are preferred.
You can see in the table that not every potential form is an actual one, that is, there are empty
spaces. Nonetheless, this table shows the systematic correspondences and should enable you to
master these high-frequency words relatively easily.
1. Adverbs

here

there

there

this way,
hither

that way,
thither

there; over
that way

then; at that
time

?
?

in this
manner

in that
manner

in such a
manner

()

this
amount

that
amount

so much, so
many

2. Pronominal Adjectives

this

that

that

this one

that one

that one

this type

that type

such a type

()

this size

that size

such a size

213

 10

These adverbs and adjectives serve many different functions. Keep in mind that the first two
columns are often used in opposition to one another; the third column often does not have a strict
locational or quantitative meaning, but refers to the topic of conversation.
Compare:
J , .
I make Turkish coffee like this, but she makes it like that.
!
This is how you make Turkish coffee!
Below are examples grouped by various contexts in which these words are used.
A. Contrasting two things in the narrative:
1.

: . , ?
: ( ) J , .
: .

2.

.
: , ?
: ( ) , . , ,
. .
: , . .

3.

: ?
: , , , , , .

4.

.
:
:
:
:

, ?
(half a teaspoon).
( )
?
. .

B. Often, these words are used to refer to something mentioned earlier in the text. As you read
the following examples, look at the underlined words. The words they refer to are in bold face in
the text.
1. , .
.
2. . 50 ,
. .

214

 10

3. . , .
4. , ,
. .
5. . .
C. These words are used in comparative constructions, such as the following:
1. .
2. / .
3. / .
4. .
D. These words are used in relative, subordinate clauses:
1. .
2. .
3. .
. The adverbial forms are often used to emphasize the size or quality of the thing being spoken
about:
1. , ! .
2. ! .
3. , .
.

8: .
.
.
Goran is in the bureau of lost and found at the train station in Skopje. He is talking
with an employee there. Fill in the missing interrogative words. Then listen and
check your work.
?
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

.
. . ?
, . .
1
_______ ?
, , .
-? 2____ ?
. 11.30 .
.
: 3______ ?
215

 10

:
, .
: 4_____ ?
:
, . . . .
: 5_____ ?
:
, , , ,
.
: , .
:
, ! . , , .
: . . .
:
. .
: .

bureau; office
lost and found
candies
impf. pay attention, heed
/ lose
some other time
pf. forget
lost
this time

/ sign, write your

signature
back pack
minor things, small stuff
occur
medium size
middle
pocket

9: :
In groups of two, compose conversations in the Lost and Found:
a: _____ _____ . ,
; .
: , _____ _____ .
, .

10: .
Read the text below and fill in with the words given. Each word will be used once.
Listen and check your work.
, , , , , , , , , , ,

16 .
,
. 1______ .

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 10

2______, ,
20 . . 3______
! , . 4______ .
5______ .
, . 6______
. ,
. 7______ ( ),
. ? ! 8______ .
. 9______ . 10______
. 11______ .
. 12______ .

truly
diet
experience
health
/ hire, rent
/ miss; drop
camp
/ lie down
local
bother someone

trailer, camper
allow
backpack
cooked
freedom
dream
/ get up; stand up
bag
comfortable
that didnt bother us

11a: , , .
.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

?
_______________________________________
?
2
_______________________________________
?
3
_______________________________________
?
4
_______________________________________
?
5
_______________________________________
?
6
_______________________________________
?
7
_______________________________________
1

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 10

: ?
: 8_______________________________________
: ! . .
11: .
.
Converse in pairs. Ask each other these same or similar questions about how you first went
alone on vacation.

12: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

I dont want such a wedding!

I make Turkish coffee like this; how do you make it?
She has so many friends.
Stojan is not as tall as Branko.
Why is the dog running over there? He will eat the sandwiches!
She wanted to buy shoes like those that Vesna bought, but she couldnt find them.
It was so warm in Ohrid.
Place the glasses over there, on the table. Dont put them here on the floor.
How many peppers do you want? That many!
Such a tree grew near our grandparents house, and we always climbed on it.

10.4 Impersonal constructions

To express the idea that something is affecting you (e.g., that you are bored or that something
interests you), Macedonian requires the use of the neuter form of the adjectivewhich here
functions as an adverbthe indirect object clitic, and the verb be. Observe the following
examples:

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 10

. It is boring for me, I am bored.

. It was interesting for us.
Another type of impersonal expression is formed with a verb plus the intransitive marker and
the indirect object clitic. These forms are used in the positive to express desire or inclination to
perform an action and in the negative to express a disinclination to perform the action. The verb
will generally be in the third person singular, e.g.:
. I feel like sleeping; I feel sleepy.
. They felt like sleeping; they were sleepy.
.
Grandma Kalina feels like eating something sweet.
. I dont feel like going to work.
. He didnt feel like going to work.
. I dont feel like eating; Im not hungry.
13: Change the following sentences with the verb to impersonal constructions
according to the model:
. > .
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .

5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .

14: Biljana is bored and hopes to get her roommate Antonija to do something, go out to
eat, see a movie, take a walk, etc. Unfortunately, she is not interested. Continue the
dialogue below:
: , .
: , , .

10.5 Imperatives, continued: and constructions

There are a number of different types of command constructions in Macedonian. In 7
you learned the forms of the second-person imperative, e.g.:
!
!

!
!

10.5.1 used for commands

There are other kinds of imperative constructions. A sentence such as Lets go to the movies! is
an example of a first person plural command. These are used mainly as an invitation for others to
take part in an activity.

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 10

You have already learned one type of first-person command:

!
Lets speak with them!
!
Lets go to the movies!
In the above examples, the interjection strengthens the command or appeal, but is not
obligatory. One can also extend a first-person command or appeal solely with plus conjugated
verb:
!
Lets talk with them!
!
Lets go to the movies!
First person singular commands also exist, and convey the idea of Let me . . . , e.g.,
. Let me read the paper.
The particle can be used with all persons to issue a mild command, or an indirect command;
look at the following examples:
!
The dog is mine, you know/you should know!
.
Come tomorrow afternoon/you should come tomorrow afternoon.
.
Let him come too/he should come too.
10.5.2 and third-person commands
The particle is most frequently used with third-person verbs to express the speakers desire
for someone to carry out the stated request. It can be used with both perfective and imperfective
verbs.
.
Let him go.

.
Let them call me.

If there are direct or indirect object clitics, they will come between and the verb:
.
Let him show her the picture.
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 10

Below is a summary of clitic placement with :

+ indirect object + direct object + verb
15: .
Connect the sentences on the left with the appropriate ones on the right.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. J .
7. .
8. .

. .
. .
. .
. , .
. .
. .
. .
. .

16: :
Read the following joke:
:
- WC1, .
- ? - .
WC is sometimes written as it is pronounced, namely .

Translation: On the first day of school, the teacher explains to the little pupils:
-If any of you needs to go to the bathroom, let him raise two fingers quickly.
-Do you think that will help? Asks little Vlado.

misfortune
windbreaker
WC (water closet), bathroom
(. ) wolf
thunder
rain
(. )1 tree
() autumn
(. ) animal
ground, earth; country
hat
overcoat
short story

summer vacation
fog
raincoat
shawl, scarf, kerchief
lightening
sky
cloud
story
() () spring
mitten
order
snow
sun
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 10

umbrella
pocket

scarf
cup

this type
boring
(a) hot
short
dark; overcast
cloudy
that type
alone; single
grey

blue
; weak; thin; light rain
cold
dry
such a type
dark; cloudy
warm
whole, entire

/ call
/ rain, snow
/ approach
/2 (. , ) take
/ lease, hire, rent
lie
/ be frightened

/ ask
/ stop, cease
/ let, permit
/ tell a story, narrate an
event
/ throw

in this manner
this way, hither
inside
() this size
() this amount
how many
so many, how many
forward, ahead
somewhere
somehow
never
long ago; for a long time

in that manner
that type
that way, thither
over there
that amount
earlier
constantly
last night
then, at that time
such a type
so much, so many
often

and so

let
not even

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 10

Notes to the vocabulary

1. The noun means both tree and wood. In the latter meaning, the plural form is .
2. The verb has a special aorist form:

Additional weather vocabularythese words are not part of your active vocabulary but are for
enrichment:

snowstorm
intense heat
hail
flood

drought
tornado
hurricane
tsunami

17: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

?
?
? ?
?
? ? ?
? , , ?
?

18: Create sentences putting the following verbs into the imperfect tense. Be sure to use
a variety of subjects for each verb, e.g., , , , , :
, , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
Also include the time expressions listed below:
, , , , , ,
(), , , , , ,
19: . ,
. ?
.
Read these sentences. In one of them the imperfect is used, and in the other, the
aorist. To which of them can you add the words that follow? Explain why.
1. . .
. .
- .
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 10

2. . .
. .
- .
3. . .
. .
- .
4. . .
. .
- .
5. . .
. .
- .
6. . .
. .
- .
7. .
_____________. (they stopped).
.
____________. .
-
8. . . _________ .
. . _____ .
-
9. . _________________.
. ______________.
- .
10. . , ____________________.
. , ______________________.
- .
20: .
.
Choose the correct verb in the following sentences. Only one makes sense in the
given context.
1. ? / .
2. / .
.
3. . /.
4. , / . /
.

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 10

5. , /
.
6. . /
, / .
7. / . ?
8. / , / .
9. j / .
10. / / .
11. / / .
12. / .
13. / .
21: :
For this translation exercise, the verbs have been tagged for you
aorist (a) or imperfect (i):
1. When Steve entered (a) the room, we were talking (i) about him.
2. Last night we saw (a) your brother. He was eating dinner (i) in a restaurant with several
friends.
3. While you were watching (i) television, I finished writing (a) the letter to my friend who
lives in Bitola.
4. I told (a) you; why werent you
listening (i)?
5. Your roommate bought (a) the
newspaper.
6. Yesterday, we returned (a) at eleven
in the evening.
7. While I walked (i) through the
market, it was raining (i). I carried (i)
an umbrella.
8. Wolves lived (i) in the mountains
and the people who lived (i) in the
villages were frightened (i).
9. Let the children play (i) outside; it is
sunny and warm today.
10. Grandmother did not permit (a) the children to play indoors. They were fighting (i) and
talking (i) loudly while grandfather was sleeping (i).
11. Why were (i) you bored in class this morning? I was (i) tired and felt like sleeping (i).
12. They should have (i of ) told () us.

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 10

22: Instructions
Throughout the first ten lessons directions for the exercises have either been given in English, or,
if in Macedonian, glossed into English. You now have enough vocabulary and grammar for the
directions to be given in most cases in Macedonian only. The following exercises will help you
solidify your comprehension of the terms you have already seen. Vocabulary for instructions is
included in the Glossary at the back of the book.
.
.
Complete the sentences with the words given below. Pay attention to the form of the
nouns.
, , , , , , , ,
, , ,
1. ______________.
2. __________________.
3. ________________.
4. _______________.
5. _____________ .
6. ________________.
7. (events) ___________________.
8. ______________ .
9. ______________.
10. _______________.
11. _______________.
12. ________________.
23: :
Connect the activities illustrated in the right hand column with the corresponding
instructions in the left hand column:
1. ____ .
)
) )

. .

2. . . . . . . . . .

.
.

3. ?
.

. .

4. (/) .

. / .

5. .

. .

6.

. .

7.

13
18
10

_____ () ,
_____ () .

. .

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 10

Animals
In this chapter you were introduced to a number of animals. The following vocabulary is for
interest, not active knowledge.
, Zoo animals
tortoise
giraffe
zebra
camel
kangaroo
lion
leopard
monkey

bear
hippopotamus
rhinoceros
polar bear
puma
elephant
tiger
o chimpanzee

Sea animals and shore birds

shark
albatross
otter
seagull
dolphin
whale
a jelly-fish

walrus
s starfish
sea lion
octopus
fish
seal

Forest animals
squirrel
wolf
mouse
beaver
wild boar
deer
a hare

reindeer
mole
weasel
fox
elk
moose
skunk

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 10

Lake and pond animals

lizard
frog
turtle
snake

bird
fish
salamander

Insects (including spiders)

lady bug
bug, beetle
mosquito
cockroach
ant
fly

wasp
spider
butterfly
bee
grasshopper
cricket

Ducks and Swans on Lake Ohrid

228

11.
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7

Appearance, Character
Colors, clothing, relatives
Expectative conditionals
Perfective imperfect and future-in-the-past
Indirect speech, introduction
Verbal nouns, continued
Verbal adverbs
Word Formation

11

1: /
. , ?
:
1. . ____
2. . ____
3. . ____
4. . ___
5. . ___
6. . ___
7. . ___
8. . ___
9. . ____
10. . ____
:
:
:
:

, , , ?
, . .
, ?
, . . ,
, , .
. J .
: . .
?
: , . .
: ? . ?
. .
:
. !
: ? , , ?
:
, , .
: ? .
? ?
: , .

229

 11

. .
. .
, ,
.
, . , ,
.

2: , ? .
.
,
.
. , ,
. . . .

3:
3.

. ,
: (The drawing is on the following page).
:

, , /, , , , , ,

: , , , , , , ,
: , , , , ,
:
, , /
: , , /
: , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
:
:
:
:

3 ?
. ?
. .

230

 11

3:

.
. :
The picture above shows Vesnas group from a seminar. She is telling Mira about some
people in the group. Listen and then write down the number of each person beside their
name. One number will not be used. The text is in the key at the back of the back.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___

4: :
- ? ?
?
- ? ,
?
- ?
- , ?
- ? , , (),
? ()
- ? ?

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 11

11.1 Colors, clothing, relatives

11.1.1 : Color terminology
During this course, you have learned most of the basic colors in Macedonian. The list provided
here is a more complete list of color terminology. Color terms are adjectives and agree in gender
and number with the noun they modify. The word color is, of course, feminine, so often
you will hear the feminine form in questions: ? /
(). Or, the color term will agree with the noun it modifies: .
Several of the color terms are invariant as noted below, all others are given here in the feminine
to agree with . Note that two adjectives have a fleeting vowel: and .
orange 1,
pink a
purple, violet
red
silver
yellow
white

beige 1
black
blue , , 2
brown a,
gold
green
grey
indigo
11.1.2 : Articles of clothing

You have already learned a number of words for articles of clothing. These are given here
together with some new clothing terms:
dress
jacket
jeans
necktie a/
overcoat
pants
running shoe, sneaker
scarf

shirt
skirt
shoe
socks
sweater
t-shirt
underpants

and are both invariant adjectives and will not change for gender or number, e.g.: /
, / , / , /
1

The basic word for blue is . The term refers to the darker, more purple or indigo tones
(remember means eggplant). Another word for blue which is used colloquially and
dialectally is . The phrase means the same as , i.e. blond hair. This is not as
strange as it sounds. The word derives from a root meaning pale, so the pale blue of the sky and the
paleness of blond hair share that semantic meaning.

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 11

5: a ?
a e ?
(of the clothing above) ?
a ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
11.1.3 : Relatives
You have already learned many terms for family relations:
, ; , ; , ; , ; ,
In this chapter, you will learn many more terms of relation. In the English system, relatives
are designated only by generation, e.g. great aunt, great-great aunt, etc., and not according to
maternal or paternal lines. In traditional Macedonian society, familial terms are more complex
because there are separate terms for maternal and paternal lines, and separate designations for the
wifes in-laws and the husbands. In traditional Macedonian culture, the bride typically would
move and become part of the husbands extended household.
The terms given below exhibit some dialectal variation and difference in usage. Many speakers,
though, use a good portion of them. You will not be expected to learn them all now, only those
included in the vocabulary at the end of the chapter
Parents and Children
son
boy
()2 male child
brother
father
step-father
, 3 husband, spouse
grandfather
grandson; grandchild

daughter
1 girl
()2 girl child
sister
mother
step-mother
, 3 wife, spouse
grandmother
granddaughter

There are other dialect or colloquial terms for girl: , , .

When asking whether someone has a boy or girl, the neuter adjectives modifying the noun are used
i.e. , . A parent of three children might say: .
2

The terms and are used in more formal contexts, compare English spouse.
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 11

Aunts And Uncles, Nieces and Nephews, Cousins

Mothers side
uncle (mothers brother)

aunt (mothers brothers wife)

Fathers side

uncle (fathers brother)

aunt (fathers brothers wife)

Mothers or Fathers side

uncle
(fathers or mothers sisters husband)

aunt (fathers or mothers

sister)

/ nephew

/ niece

male cousin

female cousin
Husbands in-laws

/ father-in-law
(wifes father)

/ mother-in-law
(wifes mother)

brother-in-law (wifes brother)

sister-in-law
(wifes brothers wife)

brother-in-law
(wifes sisters husband)

(west)
(east) sister-in-law
(north) (wifes sister)
Wifes in-laws
mother-in-law
(husbands mother)

father-in-law
(husbands father)

brother-in-law (husbands brother) sister-in-law;

(husbands brothers wife)
brother-in-law; (husbands
sisters husband)

sister-in-law (husbands sister)

Parents in-laws
daughter-in-law (brothers wife)

son-in-law (sisters husband or

husbands sisters husband)

son-in-law who resides with the

wifes family
Parents and Children
, (western) godfather

godmother

godchild

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 11

Family Tree

6: :
1. .
2. ______ .
3. ______ .
4. ______ .
5. _____ .
6. ______ .
7. ______ .
8. e ______ .
9. ______ .

10. ______ .
11. ______ .
12. ______ .
13 J ______ .
14. _____ .
15. ______ .
16. ______ .
17. ______ .
18. ______ .

7:
Draw and label your own family tree, use yourself as the reference point.
8:
8: :
Match the adjectives with the definitions below:

235

 11

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

.
. ________
. ________
. ________
. ________
. ________
. ________
. ________
. ________
. ________

truth
carefully
achieve
change

situation
/ get along; adapt
success

8: co .
Complete the expressions below with the adjectives from the above list.
1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
1.

ant

2.

.
1.
.
.

5. _____ .
6. _____ .
7. ______ 2.

snail

9: :
: , .
1. , . . .
2. , . . .
3. , . . .
4. , . . .
5. , . . .
6. , . . . .
7. , . . . .
8. , . . . .
9. , . . . .
10. , . . . .
11. , . . .
12. , . . . .

236

 11

10: :
Answer for one member of your family:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

?
?
, ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
?
?

11: .

11.2 Expectative conditionals

11.2.1 Introduction
A conditional sentence is typically made up of two partsan if clause, the protasis, and a
then clause, the apodosis. The if-clause states the condition under which the action in the thenclause can occur in the future, or would have occurred in the past.
If you give me money, then I will go to the store.
If you gave me the money, then I would have gone to the store.
In English we usually delete the word then:
If you give me the money, I will go to the store.
There are different types of conditional constructions. The speaker chooses the type of condition
based on the likelihood that a condition can be or has been met. Time frame also is a factor in
deciding which construction to use.
11.2.2 Expectative conditionals
Expectative conditionals are conditional constructions in which the speaker views it likely that
the condition in the protasis, the if-clause, can be fulfilled, or which could have been fulfilled in
the past. These conditional constructions have the particle in the apodosis, the then-clause.
We will begin discussion with future expectative conditionals.
11.2.3 Formation of future expectative conditionals
The most frequently used construction for forming a future expectative conditional in
Macedonian is if and a non-past verb in the if clause (protasis), and and a non-past
verb in the then clause, (apodosis).

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 11

, .
Not the following three important things about :
1. can be followed by either an imperfective or perfective verb, depending on context;
2. may never be followed by the particle ;
3. is not as closely bound to the verb as , , and .
must be in front of the clitics but other words may come between it and the clitics. is
usually the first word in the if-clause. For stylistic effect and to emphasize certain elements in the
sentence, other words may be fronted and placed between and the clitics:
a. , .
b. , .
c. , .
The first sentence, a., has neutral word order. The second one, b., emphasizes the fact that
Branko (and not someone else) is the person to whom the money is given. The last example, c.,
highlights what is being given, namely the money.
Note: While it is usual for the if-clause to come first, it is possible to reverse the clause order and
for the if clause to follow the then clause:
./ .
. / .
11.2.4 Choice of verb form in expectative conditionals
A. Usually, the choice of an imperfective or perfective verb in both clauses is dependent on
whether the action is a general statement or refers to a unique future event. Compare sentences
1 and 2 with imperfective verbs, which imply that the condition is potentially repeated, with
sentences 3 and 4 with perfective verbs, which refer to unique events:
1. .
If you speak with them in Macedonian, they will understand you better.
2. , .
If you read every day, you will know more.
3. , .
If you order the computer now, you will get it by Friday.

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 11

4. , .
If I write the letter I will go to the post office to mail it.
B. An imperfective verb may be used for a one-time event, if the action itself is the
focus rather than the result, e.g.:
, .
If I make pita tomorrow, I will call you.
, .
If you write to Susannah, greet her from me.
C. The if clause is also followed frequently by an imperative:
, !
If you arrive before noon, call me!
, !
If you travel to Macedonia, visit my relatives!
, .
If you are going outside, take an umbrella with you.
D.

If the then-clause is negated, it will have either or :

, .
, .
If we dont have time we wont watch television.

12a: .
. .
: , .
:
, . .
: : ?
:
, . ( )
1. : ?
: ______________, ______________ ( ).
2. : ?
: ______________, ______________ ( ).
3. : ?
: ______________, ______________ ( ).

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 11

4. : ?
: ______________, ______________ ( ).
5. : ?
: ______________, ______________ ( ).
6. : ?
: ______________, ______________ ( ).
12: . .
.
13: :
1. . . .
2. . . .
3. . . .
4. . . .
5. . . .

6. . . . .
7. . . . .
8. . . . .
9. . . . .
10. . . . .

14: .
. , .
: : , ?
: . (/) .
1. : .
: . (/) ___________________
2. : .
: . ( / ) ___________________
3. : ?
: . ( / 3 ) ___________________
4. : ?
: . ( /)___________________
5. : .
: . (/ ) _________________

240

 11

15: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

If we have free time, we will go to the movies.

If your computer arrives before Friday, I will help you with the new program.
If I receive a letter from you, I will send you a letter.
If you are going to the store, please buy me newspaper.
If you can, call me tonight.
If you want, come with us. We are going to see the film Before the Rain.
If you are hungry, I will buy you a sandwich.
Donka will study in the faculty of law, if they accept her.
If you fight, you will have to play outside.
If the weather is sunny on Saturday, lets climb Mt. Vodno.

11.3 Perfective imperfect and future-in-the-past

In the past chapter, you learned the forms of the imperfect formed from imperfective verbs. In
this lesson, you will learn the formation and uses of the imperfect formed from perfective verbs.
11.3.1 Formation of the perfective imperfect
The forms of the perfective imperfect cannot occur independently. They must be preceded by one
of the special modal words such as , , and .
You learned in the last chapter that imperfect formation is regular. The stem vowels
- and - dont change before the imperfect endings, whereas, the stem vowel - always changes
to -. Also, there are no consonant mutations in the imperfect. In fact the only exception to
these rules is the verb . This is quite different than the aorist in which there are numerous
subgroups. It is crucial that you remember these rules about the formation of the imperfect when
we look at formation of the perfective imperfect.
Look at the verbs in the tables below and compare the forms of the aorist and the perfective
imperfect of the same verb. This is not an exhaustive table with all aorist types. They simply
demonstrate that alternations in the aorist do not occur in the perfective imperfect!
Do not worry about meaning right now; we will treat that later in this chapter. The perfective
imperfect is given preceded by the particle to remind you that this form never occurs
independently.
-: -in both aorist and perfective imperfect the stem vowel remains a

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 11

-: - the aorist remains ;

- in the perfective imperfect changes to

-:

- in the / aorist, e changes to a;

- in the perfective imperfect e stays e

-: - in the / aorist, alternates with o;

- in the perfective imperfect e stays e

-:

- / and velar alteration aorist, alternates with o; consonant mutation;

- in the perfective imperfect e stays e ; no consonant mutation.

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 11

-:

- in the /# aorist type, the stem vowel e is dropped;

- in the perfective imperfect, no loss of stem vowel

16: Now that you have studied the forms above, fill in the missing forms. Use the tables
above s guide.
1.

2.

ja

3.

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 11

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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 11

11.3.2 Uses of the imperfect with the particle

There are three main uses of the perfective imperfect with the particle explained below:
future-in-the-past, repeated or habitual events, and conditionals. The conditional use is by far
the most common and it will be the main topic of discussion here. In 16 there will be
further examples of uses one and two below.
1. Future-in-the-past
The perfective and imperfective imperfect may be used as a future-in-the-past
(- ). The name future-in-the-past derives from the use of this verb
form to denote an action that would occur future to some other event in the past:
,
.
People gathered, one could hear the sound of tapans and zurlas, and soon the Dolneni
Festival would begin.
; .
Boban and Bojan were waiting; their friends would arrive in an hour.
2. Habitual events in the past
These verb forms can be used to denote actions that possibly were repeated or habitual in the
past. To take an example from English: in describing actions that were repeated in the past we
can use a simple past, e.g. Grandpa Dime came to our place every day, or we can use a modal
Grandpa Dime would come to our place every day. The second sentence contains an element
of conditionality or expectation that the event would continue to occur; it suggests repetition or
habitual action that would occur if some unstated condition were fulfilled. This becomes clearer
if we compare:
Grandpa Dime came to our place / Grandpa Dime would come to our place.
Now we can see that would come expresses habitual or repeated action, while came without
a temporal modifier such as every day, says nothing about repeated actions. This is a common
device in narratives. The difference in Macedonian is similar. Compare the sentences below:
,
.
Every day Grandpa Dime would come to our place, he would give us each a candy,
and then would tell us stories.
,
.
Every day Grandpa Dime came to our place, he gave us each a candy, and then told us
stories.

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 11

3. Unfulfilled conditions
The most frequent use of these verbs is, however, to describe a condition that could have taken
place in the past but didnt. The imperfect is used in both clauses. The protasisthe if-clause
can begin with or with no change in meaning. The apodosisthe then-clausehas .
In negative sentences, the then-clause uses both forms of negation, and , as in
example 2 below.
1. , .
If you had called me, I would have come.
2. , / .
If you hadnt called me, I wouldnt have come.
3. / , .
If you had called me, I would have come.
4. / , .
If we had received your letter, we would have learned of your problem.
This construction is also used sometimes to express a condition that is unfulfilled in the present,
e.g.
, .
If he had the money now, Ivan would buy himself a new computer.
4. nearly
The perfective imperfect is also often used with the expression nearly, e.g.:
.
I nearly fell.

.
We were nearly late.

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 11

17: j, , j
. .
.
The text is given below.
j 1_______ .
2
____________ . ,
3________. 4__________.
5_______. .
. .
6________________.
18: .
18: ,
:
Fill in the protasis (if-clause) or apodosis (then-clause) depending on the context.
1. , , __________
2. __________ .
3. __________ .
4. , __________
5. , __________
6. __________
7. , __________

j: , !
j: ,
. Ja , . ,
. a .
.
: .
. , .
T .
: , ,
.
.
: A
,
.

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 11

19: . .
Complete these narratives. The expressions in brackets will help you.
1. . ( )
/ .
2. ? ( )
3. . ( )
4. . ( )
5. . ( )
6. . ( )
20: :
1. .
If they had had free time, they would have gone to the movies.
2. __________ ___________.
If the shoes were yellow, Vesna would have bought them for herself.
3. ____________ , _____________.
If my cousin had received the email, he would have called you.
4. __________ , __________ .
If you had not bought the paper, we would not have found out.
5. ______________, ____________ .
If Risto had had money, he would have given Biljana new silver earrings.
6. ______________ , _________________.
Donka would have studied in the faculty of law, if they had accepted her.
7. ________________ _________________ .
If it hadnt rained, the children would have played outside.
8. __________________________ _______________ !
If it had been sunny on Saturday, we would have climbed Vodno!
9. ____ __________ _____
__________ ______ .
Last summer they would come to our house every day, and if the weather were nice, they
would walk with us along the quay by the river.

11.4 Indirect speech, introduction

When we wish to renarrate an earlier conversation, to retell what someone has said, or to convey
what we, or others, have thought, there are a number of different ways of doing this. We can
quote exactly what was said as it was originally stated. This is termed direct disourse. If,
instead of quoting directly, we rephrase what was said or thought earlier, this is called indirect
discourse. In English, when we paraphrase what was said, the verb shifts tense to agree with
the main verb. Compare the sentences below in direct and indirect discourse. The verbs are
underlined.
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 11

1a. She says: I know this man.

1b. She says that she knows this man.
2a. He said: I am going to the movies.
2b. He said he was going to the movies.
3a. You wrote: We will arrive today by train.
3b.You wrote that you would arrive today by train.
4a. I thought: It will be nice to visit Macedonia.
4b. I thought it would be nice to visit Macedonia.
In Macedonian, there is a different relationship between direct and indirect discourse. First,
verbs in indirect discourse generally remain in the same tense as when originally spoken,
written, or thought. There are some possible alternations in verb choice, which will be
introduced in 13. As above, the a. versions are direct speech, the b. versions, indirect.
In order to see more clearly how the tense is different from English, the tense of the verb in each
clause is marked. In examples 46 note the way in which an imperative will shift in indirect
speech. In English the imperative changes to an infinitive clause while in Macedonian, the
imperative shifts to a clause:
present/ present
1. : .
1. .

1a. She says: I know this man.

1b. She says that she knows this man.

past/ present
2. : .
2. .

2a. He said: I am writing messages.

2b. He said that he was writing messages.

past/ future
3. : .
3. .

3a. You wrote: We will arrive by train.

3b. You wrote that you would arrive by train.

past/ j imperative
4a. J : J !
4. J .

4a. I told you: Call me!

4b. I told you to call me!

present/ imperative
5a. : !
5. .

5a. He tells me: Buy me something!

5b. He tells me to buy him something.

present/ imperative
6a. aa : . 6a. She tells me: Let Goran come too!
6. aa .
6b. She tells me that Goran should come too.
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 11

21: Change the following direct quotes to indirect speech.

: J : . (past/present)
J .
1. : . (past/present)
2. : . (past/present)
3. : . (past/future)
4. : ! (present/imperative)
5. : . (past/imperative)
6. : . (past/future)
7. : . (past/present)
8. : . (past/future)
9. : ! (past/imperative)
10. : . (past/future)

11.5 Verbal nouns, continued

In section 9.2 you were introduced to the concept of the verbal noun. Now that you have learned
the formation of the imperfective, you will be able to form them more easily.
11.5.1 Formation
Verbal nouns are formed exclusively from imperfective verbs (the one exception is the
lexicalized verbal noun , formed from the perfective verb to marry). A verbal
noun can be formed from all imperfective verbs and formation is regular:
Add the suffix - to the imperfective imperfect stem
In other words, -verbs will have the stem vowel - before the ending, while both -group and
-group verbs will have the stem vowel - before the suffix:
reading
swimming
studying
smoking
eating; food
drinking; beverage
11.5.2 Uses
The verbal noun denotes the name of an action, and often corresponds to an -ing form in English.
? Do you like to swim? ? Do you like swimming?
?
Am I permitted to smoke here?

e, .
No, smoking is prohibited.

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 11

Verbal nouns are often used in phrases with the preposition for designating the purpose or use
of something, e.g.:
washing machine (machine for washing)
typewriter (machine for writing)
potable water (water for drinking)
22: Form verbal nouns from the following verbs and insert them where they belong in
the sentences below:
, , , , , ,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

-! ! ________ !
. ________. .
, , ________ .
, ________ .
, . _______ .
________ .
________ .

23: :

, 1989

.
.

.
,
.
,
.

important
until
/ setting of the sun
gold summit [ gold;
summit]

although
darkness
/ be quiet
conversation
light

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 11

11.6 Verbal adverbs

The verbal adverb is used to describe an action as taking place at the same time as another action.
Stylistically, it is often used to set the background against which another, more foregrounded,
action is taking place. Compare, for example, the following English sentences:
1a. She told a story about her grandmother, and began to cry.
b. While telling a story about her grandmother, she began to cry.
c. Beginning to cry, she told a story about her grandmother.
2a. They walked down the street and talked loudly.
b. While walking down the street, they talked loudly.
c. While talking loudly, they walked down the street.
In the a. versions of the sentences, both actions are given equal weight. In the versions b. and c.,
it is the underlined portions that receive the most attention from the listener. The verbal adverb,
then, is a stylistic device for combining two clauses and subordinating one action to another.
11.6.1 Verbal adverb formation
The verbal adverb is formed by adding the invariant suffix - to the imperfect stem. In other
words, the stem vowel will be for -group verbs, and for both - and -group verbs, e.g.:
a-stem:
e-stem:
-stem:

There are several important notes:

1. Stress:
Verbal adverbs are always stressed on the second-to-last syllable, i.e., the penultimate:
, ,
2. Aspect:
The verbal adverb is formed only from imperfective verbs, with the exception of , which
is no longer felt to be a verbal adverb, but has become a conjunction meaning because, since.
3. Clitics
When clitics occur in the clause, they follow the verbal adverb. Remember that though they
follow the verbal adverb, indirect object clitics will still precede the direct object clitics:

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 11

verbal adverb + indirect + direct

, .
While reading him the book, I thought of the time when I was a child.
, .
While getting on the bus, Elena fell.
11.6.2 Use of verbal adverbs
The verbal adverb is used to express the notion that two actions are occurring simultaneously.
The subject must be the same for both verbs. In other words, the same person or persons must be
performing both actions. The verbal adverb does not itself have tense marking; you need to look
at the main verb in the clause to determine whether the action is past or non-past. The verb in the
main clause may be perfective or imperfective. While the actions occur simultaneously, the time
frame does not have to be identical. The action designated by the main verb may be completed,
while the action designated by the verbal adverb is ongoing. In the following examples you will
see that the actions overlap, but they dont need to fill the same expanse of time:
1a.

, .
While talking with me, Goce drank coffee.

b.

, .
While talking with me, Goce drank up the coffee.

c.

, .
While talking with me, Goce drinks coffee.

d.

, .
While talking with me, Goce will drink coffee.

2a.

, .
While watching television, we wrote letters.

b.

, .
While watching television, we wrote the letters.

c.

, .
While watching television, we are writing letters.

d.

, .
While watching television, we will finish writing the letters.

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 11

3a.

, .
While talking about the trip, we ate stuffed peppers.

3b.

, .
While talking about the trip, we ate up the stuffed peppers.

3c.

, .
While talking about the trip, we are eating stuffed peppers.

3d.

, .
While talking about the trip, we will eat stuffed peppers.

24: Combine the following sentences by changing the first finite verb into a verbal
adverb. Pay attention: when you change the first clause to a verbal adverb, you will
have to move the subject noun or pronoun to the second clause.
:

.
, .

1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. , .
6. .
7. .
8. .
25: Form verbal adverbs from the following verbs, and use each of them in a sentence:
, , , , , , , , ,

11.7 Word formation

By now you will most likely have noticed that Macedonian, like other Slavic languages, has
many easily recognizable roots. A root is the central core meaning of a word. If you learn to
recognize the different parts of a word, e.g. prefix, root, and suffix, you can break down larger
words to figure out meanings and to help memorize a more diverse vocabulary. Lets look at a
few examples.
1. The root - means book. From this root, we can derive, or create, a wide variety of
words. The consonant often alternates with when a suffix is added. For example:
book, bookstore, literary, literature. Compounds

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 11

are often formed by joining two roots with the vowel o, e.g. bookkeeper,
publisher.
2. Lets look at another root. In this chapter you learn the verb / to notice.
Once you learn to recognize the root - meaning something like mark or note you can
connect this meaning in the following words: mark; feature; scar, note down,
mark, note, memo, mark out, designate.
11.7.1 Nominal suxes
New nouns can be formed by adding noun-building suffixes. You have already encountered a
number of these. The list below is not exhaustive and you are not expected to learn all of them,
but you should begin to recognize noun-building suffixes:
a. the important suffix - forms nouns from imperfective verbs (, );
b. the suffix - forms nouns from perfective verbs ();
c. - is an older suffix that formed nouns from verbs of either aspect ();
d. several other suffixes form nouns from verbs, but they are not as common: -, -, -,
-, -, -() (, , kiss, , , ,
);
. agentive suffixes, i.e. nouns for the performers of an action include: - , -, -() -,
- (--) (, , (), , );
f. suffixes that form nouns from adjectives: -, -, -(), -(), -(), -, -,
-, -; (, , culprit , , , , ,
, );
g. diminutive suffixes that denote smallness, affection, etc: -, - (, );
h. suffixes from Turkish that are still productive, i.e., they still form new nouns: -/,
-, - (, , film-maker; lover of films. The Turkish suffix
- designated locations (e.g. );
i. the noun-building affix -o forms compound nouns from two roots and is still productive, e.g.
-- necktie.
26: :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

27:
In this chapter you have read about families, about character traits, and about
physical traits. Read the two short biographies below. You are not expected to understand
every word, but you should be able to answer the questions below. If you need to look up a word,
check the glossary in the back of the book.

255

 11

27: .
.
:
: , , , , , , ,
,
) ) ) )
: , , , , , , ,

)
)
)
)
27: :
1.
) .
) .
) .
2. :
) .
) .
) .
3.
) .
) .
) .
4.
) .
) .
) .
(18721903) e
. ()
,
.
( ).
. , ,
.

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 11

. , ,
. .
,
.
. .
, .
:
.
(19812006) -.
, 1999,
. ,
, , ,
2004 . , ,
, .
2006 , .

.
. ,
, . .
.
. 2004
.
.

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 11

27: ?
?
27: :
In the texts above, find nouns derived from the words given in the tables:
: > /

1. >

5.

2. >

6. >

3.

7.

4.

>
>

>

8.

>
>

1
beard
, cousin
2 necktie
uncle (mothers brother)
aunt (mothers brother wife)
girl
little (young) girl
skirt
interest

overcoat
character
horse
hair
2 necktie
contact lenses
face
donkey
T-shirt

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 11

girl
boy
motorcycle
moustache
performance
2 earring
answer
(. ) eye (pl. eyes)
glasses
trip
question

lecturer
dictionary
rock group
uncle (fathers brother)
aunt (fathers brothers wife)
tattoo
uncle
aunt
(. ) ear, ears
jeans
dress

ambitious
slow; slow-witted
beige
wealthy
quick; quick-witted
faithful, loyal
cheerful, happy
violet
curly
diligent, industrious
3 gay, homosexual
ugly
fat
long
friendly
economical, prudent
elegant
female, feminine
() female (girl child)
forbidden
gold
(un)intelligent
shrewd, sly, clever
coffee-colored, brown

conservative
short
male, masculine
() male (boy child)
blue (purplish)
lazy
smiling, laughing
unintelligent
unexpected
unpleasant
dishonest, unfair, untrustworthy
blue; blond hair
grey-haired
full
orange
plump, chubby
orange
straight; correct
pleasant
pink
industrious
blond
bright, light
nice

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 11

poor
silver
stubborn
dark

bald
brave
honest, fair, trustworthy

drive
/ lose, get lost
/ be late
/ forget
look, seem, appear
/ miss, omit
/ explain (to
someone)

/ suggest
smoke
/ consider
/ break down, spoil
/ spend money
treat (someone to
something)
congratulate

at least
probably, likely

easily
maybe, possibly

although

I would like
it would be good
nearly, just about

/ you are right.

? how does he/she look?
? what does it mean?

Notes to the vocabulary

1.

Additional terms for clothing, hairstyles, and jewelry are given below for discussion and
interest. They are not considered active vocabulary.

2. As noted above, both and mean necktie. While is the

preferred standard term, many speakers use . There are other items of clothing with
competing terms. For example, sometimes a term from Serbian has gained widespread usage,
e.g. the use of belt rather than , which is considered standard. Another term for
skirt is , and for earrings .

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 11
3. The adjective entered Macedonian through English and it is another indeclinable
adjective: , / . If the noun phrase is made definite, the definite
article is attached to the noun, e.g. . This is typical in phrases with indeclinable
adjectives, cf. . While the formal terms /
exist, the adjective has gained popularity as a neutral and colloquial term.

belt , ()
boots
bra ,
button
cardigan
high heels
pullover
pyjamas
sandals
slippers

scarf ,
suit
sport coat
stockings
sweatpants
sweatshirt ,
vest
undershirt ,
Velcro ()
zipper

cotton n., adj.

linen n., adj.
nylon n., adj.
silk n., adj.

synthetic n., adj.

velvet n., adj.
wool n., adj

bangs
braids ,
haircut ,

hairstyle
pig tails ,
sideburns

Jewelry

bracelet
chain ,
necklace

ring
wedding ring
earrings

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 11

28a:
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. o .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. .
28: / ,
.
J
23. 20.

21. 19.

J
.

.
.
: , ,

.
, .
.
.
: , , ,

20. 21.

23. 20.

.
,
.
.
: , , ,

,
.
, .
, .

.
: , ,

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 11

21. 21.

22. 21.

,
. ,
.
,
.

, .
.

.
: , , ,

: , ,

22. 23.

24. 23.

.
,
. .

,
.
e.

, .

: , , ,

: , , ,

24. 23.

24. 23.

.
.
.
, .
: , , ,

.

.
.
.
: , ,

24. 22.

23. 22.

, .

. ,
.

.
.
.
.
: , , ,

: , , , ,

263

 11

B 29: . .
There are many versions that you can hear on the internet. Note the use of poetic
forms for meter, e.g. for a and the vocative forms, e.g. .
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, .

Set, bright sun

Set, and grow dim,
And you, bright Moon,
Flee, and drown yourself.

, , , ,
() ,
, ,
.

Put on black, oh forest, put on black, oh sister,

Let us both dress in mourning (turn black),
You for your leaves, oh forest,
I for my youth.

, ,
,
, , ,
.

Your leaves, sister forest,

They will return again,
But my youth, oh my forest sister,
Will never return.

264

12.
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8

Health
Verbal l-forms and formation of the l-past
Approximate numbers
The emphatic verb
Compound conjunctions: , ,
The conjunction
The verbal prefix - and the verbs of lying, sitting, standing
Aorist, continued
Reflexive verbs

12

,
. ,
, . ,
.
- ,
. ! ,
.
. ,
.
. ,
. .
, , ,
. .
.

, .
.
. ?
. .

265

 12

1a: :
1. .
4. .
2. . 5. .
3. .
6. .
1: .

...
:
:
:
:
:
:
a:

, .
. .
?
.
, . . ,
.
? .
. . , , ,
. .

2: :
1. , ?, 2. ? 3. ?
Body parts
head
hair
forehead
(. ) ear
o (. ) eye
mouth
lip
(. ) tooth
neck
(. ) shoulder
back
chest
(. ) leg/foot
knee
(. ) hand/arm
elbow
(. ) finger
toe
() blood
heart
kidney

skin
liver
lungs
stomach
266

 12

:
:

? ?
/ ?
/ ?
?

/?
?
?
?
/ ? / ?

:
.
. .
.
: , , , ,
, .
, , .
, , .
.
: , ,
,
/. (
.)

:
.
. / .
.
/ : , , ,
, , .
/ , , .
, , .
.
.
/ /.

3: : ?
? ? ?
? ?
:
, , , , (),
... , /, ( /),
/ (sprained foot/ hand), /
1
1. .
2. , .
3. , , ?
1

Marko Cepenkov was a 19th century collector of Macedonian folk literature.

267

 12

4a:
.

1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
: . J ,
. ,
. ,
.
basketball
bleeding
/ flow, pour

ball
/ strike, hit

:
. ,
.
. . ,
, . , , .
. ,
. .
a
. .
plaster cast
below; down
/ slip
neighborhood
appetizers
(. ) fire

/a light (e.g., a cigarette)

x-ray
/ turn back, twist
/ descend, go down
/ photograph; record

: . , ,
.
, .
.
. ,
.
scar, mark
/ lead away
/ take away, bring to

directly
/ flow, pour

268

 12

4:

Describe an accident that happened to you or to a friend or relative. You may need the
following expressions:

/ , / , , ,
( ).

5a: :
Listen to the following conversations and fill in the table. The text is given in the
answer key.

1.

/ ?

2.
3.
5: :
The text is given in the answer key.

1:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

, , 1_________ ? 2__________
, , 3__________ , ?
4
________ 5____ 6____, .
7____ . ?
, . . 8_____ . , .
9___ , . .
, . !
! 10_________ .

2:
: ?
: , ! . , , 11_________ ,
12
_________ . .
: ?
: 13____ , 14_________ .
: 15_________ ?
: , . 16_________ , .
: 17_________ 18_________ .
.

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 12

3
: , 19_________ ?
: 20_______ .
: , . . 21____ ,
.
22
________ . 23____ 24_________
.
: . 25___________ . 26___________
. .
5: , ? ?
5:

() /
. .

Cultural Note: Customs associated with death and burial:

When someone dies, notices of the death, together with a picture of the deceased, are posted
on tree trunks, utility poles, etc., in the persons neighborhood to inform residents of the time
and place of burial. Obituaries are also printed in the newspapers, often with a picture of the
person.
Friends and relatives visit the home of the deceased, bringing with them flowers in evennumbered bouquets. They will often light a candle in memory of the person who died, and say
/ ! God forgive him/her! / ! May he/she rest in peace.
The members of the household serve guests candy and rakija. The closest relatives will hold
a wake through the night beside the body, with burial usually taking place between 12:00 and
2:00 the next afternoon. The household brings a dish of boiled wheat, into which has been
placed a large candle; those present hold smaller candles, which remain lit while the priest
says the funeral service. When the service ends, both the wheat and other dishes brought by
family and friends are served. The family members then invite guests back for a memorial
meal, either at home or in a restaurant.
There are special memorials that take place at regular intervals after the death. The most
important occur after forty days, six months, and a year. Notices of these anniversaries are
often carried in newspapers. On each of these special days, the family and friends bring food
to the cemetery. The family must also bring boiled wheat , which is distributed among
the mourners after prayers have been said. On these occasions as well, the family will invite
those present to share a meal at their home in honor of the deceased.

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6:
. :
These words are derived from four basic words that you learned in this lesson. Put the
words in the table below:
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,

7: Imagine that you are in Macedonia and a friend has gotten sick. Explain in writing
how you took him to the clinic and what you said to the doctor. How did you explain
how your friend felt? What did the doctor say? Did you have to buy medicine?

Bilingual (Macedonian and Albanian) Clinic Sign, Skopje

12.1 Verbal l-forms and formation of the l-past

12.1.1 Formation
First we will look at how to form the verbal l-forms ( -), and then we will
discuss their meanings. The verbal l-form is generated from both perfective and imperfective
verbs. Unlike other verb forms you have learned, the l-forms agree in number and gender with
the subject.

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To create the verbal l-form, take the first-person singular aorist or imperfect verb form, drop the
-, and add:
- masculine singular
- feminine singular
- neuter singular

- for all plurals

Note: the neuter form will also be used in impersonal constructions. Compare the following:
.
.

.
.

The rules of formation apply to perfective aorists, imperfective imperfects, as well as perfective
imperfects:
Perfective aorist:
-stem
-stem
-stem

-
-
-

-
-
-

--
--
--

--
--
--

--
--
--

-
-
-

--
--
--

--
--
--

--
--
--

Imperfective imperfect:
-stem
-stem
-stem

-
-
-

Perfective imperfect
-stem
-stem
-stem

-
-
-

-
-
-

--
--
--a

a--
--
--o

--
--
--e

As you can see from the above examples, there are l-forms corresponding to the three different
past forms that you have already learned, namely: an l-form corresponding to perfective aorists
and l-forms corresponding to both perfective and imperfective imperfects, e.g. ,
, and .
In this chapter, we will mainly treat the perfective aorist and imperfective imperfect l-forms, you
will be asked to form the perfective imperfect l-form as well. Like the perfective non-past and
the perfective imperfect, the perfective imperfect l-forms cannot be used independently, but must
be preceded by one of the modal particles, e.g., , , (for a discussion of this form, see
13.6).

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 12

12.1.2 Important exceptions in formation

There are a number of very important exceptions to the rules of formation that must be
memorized. We can divide these exceptions into three groups.
I Exceptions for verbs belonging to the e/o alternating aorist subgroup:
1.

In the e/o alternating aorists, the -o drops when there is a vowel in the following syllable:

, , ,
, , ,

2. A number of e/o aorist verbs lose both the o and the preceding dental consonant, i.e. , , or .
The most common of the verbs you have had are , :

, , ,
, , ,

3. The verb behaves like group two above, namely the verb loses both the o and preceding
dental in the aorist l-form:

, , ,

4. The verb can conform either to type 1 or 2 above, i.e with just a fleeting o or fleeting o
and loss of dental:

, or ,

Note: , , etc. is preferred.

5. The verb has an l-form based on the second and third-person aorist, i.e., it has the stem
vowel -e: ,
II Verbs based on the root meaning to go, e.g.:, , , ,
These verbs all have the following change in the aorist l-form:
- is deleted;
- is replaced by -;
-o drops out if there is a vowel in the following syllable, e.g.:
:
:
:
:

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 12

III The l-form of

The l-form of the verb is: , , ,
8: -
:
According to the model, generate the l-form for the following verbs, including all
three genders and the plural.
8: : /: /
-: , , ,
1. /
2. /
3. /
4. /

5. /
6. /
7. /
8. /

9. /
10. /
11. /
12. /

8: : /: /
-: , , ,
1. /
2. /
3. /
4. /

5. /
6. /
7. /
8. /

9. /
10. /
11. /
12. /

8: : - / : /
-: , , ,
1. /
2. /
3. /
4. /

5. /
9. /
6. /
10. /
7. /
8. /

12.1.3 Formation of the l-past

The verb tenses learned up to nowpresent, aorist, and imperfecthave all been synthetic,
namely, the verb changes form and there is no verbal auxiliary. Beginning in this chapter, you
will learn the analytic verb forms, namely, those forms composed of more than one verbal
element, cf. English: I went vs. I was going, I have gone. A main function of the verbal l-form
is to create the l-pasts. These are compound forms made up of the present tense of the verb
and one of the l-forms, i.e., perfective aorist, perfective imperfect, or imperfective imperfect
(called in Macedonian the past
indefinite tense from perfective or imperfective verb).
Note however, that the third person forms are not formed together with , but consist solely of
the verbal l-form, cf.:
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 12

()

()

()

()

If there are clitics, they come between the verb to be and the verbal l-form; in questions the
particle will follow the verbal l-form; negation will precede the verb :
[] + + indirect + direct + verbal l-form
+ indirect + direct + verbal l-form
?
Have you read this book to Stojan?
, .
Yes, I have read it to him, and he likes it very much.
.
I have not given the letter to Igor.
.
He has not given the book to Vesna.
.
We havent run into Pavle recently.
9: Put the following verbs into the l-past for all persons, as in the xample:

1.

16.

1.

16.

1.

16.

2.

17.

2.

17.

2.

17.

3.

18.

3.

18.

3.

18.

4.

19.

4.

19.

4.

19.

5.

10.

5.

10.

5.

10.

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 12

12.1.4 Uses of the l-past, introduction

12.1.4.1 Use of l-past to form a perfect tense
There are two main uses of the verb forms composed of plus the verbal l-form. The first is
as a perfect tense, namely, to describe an action which took place in the past but which is in some
way connected to the present. Like the aorist and the imperfect, it refers to an event that took place
in the past. The perfect, however, highlights the relevance of the past action to the present, cf.:
Past:
.
I read Petre Andreevskis latest novel.
Present perfect:
o .
I have read Petre Andreevskis latest novel.
The first sentence is a statement of fact about a past event and could be the beginning of a
conversation introducing a new topic. The second sentence makes the reading of the novel
somehow relevant to a conversation already taking place, and therefore somehow connected to
the present.
The perfect can be used for past events, but usually not if there is a definite time reference that
refers solely to the past, cf. English:
Yesterday I read Petre Andreevskis latest novel.
*Yesterday I have read Petre Andreevskis latest novel.
12.1.4.2 Non-confirmative use of l-past
The second major meaning of these verb forms is non-confirmative; Macedonian has developed
a distinction between the aorist and imperfect on the one hand, and the l-past on the other. The
aorist and imperfect are used when the speaker wishes to confirm the validity of the events being
spoken about. When a speaker chooses the l-forms, he chooses not to commit or confirm the
statement, or may imply that this information has been reported to him, is not based on first-hand
observation, or is based on supposition. We will term this use of the l-past non-confirmative.
12.1.4.3 Contrasting perfect and non-confirmative uses of l-past
The two meanings of the l-past are usually distinguished by the context. As a rule of thumb,
however, we can say that if the verb form is in the first-person, it is most often used as a present
perfect. We rarely talk about actions that we ourselves have performed as non-confirmative,
though it is possible, as in the examples below:

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 12

.
My mother told me that when I was a small child I was in Canada.
, .
He told me that I gave you the letter, but I am not sure.
If, however, the verb is used in the third person, it is likely being used as a non-confirmative,
since we often talk about what we have heard or surmised about others. When the l-past is being
used in the second-person, context will determine which meaning is used. In the sentences below,
the l-form is used in nonconfirmative meaning.
.
I heard that Elena failed her history exam.
, ?!
?!
Mira, is it true that you and Andrej were at the Leb i Sol concert? How was it?!
10:
:
() .
1. . __________ ().
2. ________ () _________ () .
3. _________ _________ (
) .
4. , () __________ () .
5. __________ () .
6. __________ __________ () .
7. __________ __________ () .
8. __________ () __________ ()
.
9. __________ __________ () ?
10. __________ () .
11: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

?
?
?
() ?
? ?
?
?
?
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 12

9. , ?
10. ?
12:
.
1. : . ______ ( ) .
:
, .
: , . . ______
, ?
:
, .
2. :
:
:

, ______ () .
?
. ______ () ______ ()
. ______ ().

3. :
:
:

?
, , ______ () .
______ (). .
______ () .

4. :
:

? ______ () 1 ?
. . ______ ( )
2 , 3.

5. :
:

, _____________ () , ?
. _____________() ___________
() _____________ () _______________
() . .

13a: In the text below is the email that Mira wrote to Liljana telling what happened to
her friend Vesna. Read the text.

. ,
. . ,
.

. ,
. ,
. . ,
.
. ,
.
1

unclean, dirty. 2 half. 3 dirty.

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 12

13: Liljana tells Tanas what happened to Mira and Vesn. She has to use the non-confirmative
l-forms. Finish the story. Remember to change the narrators voice from first person to third,
e.g., changes to .
.
,

enough, sufficient
it came to her turn
/ detain
fine
in place of/instead of

spider; here: tow truck

account
kiosk
counter; bank window

14: .
? :
1. , ____________________________.
, .
2. , ____________________________________
3. ____________________
4. __________________________
5. , __________________
6. , _____________

12.2 Approximate numbers

There are several ways of expressing an approximate number. One is to use the preposition
that means around, approximately:
.
There were about forty people at the dance.
.
We will be in Macedonia about three weeks.
Or, one can say two numbers together in sequence to express the idea of around. Only certain
neighboring numbers are typical, e.g.:
- .
- .
- .
- .
For bigger numbers from ten to one hundred, the suffix - is added:
, , ,
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 12

12.3 The emphatic verb

The verb is an emphatic negation of the verb to want. Ordinarily, the negation is
. In colloquial language, if the speaker wishes to emphasize a complete lack of desire or
unwillingness to perform an action, the emphatic verb may be used.
, .
I want Vlado to go to the movies with me, but he doesnt want to.

12.4 Compound conjunctions: , ,

There are three compound conjunctions composed of a preposition plus . While their meanings
and functions in the sentence are quite different, these three are presented here together since
they are constructed in a similar fashion. The verb following will always be in the non-past.

The compound means without, but often in sentences it is best translated as without
X-ing, or not having X-d, e.g.:
.
I looked for him without knowing that he wasnt home.
.
The child played in the fields without knowing that there were snakes.

The compound is used in sentences that express a goal. Often there will be a verb of motion
in the main clause, followed by a subordinate clause beginning with . In these sentences,
can be deleted, but when it is there it strengthens the connection between the two clauses. It is
often best translated as in order to:
() .
He went to the forest (in order) to gather mushrooms.
() .
He came (in order) to see me.

The compound is used to sequence two events:
, .
Before we drink coffee, we need to buy sugar.

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 12

, .
Before you give her money, ask her what she will buy.
, .
Before he called me, he talked to you.

12.5 The conjunction

The conjunction has two different meanings: since and as soon as. When is
followed by a present tense or an imperfective imperfect l-form, it is best translated as since:
, .
Since youre here, well talk now.
, .
Since we have time, lets walk along the river.
, .
Since they lived in the same city, they were often together.
In this meaning, , is rarely followed by an imperfective imperfect.
When is followed by an aorist, aorist l-form, or a perfective non-past, it is best translated
as soon as. In the standard language should precede the verb and should not be
followed directly by a perfective non-past. Many speakers, however, accept plus perfective
non-past:
, .
As soon as they arrived, we sat down to eat dinner.
/ , .
As soon as they arrive, we will sit down to eat dinner.
15: y .
.
Mira is talking about an accident. Put the conjunctions where they belong in the text.
, , , , , ,
.
, 1._______ .

. .
.
. .
2._______ .
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 12

. 3._______
. .
4.
_______ . 5. _______ ,
.
6.
_______ . 7._______
. .

loudly
view
deep
hole
/ stop, halt

suddenly
resort
x-ray
hill
shift, turn

16: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Tanas will talk with the doctor before he goes to work. His back hurts.
Vesna went to the store in order to buy herself new shoes.
Last summer we went to Europe in order to visit my mothers relatives.
Grandfather returned home without mailing the letter.
Stojan looked for his tasty sandwich without knowing that the dog ate it.
Instead of complaining, take this medicine if your head aches.
Lets go to the park before it rains.
Markos sister is going to the kitchen in order to make us coffee.
Ask him whether he has allergies before you give him these pills.
Stojan, get dressed and wash up without complaining.

12.6 The verbal prefix - and the verbs of lying, sitting,

standing
The verbal prefix - is widely used to form verbs that express the notion that an action has taken
place for a little while, e.g., to wait awhile, / to work awhile.
This prefix is added to many verbs describing a position or state, thus giving the nuance of being
in that position or state for a short time. Macedonian makes a distinction between verbs which
express the state of being in a standing, sitting or lying position, and those verbs which express
the taking of that position, i.e., standing up, sitting down, or lying down. The verbs indicating a
state have a perfective formed with the prefix - ; these can be translated as to sit, stand or lie
for a brief period. The verbs that express the taking of the position all end in the suffix -
in the imperfective and - in the perfective. The aorist forms for the perfective verbs are given
below, note in particular the forms for , , .
verbs of being in position

verbs of taking position

/ to be standing
/ to be sitting
/ to be lying down

/ to stand up
/ to sit down
/ to lie down
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 12

Aorists:
: ,
: /,
: ,

: ,
: ,
: ,

12.7 Aorist, continued

In this chapter, you are introduced to the remaining aorist subgroups, namely, -stem verbs in
which the stem vowel stays , and -stem verbs in which the stem vowel changes to plus
velar alternation.
The only common verb in which stays is the verb to die:

The most common verbs with to change and velar alternation are prefixed forms of the verb
to cry, e.g., .

12.8 Reflexive verbs

You have already learned many verbs that are used with the intransitive marker . Most of
these verbs usually, if not always, require this particle. In this chapter, you will learn the verbs to
wash and to dress, two verbs which can be used both with and without the intransitive marker.
When used with , the verbs are reflexive, that is, the subject and direct object are the same
person, e.g., I wash myself, I dress myself. In English, we often use the verbs reflexively without
explicitly adding on the word myself, e.g., I am getting dressed, I am washing up, he is getting
dressed, etc. In Macedonian, if the verbs are being used reflexively, the particle must be used.
. I am washing (myself).
. Branko is washing (himself).
. Biljana and Stojan are washing (themselves).

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 12

Unlike many of the verbs you have already encountered, these verbs can also be used without
the particle , and can take a direct object if the subject and direct object are different, e.g., I
wash the baby. I dress the child. Compare the following in Macedonian:
.
Vera is washing (herself).

.
She is washing the baby.

J .
Jovan is dressing (himself).

.
He is dressing the child.

17: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

As soon as we arrived, it began to rain.

Since we have time, lets walk to the store together.
My grandmother is dressing my sisters child.
Before you eat dinner, you need to wash your hands.
Please wash the dishes before you start to watch television.
Since you are sick, lie down on the bed.
Where is Trajan? He is getting dressed. As soon as he comes, we will talk.
Since your leg hurts, why are you standing? Sit down over there.
They sat down for a while, but before they drank up the coffee, they stood up and
went out of the room.
10. Branko got dressed without washing up.
18a: The Three Bears:
As you read the story, pay special attention to the verb forms. Some verbs are underlined in the
text. Explain what tense and aspect is used and why.
Note the use of neuter pronouns to refer to the little girl because the word is neuter.
When translating into English, use the feminine pronoun e.g. She
looked through the door.

. 1
, 2, 3 .
. ,
, 4. 5 . ,
. . -.
. .
.
: , .
6
7 . , ,
. , , .
. : , .

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 12

;
,
.
: ,
, , .
, , ,
.
. .
8, 9. . ,
. :
, , .
, ,
, .
. ,
:

10 ?
:
?
:
- ?

- 11
?
:
- ?
:
- ?

-J J J ?
.

-J J J ?
.
, :
-J J ?

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 12

:
- ! , ! ! -! !
12 . 13 , 14
15 . , .
.
(adapted from , - , .
Translated from the Russian version of the Three Bears by Leo Tolstoy)

huge
/ catch up with
grab; hold
/ begin to wander
/ lift up
cottage; little house
/ smile, laugh
/ sway, rock
cushion
/, squeal
/ strike, hit

. it suited
her exactly.
/ move
afterward
much too wide
/ roar
/ jump
broken
// slurp
/ rumple up

18:
1) :
1___________ 2_______________.
3__________. . 4_______________
5______________. 6___________ 7___________
8______________. 9____________,
10_____________ . 11____________
12
_____________ 13____________ 14____________.
15__________, 16__________. 17__________
18___________. , 19_____________
, .
2) :
1__________ . 2___________
3___________ 4___________
5________. 6___________ 7__________
8_____________ . 9__________
10
___________ . 11____________
12__________ 13_________.
_________ 15_________ 16___________
.
14

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 12

clinic
sore throat, tonsillitis
antibiotics
appendicitis
appetite
pill, tablet
pain
hospital
first aid
neck
plaster cast
head
chest, breast
back
flu
throat
arrival
(. ) tooth
dentist
snake
shot, injection
heart attack
a cough
skin
(. ) knee
() blood
bed
spoon
elbow
medicine
population
accident
(. ) knife

room
vicinity
() danger
operation
poison
(. ) time
floor
fire
field
window
(. )/ finger/toe
cancer
(. ) shoulder
wound
prescription
serum
AIDS
incident
traffic accident
meeting
bedroom
heart
chair
stomach
temperature
tetanus
dining room
food poisoning
lip
mouth
forehead
plate, dish
diabetes

sick
closed
healthy
strong
dark blue, purplish
() (un)expected

open
empty
seven-year old
terrible, awesome
exact, precise

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 12

/ seek, look for

/ (a. , ) gather
/ hurt
lead
( ) complain about
/ (. ,
) heal
/ close
/ bite
/ break
/ lie down
/ heal
() /() feel nauseous
() /() wash
() /()
(a. , ) dress
/ refuse, turn down
/ lead away

/ rest
/ open
(. , ; ) depart,
leave (perf.)
/ fall
/ (. , ) cry
vomit
rejoice, be happy
/ fall ill, get sick
/ happen, occur
/ (. , ) collect
/ prepare; get ready
/ get up, stand up
do, accomplish, carry out
/ (a. , ) poison
/ (a. , ) die
feel

toward
by, near, around, approximately
according to

without
in order to
before
since; as soon as

generally; at all
below

however

, . et cetera, etc.
! Bon voyage! Have a good trip!

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20a:
.
Read the excerpt below and say which of the following facts about burial customs in
Macedonia you learned in this text.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
(, , )
.
.

___
___
___

___
___
___

___
___
___
___

___
___
___
___

___
___

___
___

Excerpt from the novel Pirej (couch grass) by Petre Andreevski
Petre Andreevskis novel tells the story of Jon and Velika during the difficult
times in Macedonia during World War I. The story opens at Velikas burial. In this
excerpt, the priest has asked for the names of those near to her who have died so that
he may say a prayer for them. He is told the names of her five deceased children, but
not of her deceased spouse, Jon. He asks why Jon is not to be included in the prayers,
and what follows is the answer he is given which provides the narrative frame of the
novel. The novel tells, in alternating chapters, the parallel stories of Jon and Velika.

***
- ?
- , , , .
, , .
: , , ,
, . , ,
.
- , , .
, , .
, ,
, . ,
, , -
.

- , , .

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 12

- , ,
,
. .
- , .
- , , ,
, , , ...
but, as well
running, escape
/ wipe away
pass by
Lord
grave
gravedigger
once
take, grasp
/ swear, take an oath
/ bury
remembered
bury, cover up
deserted, abandoned
cross
shovel
/ get angry
remains
/ bow

toss, cast
couch grass (type of weed)
spit
burial, funeral
priest
deceased
forgive
wheat
/ distribute
separation
/ degrade
shovel v.
box; coffin
sister (dimunitive)
quarrelled
/ make up, make peace
() death
old man
() old age

20: , ?
20: /
1. __________________
2. ___________________
3. __________________
20: .

.
As you read the text below, prepare answers, in English, to the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

When do the main events take place?

What happened in 1913?
What were the early years of married life like for Jon and Velika?
What were the issues regarding national identity? And how did this ffect Jon?
What happened between Jon and his brother Mirche?
What did Velika do during the war?

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 12

7. Was Velika happy when Jon returned alive? What was their life like together after his
return?
8. What happened on the day that their son Roden was born?
.
, 1913 , ,
. , ,
.
.
,
. ,
.
.
, , ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, .
, .
, .
. , ,
.
. ,
, .
.
.
-. .
, . ,
.
, .
assimilation
fight
Bulgaria
power
adj. war, military
war
soldier
hunger
/ build
Greece

gendarmes
wish, desire
joint
impf. begin
pf. imprison
identity
love
/ torment
( __ ) () hope
event

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 12
national
explanation
pf. choose; make up ones mind
impf. anticipate
period
perspective
divided
mediator
beginning
traitor
psychologically
world
poor
broken
consider

/ create

(. ) fellow-villager
() fellow-villager (f.)
Serbia
cold
clash
in the course of
difficulty
typical
exact
tragedy
foreign
whole
feeling

Public death notices, Ohrid

292

13.
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8

Housing
Comparisons continued and the prefix Hypothetical constructions with
Overview of conditionals
Admirative and dubitative
Indirect speech, continued
Suppositional or reported forms of perfective imperfect constructions
The use of with nominal subject
Optatives

13

, :
: . ,
. , .
: , ?
. . J .
: ?
?
: , .
. .
: , . .
: , , .
.
, , ,
.
: , .
: . .
: , . ,
. .

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 13

1: , .
.

1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. ?
11. ?
2:
:
, , , , , , , , , ,
(), , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?

4. ?
5. ?

13.1 Comparisons continued and the prefix In j 10 you learned many adjectives and adverbs of quantity and quality useful for
discussing comparisons, e.g.
/ .
Stojan is not as tall as Branko.
, / / .
He is not as tall as I am.
13.1.1 Expressing equivalency
Placing the same before the first adjective or adverb allows you to express equivalency:

294

 13

, / / .
She is as tall as I am.
, ( ) / .
My apartment is as big as yours.
.
He runs as fast as I do.
13.1.2 Expressing excess, too much
The prefix - is added to adjectives or adverbs to express the idea of excess, and is often
translated in English by too, e.g., too big too small:
.
This apartment is too small for their family.
.
These shoes are too big for my child.
.
She talks too quickly.
Alternatively, one can use the adverb before the adjective or adverb:
.
This apartment is much too small for their family.
.
She talks much too quickly.
3:
. .
. ,
.
. , .
o .
.
.
, .
.
.
.
.

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 13

,
. ,
.
. .
1. .
2. ___
3. __
4. ____
5. _____
6. ___
7. ___

. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .

architecture
impression
o Earth Day
polluted
pollution
surprised
contact
e cultural life
event
() (in)effectiveness
level
especially

expect
e calmer
() bother, disturb
workplace
e various, diverse
memory, recollection
e sincere
millieu
tempo, pace
enjoy
e formal

3:
.
Compare some country which you have visited with your country and write a composition
like the one above.
4: .
13.1.
Here are the plans for three apartments. Describe them using the words below and
compare using the expressions in section 13.1.
? .
balcony
bathroom
entrance
bachelor apartment
living room
-, -, one-, two-, three-room
kitchen

bathroom
elevator
() (un)furnished
steam heat
bedroom
dining room
shower

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 13

5: ( 2)
: ?
How would you arrange one of these apartments?
? Where would you put the furniture?
:
. . .
. . .
. . .
,

I think that . . .
According to my thinking/In my opinion . . .
According to me that is . . .
As for me . . .

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 13

/ . . .
. . .
. . .
. . . . . .

I am for/against this because . . .

I agree because . . .
I dont agree because . . .
On the one hand . . . on the other . . .

:
. .
: . .
6: .
? ? ?
Cultural Note: Currency exchange rates
Today in Macedonia, prices are often calculated according to the current denarEuro
exchange. People will pay in denars, but according to the value of the Euro.
agency
/ seek, look for
, married pair,
married couple
employed
garage
bachelor apartment
/ rent (verb)
floor, story
(2) square meters
n. rent

bathroom
() (un)furnished
district of city
advertisement
relate to; in regard to
() steam (heat)
by agreement
view
separate
first floor

Abbreviations
[.] Euro
[ .] by agreement
2
[ ] square meters
[.] district

[.] bedrooms
[] telephone
[.] street

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 13

1. . , 150 . . . 022259-342.
2. 90 2 . . 023692-772.
3. 56 2 , , 250 .
. 02-3074-531
4. , 9
; 300 . . 02-2417-314.
5. ,
. . 02-3112-837.
6. , , , . .
. . 02-2593-205.
7. , , 25 2 200
. 02-3224-371.
8. 3 . , 115 2 2 , 2
. . : . . 02-3293-306.
9. . . 071112-837.
10. , , . .
. . 070-593-205.
2

11. , 25 300 . .
071-224-371.
2

12. 3 , 115 2 , 2,
. . : . . 023692-346.

.
Dont buy a house without knowing the neighbors.
, !
So what if the house is small, just so long as there is drinking and joy!

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 13

7: , , .
:
The text is given in the answer key.
1. ?
: ____ _________,
2. :
_____; _____
3. : 300 ____; 300 ____
4. : - ? ____
- ?
____
- ? ____
- ? ____
- ?
____
8: .
.
8: , .
7.

13.2 Hypothetical constructions with

In Macedonian there is an invariant particle , which is used to express various types of
hypothetical actions, namely, actions which the speaker views as potential or possible but
hypothetical or unlikely to take place. Like the future particle , the particle is invariant.
13.2.1 Formation of the hypothetical construction
Hypothetical constructions are composed of the particle and the l-form. The particle is
followed by either a perfective aorist l-form, e.g. or an imperfective imperfect l-form,
e.g. . Because the subject is not explicit in the verb itself, the personal pronouns must
be used if the subject of the verb is not clear from the context. Note the forms below with plus
the l-form of , e.g. .
()
()
()
()
()

()
()

()
()
()

()
()
()
()
()

()
()

()
()
()

300

 13

13.2.2 Order of clitics with the particle

neg. + hypothetical + indirect + direct + verbal l-form
e.g.

.
Branko wouldnt give him the book.

These constructions are often translated into English using would or were, e.g.:
.
Dragan would like to come.
, .
If we had time, we would watch television.
, .
If Veselinka were to talk with me, she would find out.
13.2.3 Uses of hypothetical

Uses of the hypothetical particle include the following:

1. Actions viewed as unlikely to occur, whose completion is dependent on some unstated
condition, or which might happen in the future. They contain the speakers view on how likely
the completion of the action might be.
. []
Andrej would come. [I think]
.
Dragan wouldnt be able to/couldnt live in some other city.

[]
[I think]

If we compare these sentences above with corresponding future constructions with , you
will begin to sense the difference in meaning. Sentences with the particle always contain
some nuance that the action is less likely to occur, or is somehow more dependent on external
circumstances than constructions with the expectative :
. []
Andrej will come. [I know]
.
Dragan wont be able to/cant live in some other city.

301

[]
[I know]

 13

2. Polite commands or requests

Often, the particle is used with verbs denoting wishes, desires, or requests. In these
constructions, the speaker distances himself somewhat from the request or desire. This distancing
is seen as a form of politeness. Just as in English, we often dont state our wishes directly, but try
to phrase them in more polite ways. Compare the following:
Give me a glass of water! vs Would you give me a glass of water?
I want a Turkish coffee! vs I would like a Turkish coffee.
Open the door! vs Would you open the door?
In Macedonian, there is a similar phenomenon; a request using plus the l-form is perceived as
more polite. Compare the same sentences in Macedonian:
! vs ?
! vs .
! vs ?
3. Hypothetical conditionals ( conditionals)
The particle forms a type of conditional used to express the speakers view that, for some
reason, an action is conjectural, hypothetical, or less likely to occur. (Section 13.4 below
provides an overview of different types of conditionals.)
Conditionals with typically describe present or future conditions. Such conditions are formed
in several ways, but the most important feature is:
The invariant particle followed by a verbal l-form must occur either in the if clause
or the then clauseor even both clauses!
Hypothetical conditions are often formed using the following formulas. (The if clause is given
first in these examples, but the order could be reversed as in the second example):

, .
If he lived downtown, Boban would be able to walk to work.
, .
, .
If the child could talk, he would tell us what hurts him.
The child would tell us what hurts him if he could talk.

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 13

, .
If no one comes, we would be able to go earlier.
, .
If I could, I would come too.

, .
If Ivan had free time today, he would come with us.
9: , , , ,
. .
:
1. ______ () , ______ () .
2. ______ () , ______ ()
.
3. ______ () , ______ ()
.
:
4. ______ () , ______ () .
5. ______ () , ______ () ,
6. ______() , ______ ()
.
:
7. , ___ () .
:
8. , ____ () .
:
9. ______ () , ______ () .
10: / :
10a: ,
:
Express three of your wishes and talk about them, e.g.:
.
, .

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 13

10: ?
: , . . .
10: ? ?
?
:
- ?
- ?
- ?
11: :
:
1. . ?
2. ,
?
3. ?
4. , .
?

13.3 Overview of conditionals

As you have now learned, Macedonian has a number of different types of conditionals which
are differentiated based on the degree of expectation that the condition was, can be, or will be,
fulfilled. There is a great deal of variation and the norms are shifting. This summary provides
some of the most common structures, their meaning, and also mentions on-going changes in the
formation of some types of conditionals.
Expectative conditionals express the speakers view that the condition could have been or could
be fulfilled without major obstacles. Hypothetical conditions express the speakers view that the
condition is more conjectural and less likely to occur.
13.3.1 Review of expectative conditions with plus the non-past or
imperfect
Expectative conditionals indicate the speakers view that an event could have taken place had
the condition been met or that an event will likely take place in the future. This construction may
also express a general statement of a situation, as in example 3. below.
These conditions have or in the if clause, and / / in the then clause.
Below are examples of expectative conditionals:

1. , .
If you always speak with them in Macedonian, they will understand you better.

304

 13

2. , .
If Ivan had had time, he would have watched television last night.
3. , .
If she had more time, Mira would read the English books that she always buys.
13.3.1.1 in expectative conditions
Although it is not considered standard usage, you will hear some speakers use a hypothetical construction in the then-clause of a past conditional, compare:
:
. . .
a. , !
b. , !
If I had had money, I would have bought them immediately!
13.3.2 Hypothetical conditions
Hypothetical conditions express the speakers view that the action will likely not be fulfilled, or
it expresses a conjecture about an imagined situation. As you learned above, the particle plus
l-form must be present in at least one of the clauses, the if- or then-clause, but may occur in both.
(see 13.2.3)
13.3.3 Contrasting situations
In the examples below, similar situations are presented in the if-clause and then clause. In the a.
examples the speaker presents a situation in which the condition in the if-clause can be fulfilled
so the action in the then-clause can take place. In the b. examples, however, the speaker presents
the situation as unlikely to be fulfilled because there are obstacles that prevent the if-clause from
being fulfilled, thus making the action in the then-clause unlikely to occur. Compare the a. and b.
sentences below.
1a.

, (
).
If he is well-paid for the job, Dragan will buy himself a new computer (he doesnt know
how much he will be paid, but it might be enough).

1b.

a, (
).
If he were well-paid for the job, Dragan would by himself a new computer (he knows
they wont pay him enough, but he wishes they would).

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 13

2a.

, (
).
If she has time tomorrow, Mira will go to the library (theres a new novel that she wants
to read on the weekend).

2b.

/ , (
).
If she had time tomorrow, Mira would go to the library (unfortunately she will be at work
all day).

12: :
1. () . . .
2. , . . .
3. , . . .
4. . . ., .
5. . . ., .

16. , . . .
17. , . . .
18. . . ., () .
19. , . . .
10. . . ., .

13.4 Admirative and dubitative

You have already learned three important uses of the verbal l-forms. In this chapter, you learned
how to use the l-forms without the verb to form various types of hypothetical constructions.
In the last chapter, you learned that the l-past is a compound verb form composed of the present
tense of the verb and the verbal l-form. You also learned that the two main functions of the
l-past include its use in present perfect and non-confirmative constructions. In addition to these,
the l-past is used in other ways. It may be employed to distance the speaker from the narrated
event. For instance, the speaker may express surprise at an unexpected event or fact (admirative),
or sarcastically repeat the statement of another (dubitative). Examples of these uses are given
here, but this is for passive knowledge only; you should be able to recognize them in written
narrative. Experience will teach you how to use them colloquially. Listen to these examples and
pay attention to intonation.

1.

The admirative is used when the speaker wishes to express surprise at an unexpected
event or fact. You already saw one use of an admirative in the story :
-, , , , !
Oh, oh, oh, how many of you have pushed inside!

Here are some additional examples:

, .
Why, youre a Macedonian, I didnt know that before.

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 13

!
Oh, the waters warm!
(said by a boat taxi driver upon putting his hand into Lake Ohrid.)
, !
Oh, youre here!
(Someone walks in and unexpectedly finds you at home.)
2. The dubitative is used when the speaker wishes to cast doubt on the truth of a statement
someone else has made.
:
:
:
A:
B:
A:

? .
.
, ! .
Why didnt you come to the lecture by the professor from America?
I didnt know it was this afternoon.
Come on now, as if you didnt know! There was such a big notice on the door.

13:
:
Listen to the following dialogues and write down which meaning the phrases have
which are in italics.
. (perfect)
. (non-confirmative, non-witnessed)
. (admirative)
. (dubitative)
1.
.
: , ! , ! ___
?
:
, .
2.

: .
:
, !? ? ___
: .

3. .
: . .
: , ! ___ .
.

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 13

4.

: , ?
: . ___

13.5 Indirect speech, continued

You have already learned in 11 that when reporting speech, a speaker can either quote
verbatim or paraphrase what was said. Here again are the examples given earlier:
1. : .
1. .
2. : .
2. .
Speakers may also choose to reformulate the statement using an l-form, if for some reason they
do not want to confirm, or else wish to distance themselves from, the conveyed information.
In order for the l-form to be used in indirect speech, there has to be some reference to a past
event, or one event preceding another, e.g. the present in relation to the future.
In other words, in the first example below an l-form could not be used because both the verb
of saying and the verb of knowing are in the present tense: : in indirect speech
beomes, . A change to the l-form in reported speech would change the
meaning from He says that he knows, to He says that he knew i.e. from present to past.
Look at the following examples. The forms of the verb will be outlined for you so you can see
the correspondences. The first form refers to the verb say, the second to that of the reported
action:
1. present : present : no use of l-form possible without a change in meaning (see above).
direct:
indirect:

: .
He says: I know.
.

2. present : past
direct:
indirect:

: .
He says: I knew.
/.

3. present : future
direct:
indirect:

: .
He says: I will know.
/ .

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 13

4. past : past
direct:
indirect:

: .
He said: I knew.
.

5. past : present
direct:
indirect:

: .
He said: know.
/.

6. past : future
direct:
indirect:

: .
He said: I will know.
/ .

7. future : past
direct:
indirect:

: .
He will say: I knew.
.

8. future : present
direct
indirect:

: .
He will say: I know.
.
( could be used, but rarely and with a modal, non-confirmative meaning.)

14: Change the following sentences from direct to indirect discourse, giving variants
where possible. Verb forms have been marked to enable you to compare your work
with the examples above.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

: . (past : past)
: . (past : present)
: . (present : future)
: . (past : past)
: . (past : future)
: . (past : present)
: . (future: past)
: . (past : future)

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 13

15: .
() ().
:
:

() J . ,
, .
: ()
. ,
.

: () ?
: () .
1. :
:

.
_________ .

2. :
:

.
_________ .

3. :
:

.
_________ .

4. :

.
.
_________ .
_________ .

:
5. :
:

. .
_________ a
_________ . _________
.

6. :
:

.
_________ .

7. :
:

?
_______ .

8. :
:

?
___________ .

9. :
:

? ?
______ _______.

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 13

10. :
:

?
___________
.

13.6 Suppositional or reported forms of perfective

imperfect constructions
You already know that the l-forms in Macedonian can be used to signal that the narrator
is reporting or distancing himself from what he is saying. Here you will read examples of
renarration of conditional sentences and other forms with . It is not necessary for you to be
able to form these actively at this point, but you should be able to recognize them and translate
them correctly, e.g.:
, .
If he hadnt taken the food away, the dog wouldnt have bitten him.
(confirmative this may be witnessed, or passed on as definite fact).
, .
If he hadnt taken the food away, the dog wouldnt have bitten him.
(renarrated this may be information that is second-hand, non-witnessed).
As you can see above, although the meaning in English stays the same, switching from imperfect
to l-forms in Macedonian changes the speakers attitude towards the message.
16: Change the following sentences with the imperfect to non-confirmative sentences
with the correct form of the l-past. Then translate into English.
: , .
, .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

.
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .

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 13

13.7 The use of with nominal subject

In 7, you learned the invariant modal verb . When the speaker wishes to convey
the meaning that he or she should or ought to do something, is followed by a -clause. In
these sentences, is invariant. It is the verb in the -clause that agrees with the subject:
J .
.
.

.
.
.

This is also true for the past tense as well, compare the following:
J .
.
.
.
is also used to express the idea that something, (or somebody), is needed by someone.
In this case, the person or thing desired is the grammatical subject of the sentence, and
agrees with this subject. The individual expressing the need becomes the indirect object. In the
sentences below, the subject is in boldface, e.g.:
.
I need a bigger apartment. (i.e. a bigger apartment is needed by me)
.
We need shelves in the kitchen. (i.e. shelves are needed by us)
.
We need you. (i.e. you are needed by us)
[], ?
If you dont need me, why are you calling me?
(i.e. If I wasnt needed by you . . . )
.
I needed that for the kitchen. (i.e. that was needed by me).
Here is a summary of these two different constructions with
1. When invariant , i.e. the third-person singular form, is followed by plus a verb, it will
translate as necessity, obligation to do something, Look at the examples:
1. J .
2. J .
3. .
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 13

2. When used to express the idea that someone or something is needed, will agree with the
grammatical subject. Look again at the following examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.

. We need you.
. I need the books.
. Vera needed medicine.
. They needed new chairs.

17: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

We need to buy fruit and vegetables.

Dragan needs a new computer. His old computer doesnt work.
You should have called your parents as soon as you arrived home.
I need to put these books on the shelf in the bedroom.
Their children need new shoes.
Pavle needs to wash the dishes before he makes coffee.
Dime should have spoken to me.
Its late, Stojan; you should get up and get dressed.
We need you. You need us. They need her. He needs me.
Dragan needs to find a new apartment.

13.8 Optatives
Optatives are constructions used to express wishes, blessings, curses, etc. They are formed in
Macedonian with constructions. You have already encountered many uses of the subordinating
conjunction . We will review these constructions before introducing the optatives.
1. Infinitive replacement
Most frequent is the use of after another verb to replace the infinitive:
. She wants to read.
. We began to talk.
2. You have also used for issuing types of commands or invitations to carry out some action:
. Let him come, too.
! Lets go!
3. You have also learned to use in constructions such as:
.
It is good to know many languages.

313

 13

, .
The dog is mine, that you know it (just so you know it).
Optatives are used in curses, blessings, or wishes. They are often part of formulaic expressions
conveying the speakers desire that an action be carried out or that would have been completed
sometime in the past.
Curses:
!
May I be blinded if I am lying!
!
May cholera get you!
!
May the plague strike her!
!
May eagles and crows devour you!
Skopje looking over the Bit Pazaar

Blessings and wishes:

!
May you grow big (and strong)!
!
May we be alive and healthy!
!
Wear it in good health!

(This formula is used by the salesperson after you have bought clothing. The clitic will
agree with the gender and number of the article purchased.)

!
May it be returned to you!
(This formula is used by someone who wishes that some good fortune which has befallen
him be passed on to someone else.)

, !
Oh, if only she had known!
!
If only you had called me earlier!

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 13

apparatus
1 garden
balcony
bathroom
, married pair,
married couple
2 cellar, root cellar
fork
entrance
() value, worth
, landlord, landlady
bachelor apartment
1 garden
small couch; loveseat
living room
agreement
1 cupboard
small pot for making Turkish coffee
wall
exit
bathtub
floor (of building), story
flat-weave carpet
rent
chest of drawers
bed
kitchen
bathroom
lamp
elevator
, table, little table

furniture
sink
() microwave (oven)
opinion, viewpoint
city district
mirror
large cupboard, wardrobe
steam heat
3 stove
2 basement
shelf
things, stuff
3 oven
hot plate
burner
soap
, stair, stairs
bedroom
television set
4 pot, saucepan
toilet
couch
dining room
shower
drawer
armchair
refrigerator
wardrobe
1 cupboard
3 stove

-, -, one-, two-, threeroom

() (un)furnished

sunny
technical

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 13

depend on
/ (. ) select
/ (. , ) rent;
publish; give out
() to argue

/ place
/ find ones way
/ agree
/ place
/ organize

monthly
currently; at the moment
usually

beforehand, ahead, in advance

too much, excessively
rarely

by agreement
for rent

than
due to the fact that . . .

Prefix
- too

Notes to the vocabulary

1. In this vocabulary, there are several lexical doublets with one member being of Turkish origin and the
other of Slavic. In each instance, the Turkish is more colloquial and more prevalent in spoken, colloquial
Macedonian, e.g., /, /. In the case of / and /, the
Turkish words are now felt to be old-fashioned or dialectal.
2. The distinction between the words and corresponds roughly to the distinction between
English cellar and basement. You might have an apartment in a , but not in a .
3. The word usually designates the oven; refers to the whole cooking range. The word
can refer to a variety of heating objects, either the stove, the whole cooking range, or even a
furnace.
4. There is a nice proverb with this noun, one that corresponds to English: birds of a feather flock
together, namely: The pot rolled off and found its
lid.

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 13

18: :
, , , , , ,
,
. .
, , . ,
. s .
. . ,
.
.
, ,
.
.
. ,
, , . ,
.
. ,
. .

(.) clothing
gas
movement
even more
cappuccino

everywhere
still
village adj.
electrical current

19: (draw) .
20: In as much detail as possible, write a description of your house, apartment or
dormitory.
Cultural note: Turkish coffee and
Special guests are traditionally greeted with Turkish coffee and fruit preserves. The
latter is a homemade fruit compote (), made from figs (), cherries
(), plums (), apricots (), pumpkin (), and other varieties of
fruit. A glass of water is served on the side. The guests take a small spoonful of the
and drink the water. At the end of the social event, coffee is again served.

317

 13

21:
. .
.
.
________ () 2. ______ ()
, 3. __________ ( ) .
4. ______ () .
5. ______ () 6. ______ ()
. 7. ________ ( ) . 8. ______ (e)
1 ,
9.
_______ () .
1.

, .
1. The preposition is used here in a distributive meaning: put a little foam in each cup . . .
cooked
/ boil
Turkish coffee pot
/ rise up
foam on Turkish coffee;
/ lift

once again
/ pour
/ put, place
. . . as much . . . as
cup for Turkish coffee

22: .
.
The pictures below are out of order. Listen to the instructions, then arrange the
pictures in the order given.
1. , 2. __ 3. __ 4. __ 5. __ 6. __

318

 13

23: Coja.
.
:
Childrens BooksMany people think that childrens books are an easy starting point in
learning to read another language. In fact, they are some of the most difficult to read because of
the use of diminutives, cultural knowledge, and expressive language. Before you read the story,
review the following colloquial expressions used in the story to add flavour and expressiveness
to the narrative.
! and how!
! Come on now!; All right!
! Wonder of wonders!
! Well you are no-goodniks!
An order is an order
. . . ! Because otherwise . . . Watch out!
Thats it, period.
23a:

:
Place the following sentences where they have been omitted from the text:

___ . . . , , . . .
.
___ !
___ ,
___ .

, :

, !
, :
-, , , ! - .
:
-, ! - .
!
: ________(1) .
!
, !
, !
, !
! , . !
!
, : ________ (2) .
.
.
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 13

. . . !
_____________ (3)
.
, !
! , ?
. . . . .. ?
- , . _________ (4)
!
. .
.
23. ? :
, , , , , , , , ,
,

! All right then!, Get going!, Get a move on!
! but how!
shouting
/ chase, pursue
/ catch, snag
/ imagine
forever
sound
otherwise
bath tub
impf. get soaked
whale

miserable, unfortunate (here: poor thing!)
/ lick
/ jump
order
stuffed bear
dont want to! (emphatic)
dare, venture; be able
naughty, impish, playful
suffer
scoundral, no-goodnik
sponge
, ! ouch! oh my!
quiet
mischievous, naughty
i.e.; that is
floor
period
show respect
stubborn
/ somersault
/ grab
tom-cat
hmm
calm
hallway
prince
miracle
spoiled
odd, strange
soapsuds

320

14.
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

Geography of Macedonia, Travel

Verbal adjectives
Word order
Passive constructions with
Conjunctions (, ), (, )

14

: , , .
.
: , ,
.
: ?
: . . .
: , , ?
: , .
: , , - .
: , !
: , .
. O .
.
: ! .
. .
- . A ja ?
:
!
!
: !
: , . .
: .
: . e ,
. ! ,
. O.
: a ?
: e .
. !
: ,
?
: , . .
.
:
, . .
!

321

 14

1: /
:
Read/Listen to the conversation and connect the places with the appropriate
information.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
10.
11.
12.
13.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

2: , , , ,
:
, , , , , , , , ,
, ,
? ? ? ?
, ?
:
, , ,
a ?
:
, , , , , ,
, ,
/ ?
? ?

322

 14

:
, , ,
? ?
3: :
?
, , , , , ?
?
?
?
?
? ?
4:
.
.
, . ?
._____________
2
4
1

1
10
2
5
3

1
1

3
3
1
1
5
7
4
2

._____________
1
1
2
1
3
3
2
2

2
1

1
2
1
3
7
2
1
1

4: :
.
, ? .
4: . 5 ,
. .

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 14

5:
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? J ? ?
?
5: ?
? ?
? ? ?
5: ?
- .
1.

____________. 2.

____________.

1. :
.
. ,
. ,
. ?
, !
2. :
.
.
. , , .
.
!
5: .

14.1 Verbal adjectives

Verbal adjectives ( ) are adjectives that are formed from verbs, hence the
term verbal adjective. You have already learned some verbal adjectives. In the sentences below,
the verbal adjectives are underlined, for example:
.
.
.
.

324

 14

.
.
.
Like all other adjectives, the verbal adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in gender
and number, e.g.:
masculine
feminine
neuter
plural

14.1.1 Formation of verbal adjectives

Verbal adjectives are formed from either the aorist stem or the imperfect stem. The stem vowel
determines which form to use as the base. There are some verbs that have two possible stemvowels.
14.1.1.2 Verbs with the stem vowel -a in the aorist
The aorist stem is used for all verbs having the stem vowel -a in the aorist.
This includes:
a. all a-stem verbs;
b. the large class of e-stem verbs which change e a in the aorist;
c. the small class of i-stem verbs which change in the aorist.
verb group:

aorist

a-stem verbs, e.g.

e-stem verbs which change e a, e.g.
i-stem verbs which change a, e.g.

To form the verbal adjective, add one of the following endings to this -a stem vowel:
a. If the stem vowel is preceded by - or -:
add - for masculine, - for feminine, - for neuter, - for plural:
:
(bathe):

, , ,
, , ,

b. If the stem vowel is preceded by anything other than these two consonants:
add -, -, -, -:
:
:

, , ,
, , ,

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 14

These forms are summarized in the table below:

Verbal adjective formation for verbs with aorist in -a
3rd sing.
non-past

aorist stem
vowel

Verbal adjective
masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

--

---

---

---

--

---

---

---

--

---

---

---

--

---

---

---

14.1.1.3 Verbs with other stem vowels in the aorist

The imperfect stem is used for all other verbs. Remember that in the imperfect of both
perfective and imperfective verbs there are no exceptions to the rule that - changes to - and -
stays -.
The choice between the - endings and - endings is the same as above: if the stem vowel
is preceded by - (there are no verbs in this group which end in -), add -; if preceded by
anything else, add -. These forms are summarized in the table below:
Verbal adjective formation for other - and - group verbs based on
the imperfect stem (i.e. verbs without -a in the aorist)
3rd sing.
non-past

imperfect
stem vowel

Verbal adjective
masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

-
-

--

---

---

---

--

---

---

---

--

---

---

---

--

---

---

---

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 14

14.1.1.4 Verb types with two possible stem-vowels

Two groups of verbs have alternative forms of the verbal adjective.
1. The first is the class of verbs ending in -, e.g., , , .
The following are possible adjectival pairs for them, one based on the aorist, the other the
imperfect stem. Note: the forms based on the aorist are preferred.
aorist stem:

imperfect stem:

2. The second group with two forms is the group of -stem verbs having both an -stem and an
-stem aorist e.g., has two aorists: and . The two possible forms of
the verbal adjective are, as expected, and .
6: Generate all possible verbal adjectives for the following verbs. Be sure to provide all
forms in both the singular and plural:
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.

14.1.2. Uses of the verbal adjective

The verbal adjective has a number of important uses. In this chapter we will focus on four of
these:
1. simple adjective
2. passive voice formation
3. substitute for a relative pronoun and verb in a subordinate relative clause
4. perfect-like constructions with intransitive verbs
14.1.2.1 Simple adjective
You have already seen examples of the verbal adjective used as an adjective. It agrees with the
noun it modifies in gender and number, and, like other adjectives, precedes the noun in neutral
word order:
.
.
.

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 14

7:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

() ___________ .
() ___________ .
() ___________ .
() ___________ .
() ___________ .
() ___________ .
() ___________ .
() ___________ .
() ___________ .
() ___________ .

14.1.2.2 Formation of the passive voice

The term voice refers to the grammatical relationship between the subject and direct object of
a sentence. The main distinction in voice is between active voice and passive voice. When the
grammatical subject of the sentence is the one performing the action designated by the verb,
the sentence is said to be in the active voice. The following sentences in both English and
Macedonian are in the active voice:
.
Liljana wrote the letter.
.
Branko found Brajchino on the map.
.
Stojan is eating a big sandwich.

In sentences written in the passive voice, the verb expresses what is done to the subject by
something or someone. In English, when an active sentence is changed to a passive one, the
direct object becomes the grammatical subject, and the verb is changed to a compound form
made up of the verb to be plus a past participle, e.g., is written, is found, is eaten, etc. The
original subject of the sentence, the agent of the action, is expressed in a prepositional phrase
by . . .. Often, this prepositional phrase naming the agent is deleted. Compare the following
English sentences:
active voice:

She
subject

sent
verb

passive voice:

The letter
subject

was
verb

the letter.
direct object
sent
participle
328

(by her).
(prep. pronoun)

 14

active voice:

We
subject

roasted
verb

passive voice:

The peppers
subject

were
verb

the peppers.
direct object
roasted
participle

(by us).
(prep. pronoun)

As you can see in these examples, the direct object becomes the grammatical subject. The verb to
be is then followed by a past passive participle. What had been the subject in the active sentence,
the one who performed the action, can be expressed in the passive sentence using a prepositional
phrase beginning with the preposition by. The agent does not need to be expressed; the sentence
is grammatical without it.
In Macedonian active sentence can also be made passive. The process is very similar to the
English construction. The direct object becomes the subject; the verb phrase is now expressed by
and a verbal adjective. While the agent is rarely given in these constructions in Macedonian,
if the agent is named, it will be expressed using a prepositional phrase beginning with the
preposition . Compare the following sentences:
Active

Passive

.
Branko broke the glass.

( ).
The glass was broken (by Branko).

.
Branko packed the suitcase.

( ).
The suitcase is packed (by Branko).

.
They built the city along the river.

.
The city is built along the river.

.
The Institute sent the letter.

( ).
The letter is sent (by the Institute).

8: Put the following active sentences into the passive voice, according to the
example. In these sentences, delete the agent:
: .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

. _________________________
. _________________________
.
_________________________
.
_________________________
. ________________

_________________________
.
_________________________
_________________________
.
.
_________________________

10. .

_________________________
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 14

14.1.2.3 Use of tense in passive constructions

Look at the following English sentences:
The peppers are roasted.
The peppers were roasted.
The peppers will be roasted.

The letter is written.

The letter was written.
The letter will be written.

As you can see in each of these sentences, the verb to be determines the tense, but the passive
participle roasted or written remains the same. The same is true for constructions with the verbal
adjective in Macedonian. Tense is determined by the verb to be. The verbal adjective itself does
not carry tense.
Now look at the following group of sentences in Macedonian:
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

Note: When speaking or writing Macedonian, in the passive voice choose the tense of carefully
because there is not always a direct correspondence between the tenses in the two languages. In
Macedonian the passive is more stative, i.e. it refers more often to the effect or result of a past action.
As you begin reading more advanced texts pay close attention to this difference. For example, when the
Macedonian verb is in the present tense in this type of passive construction, the correct English translation
may require the past or present perfect:

22 1909 .
He was born on January 22, 1909.
14.1.2.4

.
Such a mistake has been made.

Use of adjectival modifier in place of relative clauses

Verbal adjectives as modifiers of a noun are frequently used in Macedonian formal writing in
place of relative clauses, e.g.
.
.
The building [which was] constructed last year is the tallest in the city.
The verbal adjective can come either after the noun and, much more often than in English, before
the noun.

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 14

When the verbal adjective comes before the noun, it may sound better in English, to place the
construction with the past passive participle after the noun.
.
I sleep with the windows wide open even in winter.
?I sleep with wide opened windows even in winter.
10 .
The new building is only 10 meters away from the houses built previously.
The new building is only 10 meters from the previously built houses.
14.1.2.5 Perfect-like constructions with the verbal adjective
In 12, you learned that a perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past
but is in some way connected to the present. In Macedonian, a perfect-type construction can be
formed with and a verbal adjective. These constructions are almost exclusively formed with
intransitive verbs, i.e. verbs that dont take a direct object, although there are a few exceptions,
e.g., I have already eaten.
These constructions are perfect-like in meaning, but unlike compound verbal tenses that you
have learned which have fixed word order, e.g., , the perfect-like
constructions are syntactically freer. The verbal adjective can precede or follow the verb to be:
. / .
The director has arrived.
9:
:
: () .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

() ______________ .
() ______________ .
() ______________ .
, () ______________ .
() ______________ .
? () ______________ .
() ______________ .
() ______________ .
() ______________ 3 1986, ()
______________ 14 1988.
10. () ______________ ?
11. () ______________ ?

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 14

10: .
.
These are typical Macedonian dishes. Write in the correct form of the verbal
adjective derived from the verb in parentheses. Vocabulary is given at the end of the
exercise.
1. : ________ () , , , .
________ () ________ () .
2. : ______ () .
3. : ________ () , ________ (), ________ ()
________ (), ________ () , .
4. : _______ () .
_______ () ( , ).
5. : _______ () _______ ()
.
6. : , _______ () . _______ ()
_______ () .
7. : _______ () _______ ()
_______ () .

/ boil
type, sort
inf. simmer
/ season, spice
/ peel
phyllo
/ grind
moussaka
walnut
sour cream
/ cover

/ pour
row
/ grate
/ chop
tzatziki (yogurt with cucumbers)
thin
/ (. , ) crush,
grind
vegetable stew
syrup

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 14

14.2 Word order

Having mastered the verbal adjectives and numerous past verbal forms, you are now able to read
more sophisticated Macedonian texts. You have already learned that Macedonian word order is
freer than that of English. In written Macedonian, for instance, it is quite typical for the subject
of the sentence to follow the verb. It also is common for the verb to be preceded by the direct
object. This ordering signals that the object is the focus of the sentence. For example, in the
sentences below Andrej is the subject and Mira the direct object. Note that the clitics indicate
that there is a feminine direct object. Putting Mira in the first position, emphasizes her role as
direct object, i.e. it is Mira, not Vesna, that Andrej loves, compare:
.
Andrej loves Mira.

.
It is Mira that Andrej loves.

As you read Macedonian texts, you must pay close attention to word order. Notice, for example,
in the following text the subject comes after the verb to be and the verbal adjective comes
before. This is unlike English word order!
, , .
In the center of Skopje, on the river Vardar a monumental stone bridge was [literally is]
constructed.
11: Read the following paragraphs from the notes written by the tour guide in
7. Underline all the passive constructions, noting in particular the tense of the verb
to be:

, , ,
. ,
XV ,
II. , ,
XV , II (14211455).
,
, .
. 2008
1689 .
,
.

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 14

-
, ,
: .
- XV ,
- . 1689
. 1948
.
- 1963 ,
.
12: , .
:

- V
- 1689
- 2008 II
-
- XV 1689 .
- 1948 ; .
- 1963 ,

uprising
() function (as)
/ build, construct
partially
/ build onto; finish
building
earthquake
source
/ carry out, complete
intervention
most probably
immediate
unnecessarily
or, in other words
/ unveil; discover
/ damage

/ connect, join
gradually
impf. exist
/ leave, turn over, yield
decay
place, area
secular
/ wreck, ruin
restoration
restoration
monument
commemorative plaque
sultan
/ kill
function

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 14

12. .
1. e _____________ () .
2. _____________ ()
1963 ., _____________ ().
3. _____________ ()
.
4.
_____________ () _____________
() .
5. _____________ () .
6. _____________ (), _____________
() , 60 .

14.3 Passive constructions with

In the section above, you learned how to form passive constructions with transitive verbs using
the verb plus a verbal adjective. Another passive construction is formed with the particle ,
for which you have already learned many uses. We will review these here and add several new
ones.
1. Many intransitive verbs, i.e. verbs that do not take a direct object, are formed with
this particle:
, , ,

335

 14

2. Reflexive verbs
You have also seen that some transitive verbs can be made reflexive with the particle , i.e. the
subject and direct object are the same:
.
Stojan is washing [himself] and getting [himself] dressed.
3. Reciprocals
When the direct object has the meaning one another, these verbs have reciprocal meaning:
.
They love one another.

.
They look at one another.

4. passive, or gnomic impersonal, constructions

In theory, any verb can be made passive or gnomic impersonal with the particle . Gnomic
impersonal constructions express a general state, one that is expected to occur repeatedly. In
these sentences, there is no active subject and the agent is usually omitted. This distinction can
be illustrated by the following examples:
1. Active:
.
They return books to the library.
2. Reflexive:
5.00.
They return every day at 5:00.
3. Gnomic impersonal:
.
Books are returned only during the day.
Compare also the following sentences:

c Springs, Vevchani

1a. J .
I dont understand you.

2b. .
It is understood [of course] we will go.

a. .
They are looking at me.

b. .
It can be seen (evidently) that such an answer was (is)
given.

336

 14

These constructions are commonly used in instructions, e.g.

. When you are reading Macedonian, pay special attention to
word order involving inactive constructions with . Very often, the subject will come after the
verb, e.g.:
.
On holidays, folk songs are sung.
13:
.

8
1
1 ()

. ,
.
, , .
.
13: :

____
____
____
____

____
__1_
____
____

/ wipe
/ to be cleaned
coals
/ peel
parsley
oil
vinegar

stem
to be put in rows
seed
/ cut
/ serve
jar

13: . - .
Use the vocabulary given above where needed. The pictures below will help you.
, . 20
30 , , (1)______________ (2) _____________
. (3) _____________ (4) ______________
337

 14

. (5) _____________ .
(6) ________________ . (7)
______________ .
(8) _____________ . 25-30 13-15 .
(9) _______________ ,
, .
:
1

14.4 Conjunctions (, ), (, )
The conjunctions (, ) and (, ) can mean both until and while. The verb
following the conjunction will help determine the correct translation.

338

 14

14.4.1 The conjunction meaning while

When is followed by an imperfective imperfect or imperfective non-past verb, it
expresses the notion that two actions occur simultaneously. It is best translated as while, e.g.:
.
I need to go while there is time.
, .
While we were eating, they played folk songs for us.
, .
While the children are sleeping, we will talk.
Note: In colloquial language, is sometimes used with this meaning as well, e.g.
, .
While the children are sleeping, we will talk.
14.4.2 The conjunctions (, ), (, ) meaning
until with perfective verbs
These two conjunctions cannot be used independently with a perfective non-past verb but must
be followed either by or .
Followed by perfective verbs, the conjunctions mean until. Look at the following examples:
.
We wont leave until we agree.
.
Well work until the job is done.
.
We will wait until they come.
.
We waited until they came.
14.4.3 The conjunctions and meaning until with past
tense forms
a. and
In the past, when used with the negative particle , and are followed by a
perfective aorist for a one-time action, e.g.:
.
We didnt leave until we agreed. (on this particular occasion)
or a perfective imperfect for actions that repeated in the past, e.g.:

339

 14

We didnt leave until we agreed. (on repeated occasions)
b. and
If the particle is used rather than , the verb remains in the non-past form rather than the
aorist or imperfect, cf.:
(non-past).
We waited until they returned.
14: :
1. , .
2. ,
.
3. .
4. / .
5. .
14: :
1. You cant go to the movies until you clean your room!
2. While Mira and Andrej are drinking coffee together and arguing in the cafe, Dragan is in
the apartment watching television.
3. While Liljana is packing, the children are looking at maps of Macedonia.
4. We will stay at home until our friends arrive from the airport.
5. While Tanass father was buying presents for his relatives in Macedonia, his mother was
helping Liljana prepare for the trip.
14.4.4 The emphatic adverb
The conjunction seen in the examples above must not be confused with the emphatic
adverb / . This word is best translated as even and can modify any word in the
sentence, e.g.:
.
Even now I think of him.
.
He even knows how make stuffed peppers.
.
They could move even to Prilep.
.
Even at that time they wanted to stay in Buf.
340

 14

airplane ticket
airport
baggage
blouse
1 pine
razor
ship
century
summit
underpants
swimming trunks
border
valley
underwear
Aegean Sea
skirt
hat, cap
map; ticket; card
climate
conference
bathing suit
valley, basin
necktie
towel; rag, cloth
suitcase
leaf
overcoat
molika; Balkan pine

sunglasses
packing
pair
passport
toothpaste
2 (. ) road, path
sneaker, running shoe
towel
, pyjamas
pair
plain
belt
sports coat
list
( ___) abroad
transportation
departure
jeans
dress
brush
toothbrush
comb
boot
pair
sock
shampoo
makeup

exclusive
western
eastern

southern
national
northern

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 14

believe
/ build; construct
/ send off on a trip
/ grind
/ change, exchange (e.g.,
money)
pf., impf. to organize
pack
/ (a. , ) roast
() /() prepare, get
ready
/ (. , )
carry along, take with

stay, reside, spend time

/ fry
() impf. differ, be different
/ remember
/ (. , ) descend, go
down
/ () advise,
counsel
/ prepare, get ready
/ (. , ) flow
/ set off, depart

(, ) while; until
(, ) until

in detail
upward

even

/... Before Common Era

B.C.E, Before Christ / B.C.
/.. Common Era
C.E, nno Domini A.D.

Notes to the vocabulary

1. The molika or Balkan pine is native to the Balkan Peninsula. The pine has five-needle
clusters. In 2007 Macedonia launched a national tree day, . Since then
more than 20 million seedlings have been planted. This is one of a number of ecologic
initiatives. Brajchino has become a centre for eco-tourism. For those interested in the
outdoors, here are several more tree names:
larch
pine
birch
elm
beech
willow
hornbeam
oak

fir
maple
ash
juniper
chestnut
linden
olive
medlar
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 14

walnut
sycamore, plane tree
fig

spruce
poplar
cypress

2. The words for time, i.e. one time, two times, is homonymous with the word for road,
or path only in the singular. They are differentiated in the plural. Compare:
. I am on this road for the first time.
. .
I have been to Macedonia many times. In Macedonia there are many roads.

15a: :
1.

2.

4
___
__
__
__

3.

2
__
__
__
__

4.
1
__
__
__
__

15: , ,
:
-

:
:
:
:

- :
- :
NOTE: Beginning with this reading supplementary vocabulary is given only in the glossary at the end of the
book. Try to read for understanding without looking up every word. If, however, you need help, look
in the back.

343

 14

a
. , , , , ,
.
( 2.6011 )
. .
14 , 576 .
.
11,11, -30,4, , 41,2, .
2002 , 74.550
: - 66.038 (88,58%), - 2.577 (3,46%), 2.360 (3,17%), - 1.562 (2,10%), - 997 (1,34%), - 499 (0,66%) .
.
, a .
(:
Heraclea Lyncestis) ( IV ...).
.
, , ,
.
, . 2006 .
.
,
( 19-
20- ), ,
. , ,
, .
.
19- .
, ,
. , ,
,
.
, .
.
.
.
-
, .

Macedonian uses a period or space to mark thousands, millions, etc. Note, e.g.: 3 000 or 3.000 rather
than a comma. A comma, however, is used to mark the decimal point rather than a period! For example:
3, 2%.

344

 14

- .
.
. , . ,
, . 2001 .
,

. , .
, , ,
.

16: , : ?
1.

: , , .
: .
.

2.

: .
: , . . .
: .

3.

: ?
: . .
: . .

4.

: . .
: ?
: 1.00.
: . .

345

 14

5.

: 9.00 ,
.
: ?
: .

6.

: K .
: a !
: , 2008 . .

16: , ?
16:
.
: 1. . .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

a.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

16: .

:
Translate the following words from the text into English. You know them either because
there are similar words in English or because you already know other words with the same
Macedonian roots:

()

346

 14

Try to figure words out from context rather than looking up every word in the dictionary. Keep
track of correspondences, for example:
1. Notice the noun suffix -. What will this suffix be in English?
2. You have already learned to recognize verbs built with the suffix -. Pay attention to other
correspondences. For example, th- in English, often corresponds with - in Macedonian:
, , , , , .
3. Adjectives ending in - may correspond to -ic(al) in English, e.g. , ,
, , .
16:
:
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

________
________
________
________
________

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________

2.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

16: :
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

Here is one version of a famous Macedonian folk-song about Bitola.

,
1.
, ,
()
.
()

:
, ,
.
, ,
, .

2.
M , ,

. ()

3.
,
,
? ()
347

________
________
_______
_________
_________
_________

 14

17: ,
.
.
.
Reread the text of Bitola and then compose similar sentences according to the
following notes about Strumica . For each theme write a paragraph. Use the verbs
that are given in parentheses, adding other necessary words.

:
- / ( )
- / : , ()
:
- ; -20 , 40 .
- , , , ()
:
- 2002 35 311 , , , ,
,
:
- 2. ... ()
- 7. ( / )
- 16. ( )
( );
- 1 ()
()
- ( / )

In September 1901 Macedonian revolutionaries kidnapped the American missionary Miss Stone and held her
hostage to raise awareness of and funds for the Macedonian revolutionary unit. This was the first major international
hostage taking in American history and was widely covered in the press.

348

 14

:
- ()
- ()
- a 11 .
- , ( / )

a ,

:
- 40 ( );
();
; ();
(),
- ().
- 1.- 20. ()
- 1 1992, 8.

was a famous Macedonian actor.

349

 14

18:
.
19: Review of constructions. You have now seen in many contexts. Not only is
there a verb form they are of the verb , but there is another word which is
a particle that occurs together with verbs in many different kinds of constructions.

.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

- .
.
.
.
.

.
7. .
8. .
9. o.
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. .
14. .

20: / .
1951 .
. .
. 1986.
. 2003
().

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 14

As you read, keep in mind that the model for her poem is the typical set of safety instructions given on
airplanes during take-off. Supplementary vocabulary is in the end glossary.

351

 14

21: .
There are non-standard forms here, e.g. rather than .

On a street in Strumica

.

a.

May he be damned,
and may he see no good fortune
the one who first began.
The one who first began a love affair
so that two hearts would suffer.

,

.

I meet with him frequently

My heart flutters
My heart flutters, my soul will not let me
speak to him

.

:
.

.

In Strumica, on the street,

I went out before him
He turned his back to me and quietly said:
I do not love you.
I have fallen in love with another
You go fall in love, too.

,


.

.

With teary eyes, with sorrowful heart

I went off far away
May he be damned, may he see no good fortune
the one who first began
The one who first began a love affair
so that two hearts would suffer.

352

15.
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7

Wedding Customs, Sports, Arts

perfect
Dependent form of masculine personal names
Aspect distinctions and imperfective derivation
Introduction to verbal prefixes
Prefixes for some, no-, every-, e.g. someone, no one,
everyone
Indefinite pronouns meaning any-, e.g. anyone, anywhere
The conjunction , as if

15

1: .
.

353

 15

2: / :

1: _______________________
_________________________________
2: _______________________
_________________________________
3: _______________________
_________________________________
4: _______________________
_________________________________
1
:
:
:
:
:

? ? . ?
. .
.
, . , ?
. ,
. ?
: . . ,
.
.
:
?
: !
.
.
:
? .
? !
:

. .

2
:

:
:
:

. , .
. , , .
?
. , . .
! , . . .
. , .
. , , --!
--, , !
!

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 15

3
:
:
:
:
:

:
:

?
21.20 . , . ,
. .
, ?
, . . . , , 21.21!
, .
. . ,
.
, , . , . -!!!
----!!!! ----!!!! !!! !

4
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:

.
. .
,
. 20-
. .
.
?
.
. ?
,
.
? ?
, .
. ,
? .
.
?
?
, ,
.

3: :
1. ? ) ) )
2. ?
) .
) .
) .

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 15

3. :
) .
) .
) .
4. : ) ) )
5. :
) .
) .
) .
6. :
) .
) .
) .
7. :
) .
) .
) .
8. :
) .
) .
) .
4:
1. ?
? ? / .
2. .
.
3. ? /
.
4. . :
? .

15.1 perfect
In 11, you learned the formation and use of the l-past. In 13, you learned
a perfect-like construction composed of the verb plus verbal adjective formed with
intransitive verbs. There is another perfect construction in Macedonian formed from the
verb , or , followed by an invariant neuter singular form of the verbal adjective.
This construction is typically used with transitive verbs:

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 15

.
Tanas has completed his primary school education in Bitola.

.
Angelina has sold her car.
.
I havent seen Dragan for three weeks.
15.1.1 Formation of the perfect
The formation of the perfect is quite straightforward.
The present tense forms of / combine with the
invariant neuter verbal adjective to form a compound tense,
e.g.:
/
/
/

/
/
/

If there are clitics in the sentence, they will precede the verb :
(neg.) indef. + def + ima / (nema) + neuter verbal adjective
()

/ ()

.
Biljana has already read that story to Stojan.
.
Biljana still hasnt read that story to Stojan.
Note, however, that if a question is formed with the particle the interrogative particle will
come after / :
, ?
Have you read that story to Stojan, Biljana?
, ?
Havent you read that story to Stojan, Biljana?
15.1.2 Uses of the perfect
The use of the perfect is not consistent across Macedonia. This verb form is more common
in Western Macedonia and in the standard language than in Eastern Macedonian dialects.
While it is a feature of the literary language, many speakers, particularly in the north and east,

357

 15

do not use it. Speakers from some southwest dialect areas, however, prefer the perfect
constructions; the l-forms are seldom if ever used in some of these dialects.
The perfect always expresses the state resulting from a past action, and will best be
translated by an English present perfect, e.g.,
.
I have bought his newest novel.
Compare this to the l-past ( 12), which has a number of different uses, e.g., perfect,
non-confirmative, admirative, or dubitative. While there are differences in the two perfect
constructions, these differences will not be treated here. Instead, we will focus on the contexts
where the and perfects may substitute for one another, e.g.:
/ .
I havent seen this movie.
The verbal neuter adjective can be formed from either perfective or imperfective verbs. The
choice of aspect is, as elsewhere, dependent on the boundedness of the verbal action:
If the action is viewed as unbounded or repeated, the verbal adjective will be imperfective, e.g.:
?
Have you ever bought books from this bookstore?
If the action is bounded in some way, the verbal adjective will be perfective, e.g.:
?
Have you bought the dictionary?
In addition to recognizing these forms in print, you must also be able to form them correctly and
translate them accurately. However, at this point it is not necessary for you to distinguish the
nuances in the perfect meanings of the and constructions.
5: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

?
?
?
?
?
?
?
o?
?
?

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 15

6:
:
() .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

_____ _______ () .
_____ _______ () .
_____ _______ () .
_____ _______ () .
_____ _______ () .
_____ _______ () .

15.2 Dependent form of masculine personal names

There is a special ending that may appear on some masculine personal names, kinship terms,
some domestic animals, and the nouns , God, devil, and lord.
These special forms designate that the noun is not the subject of the sentence. You may encounter
these forms when the noun is the direct object, after prepositions, or after ! ! and !
Many speakers do not use these forms at all, particularly younger people, but if you read
Macedonian you are sure to encounter them. While you are not expected to know these forms
actively, you should be aware that they exist and be alert for them in your reading.
Formation:
1. Nouns with a zero ending, i.e., ending in a consonant, add -:

.
I spoke with Stojan.

!
Theres my son!

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 15

2. Nouns in - replace it by -:

.
Dont go outside without your father.

!
Theres Slavko!

3. Nouns in - add -:

.
I really like Blazhe.

.
I saw Petre.

7: ,
. :
, , .
1921 ., 1993 .
.
,
1981 .
(Chicago). .

. 1910 .,
1963 . .
In the following texts underline the masculine nouns that are in the dependent form described
above as in the example.

360

 15

J ,
:
,

1?
J
, 2? 3?
:
,

.
, 1988

. ,
, , ,
. , .
.
? ,
.
, .

irreproachable
pale
/ inspire
voice
trust
conduct
closed (here: imprisoned)
/ pronounce
/ fill
clearly
() cold-bloodedness

kindly
haughty
attire
suspiciously
memorial
affable
/ inform
entirely
tremble
thoughtful

a mountain in western Macedonia, where Racin died in 1943.

man from Galinik.

joker.
361

 15

15.3 Aspect distinctions and imperfective derivation

15.3.1 Predicting verb aspect, review
In 6, you learned various ways of predicting verbal aspect. You also learned the
following guidelines to help you determine which of a verbal pair is perfective or imperfective:
1. non-prefixed imperfective vs. prefixed perfective:

sing/begin to sing

2. difference in suffix:
The suffix - frequently marks a verb as imperfective:

buy
bring

The suffix - frequently marks a verb as perfective:

begin
hear

3. different prefix and suffix:

write

4. completely different verb:

say
see
hear

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 15

You have also learned that if you know both verbs of an aspectual pair, the following rules help
determine which is imperfective and which is perfective:
- If one of the pair of verbs is prefixed, it is perfective.
- If the pair of verbs contrasts with , the form with will be imperfective, e.g.:
,
- Similarly, if the verbs contrast the consonant pair with , the form with will be
imperfective, e.g.: , .
15.3.2 Predicting verb aspect, additional types
In this chapter, we will look at other ways to predict verbal aspect, and also how to derive new
imperfective verbs from perfective ones.
1. You have already learned that there are many bi-aspectual verbs in Macedonian, that is,
they can be both perfective and imperfective. Many if not most of these verbs are based on
a foreign word that has been turned into a Macedonian verb by means of suffixation. The
most common suffix for forming verbs from foreign words is -. The resulting verb is biaspectual. In these words, the stress always falls on the first syllable of the suffix -.
While these verbs may be both perfective and imperfective, as they get used more frequently,
they tend to form a new perfective by adding a prefix, most often with -/-, e.g.
pf., impf. / pf.

pf., impf. / pf.

2. There are a number of verb pairs in which the imperfective ends in the stem vowel - and the
perfective ends in the stem-vowel -:
to throw
to forget
to place
to return
to pay
3. There are a number of verb pairs in which the imperfective ends in the stem vowel -, and the
perfective ends in the stem-vowel -:
to take
to give
to die
to come

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 15

4. There are a number of verb pairs in which the imperfective ends in - or -, and the
perfective ends in -:
fall asleep
to receive
to meet, become acquainted, recognize
8: Guess the meaning of the following verbs:
, , , , , , ,
,
9: In list below, you are given a number of verbs with their definitions. Some of them
are perfective, some imperfective. Using the rules for determining verbal aspect given
above, find each verbs aspectual pair from list below and place the two verbs in the
order imperfective / perfective:
A.
1. spread
2. wind up
3. begin
4. weaken
5. bear
6. spit
7. interest
8. growl
9. return
10. grasp
11. harvest
12. kidnap

15.4 Introduction to verbal prefixes

By far the most common method of deriving new imperfective verbs in Macedonian is by adding
the suffix - to a prefixed perfective verb. You have already learned that there are pairs of
verbs in which the imperfective has no prefix while the perfective has a prefix. Sometimes the
prefix adds little meaning of its own to the verb; it mainly adds the notion of boundedness. In
some verbs, the boundedness may refer to duration in time, for example the verbs meaning
to sit for a while, stand for a while, and lie down for a while.
Sometimes the prefix adds to the verb a meaning of the start of an action, e.g., , ,
etc., or the conclusion of the action, e.g., , .

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Because the prefix can add a slight change in meaning, a new imperfective may be derived from
this perfective. It will preserve that new shade of meaning, but it will not carry the meaning of
boundedness.
Let us look at one example. There is a basic verb run that can form a perfective with the
prefix -, giving the verb the meaning run into. When the suffix - is added to this
verb, an imperfective verb, , with the meaning run into is formed.
We can summarize this process as follows:
-

a prefix is added to an imperfective verb creating a perfective verb with a new meaning;
the suffix - is added to this new verb creating a new imperfective verb with the same
meaning.

Here are more examples with the verb that further illustrate this process.
prefixed perfective

derived imperfective

translation

run into, burst/storm into

()

()

begin to run

run out of

run as far as; come running

run up to

()

()

run in all directions

()

()

flock, swarm around

Not every verb will take as many prefixes; nevertheless, prefixation is a powerful tool in
vocabulary development. Because you will encounter many prefixed verbs, it is important to
learn how to deduce the possible meanings that the prefixes may give to a verb. Verbal prefixes
are derived, for the most part, from prepositions.
The meaning of the preposition may give a clue to the verbal nuance acquired through
prefixation. However, the meaning added to a verb by prefixation is not always as clear as in the
examples below and often prefixed verbs will have multiple meanings, some closer, some further
in meaning from the preposition. Nonetheless, the more attention you pay to verbal prefixation,
the faster you will build your reading vocabulary.
Here are some examples:
The preposition means in, into. Look at the following verbs and see how the meaning of the
prefix affects the meaning of the word.
employ
enter, come in
bring in, introduce

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 15

The preposition means out of. Look at the following verbs and see how the meaning of the
prefix affects the meaning of the word.
exit, go out of
take out, produce
construct, engineer, manufacture
Below is a list of fourteen frequently used prefixes and some of their most common meanings.
In some cases the meaning of the prefix does not seem to be connected to the original meaning
of the preposition. Sometimes it may be that the source of this prefix is historically from two
different words, or may simply show how meanings change over time. The list is not meant to
be exhaustive and some of these prefixes can have other meanings. Nonetheless, these notes here
will help you begin to understand the interaction of prefixes and roots.
Review these prefixes before doing the exercises that follow.
Note that prefixes ending in a consonant will end in a voiced or voiceless consonant depending
on whether the root begins with a vowel, or a voiced or voiceless consonant, e.g.: o/:
select; pick out, unlock; pull the lock out, unlearn; get out of a
habit.
1. Most often this prefix means the goal has been reached or the attainment of a goal:
bring, fill in approach; find out; write in; add
to a text; correspond; write.
2. You have already seen that this prefix is often used to designate the start of an action, or change
of state or position:
begin to sing; begin to dance; fall asleep; depart; set off.
3. This prefix describes motion on to, or up to a location, contact, or intensification of the action:
find; come upon; settle into; throw onto; pile up.
4. - /This prefix often adds a meaning of surpassing, or movement over:
outrun; overpay; outlive; fly over.

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 15

5. Often this prefix is added to an adjectival root and implies that the subject is coming into the
state of the root meaning:
set free, liberate; , insure; enrich.
6. -/ This prefix generally means to encompass, do wholly, fully:
wrap around; make public; announce; make clear; train,
tutor; surround.
7. -/ When added to a root this prefix usually implies movement away or detachment:
take away; take off; carry away; throw out, toss away; buy
out.
8. You have seen how this prefix can be used to imply actions that take place for a limited amount
of time:
take a nap, sleep for awhile, have a chat.
This prefix can also add a meaning of motion along a surface, contact, or the acquisition of a new
quality:
cover; crawl along the surface; pass by; fix; correct;
desire.
9. -/ This prefix usually adds a meaning of movement under, and may also correpond to the English
use of the prefix sub-:
submit; sign; subordinate, underestimate;
underline.
10. This prefix is most often used to describe movement from one place to another. It will often
correspond to verbs in English with the prefix trans-. In other cases, it may mean that the action
is repeated:
translate; transcribe; fly across; renarrate;
replay.

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 15

11. You have already seen this prefix in verbs designating motion towards a goal. It can also mean
to add onto:
arrive; bring in; contribute to; add on to; attach.
12. - / While this prefix often designates actions that move in multiple directions, it may also refer to
the start of an action, the strengthening of an action, or it may negate the meaning of the main
root:
run off in all directions; distribute; cheer up;
take down, demolish.
13. ()- / Most often this prefix adds a meaning of joining or coming together. However, the prefix may
also suggest movement away from or down from:
gather; coincide; concur; cooperate; press together;
unite, touch down, alight; lower, let down.
10: .
1. : 1. c
2. ____ , 3. ____ , 4. ____
a. play for awhile; b. finish playing; c. start playing; d. outplay
2. : 1. e ____ , 2. ____ , 3. ____ , 4. ____
a. rewrite b. sign (undersign) c. list d. write off
3. : 1. ____ , 2. ____ , 3. ____ , 4. ____
a. swim across b. swim up to c. start to swim d. swim away from
4. : 1. ____ , 2. ____ , 3. ____ , 4. ____
a. distribute b. submit c. bring in d. transmit
5. : 1. ____ , 2. ____ , 3. ____ , 4. ____
a. hand over; teach b. append, add on c. pass; offer d. publish; give out

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 15

15.5 Prefixes for some-, no-, every-, e.g. someone, no one,

everyone
Many interrogative words, such as who and where can take the following prefixes:
1. -, which adds the specific meaning some-
2. -, which adds the negative meaning no-
3. -, which adds the general meaning every-
Look at the following examples:

.
Someone is asking for you on the phone.
.
No one likes him.
.
Everyone would like to read this book.

.
Come on, lets go somewhere.
.
I dont feel like going anywhere.
? !
Where was Stojan?! We looked for him everywhere!
The following additional interrogative words can all be prefixed in the same manner:
when
what
, , , which
, , , what kind
, , , what size, how big

369

 15

Look at the table below:

(which)
(who)

//

//

//

11: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

? .
.
.
, ! , .
.
.
.
.
? .
.

15.6 Indefinite pronouns meaning any-, e.g. anyone,

anywhere
In addition to the concepts specificity (some-), negativity (no-), and inclusiveness
(all-), there is also indefiniteness (any-). Macedonian uses three different constructions to
express the idea of a non-specific indefinite, e.g., whenever; anyone at all; anything at all;
whatever. The three constructions are roughly synonymous, but differ stylistically:

This form is not used as often as the others and will not be included as active vocabulary.

becomes - when the prefixes - and - are added: , . When the prefix is added, it is usually preceded by the prefix -, meaning sometimes: .

370

 15

1. invariant
Place invariant either before or after the interrogative word. This construction is viewed as
the most literary or high style:
anyone; anywhere; anything
anytime ; , whichever
:
/ .
You can call me anytime.
/ .
Anyone could explain it to you.
/ .
In any city you will find such stores.
2. ()
Add the phrase after the interrogative. The may be deleted. This construction is viewed
as perhaps more colloquial:
anyone, anywhere, anything
anytime, / whichever
:
.
You may call me anytime.
.
Anyone could explain it to you.
.
In any city you will find such stores.
3. -
Add the suffix - to the interrogative. This construction is the least common, and is viewed as
slightly negative in meaning by some speakers, old-fashioned or dialectal by others:
- anyone, - anywhere, - anything
- anytime, /- whichever
:
-.
You can call me anytime.
- .
Anyone could explain it to you.
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 15

- .
In any city you will find such stores.

15.7 The conjunction , as if

The conjunction means as if. This compound conjunction is unusual for two reasons.
1. the two elements can be separated, e.g.:
.
The children are playing outside as if the weather werent cold.
2. any verb form can occur after , including a future form preceded by , e.g.
.
We are planning as if we were setting off tomorrow.
12: :
1. I cant believe that we arrived so late! I am tired.
2. My brothers always talk about sports. Theyll talk about any sport, anytime, with anyone!
3. What types of books are sold in this bookstore? All kinds.
4. We looked everywhere for our passports. We will find them somewhere.
5. Lets go on an outing somewhere, anywhere!
6. We intend to travel sometime to Macedonia.
7. They never play handball, but sometime they would like to go to a match.
8. You can buy me anything at all for my birthday.
9. Someone is looking for you.
10. We dont have any plans for today.

bouquet
wreath
return
goal
diary
closing
outing
ribbon, tape; conveyor belt
event
motif
award

competition
bride
victor
poetry
poet
poetry reading
arrival
handball
review, show
result
national team
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 15

Romania
Romanian (male)
Romanian (woman)
painter
theme
terminal

ball
finale
form
window; counter; wicket
pity

pleased
detained
even, tied
of what size, how big
unmarried (male)
a unmarried (female)
some sort of
no sort of

some
no sort of
dressed
dangerous
each, every, all kinds
Struga
(invariant) fair

/ present, deliver
/ allow, permit
/ grab, seize
/ lose
/ stop; halt
pf. dance a great deal

/ attack
/ take place
impf. risk
impf. dare, venture
/ (a. , )
gather

happy, fun
somewhere
somehow
someday; at one time
nowhere
no way

never
long ago; for a long time
dangerously
sometimes, occasionally
by all means
always

someone
several
nothing
no one

everything
each, every, all kinds
all sorts of things; anything

373

 15

as if

! Whew! Oh! Ugh!

The reading below describes contemporary wedding customs in . Before reading the text
complete the following exercises.
13a: .
, .
You will read how weddings are conducted today in Macedonia. Before reading the
text, put the terms for family relations into the table:
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,

13: 12
:
Read about the wedding customs in Skopje and put the following 12 activities in the
order in which they occur:
____
____
__1_
____
____
____

____
____ .
____
____
____
____

13: ?
At which phase in the activities above are the following objects included? Write the
number and the name of the activity taken from the completed exercise above next to the
items below.
: :

8.

.
.
.

___
___
___

.
.
.

374

___
___
___

 15

13: :

1. _______________

2. _______________

3. _______________

,
, . ,
. ,
.
. oa .
. 1 a .
, .
, ,
2 .
,
. ( )
. 3
, . 4
.
,
( ,
, ). 5 ,
. :
, 6 . 7 .
, ,
. .
, 8 .
.

375

 15

.
( ) .
() () , ,
, . .
.
, ,
.
, (
).
.
, : ?
? ?
. 9 , .
( ) .
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
, 10 .
. ,
.
.
, 11 ,
. .
: , , , , ,
( ), .
.
, . .
,
.
,
12 , .
Note: the words to are given at the end of the chapter.

376

 15

13: ?:
What do the numbered words refer to in the above text? Number one is done for you:
1.,

4. ___________

7.___________

10.___________

2.___________

5.___________

8.___________

11.__________

3.___________

6.___________

9.___________

12.___________

14: .


.
, .
1810, 1830 .
, , .
.
, ,
.
.
.
. .
1. _.__ 2_____

3_____

4_____

5_____

6_____

.
, 1859 . ,
.

, .
1860 , ,
.
.
. .
, .
, 1862 , .
.
, ,

, . ,
, . 1856 ,
377

 15

.
. , , ,
. ,
. 24. 1861 ,
, ,
.
, .
.
.
, .
e ,
, .
.
70 42 .
. , , ,
1861
, .
.
, .

14:
1. In the two texts above, find nouns formed with the following nominal suffixes (look
carefully, some may be plural!): -, -, -, -, -, -, -o
2. Find adjectives formed with the following suffixes (look carefully, some may be
feminine r neuter gender, or plural!): -, -, -
3. How many verbs and verbal nouns are formed with the suffix -? What words are
they derived from?
378

 15

4. Match the phrases with their meanings:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

. primary school
. folk arts and literature
. Croatian bishop
. raw (cold, damp) winter
. Struga poetry evenings
. The Patriarch of Constantinople
. collected material
. central figures
. native land
. lifes goal
. poor life
. Macedonian national renaiscence
. Russian scholar
. Constantinople prisons
. unexplained circumstances
. Pro-Slav orientation
. Metropolitan of Bitola
. Macedonian national identity

14: :
1. ? ?
2. ?
3. ?
?
4. C ?
5. ? ?
6. ?
7. ?

379

 15

15: .
Many versions of these songs can be heard on the internet. Songs often reflect
old customs and old forms of language. In the songs given here note vocatives,
diminutives, placement of the clitic , dependent forms of masculine nouns, the use
of the indirect object clitics for narrative effect, and the number of Turkisms.
1.

.
, , ,
.
,
.
,
, .
, , ,
.

The cherry tree is pulled from its roots

The girl is parted from her mother.
Farewell, my mother, farewell,
Farewell my dear relations.
Up till now I have obeyed my mother,
From now on I will obey my mother-in-law.
From now on I will obey my mother-in-law,
Father-in-law, sister-in-law.
Mother-in-law, father-in-law, sister-in-law,
even the youngest brother-in-law

2.

,
,
.



.

:
- ,

News has come from the city, Solun

The people of Solun have put up a gallows,
they will hang Goce,
Goce Delchev the vojvoda.
Goce disguised himself
by blackening his face like a charcoal-maker
Then he set off walking through
The Solun market.
As luck would have it, he met soldiers
and they said to Goce:
Hey you young infidel, you blackened
charcoal-maker
Have you happened to see Goce,
Goce Delchev, the vojvoda?
Oh soldiers, oh you soldiers
Even if I did see Goce
I wouldnt recognize him.

,
?
- ,
,
.

380

16.
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6

Cultural Sites in Macedonia

Pluperfects
Constructions with plus verbal adjective
Diminutives, continued
Review of prepositions
Collective plurals
Suffixes in word formation

16

1: .
. , ?
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

. ____
. ____
. ____
. ____
. ____
. ____
. ____
. ____
. ____
. ____
1. / .
( ).

,
? .
. , ,
, . .
, , . , .
.
.
. ,
, , , ,
.
. e j -
, ,
. .

381

 16

.
.
.
.
, , ,
. , ,
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
. , a . ,
. .
.
.
.
.
,

. j

382

 16

2: :
1. ?
?
2. , ?
3. , ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ? ? ?
?
9. ? ?
10. , ? ?

16.1 Pluperfects
In this chapter, you will learn several new verb forms. The pluperfect, called in Macedonian
, is used to specify that an action in the past was completed prior to another
action in the past; that is, a pluperfect sequences two past actions. Look at the following
examples from English:
The guests had already started eating when we arrived.
We raced to the train station, but the train had already left when we got there.
While both Macedonian and English have pluperfect forms that are similar in meaning, the
Macedonian pluperfects are used much less often.
You have learned that Macedonian has two perfects: a -perfect and an -perfect. Both
of these verb forms have corresponding pluperfect constructions. Speakers from different parts
of Macedonia may use one of the pluperfects to the exclusion of the other. Nonetheless, you
must learn to recognize both forms because they are used actively in the Macedonian standard
language, particularly in written texts.
16.1.1 Formation of the pluperfects: pluperfect
The pluperfect is formed with the imperfect of and the appropriate form of the
imperfect or aorist verbal l-form:

()

()

()

383

 16

()

()

()

If there are clitics, they typically precede the imperfect of . The negative particle will precede
the clitics:
() + indirect + direct + + l-form
Some speakers, however, may place the clitics between the imperfect of and the verb, i.e the
word order in the pluperfect is not as rigid as in the l-past.
() + indirect + direct + l-form
, .
, .
When you woke up, I had already bought you the newspaper.
16.1.2 Meaning of the pluperfect
The pluperfect is most frequently used with a perfective, aorist l-form to specify that one
action was completed prior to another action in the past.
, .
When you woke up, I had already bought you the newspaper.
.
ome was mad because Dragan hadnt contacted him for a long time.
3: Put the following verbs in the pluperfect for all persons, as in the table below:
1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. , 7. ,
8.

()

()

384

 16

4: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

, _____ _____ ().

_____ _____ () .
_____ _____ ( ) .
, _____ _____ ().
____ _____ () .
_____ _____
() .
, _____ _____ () .
. _____ _____ () .
, _____ _____ ()
.
_____ _____ ()
.

16.1.3 Formation of the pluperfects: pluperfect

The pluperfect is formed with the imperfect of and the invariant neuter form of the
verbal adjective:

If there are clitics, they will precede the verb form, and the negative particle will precede the
clitics:
() + indirect + direct + / + neuter verbal adjective
, .
I had sent him the letter before he called me.
/ , .
I had not sent him the letter before he called me.
16.1.4 Meaning of the pluperfect and contrast with the
pluperfect
Typically, the pluperfect designates the past result of an action in relation to another
action in the past.
,
.
I had seen beautiful paintings in Macedonia before, but those that I saw this year in the
Gallery were even more beautiful.
385

 16

The distinction between the two pluperfects can be demonstrated by the following examples. In
the first example, the emphasis is on the sequencing of two events.
. , .
I had just met my new roommate, when my old friends came in.
In the second example, the focus is on the result of the meeting prior to the current event.
. , . ,
.
When my new roommate came in, I recognized him right away. I had met him last year at
the Carnival in Strumica.
5:
:
_____ _____ () .
, _____ _____ () .
J , _____ _____ ().
, _____ _____ ().
_____ _____ ( )
.
6. _____ _____ () .
7. _____ _____ () .
8. _____ _____ ().

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

16.2 Constructions with plus verbal adjective

In 12, you learned that Macedonian developed a distinction between the aorist and
imperfect on the one hand, and the l-past on the other. When a speaker chooses to narrate a past
event in the aorist and imperfect, he is vouching for the narrated facts; when narrating those
same events using the l-past, he has chosen not to specify that he knows these facts by direct
confirmation.
The use of the l-past may, then, imply that the facts are known through second-hand information
or supposition. A similar opposition occurs between the perfect and pluperfect on
the one hand, and the constructions with on the other. The construction plus verbal
neuter adjective takes the place of both the perfect and pluperfect when the speaker
is narrating events based not on first-hand knowledge, but on supposition or hearsay. The verbal
l-form will, of course, agree in gender and number with the subject, e.g.:

386

 16

If there are clitics, they will come after the verb and before :
() + + indirect + direct + + neuter verbal adjective
.
6: Change the following sentences with perfects and
pluperfects to the non-confirmative constructions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
?
.

. -

387

 16

16.3 Diminutives, continued

In 9, you learned that diminutives are forms of nouns denoting either affection,
smallness, youth, or familiarity. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the ways in which
diminutives are formed and you will read a passage to familiarize yourself with recognizing
these forms. Forming diminutives is a common device in spoken Macedonian, so you will have
to learn the dictionary form of a word and then recognize it in its diminutivized form. Nouns of
all three genders form diminutives.
The following are the most common diminutive suffixes for masculine:
-
-
-
-
-
-

, 1

,
,
, ,

The most common diminutive suffixes for feminine nouns are:

-
-
-
-
-, -

, , ,
, ,

, 2

The most common endings for neuter nouns are:

-
-
-

, , ;
,
, ,

According to Macedonian spelling rules, a voiced consonant will become unvoiced before the ending
-, e.g.: .

Note that if the stem of the feminine noun ends in a velar, the velar will most likely mutate before the
endings, e.g.: : , , , .

388

 16

7:
:
( )
,

.

.

,
.
,
, ,
,

.

,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,

, .
.


.
,
,
,
,
,
,
, .

stables
cow
to milk
pan
pour; wooden tub, vat
trough

bite, nip
stick, cane
pity
beat
rib
to squeal

feel sad
stroke, pet
blacken; - turn to ash

to spray, splash
stones
extinguish; flames

swell up

389

 16

16.4 Review of prepositions

Given below is a table of Macedonian prepositions with their basic meanings. You have already
learned many of them, but several new ones are introduced here:
without
() near
, in, into, to
on, upon
in connection with
far from
up to, to, until, before
for, about, concerning, to, as, by
during
behind
because of, on account of
at, to the house of
opposite
toward, to
near by, next to
, between, among
on, at, to, of, per
over, above
outside of

instead of
through, throughout
away from, out of, by, of
around, about
except, besides
according to, after, along, in (e.g.,
)
under, beneath
beside, near, in spite of
because of, due to
before, in front of
across, through, during
near, by
against
with, by (vehicle)
according to
toward, according to
opposite
at, by, in (dialectal)

8: :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

_____ , (hurry) (be late).

_____ .
____ ? _____ .
_____ ? _____ .
_____ .
_____ , .
_____ , .
_____ .

390

 16

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

_____ .
_____ .
_____ .
_____ .
_____ .
_____ .
, _____ ,
.

9: . .
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
* 1_____ 2_____ 7
42 32 . 3_____ 20 ,
4
_____ . 5____ ,
6____ 1959 7____ .
8_____ , 9_____ 10____
(34 ), 11_____ , ,
. 12_____ 7000 , 700
. .
13_____ 14____ .
.
15_____ , 16____ .
17_____ 18_____ 19_____ .

16.5 Collective plurals

The ending - can be added to nouns of all genders, forming a collective noun, which in turn
forms a collective plural in -. From vine we get regular plural vines, but also
a collective form vineyard which in turn has the plural vineyards. Except in
isolated nouns such as , these forms are not widely used in the standard language.
Formation: When this suffix is added to a noun stem, it causes the following changes in the final
consonant of the stem. Notice that in some endings the is no longer present after the mutation
of the consonant.
consonant mutation

singular noun

collective plural

(meadows)

* La Manche; the English Channel.

391

 16

(grapes)

You now have learned three types of plurals: regular plural endings ( ), counting
plurals ( ), and collective plurals ( ).
10: The following exercise on plurals is from a Macedonian grammar for students in
grade six. Read the following text and identify all three types of plurals:

, , -, ,
. .
, , , ,
, .
, .
, ...
, , .
.
. -
.
( , 6 )

powerless
vicinity
birch
() vibrant, turbulent
happily
height
oak
long ago
the same
one next to another

be happy about
maple tree
leaf
/ sprout
at first
meadow, glade
/ grow/grow up
trembling
- one or two steps
/ whisper

392

 16

16.6 Suxes in word formation

In earlier lessons you were introduced to the concepts of roots and noun-forming suffixes. In
14 you were asked to find the nouns and verbs from which adjectives were derived.
In this chapter we will give a brief introduction to the formation of adjectives. Because there
are many different types of adjectives and there are various complexities in their formation due
to consonant mutations and fleeting vowels, we will just give some of the major types here so
you will be able to focus on the interaction of roots and endings as you learn more complex
vocabulary and increase your reading capabilities.
Adjectival suffixes
a. Among the most common suffixes are two that you have already encountered in
numerous words: - and -. These form adjectives mainly from nouns and express
some kind of relationship to the noun in the root (purpose, material, origin, part of,
belonging to) or quality. You have already learned a number of those given here:

Note that there are a number of consonant mutations, e.g.

i. velars will mutate: ; ; ;
ii. voiced become voiceless, e.g. .
b. A number of suffixes form adjectives that describe a quality. Here are several with
examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

-: bloody
-(): rainy lazy
-: bearded
-(): rocky windy
-; -: baggy, juicy

c. Several suffixes are used to form adjectives from verbs. You have already learned the
suffix - ( , significant result,
view point). Here are several others:
1. -: swimming pool
2. -: attentive, decisive
3. -/-: , frightened
be healed
d. The suffixes -e/-, - form adjectives from adverbs, e.g.
, , .

393

 16

f. The suffix -e is also widely used to form adjectives from words newly borrowed into the
vocabulary: , , .
11: Look at the adjectives below and guess from what they were formed.
1.
2. _______
3. _______
4. _______
5. _______
6. _______

17. _______
18. _______
19. _______
10. _______
11. _______
12. e_______

13. _______
14. _______
15. _______
16. _______
17. _______
18. _______

11: Now match the words with their English equivalent:

a. rainy 7
b. literate___
c. urban___
d. economical___
e. state ___
f. athletic ___

g. wintry ___
h. female___
i. understandable ___
j. readable ___
k. humane ___
l. brown ___

m. cloudy ___
n. male ___
o. diligent ___
p. festive ___
q. todays (current) ___
r. sincere ___

12: .
Write the noun from which the adjective was formed and underline the suffix.
: ? ()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

394

 16

pearl
childhood
experience
soul
earthquake
small cafe
groom [plural may refer to bride
and groom]
() youth
nostalgia
sheep
going; walking
1 bosom, breast
cave

shrill sound; screech, scream

view, sight, outlook
() help
product
hill
candle
hay
reminiscence, recollection
synagogue
sunflower
() hayrick, haystack
course
company
fresco

naked, bare
angry
() (un)forgettable
() (un)usual
nostalgic
underwater

last
disappointed
fresh
clean
human

/ blow
/ earn
() /() extend, stretch
out
/ change, exchange
() to be interested (in)
/ drop by

expect
/ light, ignite
/ burst
/ survey, examine;
consider
/ grasp, grip

boring
from up above
sporadically, occasionally

395

 16

Notes to the vocabulary

1. The noun has a literal meaning of bosom, breast, but here it is used figuratively to
mean that the villages are nestled among the hills.
13: ja

e 1928 .
,
.
, .
, , ,
. 1988.

, , . ?
.
-, . - .
- , ! - .
,
.
- ! - .
-, , - , ?
.
-, ...
- , ...
.
. ,
:
- ?
-, , - , - .
, . ?
.

396

 16

Turkish newspaper
homework assignment
/ endure, hold out
/ sing through
/ be/get angry
very, extremely
responsible
from the side

cease, stop
while
reason, cause
prose
/ distribute
beloved
editor

14: .
( )
( ).
? ?
. , ,
o. , 1________ (/)
2________ (/) . 3________ (/
) . 4________ (/ )
. 5________ (/
) ,
. 6________ (/)
* 7________ (/)
. 8________ (/)
9________ ( / ).
, 10________ (/) .
. ,
. .
11________ ( /) .
12________ ( /)
. 13________
(/) ?
15: Read and translate the following text. Underline all the verbal adjectives, giving the
verbs from which they are derived.
J -
J - XIII .
.
.
.
.
.

* is the national anthem of Macedonia.

397

 16

. J-, ,
1963 1964
, XIX . .
. .
, XVII XIX ,
. .
( [treasures], 1994)

partially
/ build on, add on to
ancient, old
Armenian
/ build, construct
/ lose
forever
() significant
view, appearance
bell tower
combination
conservation
founder
dome
very
/ desert, abandon
former
altar
/ damage

/ deteriorate
original
considerably
reason
addition
area, place
study
destroyed
fishing (adj.)
symbol
/ to paint
painter
medieval
wall, rocky face
/ destroy
/ ruin
successful
fresco
/ preserve

16: .
:
1. _______________.
. . .
2. _______________.
. . . .
3. _______________.
. . .
4. _______________.
. . .
.

398

 16

5. _______________.
. . .
. . .
6. _______________.
. .
. .
. .
26 1963 .
. 5 17 .
, .
. .
. 1.070 .
,
, .
.
. .
, .
.
.
.

. .
.
.
16: 30 .
:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.

?
?
?
?

. .
.
, , ...

399

 16

. ,
.

150.000 . 600.000.
.
.
, , .

.
. .
. s, , (
) .
.

, .

.
, .
.

New construction, Skopje

400

 16

17: / ?
/ . ?
?
:

. .
, ,
.
.

18: , ,
panta rei .
.

1949 .
, .
. ,
.
18: , ?
. ,
.
What do you think this story is about? Choose which answer you think is most appropriate.
Discuss your answers, then look through the text quickly to verify the correct answer.
. .
. .
. .
. .

401

 16

, , Panta rei1
,
, . 1 ,
, . ,
, .
2 .
, , ,
1908 ,
, , .

.

, ,
.
, , 3 ,
. .
, .
,
. 4
. ,
, .
, ...
, ,
,
, , , . 5
, , .
.
,
, ,
,
, , 6
. ,
, ,
. , ,
.
MacDonalds 7
, .
, ,
, panta rei.

Panta rei from Heraclitus Everything is in flux. There is a restaurant with this name at the entrance to
the Shirok Sokak.
1

402

 16

18: .
Reread the paragraphs more carefully and choose the most appropriate title for each:
1:

)
)
)

2:

)
)
)

3:

)
)
)

4:

) ?
)
)

18: ?
What do the designated pronouns refer to?
1.

2. _________

3. _________

5. _________

6. _________

7. _________

4. _________

18: ? .
1.
? ?
2.
? ?
19: ,
.
:
1.
2.
3.

403

Glossary of Basic Grammatical Terminology

This glossary is not intended to be exhaustive. It provides a basic vocabulary of grammatical
terms, many of which were introduced in this textbook.
noun
() (in)definite
gender
masculine
feminine
neuter
number
singular
plural
ordinary
counting
collective
other forms
vocative
verbal noun
adjective
positive
comparative
superlative
verbal adjective
pronoun
personal
short (clitic) and long forms
demonstrative
o- relative
adverb
verbal adverb
verb
gender and number
person
aspect
() (im)perfective
tense
present
405

Glossary of Basic Grammatical Terminology

past
() definite complete (aorist)
() definite incomplete (imperfect)
() indefinite (in)complete [l-past]
pluperfect
future
- future-in-the-past
- future reported
mood
indicative
imperative
hypothetical
conditional
voice
active
passive
preposition
conjunction
particle
sentence
subject
predicate
complement

406

Grammatical Tables
I Nouns
Plural formation (see 2, 3)
Gender

Ending in Singular

Plural endings

Examples

Masculine

consonant and more

than one syllable, or a

consonant and
monosyllabic

-/

Feminine

-o
-a or a consonant

-
-

Neuter

-, -, , ,

, , ,
,

-e

Examples of the plural formation of masculine nouns:

Common irregular plurals:

Examples of the plural formation of feminine nouns:

Common irregular plurals

Examples of the plural formation of neuter nouns:

Common irregular plurals

Quantitative plurals (see 4)

Masculine nouns which take the quantitative plural add the suffix -. The addition of this suffix
does not cause the loss of a fleeting vowel: , , .
407

Grammatical Tables
Collective plurals (see 16)
The ending - is added to nouns of all genders. The addition of the suffix causes mutation of
certain final consonants: ; ; ; ; .
Definite nouns: The definite article (see 4, 10)
The forms of the definite article are:
-, -, -, -
he choice of article depends on gender and form as outlined below. The addition of the article
does not cause the loss of a fleeting vowel: .
Masculine nouns ending in a consonant take the singular ending -: ,
All nouns ending in -, regardless of gender or number, add the suffix -.
feminine
masculine
plural

, ,

Feminine nouns ending in a consonant add -: , , ,

All remaining singulars, i.e., neuter nouns in -/-, foreign words ending in - or -, masculine nouns
ending in -, and collectives, including people, add -.
neuter
masculine
collective plural

, ,
,

In the plural, all other nouns except those given above take the article -: , ,
, , , , . These rules also apply for the forms in - and -.

II Adjectives
Gender and Number (see 3)
Adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.
masculine: end in a consonant or - ()
feminine: add -
neuter: add -
plurals: add -
Fleeting vowels occur in some masculine adjectives, e.g.: , but , , .
Some consonants mutate when the vowel drops, e.g.: , ; , .
Definite forms (see 5)
masculine: -(), e.g.
feminine: -, e.g.
neuter: -, e.g.
plurals: -, e.g.
408

Grammatical Tables
Comparative and superlative forms (see 7)
The comparative is formed with the prefix -, the superlative with the prefix - :
good, better, best
note: many, much, more, most
Demonstrative adjectives (see 4)
.

Interrogatives, adverbs, and pronominal adjectives of quantity and quality (see 10)
1. Adverbs

here

there

there

this way,
hither

that way,
thither

there; over
that way

then; at that
time

?
?

in this
manner

in that
manner

in such a
manner

()

this amount

that
amount

so much, so
many

2. Pronominal Adjectives

this

that

that

this one

that one

that one

this type

that type

such a type

()

this size

that size

such a size

409

Grammatical Tables

III Personal pronouns (see 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

subject

direct object

indirect object

long

clitic

long

clitic

()

()

Possessive pronoun adjectives (see ja 7)

masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

whose

1st sg.

2nd sg.

3rd sg. masc. /

& ntr.

3rd sg. fem.

1st pl.

2nd pl.

3rd pl.

reflexive

410

Grammatical Tables

IV Adverbs and adjectives of quantity and quality (see 15)

Pronominal pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs prefixed with -, -, ? who?

V Order of clitics
1. Clitics come immediately before all finite verb forms;
2. negation precedes the future marker ;
3. negation also precedes the hypothetical marker ;
4. negation, the future marker , and the hypothetical marker all precede the pronominal
clitics;
5. indirect object always precedes the direct object.
. .
, .
Analytic verb forms:
1. Verbal l-form: clitics are placed between the auxiliary and the verbal l-form:
.
2. perfect: clitics precede : .
3. pluperfect: clitics precede /: .
4. pluperfect: clitics can either precede or come between the auxiliary and verbal
l-form:
. .
5. In constructions, the clitics will follow : .
Non-finite verb forms (imperative and verbal adverb):
1. clitics follow the non-finite verb forms;
2. indirect will still precede direct: ! ...

411

Grammatical Tables

VI Verbs
The following verb tables (based on Friedman, 1993) provide sample conjugational patterns for -stem,
-stem, and -stem verbs. Due to the complexities in the aorist, a separate table shows all the various
subgroups.
Remember the following major principles:

present tense is formed only from imperfective verbs;

perfective verbs with present tense/non-past endings must be used together with one of eight particles,
including:
, , , , (/), (/), if, insofar as, if;

the future expectative particle can form future constructions with both perfective and imperfective
verbs;

negated futures are formed either with , or , the latter being more common;

the imperfect is formed from both perfective and imperfective verbs, but perfective verbs must be
preceded by one of the particles listed above;

the aorist is formed almost exclusively from perfective verbs in contemporary standard Macedonian;

there is an l-past formed from both the imperfective and perfective l-forms;

hypothetical constructions with the particle are formed with the perfective aorist l-form and the
imperfective imperfect l-form;

the l-past of the perfective imperfect must be preceded by one of the particles given above;

imperatives are formed from both imperfective and perfective stems;

verbal nouns and adverbs are formed from imperfective verbs;

verbal adjectives are formed from both imperfective and perfective stems.

A. Synthetic verb forms: non-past, imperfect, aorist

non-past, i.e. present and future (see 3 and 6)
Singular

Plural

-stem: ,

1st person

-stem: ,

2 person

-stem: ,

3 person

-#

nd
rd

412

Grammatical Tables
()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

aorist (see 8, 9, 12, and table below)

-#

-#

imperfect (see 10)

Remember the stem vowel does not change for a-stem and e-stem verbs, but all -stem verbs
change the stem vowel to e:
-

B. Analytic series, i.e. l-forms, ima-perfects, pluperfects (see 12, 13, 15, 16)
To form the verbal l-forms, take the first-person singular aorist or imperfect verb form, drop the -,
and add: - masc. sg.; - fem. sg.; - ntr. sg. ; - pl. (For exceptions, see 12. 1. 2)
1. + aorist l-form (see 12)

()
()
(/)

()
()
(/)

413

Grammatical Tables

()
()
(/)

2. + imperfect l-form (see 12)

()
()
(/)

()
()
(/)

()
()
(/)

3. Pluperfect series (see 16)

aorist

()
()
(/)

()
()
(/)

()
()
(/)

imperfect

()
()
(/)

()
()
(/)

414

Grammatical Tables

()
()
(/)

4. series
perfect (see ja 15)
()

()
()
()

()
()
()

()
()
()

()
()
()

()
()
()

()
()
()

()

()

pluperfect (see ja 16)

()

()
()
()

()
()
()

()
()
()

()
()
()

()
()
()

()
()
()

()

()

perfect (see ja 16)

()

()
()
(/)

()
()
()

()
()
()

()
()
(/)

()
()
()

()
()
()

()

415

Grammatical Tables
()

()
()
(/)

()
()
()

()
()
()

hypothetical conditional (see ja 13)

(//)
(//)
(//)

(//)
(//)
(//)

5. Non-Finite series: Imperative, verbal adverb, verbal noun, verbal adjective

imperative (see ja 7)
IMPERATIVE FORMATION
Remember: -stem vowel is kept but - and - stem vowels are dropped
I. imperative stem ending in a vowel: -/
present stem

imperative stem

singular

plural/polite

-stem

-stem

-stem

II. imperative stem ending in a consonant: -/

verbal group

present stem

imperative stem

singular

plural/polite

-stem

-stem

verbal adverb (see ja 11)

Add the invariant suffix - to the imperfect stem, i.e. for -stem verbs, and for both - and
-stem verbs. Stress falls on the second-to-last syllable (penultimate) and clitics follow the verbal
adverb.
verbal noun (see ja 11)
Add the suffix - to the imperfect stem, i.e. for -stem verbs, and for both - and -stem
verbs.

416

Grammatical Tables

verbal adjective (see ja 14)

Verbal adjective formation for verbs with aorist in -a
3rd sing.
non-past

aorist stem
vowel

Verbal adjective
masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

--

---

---

---

-
-

--
--

---
---

---
---

---
---

--

---

---

---

Verbal adjective formation for other - and - group verbs based on the imperfect stem (i.e. verbs
without -a in the aorist)
3rd sing.
non-past

imperfect
stem vowel

Verbal adjective
masculine

feminine

neuter

plural

-
-

-
-

--
--

---
---

---
---

---
---

-
-

--
--

---
---

---
---

---
---

aorist formation (see 8, 9, 12)

. A-stem verbs, a stays a in the aorist.

417

Grammatical Tables

b. -stem verbs fall into three subgroups: the majority that retain , those that change to , and those
that change to a. Examples of all three are given here, , , :

c. -stem verbs are the most complex in the aorist. They can be divided into a number of subcategories.
These subclasses have been presented in a number of chapters. Here they are keyed to the subtypes
presented by Friedman:
Type a: e changes to a
Type b: stem vowel changes to plus velar alternation
Type c: - changes to -
Type d: e stays e
Type e: e / o alternation (which loses the dental consonant in the aorist l-form)
Type f: e/o alternation
Type g: e/o alternation with mutation of the velar consonants
Type h: e/# alternation
a

Note also the following irregular verbs: take forms the e-o aorist:
, , , , ,
Prefixed forms of the verb to sleep have an aorist in a:
, , , , ,

Present

Aorist and imperfect

l-past

418

Imperative
()
()
(/)

Grammatical Tables

VII - Numbers
Cardinals

0
1 , ,
2 ,
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ordinals
1st
2nd
3rd
4th

()

16
17
18
19
20
21
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
5th
6th
7th
8th

400
500
600
700
800
900
1.000
2.000
3.000
1 million
2 million
3 million
1 billion
2 billion
3 billion

Other ordinals up to 100 add - to the cardinal form, e.g. 9th ,10th , 100th /
hundredth, 1000th thousandth, 1 millionth / , 1 billionth
Male human and mixed groups

419

Introduction to the Glossaries

The MacedonianEnglish and EnglishMacedonian glossaries contain all of the vocabulary
encountered in the sixteen lessons. The following information will help you use the glossaries
effectively:

All parts of speech are marked.

Most verbs are given in imperfective/perfective pairs. In all cases, the imperfective verb is
listed first. Perfective verbs are cross-referenced to the double verb entry. In cases where both
aspects of the verb are not given, or if the verb is bi-aspectual, this is noted in the glossary.
Not all aorist and l-forms are given, only unusual patterns that might cause difficulty.

Nouns are given in the singular. Gender is noted only if it is unpredictable. Plural forms are
given only if they are exceptions to the basic word-formation rules.

Adjectives are glossed in the masculine singular. Consonant mutation caused by fleeting
vowels is noted, e.g. ().

Irregular stresses are highlighted in boldface and fleeting vowels are underlined.

Numbers refer to the chapter in which the word is introduced. A number alone means the
word is required for active knowledge beginning in that chapter. A number followed by s
denotes a word is given in a supplementary reading passage. A word may have been included
in several supplementary readings before becoming active vocabulary. In most cases, only
numbers for the first supplemental list and the active list are given.

Abbreviations:
a.
.
.
.
.
.

aorist
plural
gender
masculine
feminine
neuter

abrev.
adj.
adv.
conj.
dim.
dir.
expres.
f.
fem.
impf.
indef.
indir.
inter.
m.

abbreviation
adjective
adverb
conjunction
diminutive
direct
expression
female
feminine
imperfective
indefinite
indirect
interjection
male

masc.
n.
ntr.
num.
obj.
part.
pf.
pl.
prep.
pro.
s.
sg.
v.
421

masculine
noun
neuter
number
object
particle
perfective
plural
preposition
pronoun
supplementary exercise
singular
verb

MacedonianEnglish Glossary
A
conj. 2 and, but
part. 2 particle to introduce new topic
n. 9 August
n. 9, 15 airplane
n. 14 airplane ticket
n. 2 Australian (male)
n. 2 Australian (female)
n. 2 Australians
- n. 2s auto mechanic
n. 4 bus
n. 7 bus stop
n. 8s automobile
n. 14s author
n. 13s agency
n. 5 corner
n. 2 lawyer
adj. 14s administrative
n. 2s administrator
n. 8s aerobics
n. 14, 15 airport
part. 6 come on!
n. 10s shark
n. 14s academy
conj. 6s, 8 if
() n. 8s activity
adj. 7s current; up-to-date; topical
n. 6s acoustic guitar
n. 11s activity; operation; action
n. 7 Albanian (m)
n. 7 Albanian (f)
adj. 7 Albanian
n. 7 Albanians
n. 10s albatross
n. 4 allergy
(.) n. 13s clothing
expres. 7 hello (answering telephone)
n. 6s voice: alto
conj. 4 but
n. 7 Turkish bath
n. 11s ambasador
n. 14s atmosphere, ambience
adj. 11 ambitious
n. 12 clinic

n. 2 American (male)
n. 2 American (female)
n. 9s football
n. 2 Americans
conj., part. 12s but, as well
! interj. 13s and how!
n. 6s, 14s amphiteatre
n. 16s inn
n. 5s pineapple
n. 12 sore throat, tonsillitis
n. 2 England
adj. 3 English
e n. 2 English man
n. 2 English woman
n. 4s questionnaire
n. 12 antibiotics
adj. 14s ancient
n. 13 apparatus
n. 12 appendicitis
n. 12 appetite
n. 9 April
n. 2 drugstore
n. 4s, 12 pill, tablet
n. 14s larch
- n. 14s arts festival
() n. 2s actor
n. 2 architect
adj. 8 architecture
n. 8s school of
architecture
n. 13s architecture
n. 12s assimilation
n. 16s atmosphere
n. 5s poppy
a interj. 12s oh!

n. 11s mother-in-law (wifes mother)

n. 2 grandmother
adj. 11 slow; slow-witted
adv. 7 slowly
n. 13 garden
n. 14 baggage
n. 5s almond
423

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 8s Christmas Eve
n. 16s swimming pool
n. 14s basilica
n. 5s cod
n. 11s sideburns
n. 5 baklava (phyllo and nut pastry)
v. see
n. 11s kiss
/ v. 15s kiss
(east) n. 11s sister-in-law (wifes
sister)
n. 6 The Balkans, Balkan Peninsula
n. 13 balcony
n. 5 banana
n. 6s bouzouki
n. 3 bank
n. 2s banker
n. 7, 13 bathroom, bath
n. 10s pond; marsh; bog
/ v. 4, 12, 13s seek, look for
n. 16s barracks
adv. 11 at least
n. 6s baritone horn
adj. 10s pond
n. 6s voice: bass
- n. 6s bass guitar
- n. 6s bass clarinet
n. 11s brother-in-law (wifes sisters
husband)
part. 9 just, exactly; intensifying
particle
n. 4s baby
v. 16s flee
n. 12s running, escape
adj. 15s poor
(invariant) adj. 11 beige
prep. 5 without
conj. 12 without
adj. 5 white
n. 12s lung
n. 2 white board
n. 12s scar, mark
n. 14s note
v. 9s whiten, bleach
n. 10 misfortune
n. 6s banjo
n. 2s barber

/ (. , ) v. 12 gather
adj. 15s irreproachable
adj. 16s powerless
n. 15s Bible
n. 8 library
() n. 2s librarian
v. 6 see
conj.7, 8 because, for, since
n. 2s, 3 businessman
part. 15 any; phrasal indef.
pronouns, / anyone at all
n. 15s biography
n. 8 biology
n. 10s bureau; office
n. 10s lost and
found office
n. 16 pearl
n. 15s bishop
n. 14s bust
- n. 7 market (flea market)
n. 14s battle
adj. 15s Bitola (adj)
adj. 5 sweet
exp. 2 thank
adv. 14s thanks to; owing to
adj. 15s pale
n. 7 vicinity, proximity,
neighborhood
() adj. 15s near
() prep. 16s near
adv. 4 nearby
n. 7, 14 blouse
n. 11s sweatshirt
n. 11s wealth
adj.11 wealthy
n. 8 Christmas
n. 5s boza (millet drink)
n. 7 color
n. 9s, 15s boxing
adj. 12 sick
() n. 12s sickness
/ v. 12 hurt
n. 12 pain; ache
n. 8s, 12 hospital
n. 10s candies
n. 8s candy, piece of candy
n. 14 pine

424

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

e n. 11s fighter; soldier

n. 5s green bean
n. 11s, 15s battle
() v. 11s, 12s struggle, fight
n. 5s blueberry
n. 2s locksmith
n. 11 beard
n. 15s marriage
16s n. wave
(. ) n. 2, 3 brother
n. 11 cousin (male)
n. 11 cousin (female)
n. 13 married pair
n. 13 married couple
adv. 10s quickly
n. 9 coast; shore; bank
n. 14s birch
n. 14s elm
adj. 11 quick; quick-witted
(impf.) v. 16s hurry
n. 12 first aid
n. 14s speed
adv. 4 quickly
n. 14 razor
/ v. 12s, 14s wipe away
n. 9, 14 boat, ship
/ (. /) v. 9
count out
(. ) n. 3 number
n. 5s broccoli
n. 11s bra
n. 10s ladybug
n. 10s bug, beetle
n. 12s kidney
n. 12s Bulgaria
n. 16s Bulgarian
n. 6s bugle
(, ) n. 9 fool
n. 9 little fool (dim.)
() adj. 16s vibrant, turbulent
n. 6s bouzouki
n. 14s beech
n. 15 bouquet
n. 7 boulevard
n. 5s poppy (wild)
n. 4 burek (filled pastry)
n. 16s burek stand

n. 11s, 15s wedding ring

()/ () v. 10s push, shove
n. 7 boutique

prep. 2 in; to
adj. 9, 11s important
part. 5 fine, ok, agreed
v. 14s apply; be valid, in effect
adv. 16s importantly
adv.10 in this manner
adj. 10 this type
n. 15s waltz
pro. 6 you (indir. obj. long; pl. and polite)
adv.10 this way, hither
adj. 13s cooked
/ () v. 14s boil (something)
pro. 4, 5 you (dir. obj. long, pl. and polite)
n. 8s St. Basils Day (Jan. 14; New
Years)
adj. 7 your (pl. and polite)
v. see
/ v. 15s inspire
pro. 5 you (dir. obj. clitic)
expres. 2 please
adv. 7 immediately
n. 8 exercise, drill
n. 14, 15s century
/ (. , ) v. 5, 6 say
n. 14s Easter
adj. 9s glorious, magnificent
() n. 11s Velcro
n. 7 bicycle
n. 15 wreath
n. 15s wedding
n. 9s marriage
n. 10s boar
n. 10s squirrel
adj. 11 faithful, loyal
adj. 14s betrothed
n. 9 engagement
n. 16s believer
adv. 11, 15s probably
adj. 16s religious; faith
() v. 15 it is believed
v.14 believe
adj. 11 cheerful, happy
425

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 15s celebration; good time

adv. 15; 16s happily; fun
n. 9 rowing
n. 3 newspaper
n. 7 news
(. ) n. 3 wind
n. 2s veterinarian
n. 10 windbreaker
adv. 4 already
n. 10 W.C. (water closet), bathroom
() n. 3 evening
n. 5 dinner, supper, evening meal
v. 5 eat dinner
adv. 9 this evening
pro. 2, 6 you (indirect object clitic)
n. 14s type, sort
v. see
n. 10s otter
pro. 2 you (subject pro., pl. and polite)
adj. 14s Byzantine
n. 14s Byzantine era
n. 13 cellar, root cellar
n. 16s vision
n. 11s visionary
() v. 2 to be called
/ v. 10 call
n. 13s shouting
n. 4 weekend
v. see
n. 13 fork
n. 5 wine
n. 5s brandy
n. 6 viola
adj. 11 violet
n. 6 violin
n. 6 cello
n. 16s height
adj. 3 tall
n. 14s height
n. 11s truth
adj. 9s, 15 true, real, authentic
adv.10s truly
adj. 11 curly
n. 10s snowstorm
n. 5s sour cherry
adv. 9 altogether, in total
adj. 3 tasty

(. ) n. 7 Vlah
n. 14s rule, reign
n. 7 Vlah (f)
() n. 11s, 12s, 15s power
adj. 7 Vlah (adj)
/ (a. /) v. 9 enter
n. 7, 13 entrance
v. see
n. 11s slippers
adv. 10 inside
() n. 16s interior
() v. 10s pay attention (to), heed
n. 14s attention
adv. 11s carefully
n. 11s grandson
/ n. 11s nephew
n. 11s granddaughter
/ n. 11s niece
prep. 2 in; to
adv. 8s at present
expres. 8s lately
expres. 4s ok (literally in order)
adv. 4 downtown
, prep. 2 in
n. 5 water
n. 11s leader
adj. 14s lead, carried out
v. 12 lead
n. 7 guide
ooo n. 16s waterworks
n. 2s plumber
o n. 16s air currents
adj. 12s war, military
n. 14s military academy
n. 6s fife
n. 4 train
n. 2s driver
n. 14s air
n. 9s bike riding
v. 11 drive
n. 11s comitadji leader (hist.
irregular soldiers)
n. 12s war
n. 12s soldier
n. 15s vocabulary
(. ) n. 10 wolf
adv. 10 this size
426

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

adv. 10 this amount

n. 11s wool
adj. 11s wool
adj. 14s exceptional
adj. 16s entranced
adv. 12 generally; at all
n. 4s, 9s uprising
() v. see ()
()/ () v. 10s squeeze into
n. 13s impression
adj. 13s employed
n. 12 neck
n. 2 door
() v. see
n. 11 necktie
() / () v. 7 return
n. 15 return
v. see
/ v. 15 present, deliver
n.14s willow
n.14 summit
v. 10s move
adj.11 diligent, industrious
adj.16s valuable; precious
() n. 13 value, worth
n. 4 time; weather
prep. 15s on
adj. 15s tied; bound
/ v. 13s boil
/ v. 10 rain, snow
n.10s precipitation, rainfall
; n. 16s connection; in
connection with
() v.14s function (as)
() v. 16s see ()
() / () v. 16s move in
adj. 7 second
n. 8 Tuesday
n.11 uncle (mothers brother)
n. 11 aunt (mothers brother wife)
adv. 8 yesterday

n.14s hornbeam (type of tree)

, n. 13 landlord, landlady
n. 5s carbonated beverage
n. 6 gajda (bagpipe)

n. 10s seagull
n. 7 gallery
n. 13s garage
n. 13 bachelor apartment
n. 13s gas
n. 11, 14 underpants
n. 14 swimming trunks
adj. (invariant) 11 gay (homosexual)
n. 4 geography
pro. 4, 5 them (direct object clitic)
n. 8 high school
n. 12 plaster cast
n. 6 guitar
n. 12 head
adj. 7 main
n. 7 capital
n. 12s headache
n. 2 verb
n. 12s hunger
adj. 3 hungry
n. 5s gladiola
n. 15s voice
adj. 6 loud, noisy; aloud
adv. 12s loudly
/ v. 3, 6 look at; watch/see
n. 12s view
n. 10s mouse
adj. 9 stupid
n. 10s mouse
pro. 4, 5 him (direct object clitic)
n. 5s beef
suffix 15 any (e.g. - anyone)
n. 3 year
adj. 14s annual
n. 10 season
adj. 15s, 16 naked, bare
n. 15 goal
adj. 3 large
! expres. 9 big deal!
n. 14s size
n. 9s gondola
/ v. 10s, 13s chase
() n. 16s pride
n. 10s intense heat
/ v. 14s burn
adj. 5 bitter
adj. 5 bitter
427

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 11s sweatshirt
n. 9 Miss
n. 12s lord
n. 9 Mr.
n. 9 Mrs.
() (. ) n. 5 guest
n. 15s living room
n. 2s cook
n. 5s bean
n. 2 city
n. 10s hail
n. 14s construction, building
adj. 8 engineering
adj. 14s built; constructed
n. 12 chest, breast
/ v. 12s, 14 build, construct
n. 4s, 16s construction site
n.13 garden
n.11s bra
adj. 7 city, urban
n. 8s urban elite
(. ) n. 16s citizen
n. 16s citizen (female)
adj. 12s huge
n. 14 border
n. 10s branch
n. 16s town, small city
n. 5s peas
n. 12 back
adj. 11 ugly
n. 11s bracelet
n. 11s worry, concern
() () v. 9 worry (about)
v. 16s bite, nip
n. 12 flu
n. 15s grecophile; Greek-affiliated
n. 12 throat
n. 10 thunder
n. 15s pottery maker
n. 7, 12s grave, tomb
n. 12s gravedigger
n. 16s cemetery; graveyard
n. 5s grapes
n. 10s snort
n. 3 group
adj. 15s group

n. 12s Greece
/ v. 8s, 10s, 11 lose, get lost
n. 2 eraser; rubber
adj. 9s thick
n. 10s lizard

part. 2 yes
; () phrase indef. any, e.g.
anyone at all
n. 14s oak
n. 10s beaver
() v. 8 to show (e.g. a movie)
/ v. 6 give
() v. see ()
v. see
n. 6s tambourine
() adv. 7, 16 far (from)
adj. 16s distant
part. 2 interrogative particle; whether
adj. 16s long ago
n. 9 date
, num. 3 two
num. 3, 7 twenty
adj. 8 twentieth
n. 9 twosome
num. 3 twelve
num. 3 two (f. and ntr)
num. 9 two hundred
n. 13s movement
() v. 10s to move
n. 13s pair; couple; double
n. 9s double room
n. 7 courtyard
n. 13 small couch; loveseat
adj. 13 two-room
adj. 8s debate
adj. 11 fat
num. 7 ninety
n. 11, 15s brother-in-law (husbands
brother)
n. 15s bridesmaid
num. 3 nine
num. 3 nineteen
adj. 7s ninth
n. 11 girl

428

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 11 little (young) girl

n. 11s father-in-law (wifes father)
n. 2 grandfather
conj. 6 that
() n. 8, 9 December
n. 7 part; region
n.15s deed; action; work
adv. 14s partially
n. 10s dolphin
n. 4 day
o n. 13s Earth Day
n. 7 denar (Macedonian currency)
/ adv. 3 today
adj.7 right
n. 5 dessert
num. 3, 7 ten
adj. 7s tenth
adv. 7 right
adv.14 in detail
n. 2s, 3 child
adj. 14s child
n. 16 childhood
adj. 10s, 16s wild; unlawful
n. 10s wild boar
() / () v. 13s rise up
() v. 13s see ()
n.10s diet
n. 4s design
n. 10s dialogue
n. 14s dimension
v. 14s simmer
n. 5s melon
adj. 14s diplomatic
n. 9 graduation
adv. 15s directly
n. 7 discoteque, club
v. 9 discuss
adj. 12s deep
adj 10s todays
n. 13 living room
n. 15 diary
prep. 4, 16s by, up to, beside, until, before
expres. 8 goodbye; see you later
/ v. 4, 6 come, arrive
n. 12 arrival
adj. 3 good

expres. 2 good afternoon

/ (. , ) v. 8 receive
v. see
adj. 15s received
() v. see ()
()/ () v. 10s
approach
adv. 2 good
expres. 2 good morning
expres. 2 good evening
adv. 15s voluntarily
adj. 11s charitable; benefit
n. 15s trust
expres. 2 good-bye, see you!
adv. 12 enough, sufficient
/ v. 12s catch up with
v. 10s see
/ v. 10s catch sight of
n. 13 agreement
v. 14s see
/ v. 14s build onto; finish
building
(, ) conj.14 while; until
n. 10 rain
n. 4s, 16 experience
v. 15 see
/ v. 15 allow, permit
/ (a. , ) v. 8 find
out, learn about
v. 8 see
v. 6 see
n. 14s proof, evidence
v. 14s receive a doctorate degree
n. 8 document
adj. 7 documentary
n. 13 cupboard
adj. 11 long
n. 16s length
n. 14 valley
n. 14 underwear
adv. 12 below
n. 4 home
adv. 4 at home, homeward
n. 11s son-in-law residing with
wifes family
n. 5 tomato

429

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n.14s host
adj. 5 domestic, homemade, of the
home
n. 16s home work
assignment
n. 8 homework
n. 4 house pet
v. see ;
/ (, ;
, ) v. 6, 7, 15 bring
() () v. 9 see
() / () () v. 9 like;
to be pleasing to someone
ya/ v. 10s complete
adj. 10 boring
adv. 7s enough, sufficient
v. see
/ v. 10s run up to
v. 15 see
/ v. 15 grab, seize
adv. 7 late
/ v. 11 be late
adj. 4 dear
n. 3 convenience store
n. 7 drama
n. 8 dramatic /
performing arts
(. ) n. 10 wood
(. ) n. 7, 10 tree
adj. 16s ancient, old
n. 11s state
adj. 16s state, national
n. 15s conduct
v. impf. 12s hold
adj. 5 other
() n. 6 friend
n. 8 friend (diminutive)
adv. 10s some other time
n. 4s, 8 friendship
() v.14s be friends with; hang out
with friends
n. 16s band; group; troupe
adj. 11 friendly
n. 8 company
/ v. 16 blow
n. 5s quince
n. 12s hole

(, ) conj.11s, 14 until
part. 14 even
adv. 13s even more
n. 3 store
n. 16s store (dim.)
n. 16s spirit
n. 9s, 16 soul; my dear
adj. 14s soul-breaking

n. 13 pot for making Turkish coffee

n. 11s necklace

v. 2 (s)he/it is
(, )! part. 4, 5 here [he/she/it] is!
adj. 16s Jewish
n. 6 euro
adj. 14s European
n. 2 Aegean Macedonia
n. 14 Aegean Sea
; adj. 3 one; some, several
num. 3 eleven
adj. 11s unique; sole
adj. 16s the same
adv. 8, 12s once
adj. 3 some, several
adv. 16s one next to another
n. 9s single room
adj. 13 one-room
n. 6s, 7 lake
adj. 16s ecologic
n. 11s economy
n. 2s economist
adj. 11 economical, prudent
adj. 8 economics
n. 16s screen
adj. 8s, 14 exclusive
v. 8 experiment
n. 8 explosion
! interj. 9 Come here!
adj. 11 elegant
n. 11s vest
n. 2s electrician
n. 6s electric guitar
n. 10s deer
n. 14s fir

430

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 7 broadcast; program
(, ) part. 5 over there [he/she] is!
adj. 16s Armenian
n. 16s essay
n. 10 autumn
(, ) part. 5 there [he/she] is!
adj. 14s ethnic
n. 9 ethnology
() n. 13s effectiveness
adj. 7 inexpensive

n. 10s frog
n. 8 sorry; pity
expres. 8, 15 Im sorry
() ( ) v. 12 complain
about
n. 12s gendarmes
n. 14s coals
() adj. 10 hot
n. 12s wish, desire
n. railroad
n. 7 train station
n. 10s tortoise, turtle
n. 3 wife, woman
adj. 9 married (said of a man)
()/ () ( ) v. 9 marry
(said of a man)
adj. 11 female, feminine
() adj. 11 female (girl child)
adj. 9s alive
v. 3 live
n. 7, 12s life
adj. 15s lifes
(. ) n. 10 animal
n. 10s giraffe
n. 5 cereal
n. 9s inhabitant
n. 4s saints life (written text)
adj. 7 yellow
n. 16s victim

prep. 4, 16s for, about, concerning, to, as

prep. phrase 16s during

conj.7, 12 in order to
expres. 8 unfortunately
adv. 11 nearly, just about
expres. 9 fortunately
(. ) n. 12 tooth
n. 4s, 6 entertainment, pastime
() v. 8 be entertained; have fun
n. 12 dentist
v. 9, 10 see
/ (a. ,
) v. 9, 10 notice
n. 2s dentist
v. see
/ v. 9 forget
adj.16 forgettable
v. see
adj.11 forbidden
() n. 13 depend (on)
v. 10 see
v. see
/ v. 8 finish, conclude,
complete
adv. 8 day before yesterday
adj. 13s polluted
n. 13s pollution
v. 11s see
/ 11s perish; die
v. 12s take, grasp
n. 10s parentheses
/ v. 15 lose
prep. 7 behind
adj. 15 pleased
adj. 15s compulsory;
mandatory
v. see ;
/ v. 16s be late
adj. 15 detained
() v. see
/ v. 12s, 16 detain; maintain
v. see
adv. 8 day after tomorrow
adj. 12s joint
adv. 11s jointly, in common
adv. 6 together
v. 12 see

431

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

/ v. 12 (a. ,
) heal
n. 16s dawning
v. 9 see
/ v. 9 start to ring
v. see
a n. 10s hare
- n. 10s wide-eyed hare
n. 10s hare
()/ () v. 15s hang on;
attach
() v. see ()
/ v. 13s catch, snag
v. see
/ v. 12s swear, take
an oath
v. 12s see
n. 14s law
() n. 16s legality; regularity
/ v. 12s bury
v. 12s see
adj. 12s buried
v. see
v. see
n. 3 pronoun
v. see
/ v. 13s imagine
v. see
v. see
v. 10s growl
n. 16s craft; trade
() v. 16s occupy oneself with;
engage in
n. 4s hobby, occupation;
profession
() v. see ()
/ v. 11s setting of the sun
/ v. 10s circle
( ) n. 9 west (in the west)
adj. 14 western
v. 12s, 14s,16 see
adj. 12s remembered
v. see
/ v. 14s stop
() v. see
v. see

() / () v. 8; 14s register;
enroll; note
v. see
adj. 14s started
v. 12s begin
/ v. 16 earn
v. see
prep. 8, 16s on account of; because of;
for the sake of
v. 12s imprison
() v. 6 see
adv. 15s at present; for the time
being
adv.13s forever
v. 12s fill in, cover up
n. 4s, 16s sanctuary, haven
v. see
v. see
/ v.12s, 15 stop, halt
v. see
/ v. 12s begin to wander
adj. 15s prison
/ v. 15s close
n. 15 closing
adj. 12 closed; imprisoned
v. see
conj. 8 therefore
conj. 4 because
v. see
adj. 8 busy, occupied
n. 14s season, spice
v. 14s see
/ v. 14s season, spice
v. see
adj. 14s preserved
v. see
adv.14s farewell
n. 2 word
n. 15s collection, anthology
n. 15s word-formation
v. 3 talk
() v. 10s see ()
n. 13s, 16s sound
() v. see ()
()/ () v. 16s grow
bigger

432

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 3 building
adv. 16 boring
n. 11, 14 skirt
adj. 4, 12 healthy
n. 5s geranium (wild)
n. 10s, 15s health
inter. 2 hello, hi!
n. 10s zebra
adj. 7 green
n. 5s lettuce
n. 7 greenery
n. 5 vegetables
n. 5s cabbage
/ (. , ; ) v. 7, 10
take
v. see
n. 2, 10 ground, earth; country
n. 2s farmer
adj. 8 agriculture (adj.)
n.14s, 16 earthquake
n. 11s son-in-law
n. 4 winter
adj. 8 winter
adj. 11 golden
n. 11 gold
n. 10s, 12 snake
( ) v. 3 know, (I know)
n. 11s sign
adj. 16s flag; banner
() adj. 16s significant
n. 14s meaning
v. 7 mean, signify
v. see
11s n. sister-in-law; (husbands sister)
11s n. brother-in-law; (husband of
husbands sister)
n. 10s zoo
n. 10s zoo
adv. 4 why
n. 5s hyacinth
n. 6 zurla (double-reed instrument)

o n. 16s bell
s n. 2s builder, mason
n. 13 wall

conj. 2, 4 and; also

pro. 3 her (indirect object clitic)
expres. 15 any- (e.g )
, . expres. 12
et cetera; etc.
... conj. 5 both...and
conj. 11 although, even though
/ v. 4s, 6 dance; play/begin to
dance, play
n. 15s dancing
n. 9s playing-field
n. 7 live action movie
n. 8 dance
n. 15s toy
n. 5 idea
adj. 6 future, next
n. 12s, 15s identity
n. 8 the future
n. 11s idol
v. 9 see
/ (. , ) v. 9, 13
select
n. 6 choice
adj. 14s selected
v. 12s, 14s see
v. 9 see
n. 15s, 16s excerpt
adj.12s dirty
n. 15s leading out
, expres. 4s, 5 excuse me
()/ () v. 7 excuse
(oneself)
() v. 4s excuse me!
n. 14s source
/ v. 14s carry out,
complete
v. 16s extinguish
n. 14s appearance
v. 11 look, seem, appear
/ v. 15s pronounce
v. see
v. see
/ v. 14s burn
v. see
adj. 10s lost

433

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

() / () v. 16s get lost

v. 10, 11 see
() v. see ()
/ (. , ; )
v. 13 rent; publish; give out
() / () v. 16
extend, stretch out
v. 16s see
/ v. 16s endure, bear,
hold out
v. 6 see
adj. 15 even; tied
/ (a. , )
v. 4s, 7, 8 go out; exit
n. 13 exit
v. see
v. see
n. 9s, 15, 16 outing
n. 7, 8s exhibit
v. 14s see
v. see
/ v. 15s deceive, trick
v. 12s torment
() see ()
() / () v. 16 change,
exchange
adj. 15s mixed; blended
() v. see ()
() v. 15 dance a great deal
v. see
/ v. 10 lease, hire, rent
adj. 13s surprised
() v. 9s be surprised
() v. 16s be happy about
n. 2, 14s expression
v. 16s grow up
v. 14s see
n. 7 iconostasis
... conj. 5 either...or
n. 9s Ilinden, St. Elijahs Day
n. 15s Illyrian
movement
num. 9 one thousand
n. 14s illusion
pro. 6 them (indirect object clitic)

v. 3 have; there is
n. 2 name
n. 9 name-day
noun
n. 16s impression
adv. 13s otherwise
adj. 14s industrial
n. 2 engineer
n. 12 shot, injection
n. 11s inspiration
adv. 14s instinctively
n. 6 instrument
adj. 11 intelligent
n. 14s intervention
n. 11 interest
adj. 3, 4 interesting
() () v. 16 to be
interested in
adj. 14s international
n. 4s; 6 internet
n. 12 heart attack
n. 14s information
n. 8 information
technologies
v. 12s inform
n. 10s reindeer
v. see
v. 14s see
() v. see ()
n. 14s excavation
() v. see ()
() v. see ()
16s v. see
/ v. 11s, 16s sing through
v. 15s publish
v. 14 see
v. see
n. 8 test
v. see
v. see
() v. see ()
() v. see ()
()/ () v. 15s fulfill,
carry out
v. see

434

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

/ v. 6, 14 send; send off (on

a trip)
v. 14 see
adj. 12s deserted, abandoned
v. 11 see
/ v. 10s, 11 drop; miss,
omit
v. 10s see
v. see
adj.7 same
v. 16s beat
v. see
adv. 8 also, likewise
( ) n. 9 east (in the east)
v. 14s see
n. 4 history
n. 4 historian
adj. 14 eastern
v. see
v. see
/ v. 16s disappear
v. see
v. see
adj. 11 shrewd, sly, clever
. abrev. 12 etc.

n. 9 January
pro. 2 I (subject pronoun)
n.14s ash (tree)
adv. 15s clearly
n. 11s sister-in-law; (husbands
brothers wife)
n. 9s yoga
n. 5 liquid, drinkable yogurt
n. 5s lilac
( ) n. 9 south
adj. 16s Yugoslav
adj. 14 southern
n. 9 July
n. 5s young beef
(m) n. 9 June

n. 6 kaval (instrument)
n. 13 bathtub
n. 5s kadaifi (nut and shredded wheat
pastry)
adv. 2 where
n.11s velvet
adj. 11s velvet
v. see
/ v. 6 tell

n. 11s anecdote; story

pro. 4, 5 her (direct object clitic)
n. 12s fine
n. 5 apple
n. 11s belt
adj. 14s public
prep. 5 by; at someones place
() () v. 7 see
n. 9 kayak
n.14s, 16s maple tree
n. 5s clotted cream; foam on Turkish
() / () () v. 7 call, get in
coffee
touch; contact
n. 5s apricot
n. 16s calling
n. 5s cocoa
n. 5s lamb
adv. 2, 15 as, how
n. 5s lamb (meat)
conj. 15 as if
n. 5s strawberry
adj. 4, 15 such, what kind
n. 5s eel
n. 7 fortress, citadel
/ v. 3, 6 eat
n. 5s pomegranate
n. 5 food
16s n. church bell
n. 16s Adriatic Sea
n. 16s bell tower
n. 16s nucleus; core
(. ) n. 16 stone
adj. 7 stone
n. 3, 7 language, tongue
n. 6s, 14s video or movie camera
n. 4s, 5 egg
n. 14s chamber theatre
adj. 12 strong

435

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n.10s camel
n. 10s, 16s camp; campsite
adj. 3 Canadian
n. 2 Canadian (m)
n. 2 Canadians
n. 2 Canadian (f)
n. 9s, 16s channel, canal
n. 16s sewage system
n. 6 country music
() n. 9 canoe
n. 10, 14 hat, cap
() / () v. 9 bathe; swim
n. 9 swimming; bathing
n. 5s blackberry
n. 10, 11 overcoat
n. 13s cappuccino
() / () v. 8 argue; quarrel
n. 11 character
n. 5s carnation
n. 14s carnival
adj. 14s carnival
n. 9s, 14 map; ticket; card
n. 7 credit card
n. 16s cardboard box, carton
n. 5s cauliflower
prep. 5 opposite
/ v. 12 bite
v. see
n. 13 floor (of building)
n. 16s catastrophe
adj. 16s Catholic
n. 4 caf
n. 3 coffee
adj. 7 brown (coffee-colored)
n. 4 caf, pub, bar
adj. 7, 11 brown (coffee-colored)
n. 9 small coffee
n. 16 small cafe
n. 16s wooden tub, vat
() v. see ()
() / () v. 7 climb up; ascend;
get on
n. 5s hard, yellow cheese
n. 12 a cough
n. 13s square meters
v. 16s squeal
(. ) n. 7 quay

n. 3 waiter
n. 10s kangeroo
n. 5s kiwi
n. 5s, 9 peanut
n. 13 flat-weave carpet
, n. 7 kilo, kilogram
n. 2 movie theatre
n. 8, 13 rent
adj. 5 sour
n. 5 mineral water
n. 5 pickled cabbage
n. 5 yogurt
(impf.) v. 13s get soaked
n. 10s, 13s whale
v. 15s decorate
n. 6s harpsichord
n. 6 piano
n. 6 clarinet
adj. 6 classical
n. 14s juniper
n. 14 climate
n. 7 club
n. 2 bench
n. 3 book
n. 4 bookstore
pro. 3s, 4 whom (direct object)
n. 12 skin
inter. 2 who
adj. 3, 4 which
pro. 2 who
- n. 3 Coca-cola
n. 5s coconut
n. 5s chicken
n. 4 car
n. 9 cookie
n. 5s sausage
(.) n. 4 colleague, co-worker,
classmate
n. 8s Christmas Eve
n. 12 knee
n. 4 colleague, co-worker,
classmate (f)
adj. 15 how big, what size
adv. 3, 10, 15 how much/how many
-? expres. 3 How old is?
adv. 10 so many, how many
n. 8 mid-year exam
436

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 14s colony
adj. 16s coloured
n. 10s mosquito
n. 16s combination
n. 7 comedy
adj. 11s comitadje, rebel
n. 13 chest of drawers; bureau
n. 5 potato
n. 4 computer
pro. 6 to whom (indirect object)
v. 11s communicate
n. 9 neighbor
prep. 7, 9 toward
adj. 11 conservative
adj. 16s conservation
n.14s conservation
n. 14s consul
n. 14s consulate
n. 13s contact
v. 15s contact
adj. 14s continental
n. 6s double bass
adj. 16s controlled
n. 14 conference
n. 6 concert
n. 6s concertina
n. 11 horse
n. 5s nettle
n. 11s button
n. 14s phyllo pastry
n. 15s root
adj. 7 useful
()/ () v. 14s use;
employ
n. 16s trough
(impf.) v. 15s uproot
n. 6s cornet
n. 11,12s hair
n. 5s chestnut
n. 11s suit
n. 14 bathing suit
n. 14 valley, basin
n. 12s, 15 basketball
n. 7 shirt
n. 16s cow
n. 11, 14 necktie

, adj. 11s final, ultimate

(. ) n. 7 edge; end
(. ) n. 15s region
prep. 9, 16s by, near, beside, next to
adv.16s extremely
n. 5s carp
n. 5 cucumber
adj. 11 short
() n. 12 blood
n. 12s bleeding
/ v. 12s, 13s lift up
n. 12, 13 bed
n. 2 chalk
n. 5s cream cheese
n. 5s pork chop
v. see
n. 5s lily
v. 16s criticize
adj. 16s critical
n. 5 onion
n. 14 towel; rag, cloth
n. 12s cross
n. 10s mole (mammal)
n. 15s circle
n. 15s crown
n. 5s, 7 pear
/ v. 10s crunch, crackle
/ v. 12 break
n. 6s xylophone
n. 16s founder
n. 16s dome
n. 13 kitchen
n. 14s tower
n. 14s culture
e n. 13s cultural life
adj. 11s, 14s cultural
n. 11s godfather
n. 11s godmother
n. 11s godchild
n. 4s, 13 bathroom
v. see
/ v. 4, 6 buy
(. ) n. 8 course
adj. 10 short
n. 10 short story
n. 13s poor, unfortunate; poor thing

437

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 9 box
n. 3 house
n.12s cottage; little house
n. 14 suitcase
n. 4 dog
n. 9 dog (dim.)

n. 9 lion
() n. 15s cold-bloodedness,
coolness
/ (. , ) v. 9
bark/start to bark
n. 12 spoon
n. 12 elbow
n. 5s tulip
n. 13 lamp
n. 11s chain
adv. 8 last year
n. 10s weasel
adj. 14s Latin
n. 3 bread
n. 10s cockroach
n. 15s chickpeas (dried)
adj. 7 left
adv. 7 left
adj. 11s legendary
v. 10s see
/ v. 10s, 12 lie down
v. 10 lie
n. 12 medicine
() n. 2 doctor
adj. 12s medicinal; healing
/ v. 12 heal
interj. 7s, 9 oh! oh!, wow! oh boy!
adj. 11s linen
n. 11s linen
n. 15 ribbon, tape; conveyor belt
n. 10s leopard
adj. 8 easy
adv. 11 easily
v. 14s fly
adj. 8 summer
n. 4 summer
adv. 9 this summer
n. 10 summer vacation

n. 11 contact lenses
n. 5s hazelnut
part. 2 interrogative particle
n. 16s meadow
n. 5s squid
() v. see ()
() / () v. 12s, 13s lick
n. 5s liqueur
adj. 14s art
n. 8 fine arts
n. 5 lemon
n. 5s lemonade
n. 6s, 14s linden
n. 10s fox
n. 14,16s leaf
n. 8 literature
n.13 elevator
n. 11 face
n. 2 personal pronoun
() n. 15s person, individual;
personality
adj. 10s, 11s local
n. 14s location
() (impf.) v. 14s break
n. 12s shovel
n. 10s elk
adj. 16s located
adj. 7 bad
() / () v. 12 feel bad,
nauseous
n. 5s, 7 watermelon
n. 3 people see
n. 5 garlic
/ v. 14s peel
adj. 5 spicy; angry
() / () v.12s, 16s get angry

adj. 15s kindly

() n. 12s, 14s love

n. 12s neighborhood
n. 11 donkey
n. 14s parsley
n. 10 fog

438

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

(. ) n. 3 husband, man
(husbands, men)
adj. 9 married (said of a
woman)
() / () ( ) v. 9 marry
(said of a woman)
n.11 t-shirt
n. 9 May
n. 2 mother
n. 10s monkey
n. 6s expert, artist, master
craftsman, etc.
n. 11s step-mother
n. 2 Macedonian (male)
n. 2 Macedonian (female)
adj. 3 Macedonian
n. 2 Macedonians
n. 11s maxim; saying
adj.10s maximal
n. 14s maximum; pinnacle;
high-point
adj. 3 small
n. 6s fife
adj. 10s, 16s small; tiny; young
n. 5s raspberry
adv. 4 little, few
n. 4 mom
n. 9 Mom! (vocative form)
n. 14s monastery
n. 5s mandarin, tangerine
n. 6s mandolin
n. 14s, 15 performance,
event
n. 14 overcoat
n. 10 raincoat
n. 5 type of stew
n. 10, 11s shawl, scarf, kerchief
n. 16s marathon
n. 16s marathon athlete
n. 16s marathon athlete (f )
n. 5s daisy
n. 9 March
n. 4 table
n. 13 small table
n. 14s mask
n. 14s olive
n. 14s oil

n. 4 mathematics
n. 15s material
adj. 14s material
n. 15s registrar
n. 15s registry office
v. 8 graduate from high school
/ v. 12s torment
n. 4 cat
n.13s tom-cat
n. 8 mechanical
engineering dept.
adj. 11 male, masculine
() adj. 11 male (boy child)
pro. 5 me (dir. obj. clitic)
n. 13 furniture
n. 5 honey
adj.14s Mediterranean
n. 2s nurse
adj. 8 medicine (adj.)
() n. 10s bear
a n. 10s jelly-fish
prep. 5 between, among
adj. 14s international
adj. 16s mutual
conj. 6 however
n. 12s appetizers
/ v. 14s grind
adj. 13s ground (e.g., ground
coffee)
pro. 5, 6 me (direct object)
()/ () v. 14s change;
exchange
adj. 14s marble (adj)
adv.13 monthly
n. 5 meat
n. 6 place
n. 2 place of residence
n. 7 meter
n. 7 subway
- n. 6s voice: mezzo
n. 10s bear
/ v. 13s stir
a adj. 5 mixed
pro. 2, 3 me (indir. obj. clitic)
n. 16s instant, second
() / () v. 12 wash
n. 13 sink
439

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

() n. 13, 14 microwave
(oven)
adj. 14s dear; beloved
num. 9 one billion
num. 9 one million
expres. 2 Im delighted.
expres. 2
I am pleased to meet you.
n. 16s minarette
adj. 8 past
n. 15s the past
v. 7 see
n. 5s mineral water
adj. 10s minimal
n. 5 convenience store;
minimarket
n. 14s minimum
/ v. 7 pass, go through
n. minute
adj. 12s, 13s peaceful, calm
n. 16s scent, odour
v. 16s smell
adv. 8 peaceful
n. 6s, 11s mission
() n. 14s missionary
n. 13 opinion, viewpoint
/ v. 4, 6 think
n. 15s metropolitan, bishop
adj. 3 young
adj. 14s youth, young peoples
n. 16 groom, pl. may refer to
bride and groom
() n.16 youth
n. 5 milk
n. 5s dairy product
adv. 4 many, much; very
expres. 8 Im really sorry
() n. 7 cell phone
adj. 11. 12 dark blue, purplish
n. 5s, 6s eggplant
adj.7, 16 modern; fashionable,
trendy
n.16s modernization
v. 5 can; be able; may
adv.11 maybe, possibly
() n. 9 possibility

n. 14s mosaic
n. 5s brains
adj. 7 my
( ) expres. 2, 4s Please;
pardon?
v. 16s to milk
/, v. 7 beg; I beg you;
please
n. 2 pencil
n. 14 Molika or Balkan pine
n. 10 lightening
/ v.11s, 16s be quiet
n. 11 girl
adv. 13 currently; at the moment
n. 11 girl
n. 11 boy; guy
n. 14s Montmartre
adj. 16s prefabricated
v. 5 must; have to
n. 9 sea
inter. 9 Oh you; Hey you!
n. 10s walrus
a s n. 10s starfish
n. 10s sea lion
n. 15s Moscow
n. 7 bridge
n. 15 motif
n. 11 motorcycle
adv. 16s very, extremely
n. 12s remains
n. 10s, 11s ant
n. 11s darkness
adj. 10 dark, overcast
/ v. 10s, 15 move, toss, shift
v. see
adj. 11 lazy
pro. 3 him (indirect object clitic)
n. 10s fly
n. 3 museum
n. 6 music
adj. 16s musical
n. 2s musician
n. 8 music arts
ad. 6 music, musical
n. 16s muezzin
n. 5s mulberry

440

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 14s moussaka
adj. 16s Islamic, Muslim
n. 11 moustache
n. 14s medlar

.. / / Common
Era /C.E; nno Domini A.D.
prep. 2, 3, 4 of, about; in, at, on to
expres. 5 be a guest, go visiting
adv. 8s outside, outdoors
v. see
adv. 15s soon; quickly
() v. see ()
() / () v. 12s bend
down, bow
adv. 7, 8 in the evening
adv. 4 really, indeed (expresses
confirmation)
/ v. 16s enter, penetrate
v. see
/ v. 16 drop by
adj.16s insulted, offended,
wounded
expres. 5 be a guest, go visiting
adv. 11s, 14 upward
n. 11s, 15 award
prep. 7, 16s above, over
adv. 4 outside
prep. 16s outside of
() v. 8, 10, 16 hope
() ( ) n. 12s hope
adj. 15s haughty
adj. 14s above sea level
adv. 7 back
- prefix 7 most, -est (forms superlative)
adj. 15s sated, eaten ones full
() v. see ()
n.11s nylon
adj. 11s nylon
adv. 7 least
adv. 7 most
prep. 12 toward
n. 6 jewelry
adj. 16 angry
() v. see ()
pro. 6 us (indir. obj. long)

adv. 15s intentionally

adj. 13 furnished
prep. 12s, 15s, 16s in place of;
instead of
adj. 16s threaded; decorated; strung
() / () v. 7 be located
v. see
/ v. 15 attack
adj. 15s drunk ones fill
v. see
adv. 8 at noon
adv. 14s completely
adj.14s made
v. 6 see
adv. 10 forward, ahead, in front
/ v. 14s leave, vacate,
desert, abandon
v. see
n.13s order
adj. 16s lined up, layed out
v. 10s, 15s put in order
n.11s nation; people
adj. 6 folk; national
n. 7 folk costume/traditional
clothing
n. 5s daffodil
pro. 5 us (dir. obj. long form)
adv. 7, 13s everywhere, all over
n. 13 city district
n. 4s, 12 population
() v. see
/ () v. 14s inhabit;
settle
n. 14s, 16s settling; settlement
adv. 9 soon
n. 16s title
adj. 11 smiling, laughing
() / () v. 12s smile,
laugh
() v. see ()
/ () v. 15s bring tears to
ones eyes
prep.16s opposite
, n. 2 teacher in
middle school, teacher
n. 12s, 15 event
n. 11 performance; appearance
441

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

/ v. 11s perform; appear

n. 11s, 15 competition
() v. 11s compete
n. 15s competitor
adv. 7, 8 in the morning
adj. 14s scientific
v. 6, 8 see
n. 15s scholar
v. 12s toss, cast
adj. 12s, 14 national
() n. 2 nationality
adj. 7 our
part. 2 no; marker of negation
pro. 5 us (dir. obj. clitic)
... expres. 15 I cant
believe that...
pro. 5 her (direct object)
n. 10 sky
n. 15 bride
adj. 15s bridal
16s adj. negative
pro. 5 him (dir. obj. long form)
adj. 7 his
n. 6, 8 week; Sunday
16s adj. Sunday; weekly
v. 16s leave something undone,
incomplete
n. 14s lack, shortage,
insufficiency
() n.13s ineffectiveness
adj. 15s unmarried (said of a man)
adj. 9s, 16 unforgettable
adj. 11s independent
() n. 9s independence
adj.11 unintelligent
pro.6 her (indirect object long)
adj. 7 her
v.13s dont want to! (emphatic)
part. 10 let
adv. 7, 15 somewhere
adv. 10, 15 somehow
adj. 15 some sort of
adv. 15 sometime
adj.14s, 16s former
adj. 4, 15 someone; some type, some
sort, a certain

pro.15 someone
adj. 15 a certain size
adv. 4, 15 several
adv. 16s uncontrollably
part. 5 tag question asking for
confirmation
v. 3 dont have; there isnt
expres. 4 no problem
a adj. 15 unmarried (said of a
woman)
adj. 13s naughty, impish,
playful
! ! part. 7 dont!
pro.6 him (indirect object long)
adj.13 unfurnished
adj. 16 unusual
adj. 11, 12 unexpected
adj. 14s unknown
adj.14s immediate
adv.14s unnecessarily
adj. 11, 16 unpleasant
adj. 15s unexplained
n. 12 accident
adj. 8 unfortunate, unlucky,
unhappy
adj. 11 dishonest, unfair,
untrustworthy
adj. 12s unclean, dirty
pro. 3 something
pro. 6 them (dir. obj. clitic)
... conj. 5 neither...nor
pro. 5, 6 they (dir. obj. long form)
adj. 7 their
n. 13s level
pro. 2 we
prep. 7, 16s through, throughout
n. 16s string; line
() adj. 3 low, short
adv. 15 nowhere
n. 13s scoundral, no-goodnik
adv. 15 no way
adj. 15 no sort of
v. 16s see
/ v. 16s sprout
adv. 5, 15 never
adj. 15 no sort of

442

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

pro.5, 15 no one
adj. 15 no size
adv. 15 non
n. 10s hippopotamus
pro.6 us (ind. obj. long)
part.10 not even
conj. 16s neither; not even
() / () v.12s sway, rock
() v. 12s see ()
pro. 3, 15 nothing
conj. 3, 4 but
adj. 3 new
n. 8 Nova Scotia
n. 2s journalist
adj. 8s newly composed
n. 9 newborn
(. ) n. 4, 12s foot, leg
n. 9 November
(. ) n.12 knife
adj. 5 normal
; / v. 6 bring
v. 7 wear
n. 7 costume
n. 10s rhinoceros
n. 16 nostalgia
16 adj. nostalgic
() n. 2 night
n. 9s nights lodging
n. 8s nightlife
num. 3 zero
(western) n. 11s godfather

adj. 15s charged, accused

() v. see ()
() / () v.16s
secure, obtain
adj. 16s hung
n.11 earring
() v. see ()
()/ () v. 15s, 16s
attempt
n. 15s custom
adj. 8, 16 usual, normal
adv. 4, 13, 15 ordinarily, usually
adj. 16s published

n. 12s explanation
v. see
/ v. 10s, 11, 15
explain
n. 16s object; building
n. 10 cloud
adj. 10 cloudy
() n. 10s cloudiness
n. 7, 11 clothing
n. 15s attire
() / () (. ,
) v. 12 dress; get dressed
() v. see ()
adj. 15, 16s dressed
n. 16s renewal, restoration
n. 6 oboe
n. 8 education
adj. 14s educational
v. 15s see
/ v. 15s put on shoes
pro. 2 this [neuter singular]
adv. 3 here
adj. 4 this; that
adv. 10s this time
n. 5 fruit juice
n. 5 fruit
n.16 sheep
(. ) n.12s fire
n.13s advertisement
n.13 mirror
adj. 16s huge; enormous
prep. 2, 16s away from, out of, by, of
n. 12 room
adv. 10, 15 long ago, for a long
time
v. see
/ v. 12 refuse, turn down
v. see
/ v.16s select, choose
adj. 15s selected; chosen
v. 12 see
/ v. 12 lead away
n. 10s, 11 answer
adj. 16s responsible
n. 8 class, grade in school
adv. 12s suddenly

443

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n.16s departure; going; leaving; gait

v. see
/ v. 16s ring; strike;
chime
() v. 3, 4 to leave, depart
expres. 15 go on an outing
/ (a. , ; )
v. 3, 6 go
adj. 6 excellent
adv. 5 excellent
( ) n. 9 rest; vacation
()/ () v. 4s, 6, 12 rest,
relax
n.12s resort
() v. see ()
adv.13 beforehand, ahead, in
advance
o () n. 10s unexpectedly
v. see
() / () v.12s, 16s
relate to; in regard to
adv. 14s, 16 or, in other words
adv. 16 from up above
() v. see ()
() / () v. 6s, 15s reflect,
show, be visible
adj. 16s fixed; specific;
definite
() v. see ()
() / () v. 6s take place;
hold out
( ) v. see ()
v. 9 see
/ (a. , )
v. 9 get well, recover
n. 9 ocean
(. ) n. 11 eye
n. 12, 14s, 16s vicinity
() n. 15 circumstance; (pl.)
conditions
prep. 12, 16s by, near, around,
approximately
(m) n. 9 October
n. 10s octopus
, ! interj. 13s ouch! oh my!
adv. 10 this size

adv. 10 this amount

n. 16s altar
adj. 9 married (said of a woman)
() v. see ()
adj. 4, 5 favorite
adv. 10 in that manner
adj. 10 that type
adv. 10 that way, thither
adv. 10 over there
adj. 4 that
adv. 10 that amount
adj. 14s, 15 dangerous
15 adv. dangerously
() n. 12 danger
n. 10s tail
n. 6 opera
n. 12 operation
n.16s description
() adj.16s intoxicating
adj. 15s set; appointed, certain
() pf. v. 12s choose; make up
ones mind; determine, define
/ v. 16s exist; prevail;
hold on
(invariant) adj. 11 orange
n. 6s electric organ
n. 11s, 14s organization
() v.14 organize
n. 6s pipe organ
n. 5s, 14s walnut
adj. 15s oriented
n. 13 large cupboard, wardrobe
n. 6 dance
n. 10s wasp
n. 15s ritual of becoming
in-laws
prep. 8, 16s except, besides
v. 16s see
/ v.16s take; capture
n. 11s liberation
adj. 11s Ottoman
adj. 7s eighth
n. 8 primary school
adv. 11s, 13s especially
v. 15 leave
adj. 15s left; be left behind

444

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

v. 8s, 9 see
/ v. 8s, 9 stay, remain
n.16s remnant; remaining part
num. 3 eight
num. 7 eighty
num. 3 eighteen
/ v. 12 open
adj. 12 open
v. 12 see
conj. 8 that; because
(. , ; ) pf. v. 12
depart, leave (perf.)
conj. 13 than
/ v. 14s unveil; discover
v. see
n. 14s Ottoman
Empire
v. see
n. 15s opposition, resistence
adv.16s at first
n. 12 poison
adj. 12s poisonous; toxic
v. see
adv. 14s forever, since time
immemorial
adv. 16s from the side
adv. 7 from there
16s n. striking; beating
adj. 16s officers
n. 15s value; estimate
v. see
/ v. 15s evaluate; judge
n. 14s vinegar
v. 12s, 13s, 16 expect
adj. 12 expected
n. 11 glasses
n. 14 sunglasses
n. 11s step-father
n.16s hodja
adj. 16s damaged
v. 14s see
/ v.14s, 16s damage

... ( ) expres.14s b.c.e.

(before common era; B.C.)

part. 4s, 7, 9 and, well, so, then, hesitation

word
n. 5s cream
v. 8 see
/ v. 8, 12 fall; fail an exam
n. 6 market
n.16 bosom, breast
n. 10s, 12s spider; tow truck
adv. 6 again
() v.14 pack
n. 14 packing
adj. 13s mischievous, naughty
ja n. 16s hat (archaic)
/a v. 12s, 16 light (e.g a fire, a
cigarette); ignite
n. 7 jacket, coat
(impf.) v. 16s remember
(impf.) v. 16s remember
() adv.16s from time
immemorial
n. 11s cotton
adj. 11s cotton
n. 15s ribbon
n. 15s Panslavism
n. 7 pants, trousers
n. 10s, 14 pair; couple
n. 14s paragraph
() n. 6 money
n. 8 coin
n. 3 park
n. 13 steam heat
n. 4s, 15s piece
n. 14, 15 passport
n. 14 toothpaste
n. 5s trout
(. ) n. 12 time
(. ) n. 14 road, path
n. 9s path; track; trail
adv. 15s on the way; en route
n. 11s zipper
() n. 11s, 14 running shoe;
sneaker
n. 5 tomato
n. 14s traveler
n. 15s patriarchate
/ v. 9 travel

445

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 11 travel; journey; trip

adj. 8s pedagogy
num. 7 fifty
/ v. 6 sing/begin to sing
() n. 5 singer
n. 16s pensioner
n. 2 pen
n. 10s butterfly
n. 16s Pepsi (brand of cola)
n. 12s, 14s period
n. 12s cushion
n. 12s perspective
n. 5s iris
n. 6 song; poem
num. 3 five
n.16s cock, rooster
n. 9s fivesome
num. 3 fifteen
n. 8 Friday
n. 9s fivesome
num. 9 five hundred
adj. 7s fifth
( ) n. 15s press;
print (published, appear in print)
n. 15s printing
n. 15s printing firm
/ (a. , )
v. 14 roast
adj. 5 roasted
n. 13 stove
n. 5 mushroom
adv. 4 on foot
n. 9 hiking
adv. 4 on foot
n. 14 towel
n. 16 cave
n. 3 beer
/ v. 3, 6 drink/drink up
n. 5 drink
n. 11s, 14 pyjamas
n. 5s beverage
n. 6 piano
n. 6s piccolo
adj. 5 chicken
n. 5s chicken [meat]

- n. 9s ping-pong
n.14s pindjur type of pepper relish
() n. 5 pepper (black)
n. 5 pepper
n. 12s couch grass (type of weed)
n. 16s writer
n. 16 shrill sound; screech, scream
adj. 8 written
n. 4 letter
n. 5 filled pastry similar to burek
n. 3 pizza
n. 14 pyjamas
/, v. 12s squeal
/ v. 3, 6 write
adj. 11 blue; blond hair
n. 9 beach
n. 7 poster
a n. 7 poster
n. 16s flame
n. 7 plan
n. 7 mountain
/ v. 9 plan
n. 9 mountaineering; mountain
climbing
n.16s planning
n.14s sycamore, plane tree
v.7 see
n. 9s, 15s linen
/ v. 7 pay
/ (. , )
v. 12, 16s cry
() / () v. 10 be
frightened
n. 5 ground meat patty
n.11s braid
v. 9, 15 swim
n. 9 swimming
n. 16s swimmer
() v. 16s spray, splash
( ) n. 9 sailing
n. 9s, 16s square
v. 12s spit
adv. 7, 9 after
prep. 2, 4, 7, 9, 16s by, along, according
to, each; per (distributive)

446

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

- prefix 7 more, -er (forms comparative)

expres. 13 by agreement
adv. 10s in order
n. 9s departure
v. see
v. 15 see
n.15 victor; winner
/ v. 15 win
adj. 11 grey-haired
expres. 4s, 5 please; go ahead
, expres. 5 please; youre
welcome; help yourself
( ) adv. 6 more; greater;
(more and more)
v. 12 vomit
adj. 16s wounded
adv. 16 sporadically,
occasionally
v. see
/ v. 10s, 14s connect, join
n. 16s surface; area
adv. 13s, 14s again
v. 16s stroke, pet
n. 15s loaf of bread (special round
flat loaf )
n. 13s, 16 view, sight, outlook
12s v. see
/ v. 12s strike, hit; suit
[someone]
n. 12s burial, funeral
n. 12 floor
prep.8, 16s under, beneath
expres. 8, 13 for rent
n. 8 present, gift
adj. 16 underwater
adj. 15s prepared
() v. see ()
()/ () v. 14
prepare, get ready
n. 15s preparation
adj. 12s divided
v. see
/ v.14s raise
n. 16s environment; place
v. 8 see

/ (. , )
v. 8 submit
n. 14s base; foothills
adv. 6 better
adv. 15s suspiciously
adv. 15s later
n. 13 basement
() v. 16s swell up
n. 15 poetry
n. 15s point (in sport)
n. 15 poet
adj. 15s poetic
n. 15 poetry reading
n. 12 fire
n. 2s firefighter
v. 8 see
/ v. 8 wish for; desire
n. 4 greeting
v. 9 see
/ v. 9 greet
16s adj. positive
adj. 7, 11s known; famous; renowned;
well-known
adj.16s different, unlike
() / () v. 16s arise, appear
n. 5 breakfast
v. 6 see
/ v. 6 show
n. 8 invitation
v. 8 see
/ v. 8 invite
adj. 16s mowed
prep. 7, 16s along side, in addition;
beside
n. 16s cover, roof
/ v. 14s cover
v. see
adv. 7 half
/ () v. 8 write/take (an
exam)
n. 10s polar bear
n. 11s, 12 field
n. 11s snail
n. 8, 11s politics
n. 2s politician

447

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 8 political science
n. 13 shelf
n. 2s police officer
n. 11s police
n. 16s meadow, glade
adj. 11, 12 full
adj. 5 stuffed, filled
adj. 11 plump, chubby
adv. 8 midnight
n. 7, 12s half
() v. 8 see
/ () v. 8 help (give
help to someone)
prep. 16s between, among
n. 15s memorial
v. 12s see
/ v. 12s move
v. 7 see
() / () v.7, 15s pass
by, pass along
e 13s adj. calmer
v. see
() v. 8 see
() n. 11s, 16 help; assistance
v. 10s see
/ v. 10s move
adv. 16s further on
n. 8 Monday
adv. 4, 15 sometimes,
occasionally
v. 14 see
/ (. , )
v.14 carry along, take with
n. 12s priest
n. 6 pop music
- n. 11s pop-singer
n. 14s census
n. 10s flood
adv. 8 afternoon
v. 8 see
/ v. 8 fill out
v. 9s fix
adj. 11s popular
() n. 11s popularity
v. 16s see
/ v. 16s deteriorate

prep. 8, 11s, due to, on account of,

because of
conj.13 due to the fact that...
n. 4 message; e-mail
adj.16s former
adv. 10 earlier
v. 9 see
/ v. 9 grow up
v. 9 see
/ v. 9 order, i.e., in a
restaurant
n. 5 orange
adj. 11 orange
n. 9 portion
() v. 15s see ()/
()/ () v. 15s dedicate;
devote; be devoted to
adj. 8, 13s special; separate
v. 6 see
adj. 8s Lenten; poor, weak, infertile
n. 9 visit
v. 7 see
/ v. 7 visit
adv. 6 afterwards
adj. 16 last
n. 16s consequence
v. see
n.12s intermediator
n. 8 postgraduate
study
adv. 14s gradually
n. 7 poster
/ v.11s achieve
n.16s existence, survival
(impf.) v.14s exist
adj.14s continuous
adv. 10, 11s constantly,
continuously
adv. 12s afterward
n. 11s undershirt
adv. 6, 14s, 16s then; subsequently
v. 10s see
/ v. 10s sign, write your
signature
adv. 14s entirely, completely
v. see

448

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

v. 9 see
/ v. 16s remind; call to
mind
v. see
/ v. 15s prompt,
incite; impell
v. 10s underline
adj.16s underlined
n.11s haircut
v. see
adv. 6 more often; frequently
n. 7 beginning
adj. 12s deceased
() n. 16s respect
v. 13s show respect
v. 11s respect
adj. 15s begun
v. 8s, 9 see
/ v. 8s, 9 begin
() n. 6 post office
n. 12 great-grandmother
adj.7, 11 straight; correct
adj. 8 law
/ v. 3, 6 do, make
n. 10s rule
n. 2s lawyer
o n. 8 law
adv. 7, 12 straight, directly
n. 12 great-grandfather
adj. 12 empty
n. 6 holiday
n. 15s empty space
e adj. 8 holiday, festive
n. 16s celebration
n. 8s practice, training
n. 5 peach
() v. 10 see
n. 4s, 11 question
/ () v. 4, 10 ask
(someone)
adj. 7 first
n. 6s recorder
adv. 16s first, firstly
adv. 5 firstly, first of all
adj.16s original
adv. 9 first time

- prefix 13 too
/ v. 10s, 14s translate
/ v. 16s look through;
examine
adv. 9 prior to; ago
prep 5, 9, 16s before, in front of
conj. 12 before
(impf.) v. 8 teach
/ v. 15s hand over, submit
n. 8 lecture
n. 11 translator
n. 12s traitor
n. 5 appetizers
/ v. 11 suggest
n. 2 preposition
v. 11 see
n. 8 subject
adj. 16s survivor
n. 8 presentation
n. 2 last name
adj. 5 magnificent, beautiful,
splendid
prep. 7, 8, 16 through, across
/ v.14s pour
v.14s see
() v. 13s see ()
() / () v. 13s
somersault
v. 7. see
/ v. 7. cross, cross over
adv. 13 too much, excessively
n. 15s translation
/ v. 16s swim across
16s n. swimming across
()/ () v.15s pretend
() v.15s see ()
/ v.14s leave, turn over,
yield
n. 15s rebirth, revival,
Renaissance
() v. 8 see ()
() / () v. 8 move;
change residence
adj. 15s extremely lucky, very
happy
n. 8 performance, show

449

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

v. 7s see
/ v. 8s present,
represent; introduce
v. see
/ v. 10, 12s stop,
cease
n. 15 stay; sojourn
v.14 stay, reside, spend time
adj.16s transformed
adv. 8 before noon
adj. 15s proceeding;
preliminary
v. 15s welcome; receive
() v. 10s, 12s bother, disturb
adj. 12s much too big
adj. 5 fried
/ v. 14 fry
prep. 16s near, by
conj. 16s however
adj. 15s affable
16s adj. temporary
adj. 3 adjective
v. 16s accompany
n.13s first floor
n. 4s recognition
n. 8 application
() v. 8 see ()
() / () v. 8 apply
() n. 4 friend
adj. 4, 11 pleasant
expres. 2 goodbye!; enjoy! bon
apptit!
n. 10 story
()/ () v. 16s
attach, join
n.10s trailer, camper
adv.16s considerably
n. 2 adverb
/ v. 8 accept; receive; admit
adj. 8 admitted, accepted
n. 7 example
n. 15s example, sample
v. 8 see
n. 13s prince
n. 16s nature

adj. 6s, 16s natural

n. 4s harbor
v. 8 see
/ v. 8, 16s arrive,
come
n.15 arrival
v. see
/ v. 15s grasp, take hold of
n.16s reason, cause
n. 5 problem
/ v. 7s try
v. 15 see
/ v. 15, 16s check,
verify
adj. 16s provincial
n. 7 program
() n. 2s, 3 salesclerk
n. 3 store
v. 7 see
/ v. 7 continue
n.16s project
n.16s prose
n. 2 window
n.16 product
e v. 14s pass through
() () n. 10 spring
n.11s change
adj. 10s changeable
v. see
() v. 14s promote
adj. 14s found; discovered
/ v. 14s find
n.14s decay
() n. 16s sermon
n. 16s addition
n. 9s education
v. 9 see
/ v. 9 celebrate
adj. 15s pro-Slavic
n. 14s prosperity
v. 12s forgive
n. 16s area, place
n. 14s place, area
prep. 9s, 11s, 16s against
n. 15 opponent; adversary

450

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

adj. 15s opposing; hostle

n. 16s study
adj. 14s secular
n. 2 profession
() n. 2 high school teacher,
professor
n. 15s procedure
n. 15s process
v. 6 see
n. 14s Shrovetide; Carnival
v. 7 see
n. 12s walk; stroll
(. ) n. 12 finger
n. 12 toe
n. 11s ring
n. 11s pig tail
adv. 12s psychologically
n 10s. bird
/ v. 16 burst
v. 16 see
n. 11s pullover
n.10s puma
n. 5 butter
/ v. 11 smoke (i.e. a cigarette)
/ v. 9s, 10 let, permit, allow
v. 10 see
n. 10s bee
n. 12s wheat

/ (. , ) v. 9
understand
( __ ) expres. 5 of course; its
understood
() v. 9, 12 see (
()/ () v. 9, 12 fall ill,
get sick
(ce) v. 9 see (ce)
adj. 9 divorced
(ce)/ (ce) v. 9 divorce
adj. 13s spoiled
n. 9s postcard
/ v. 16 survey, examine;
consider
n. 9 sight-seeing tour
v. 4 converse
n. 10s, 11s conversation
/ v. 12s distribute
v. 16s see
adj. 6 various, different
v. 16s feel sad
n. 8 difference
() v. 14 differ, be
different
adj. 8s, 14s various, different
v. 15s exchange
n. 12s separation
v. 11 see
/ v. 11 consider

() adj. 16s multi n. 16s rabi

coloured; variegated
n. 3 work
e adj. 13s various, diverse
n. 13 things, stuff
v. 15s separate; go different
v. 3 work
ways
adj. 11 industrious
adj. 15s, 16 disappointed
, n. 2s, 3 worker;
16s adj. destroyed
employee
/ v. 14s wreck, ruin
n. 13s workplace
a adj. 14s destroyed
n. 2 radio
n. 12 cancer
() n. 16s joy
n. 5s crab
() v. 12 rejoice, be happy
(. ) n. 4, 12s hand, arm
()/ () v. 9 be born
n. 10 mitten
() v. 10s see ()
n. 5s brandy
()/() v. 10s scatter, run n. 9s, 15s handball
away, disperse
() handball player
v. 9 see
n. 14 pair

451

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 14 plain
(. ) n. 12 shoulder
n. 12 wound
- n.16s ranking list
n. 10s backpack
adv. 7 early
adj. 12s spoiled
( ) v. 9s see ()
() / () v. 9s, 11 break
down; spoil
v. 10s see
/ v. 10 tell a story, narrate
an event
n. 7 intersection
() v. 13 to argue
n. 8 vacation; school break
/ v. 11s, 16s grow, increase
() v. 15s see
() / () v. 15s run in
all directions
/ v. 12s degrade
adj. 16s cleaned up
n. 14s stem
n. 16s rib
/ v. 12s roar
n. 15 review, show
v. 12s see
adj. 11s revolutionary
adj. 11s regional
n. 15s registration
, n. 10, 14s order; place; row, in
order
n. 15s editing
v. 14s to be put in rows
adv. 8s regularly
n. 15s order; sequence
v. 6s reserve
n. 12s summary; abstract
n. 15 result, score
n. 7 river
n.14s reconstruction
16s n. record
adj. 9s recreational
n. 9s recreation
() v. 9s relax
n. 8, 11s religion

n. 11s, 14 belt
/ v. 14s grate
n. 12s x-ray
n. 12s x-ray
n. 4s reporter
n. 15 national team
n. 7 republic
n. 13 oven
n. 14s restoration
adj. 14s restored
n. 3 restaurant
adv. 13 rarely
n. 2s administrator
n. 14s reformer
14s n. refrain
n. 12 prescription
v. 6 see
n. 10s sentence
adv. 9 nearly, almost, practically
n. 11, 15 dictionary
/ v. 8 decide
v. 8 see
n. 13 hot plate
n. 5, 10s fish
adj. 16s fishing
n. 5s current
n. 12s, 16 hill
v. 15 risk
adj. 14s Roman
n. 13 burner
v. 12s shovel
adj. 9 native; born
n. 9 birthplace; native land
n. 9 birthday
() v. 9 see
n. 4 parent
(, ) n. 3 relative
n. 5 rose
adj. 11 pink
n. 11 rock group
o n. 6 rock music
(. ) n. 7 Rom (Gypsy)
n. 4 novel
n. 15 Romanian (m)
n.14s, 15 Romania
15 n. Romanian (female)

452

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

adj. 16s romantic

n. 7 Rom (Gypsy) (f)
adj. 7 Rom
n. 14s rose
adj. 11 blond
adj. 15s Russian
n. 8s, 14s Russia
v. 5 eat lunch
n. 5 lunch

n.15s witness
adj.16 fresh
n. 11s, 15s father-in-law (husbands
father)
n. 11s, 15s mother-in-law (husbands
mother)
(west) n. 11s sister-in-law (wifes
sister)
n. 8 world
adj. 15s twinkling, glistening

n. 11s light
n. 6 watch; hour
adj. 11 bright, light
- n. 14s clock tower
adj. 12s, 14s world
n. 2s watchmaker
n. 14s, 16 candle
adv. 8 morning, in the morning
n. 11s silk
n. 8 Saturday
adj. 11s silk
n. 2 USA
n. 5s pork
v. 4 want; love, like
n. 6 instrumentalist, musician
adj. 16s beloved
/ () v. 6 play/start to play an
n. 14 sports coat
instrument
n. 6 saxophone
, n. 6s whistle
n. 8 hall (for music, sports, conferences, n. 6s whistle (dimunitive)
etc)
() v. see ()
n. 7 concert hall
() / () v. 12s turn back,
n. 5s salami
twist
n. 10s salamander
adj. 7 reflexive pronoun, ones own
n. 2 conjunction
n. 5 salad
v. 7 see
adj. 10, 14s alone, single; oneself
/ v. 7 turn
adv. 4 only
v. 2 they are; verbal particle
16s n. preservation
part. 2 verbal reflexive particle
n. 12s box; coffin
pro. 6 oneself (dir. obj. clitic)
n. 11s sandals
pro. 6, 15 everything
n. 14s restoration
adv. 14s until
n. 13 soap
expres. 4 everything is in order
n. 13s soapsuds
adv. 6 more and more
n. 5s geranium
expres. 5 of course; its
n. 8 sarma (stuffed leaves)
adj. 16s satellite
understood
() n. 9 wedding
adv. 8 still; yet
adj. 10s cooked
() pro. 6 oneself (direct and indirect
() v. 14s see
long)
(north) n. 11s sister-in-law (wifes ( ) n. 9 north (in the north)
sister)
adj. 14 northern
n. 15s wedding guest; sons/daughters n.10s moose
father-in-law
adv. 3 now
n. 15s wedding guest; sons/daughters () n. 16s present
/ v. 3, 6 sit/sit for awhile
mother-in-law
453

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 4s seat
adj. 7s seventh
/ v. 6 sit down
num. 3 seven
adj. 12 seven-year old
num. 7 seventy
num. 3 seventeen
n. 16s season
adv. 6, 15 everywhere
adv. 5, 15 indeed, by all means
adj. 6, 15 all sorts of
adv. 4, 15 always
adj. 15 everyone; each
adj. 15 all amounts
n. 16s second
n. 3 village
adj. 13s village
n. 5 traffic light
n. 14s seed
n. 5 family
n. 8s [term] paper, essay
n. 3 sandwich
n. 16 hay
conj. 12, 16s however, nonetheless
n. 9 September
n. 7s series
adj. 11s serious
n. 12 serum
n. 2 sister
n. 12s sister (dimunitive)
() v. see ()
() / () v. 9, 14 remember,
recall
n. 13s, 16 memory, reminiscence,
recollection
/ (, ) v. 14s cut
/ v. 14s chop
adv. 15 all sorts of things; anything
pro. 6 oneself (indirect object clitic)
v. 2 you are (sing. informal)
adj. 7, 10 grey
adj. 6 certain, sure, assured
adv.; inter. 5 surely; of course!
n. 12 AIDS
adj. 3 strong
adv. 12s strongly; forcefully

n.14s, 16s symbol

adj. 15s symbolic
adj. 11 charming, nice
adj. 7, 10 blue
n. 4 son
n. 16 synagogue
adv.10 last night
n. 11s synthetic
adj. 11s synthetic
n. 6s synthesizer
n. 11s chain
/ v. 13s pour
v. 16s see
n. 5 cheese
adj. 11, 12s poor
n. 8 system
pro. 6 everyone
n. 15s small change; coins
n. 10s, 15s minor things
n. 11s situation
n. 10s grasshopper
n. 13 stair
adj.7 expensive
() v. 8 see ()
n. 5 grilled meat
adj. 12s quarrelled
n. 14 skiing
() v. see ()
() / () v. 10s tear
n. 10s jump
v. 12s, 13s see
/ v. 12s, 13s jump
adv. 9 soon
adv. 10s on the side
n. 13s abbreviation
adj. 15s humble; modest
adj.12s broken
v. 12 see
n. 14s sculpture
adj. 10 weak, thin
adj. 10 light rain
n. 9 feast in honor of patron saint;
glory
adj. 11s famous, renowned
n. 15s Slavist
adj. 15s Slavic

454

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

() adj. 3 sweet
n. 5 ice cream
n.13s stuffed bear
n. 16s pastry shop
n. 13s, 16s preserves
/ (. , ) v. 12s,
14 descend, go down
adj. 6 following, next
(impf.) v. 15s follow
v. see
n. 12s appendicitis
n. 5s plum
n. 3, 14s picture, photo
/ v. 15s, 16s photograph, paint
n. 14s photographing; painting
n. 2s, 15 painter, photographer
adj. 6, 14s similar
n. 10s, 16s freedom
adj. 7 free; unoccupied
adv. 7 freely
adj. 15s Slavic, Slavonic
j (. ) n. 14s layer
n. 10s elephant
() see ()
, n. 2 office worker,
employee; civil servant
/ 15s v. serve
() v. see ()
n. 11s, 12 incident
() / () v. 9s, 12 to happen,
to occur
/, v. 4, 6 hear, listen to
v. 6 see
v. 2 we are
v. 13s, 15 be able; dare, venture
n.12s shift; rotation
() v. 14 see ; change
adj. 14s placed; set; located
v. 13 see
/ v. 13 place
n. 13 housing
v. 12s, 14s consider
n. 12s account
() / () v. 12s make up,
make peace
() see ()

n. 13s, 14s fig

n. 14s spruce
() n. 12s death
n.11s daughter-in-law; brothers wife
() v. see ()
() / () v.11s, 13 find ones
way; get along; adapt
n. 10 snow
/ () v. 12s photograph, record
adj.14s recorded; filmed
v. 12s see
n. 12s photo, picture
pro. 3, 4, 16s with, by (vehicle)
n. 3 room
() v. see ()
/ (. , ) v. 6s, 8s, 12
collect, gather
adj. 15s collected
adj.16s Soviet
/ () v. 14 advise,
counsel
adj. 6 contemporary
() v. 9s, 13 see ()
() / () v. 9s, 13 agree
n.14s content
v. 16s pity
/ v. 11s create
n. 11s creation
v. see
n. 3 juice
n. 14s street
() n. 5 salt
v. 14 see
n. 10s dream
n. 6s, 10 sun
o n. 5s, 16 sunflower
() / () v. 9 sunbathe
n. 9 sunbathing
adj. 10s, 13 sunny
n. 5s, 16 sunflower
n. 11s, 12 traffic
accident
adj. 16s appropriate;
corresponding
v. see
/ v. 15s inform

455

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 6s voice: soprano
, n. 11s, 15s spouse
n. 9 neighbor
(. ) n. 12s fellowvillager
n. 12s fellow-villager (f)
adv. 8, 15s completely, entirely
/ v. 10s compose
n. 14s composition
v. 10s see a
n. 12 meeting
adj.16s socialist
n. 8 sociology
n. 12, 13 bedroom
n. 5 spinach
C n. 6s Ascension Day (40 days
after Easter)
v. 16s turn to ash
adj. 5 special
n. 4 specialty
/ (. , )
v. 6s, 9 sleep
n. 4s, 5 magazine
n. 5s, 14 list
n. 16s memory; recollection
n. 14s commemorative
plaque
- n. 7 memorial house
museum
n.14s monument
prep. 12, 16s according to
adj. 16s comparison
n. 11s, 15 sport
n. 11s, 16s athlete, sportsman
adj. 6, 15s sport
n. 11s sport coat
() / () v. 12, 14
prepare, get ready
prep. 16s toward, according to
() v. see ()
v. 15s conduct; accompany
prep. 5, 16s opposite
adj.7 opposite
() / () v. 14s go down,
descend, lower
() v. see ()

n. 12s Serbia
() (. ) n. 7 Serb
e adj. 13s sincere
adv. 4 sincerely
adj.11 silver
n. 8 Wednesday
n. 15s, 16s meeting
adj. 5, 10s, 14s average, middle,
medium
neuter gender
n. 10s, 13s middle; milleau
n. 8 high school
adj. 16s medieval
() v. see ()
() / () v. 8 meet
( __ ) n. 9, 10s luck; fortunately
adj. 8 fortunate, lucky, happy
expres. 12 Bon voyage! Have a
good trip!
expres. 9 happy birthday
/ v. 12s slurp
v. see
adj. 7 Serbian
n. 4s, 9s, 12 heart
16s view; opinion
/ v. 13 put, place
adj. 15s placed
v. see
n. 3 apartment
n. 8s rental apartment
v. see
/ v. 8s, 12, 15 become; get up;
stand up
n. 16s stick, cane
v.15s see
/ v.15s enter; take up
adj. 3 old
n. 12s old man
() n. 12s old age
v. 2 you are (plural and polite)
() v. see ()
()/ () v. 12s
grow dark
n.16s wall, rocky face
n. 10s degree
v. see

456

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

/ v. 7 arrive, get to, reach a

destination
n. 6 style
n. 8 fellowship award
num. 7, 9 one hundred
() n. 16 hayrick, haystack
v. 3 stand
n. 12 chair
n. 2s carpenter
n. 2 chair
n. 12 stomach
adj. 8 dentistry
v. 12 do, accomplish, carry out
v. 13s suffer
n. 7 side
n. 4 foreigner
adj. 16s foreign
( ___ ) n. 14 abroad
adj. 12 terrible, awesome
n. 11 uncle (fathers brother)
aunt (fathers brothers wife)
n. 13s electrical current
adj. 15 Struga
n. 12s cold
adj. 10 cold
() n. 2 student
n. 8 dormitory
; n. 8 study, project; studies
v. 3 study
adj. 10 dry
() n. 2 judge
() n. 2 judge (female)
n. 12s, 15s blow
adj. 15s judicial
n. 6s sousaphone
n. 14s sultan
v. 2 I am
/ v. 6 be
n.13s sponge
n. 5 soup
(invariant) adj. 6, 8 super; excellent
n. 7s supermarket
adj. 15s damp
n. 10s drought
v. 16s blacken

n. 15s longing (dialect form cf. )

part.10 and so...
pro. 2 she; it (fem. sg. inanimate nouns)
n. 2 board; blackboard
n. 9s pill; tablet
n. 16s pan
n. 5 baked bean casserole
adj. 14s sad, gloomy
(invariant). adj. 5, 7s fresh
adv. 6s, 9 so; like so; thus; is such a
fashion
adj. 8, 10 such, that kind of
() n. 4 taxi
n. 6s timpani
n. 6 tambura (stringed instrument)
adv. 4 there
n. 6 tapan (large drum)
y n.14s tzatziki (yogurt with
cucumbers)
n. 2 father
n. 4 dad
adj. 7 your
n. 10s skunk
n. 15s creative works
n. 7 fortification; fortress
adj. 11 stubborn; hard-headed
pro. 5 you (dir. obj. clitic)
n. 3 theatre
pro. 5, 6 you (dir.,indir. obj. long)
n.14s jar
() adj. 7 difficult; heavy
( ) n. 6, 16 course (in the
course of...)
10s, 11s n. text
n. 2 television
adj. 16s television
n. 13 television set
n. 5 telephone
v. 5 phone, call
n. 5s veal
n. 14s body
n. 8s, 15 theme
adj. 10, 11 dark; cloudy
n. 5s pansy

457

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 12 temperature
n. 13s tempo, pace
n. 4s, 15 tennis
adj. 14s thin
n. 6s tenor voice
n.13 pot, saucepan
n. 14s theory
n.15s set date; appointment
n.15 terminal
adj. 7, 10s tight, narrow
n. 11s father-in-law (wifes father)
n. 8 test
n. 12 tetanus
n. 11 uncle (fathers or mothers
sisters brother)
n. 4, 11 aunt
n. 11 tattoo
n. 2 notebook
n. 2s technician
adj. 13, 15s technical
/ (. , ) v. 12s,
14 flow, pour
n. 12s difficulty
n. 11s mother-in-law (wifes mother)
pro. 2 you (singular, informal)
adj.13s quiet
n. 10s tiger
pro. 2 they (subject pro.)
n. 5s pumpkin
n. 5s squash
n. 6s tympani
() n. 8s teenager
adj. 12s typical
expres. 13s i.e.; that is
pro. 2 it; that
n. 13 toilet
adv. 3, 10 then, at that time
pro. 2 he; it (masc. inanimate nouns)
adj. 4 that
adv. 12s, 16s exactly, precisely
n. 16s tolerance
adv. 10 such a type
... adv. 13s as muchas
adv. 10 so much, so many
/ v. 14s crush, grind
n. 12s, 15 ball

adj. 10 warm
n. 14s poplar
n. 10s bag
n. 10s tornado
n. 5 cake
n. 7 bicycle
adj. 10s, 12 exact, precise, correct
n.13s period
adv. 7 exactly
n. 16s trace
n. 12s tragedy
n. 14s tradition
adj. 6 traditional
v. 8s last, persist
n. 14 transportation
n. 12s kiosk
v. see
/ v.14 set off, depart
n. 14 departure
adj. 14s, 16s trade
n. 6 shopping center, mall
v. 7 should; ought to; need to
n.11s sweatpants
(impf.) v. 15s tremble
adj.16s trembling
() v.16s shake
adj. 7s, 8s third
num. 3 three
num. 7 thirty
n. 7 thriller
num. 3 thirteen
num. 9 three hundred
n. 9s threesome
n. 6 trombone
6s trumpet
n. 13 couch
adj. 13 three-room
/ v. 11 spend money
n. 12, 13 dining room
n. 6 trumpet
n. 9s labor
/ (. , ) v. 12 poison
n. 12s poisoning
n. 12 food poisoning
/ v. 9, 10s run, run away
n. 9s, 15 running

458

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 6s tuba
n. 15s tuberculosis
adj. 12s foreign
adv. 2 here
conj. 6 but also; and even
n.16s tourism
n. 4 tourist
n. 9 tourist
agency
n. 14s vegetable stew
adj. 5, 7 Turkish
n. 5 Turkish coffee
() (. ) n. 7 Turk
n. 4 pickled foods
/ v. 12s rumple up
n. 16s tobacco
n. 13 shower

part. 6 future/modal particle

n. 5s grilled meat sausage
n. 5 grilled meat sausage
(diminutive form)
adj. 11 bald
n. 4 daughter
n. 5s meatball
n. 5 corner
/ v. 9 be quiet/start to be quiet,
fall silent

prep.16s at, by, in

adj. 3 pretty
9s n. beauty
v. see
/ v. 11s convince
/ v. 14s kill
v. see
(. ) n. 11, 12s ear
n. 16s model; form
/ v. 12s strike, hit
adj. 10s comfortable
12s v. see
v. 13s enjoy oneself
n. 3 street
n. 7 narrow street, alleyway
adj. 10s moderate

n. 14s artist
n. 7 art gallery
adj. 7 artistic
() n. 8 art
/ (. , ) v. 12 die
adj. 15s thoughtful
adj. 3 tired
n. 15s creation; work of art
v. see
n. 2, 8 university
n. 11s UNICEF
adj. 14s destroyed
v. 16s see
/ v. 14s destroy; ruin
adj. 13s stubborn
n. 10s hurricane
adj. 14s urban
v. see
n. 16s editor
/ v. 13 organize
n.16s destruction
n. 16s ruins
v. see
()/ () 16s v. destroy
n. 12 lip
n. 6s harmonica
v. succeed
(. ) n.11s success
adj. 16s successful
n. 12 mouth
, , , adj. 8 oral
adv. 7 tomorrow
adj.10s morning
n. 3 morning
expres.15 Whew! Oh! Ugh!
n. 4 textbook
, n. 2 student (primary and
secondary)
n. 8 studying
( ) n. 6 participant
v. 6 participate; take part
/ v. 6, 8 study/learn
n. 4 school
() n. 2 primary school teacher
adj. 8 polite
adv. 8 still; yet
expres. 8 once again
459

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 6s bassoon
(. ) n. 8s fact
n. 8 department or college
n. 4 faculty of
tourism
part. 4, 9 thank you
! expres. 4 thanks a lot!
adj. 8 pharmacy (adj.)
n. 8 pharmacy
n. 11, 14 blue jeans
n. 14s faade
v. 11s fascinate
adj. 15s captured
v. 11s see
/ v. 11s, 16 grab; catch, take
hold of
n. 9s Fascism
() n. 8, 9 February
(invariant) adj.15 fair
n. 6 festival
n. 8 physics
n. 8 physical education
n. 5 film, movie
n. 8 philosophy
adj. 8 philosophical
adj. 8 philological (language
and literature)
n. 6 philharmonic
n. 13s small cup for Turkish coffee
n. 15 finale
v. 15s finance
n. 13 drawer
n. 8s, 16 company
n. 8, 12s physical education
n. 9s fitness
n. 6 flute
n. 10s seal
n. 6 folklore; folkloristic
adj. 15s folkloric
n.3s form; shape
adj. 13s, 15s formal
v. 11s form
n. 2, 15 form, application
n. 13 armchair
n. 6 camera

n. 14s, 16 fresco
n. 5, 13 refrigerator
() n. 2s hairdresser
n. 11s hairstyle
/ v. 10 throw
n. 15s throwing; tossing
v. see
n. 9s soccer
n.14s function
n. 11, 14 dress

n. 3 hamburger
n. 16s harmony
n. 6 accordion
n. 6s harp
adj. 14s Hellenic
n. 8 chemistry
n. 7 hero
() n. 2s cleaner
n.16s hygiene
n. 8s hit; popular song
interj. 13s hmm
n. 13s hallway
( , ) n. 1s hockey (ice
hockey, field hockey)
, n. 11
homosexual
n. 6s French horn
n. 7 horror (film)
n. 3 hotel
adj.11 brave
n. 5 food
n. 11s Croatia
adj. 15s Croatian
adj.16s Christian
adj. 15s chronological
adj. 11s humane
n. 8 humanities
() n. 11s humanity; kindness

n. 15s Constantinople
adj. 15s Constantinople
n. 15 customs, duty (control)
n. 5s beet

460

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 5 flowers
() n. 11s, 14s destination, goal, aim
adj. 10 whole, entire
n. 5s celery
adj. 9s, 12s whole
adv. 15s completely
n. 9s price
n. 4 center; downtown
adj. 15s central
n.16s civilization
() n. 8 roommate
adj. 5 red
( ) n. 12s cherry
n. 7 church
adj. 5 black
n. 12s liver
n. 7 animated film
n. 14s drawing; painting
n. 10s tsunami

n. 10 umbrella
n. 3 tea
n. 9 rowboat
expres. 7 ciao
n. 7 market place
n. 4s, 7, 8 hour; class
n. 7 clock
n. 2s watchmaker
n. 9 glass
n. 7 shoe
n. 11s high heels
n. 15s dowry
/ v. 7 wait
n.16s step
n. 12 forehead
n.14s cypress
n. 15s cherry tree
adj. 11 honest, fair, trustworthy
( ) v. 11 treat
(someone to something)
v. 8, 11 congratulate
! expres. 9 congratulations!
adv. 4, 10 often
n. 11s troop; command
n. 9s foursome

adj. 7s, 8s fourth

n. 8 Thursday
num. 3 four
num. 7 forty
num. 3 fourteen
num. 9 four hundred
n. 14 brush
n. 14 toothbrush
n. 14 comb
n. 11s, 14 boot
n. 15s act
() ( ) v.16s it seems,
appears (it seems to me)
v. 5 cost; be worth
n. 12 plate, dish
adj. 12, 16 clean
/ v. 14s to be cleaned
/ v. 3, 6 read
n. 14 pair
n. 3, 11s uncle (fathers brother)
n. 14s, 15 member
(. ) n. 3 person, (people)
adj.16 human
n. 5 chocolate
n. 11s, 14 sock
n. 5 thick soup; chowder
()/ () v. 6s, 14s preserve
n. 12s feeling
() v. 12 feel
adj. 8, 13s odd, strange; curious
n. 13s miracle
v. see
/ v. 16s knock; strike

n. 7 mosque
n. 10 pocket
n. 6 jazz
n. 7, 14 sweater
n. 11s cardigan
n. 5s liver

n. 10 scarf
n. 12s, 15 counter; bank window
n. 11s scarf

461

MacedonianEnglish Glossary

n. 14 shampoo
n. 8 chance
n. 16s tent
n. 9s chess
(. ) n. 15s joker
num.7 sixty
/ v.16s whisper
n. 14s syrup
num. 3 sixteen
num. 3 six
adj. 7s sixth
/ v. 7 stroll; go for walk
n. 5 sugar
n. 12 diabetes
() n. 2s tailor, seamstress
o n. 10s chimpanzee
adj. 12s sprained
adj. 7 wide, broad
n. 13 wardrobe
n. 11s haircut
n. 9 bottle
n. 11s bangs
n. 13 cupboard
n. 5s tripe
n. 14s school
n.14 makeup
n. 5s schnitzel
n. 11s shock
n. 10 cup
n. 5 salad with feta
n. 2s driver, chauffeur
n. 5 spaghetti
n. 15s spy
n. 13 stove
n. 16s stables
n. 15 pity
adj. 15s detrimental, harmful
pro. 2 what
? expres. 4 whats new?
conj. 12 since; as soon as
n. 10s cricket
n. 9 forest, woods
adj. 8s forestry
n. 8s forestry
adj.10s forest

n. 5s ham
n. 11s brother-in-law (wifes brother)
n. 11s sister-in-law (wifes brothers
wife

462

EnglishMacedonian Glossary
A
abandon v. / 14s
abandoned adj. 12s
abbreviation n. 13s
able (be __ ) v. 5
about prep. 4, 16s
above (from up __ ) adv. 16
above, over prep. 7, 16s
abroad n. () 14
academy n. 14s
accept v. / 8
accepted adj. 8
accident n. 12
accompany v. 15s
accomplish v. 12
according to prep. 12, 16s; 16s
accordion n. 6
account n. 12s
account (on ___of ) prep. 8, 16s;
8
accused adj. 15s
ache n. 12
achieve v. / v.11s
across prep. 7, 8, 16
act n. 15s
action n. () 8s, 9s; 11s;
15s
activity n. () 8s, 9s; 11s
actor n. () 2s
adapt v. () ()/ ()
11s, 13
addition (to a structure) n. 16s
adjective n. 3
administrative adj. 14s
administrator n. 2s;
2s
admit v. / 8
admitted adj. 8
Adriatic Sea n. 16s
advance (in __ ) adv. 13
adverb n. 2, 15s
adversary n. 15
advertisement n. 13s
advise v. () 14

Aegean Macedonia n. 2
Aegean Sea n. 14
Aerobics n. 8s
affable adj. 15s
after adv. 7, 9
afternoon adv. 8
afterward adv. 6, 12s
again adv. 6, 13s, 14s
again (once __ ) 8
against prep. 9s, 11s, 16s
agency n. 13s
ago adj. 16s
ago adv. 9
ago (long __ ) adv. 10, 15
agree v. ()/ () 9s, 13
agreed! part. 5
agreement n. 13
agriculture adj. 8
ahead adv. 10; 13
AIDS n. 12
aim n. () 11s, 14s
air n. 14s
air currents n. o 16s
airplane n. 9, 15
airplane ticket n. 14
airport n. 14, 15
Albanian adj. 7
Albanian n. (male),
(female) 7
albatross n. 10s
alive adj. 9s
all amounts adj. 15
all over adv. 7, 13s
all sorts of things pro. adv. 15
allergy n. 4
alleyway n. 7
allow v. / 15; /
9s, 10
almond n. 5s
almost (i.e. nearly) adv. 9
alone adj. 10, 14s
aloud adj. 6
already adv. 4
also conj. 2, 4 ; 8

463

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

altar n. 16s
although conj. 11
alto (voice) n. 6s
altogether adv. 9
always adv. 4, 15
am (I __ ) v. 2
ambassador n. 11s
ambience n. 14s
ambitious adj. 11
American (male);
(female) 2
American adj. adj.
among prep. 5, 13, 16s
amphiteatre n. 6s, 14s
ancient adj. 14s; 16s
and conj. 2; 2, 4
and so... part. 10
anecdote n. 11s
angry adj. 5; 16
angry (get __ ) v. () / ()
12s, 16s
animal n. (.
) 10s
animated film n. 7
annual adj. 14s
answer n. 10s, 11
ant n. 10s, 11s
anthology n. 15s
antibiotics n. 12
anticipate v. 12s, 13s, 16
any suf. - (e.g. - anyone) 15
any- (e.g anyone) 15
apartment n. 3
apparatus n. 13
appear v. () / () 16s
appear as v. 11; () (
) 16s
appearance n. 14s
appendicitis n. ; 12
appetite n. 12
appetizers n. 12s, 5
apple n. 4s, 5
application n. 8
application (form) n. 2, 15
apply (for something) v. () /
() 8
apply (be valid) v. 14s

approach ()/ () 10s

appropriate; corresponding adj. 16s
approximately prep. 12, 16s
apricot n. 5s
April n. 9
architect n. 2
architecture n. 13s
architecture adj. 8
are (we __ ) v. 2
are (they __ ) v. 2
are (you sing. informal _ ) 2
area n. 14s
area, place n. 16s
argue v. () / () 8;
() 13
arise v. () / () 16s
arm n. (. ) 4, 12s
armchair n. 13
Armenian n. 16s
arrival n. 12; 15
arrive / 4, 6; /
8, 16s
art adj. 14s
art n. () 8
art gallery n. 7
article [newspaper] n. 2, 15s
artist n. 14s
artistic adj. 7
arts festival n. - 14s
around (approximately) adv. 12, 16s
as adv. adv. 2, 15
as if conj. 15
as muchas adv. ... 13s
as soon as conj. 12
ascend v. () / () 7
ash n. 14s
ask (someone) v. / () 4, 10
assimilation n. 12s
assistance n. () 11s, 16
assured adj. 6
at prep. 2, 3, 4; 16s
athlete n. 11s, 16s
atmosphere n. 14s; 16s
attach v. ()/ () 16s
attack v. / 15
attempt v. () 15s, 16s
attention n. 14s
464

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

attire n. 15s
August n. 9
aunt n. n. 4, 11s
aunt (fathers brothers wife) 11
aunt (mothers brother wife) 11
Australian n. (male),
(female) 2
authentic adj. 9s, 15
author n. 14s
auto mechanic n. - 2s
automobile n. 8s
autumn n. 10
average adj. 5, 10s, 14s
award n. 11s, 15
away from prep. 2, 16s
awesome adj. 12

barracks n. 16s
basement n. 13
basilica n. 14s
basketball n. 12s, 15
bass (voice) n. 6s
bass clarinet n. - 6s
bass guitar n. - 6s
bassoon n. 6s
bath n. 7
bath tub n. 13s
bathe v. () / () 9
bathing n. 9
bathing suit n. 14
bathroom n. 10; 13; 4s
battle n. 14s, 11s, 15s
be v. / 2, 6
beach n. 9
B
bean n. 5s
b.c.e. (before common era; B.C.) ... ( bear n. () 10s
) 14s
bear (endure) v. / 16s
baby n. 4s
beard n. 11
bachelor apartment 13
beat v. 16s
back n. 12
beautiful adj. 5
back adv. 7
beauty n. 9s
backpack n. 10s
beaver n. 10s
bad adj. 7
because conj. 7, 8, 4,
bag n. 10s
8, 16s
baggage n. 14
because of prep. 8, 11s
baked bean casserole 5
become v. / 8s, 12, 15
baklava (phyllo and nut pastry) n. 5 bed n. 12, 13
balcony n. 13
bedroom n. 12, 13
bee n. 10s
bald adj. 11
beech n. 14s
Balkans, Balkan Peninsula n. 6
beef , 5s
ball n. 12s, 15
beer n. 3
banana n. 5
beet n. 5s
band (i.e. group) n. 16s
bangs n. 11s
beetle n. 10s
banjo n. 6s
before prep. 4, 16s; adv. 5, 9, 16s;
bank n. 3
conj. 12
bank (of river, ocean, etc.) n. 9
before hand adv. 13
bank window n. 12s, 15
beg (I beg you; please) v. /,
banker n. 2s
7
banner n. 16s
begin v. , / 7s, 8s, 9
barber n. 2s
beginning n. 7
baritone horn n. 6s
begun adj. 15s
bark/start to bark v. / (. ,
behind prep. 7
) 9
beige adj. (invariant) 11
465

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

believe v. 14
believer n. 16s
bell n. o 16s
bell tower n. 16s
beloved adj. 14s. 16s
below adv. 12
belt n. 11s; 11s, 14
bench n. 2
bend down v. () / () 12s
beneath prep. 8, 16s
beside prep. 7, 16s
besides prep. 8, 16s
betrothed adj. 14s
better adv. 6
between prep. 5, 16s
beverage n. 5s
Bible n. 15s
bicycle n. 7, 7
big (how __ ) adj. 15
Big deal! expres. ! 9
bike riding n. 9s
billion num. 9
biography n. 15s
biology n. 8
birch n. 14s
bird n. 10s
birthday n. 9
birthplace n. 9
bishop n. ; 15s
bite v. / 12
Bitola adj. 15s
bitter adj. 5, 5
black adj. 5
blackberry n. 5s
blackboard n. 2
blacken v. 16s
bleach v. 9s
bleeding n. 12s
blended adj. 15s
blond adj. 11; 11
blood n. () 12
blouse n. 7, 14
blow v. / 16
blue adj. 11; 7, 10
blue jeans n. 11, 14
blueberry n. 5s
boar n. 10s

board n. 2
boat n. 9, 14
body n. 14s
bog n. 10s
boil v. / () trans.14s; /
13s
bon apptit! expres. 2
bon voyage! expres. 12
book n. 3
bookstore n. 4
boot n. 11s, 14
border n. 14
boring adj. 10, 16
born (be__ ) v. ()/ () 9
bosom n. 16
both....and conj. .... 5
bother v. () 10s, 12s
bottle n. 9
boulevard n. 7
bound adj. 15s
bouquet n. 15
boutique n. 7
bouzouki n. , 6s
bow down v. () / () 12s
box n. 9, 12s
boxing n. 9s, 15s
boy n. , 11
boza (millet drink) n. 5s
bra n. , 11s
bracelet n. 11s
braid n. 11s
brain n. 5s
branch n. 10s
brandy n. 5s, 5s
brave adj. 11
bread n. 3; (special round flat
loaf) 15s
break v. / 12; () 14s
break down v. () / () 9s, 11
breakfast n. 5
breast n. n. 12; 16
bridal adj. 15s
bride n. 15
bride and groom n. 16
bridesmaid n. 15s
bridge n. 7
bright adj. 11

466

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

bring v. ; / 6, 7, 15
broad adj. 7
broadcast n. 7
broccoli n. y 5s
broken adj. 12s
brother n. (. ) 2, 3
brothers wife n. 11s
brother-in-law (husbands brother) n.
15s
brother-in-law (wifes brother) n. 11s
brother-in-law (wifes sisters husband) n.
11s
brother-in-law (husband of husbands sister)
n. 11s
brothers wife n. 11s
brown (coffee-colored) adj. /
7, 11
brush n. 14
bug n. 10s
bugle n. 6s
build v. / 12s, 14s
build onto v. / 14s
builder mason n. s 2s
building n. 3
built adj. 14s
Bulgaria n. 12s
Bulgarian n. 16s
bureau n. 13
bureau (office) n. 10s
burek (meat or cheese filled pastry) n. 4
burek stand n. 16s
burial n. 12s
buried adj. 12s
burn v. / 14s
burn down v. / 14s
burner n. 13
burst v. / 16
bury v. / 12s
bus n. 4
bus stop n. 7
businessman n. 2s, 3
bust (statue) n. 14s
busy adj. 8
but conj. 2; 4; 3, 4; 12s
but also 6
butter n. 5
butterfly n. 10s

button n. 11s
buy v. / 4, 6
by prep. 9; 2, 16s; 12, 16s;
2, 7, 16s
by agreement 13
Byzantine 14s
Byzantine era n. 14s

C
cabbage n. 5s
cabbage (pickled __ ) n. 5
caf n. , 4; (dim.) 16
cake n. 5
call v. / 10; () / ()
() 7; 5
call to mind v. / 16s
called (be __ ) v. () 2
calling n. 16s
calm adj. 12s, 13s
calmer adj. e 13s
camel n. 10s
camera n. 6s, 14s; 6
camp n. 10s, 16s
camper n. 10s
campsite n. 10s, 16s
can (be able) v. 5
Canadian (female) n. 2
Canadian (male) n. 2
Canadian adj. 3
canal n. 9s, 16s
cancer n. 12
candies n. 10s
candle n. 14s, 16
candy n. 8s
cane n. 16s
canoe n. () 9
cap n. 10, 14
capital n. 7
cappuccino n. 13s
capture v. / 16s
captured adj. 15s
car n. 4
carbonated beverage n. 5s
card n. 9s, 14
cardboard boxn. 16s
cardigan n. 11s
carefully adv. 11s

467

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

carnation n. 5s
Carnival (holiday before Lent) n.
14s
carnival adj. 14s
carnival n. 14s
carp n. 5s
carpenter n. 2s
carry along v. / (. ,
) 14
carry out (complete) v. / 14s
carry out (fulfill) v. ()/
() 15s
carton n. 16s
cast (plaster __ ) n. 12
cat n. 4
catastrophe n. 16s
catch v. / 11s, 16
catch sight of v. / 10s
catch up with v. / 12s
Catholic adj. 16s
cauliflower n. 5s
cause 16s
cave n. 16
cease v. / 10, 12s
celebrate v. / 9
celebration n. 15, 16s
celery n. 5s
cell phone n. () 7
cellar n. 13
cello n. 6
cemetery n. 16s
census n. 14s
center (of town) n. 4
central adj. 15s
century n. 14, 15s
cereal n. 5
certain (specific) adj. 15s
certain adj. (sure, assured) 6
chain n. 11s, 11s
chair n. , 2, 12
chalk n. 2
chamber theatre n. 14s
chance n. 8
change ()/ () 14s;
() / () 16
change n. 11s

change (coins) n. 15s

change residence () /
() 8
changeable adj. 10s
channel n. 9s, 16s
character 11
charged (accused) adj. 15s
charming adj. 11
chase v. / 10s, 13s
chauffeur n. , 2s
check v. / 15, 16s
cheerful adj. 11
cheese n. 5
chemistry n. 8
cherry n. ( ) 12s
cherry tree n. 15s
chess n. 9s
chest n. 12
chestnut n. 5s
chicken n. 5s
chicken [meat] n. 5s
chicken adj. 5
chickpeas (dried) n. 15s
child n. 2s, 3
child adj. 14s
childhood n. 16
chime v. / 16s
chimpanzee n. o 10s
chocolate n. n. 5
choice n. 6
choose v. / (. , ) 9,
13; / (a. , ) 16s
chop v. / (. , ) 14s
chosen adj. 14s, 15s
chowder n. 5
Christian adj. 16s
Christmas n. 8
Christmas eve n. 8s; 8s
chronological adj. 15s
chubby adj. 11
church n. 7
church bell n. 16s
ciao expres. 7
circle n. 15s
circumstance n. () 15
citadel n. 7

468

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

citizen n. (. ); 16s
city n. 2
city adj. 7
city district n. 13
civil engineering (dept. of __ ) n.
8s
civil servant n. , 2
civilization n. n. 16s
clarinet n. 6
class n. 4s, 7, 8
classical adj. 6
classmate n. (.) , (f) 4
clean adj. 12, 16
clean v. / 14s
cleaned up adj. 16s
cleaner n. () 2s
clearly adv. 15s
clever; sly 11
climate n. 14
climb up v. () / () 7
clinic n. 12
clock n. 7
clock tower n. - 14s
close v. / 15s
closed adj. 12
closing n. 15
clothing n. (.) 13s; 7, 11
clotted cream n. 5s
cloud n. 10
cloudiness n. () 10s
cloudy adj. 10
club n. 7
co-worker n. (.), (f) 4
coals n. 14s
coast n. 9
coat n. 7
Coca-cola n. - 3
cock n. 16s
cocoa n. 5s
coconut n. 5s
cockroach n. 10s
cod n. 5s
coffee n. 3; (dim.) 9
coffee-colored adj. , 11
coffin n. 12s
coin n. 8
cold n. 12s

cold adj. 10
cold-bloodedness n. () 15s
colleague n. (.), (f) 4
collect v. / (. , ) 12
collected adj. 15s
collection n. 15s
college n. 8
colony n. 14s
color n. 7
colourful adj. 16s
comb n. 14
combination n. 16s
come v. / 4, 6; /
8, 16s
Come here! inter. ! 9
come on! part. 6
comedy n. 7
comfortable adj. 10s
comitadje, rebel adj. 11s
comitadji (hist. irregular soldiers) n.
11s
commemorative plaque n. 14s
common adv. 11s
communicate v. 11s
company n. 8
company (business) n. 8s, 16
comparison adj. 16s
compete v. () 11s
competition n. 11s, 15
complain about v. () ( ) 12
complete v. / v. 8;
/ 14s
completely adv. 14s, 14s;
15s; 8, 15s
composition n. 14s
compulsory adj. 15s
computer n. 4
concern n. 11s
concerning prep. 4, 16s
concert n. 6
concert hall n. 7
concertina n. 6s
conclude v. / 8
conditions (pl.) n. () 15
conduct n. 15s
conduct (someone, somewhere)
15s

469

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

conference n. 14
congratulate v. 8, 11
congratulations! expres. ! 9
conjunction n. 2
connect v. / 10s, 14s
connection; (in connection with) n. ;
16s
consequence n. 16s
conservation adj. 16s
conservation n. 14s
conservative v. 11
consider v. 12s, 14s
consider (ponder, think over) v. /
11
considerably adv. 16s
Constantinople n. 15s
Constantinople adj. 15s
constantly adv. 10, 11s
construct v. / 12s, 14s
constructed adj. 14s
construction site n. 4s, 16s
construction, building n. 16s
consul n. 14s
consulate n. 14s
contact lenses n. 11
contact n. 13s
contact v. 15s
contemporary adj. 6
content n. 14s
continental adj. 14s
continue v. / 7
continuous adj. 14s
continuously adv. 10, 11s
controlled adj. 16s
convenience store n. 3;
5
conversation n. 10s, 11s
converse v. 4
conveyor belt n. 15
convince v. / 11s
cook n. 2s
cooked adj. 13s, 10s
cookie n. 9
core n. 16s
corner n. , 5
cornet n. 6s
correct adj. 12

cost v. 5, 7
costume n. 7
cottage n. 12s
cotton n. 11s
cotton adj. 11s
couch n. n. 13; 13
couch grass (type of weed) n. n. 12s
cough n. 12
counsel v. / () 14
count out v. / (. /
) 9
counter n. 12s, 15
country music n. 6
course n. (. ) 8
course (in the course of __ ) n. (
) 6, 16
course (of __ ) expres. 5, 13
courtyard n. 7
cousin n. (m), (f) 11
cover n. 16s
cover v. / 14s
cow n. 16s
crab n. 5s
crackle v. / 10s
craft n. 16s
cream n. 5s
cream cheese n. 5s
create v. / 11s
creation n. 11s; 15s
creative works n. 15s
credit card n. 7
cricket n. 10s
critical adj. 16s
criticize v. 16s
Croatia n. 11s
Croatian adj. 15s
cross n. 12s
cross over v. / 7
crown n. 15s
crunch v. / 10s
crush v. / 14s
cry v. / (. , )
12, 16
cucumber n. 5
culture n. 14s
cultural adj. 11s
cultural life n. e 13s

470

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

cup n. 10
cupboard n. , 13
cupboard, wardrobe n. 13
curious; strange 8, 13s
curly adj. 11
current adv. 7s
current (fruit) n. 5s
currently adv. 13
cushion n. 12s
custom n. 15s
customs (tax) n. 15
cut v. / (. , ) 14s
cypress n. 14s

D
dad n. 4
daffodil n. 5s
dairy product n. 5s
daisy n. 5s
damage / 14s, 16s
damp adj. 15s
dance n. 6
dance party n. 8
dance v. / 4s, 6
dancing n. 15s
danger n. () 12
dangerous adj. 14s, 15
dangerously adv. 15
dare v. 13s, 15
dark adj. , 10
dark blue adj. 11, 12
darken; dark (grow __ ) v. ()/
() 12s
darkness n. 11s
date n. 9
daughter n. 4
daughter-in-law; brothers wife 11s
dawning n. 16s
day n. 4
day after tomorrow adv. 8
day before yesterday adv. 8
dear adj. 4; 14s
death n. () 12s
debate, adj. 8s
decay n. 14s
deceased adj. 12s
deceive v. / 15s

December n. () 8, 9
decide v. / 8
decorate v. 15s
dedicate v. ()/ () 15s
deed n. 15s
deep adj. 12s
deer n. 10s
define v. () 12s
definite adj. adj. 16s;
15s
degrade v. / 12s
degree n. 10s
deliver v. / 15
denar (Macedonian currency) n. 7
dentist n. 2s, 12
dentistry n. 8s
dentistry adj. 8
depart v. () v. 3, 4; (. ,
; ) 12; / 14
department (in a university) n. 8
departure n. , , 14
depend on v. 13
descend v. / (. , )
12s, 14
description n. 16s
desert (abandon) v. / 14s
deserted adj. 12s
design n. 4s
desire v. / 8
desire n. 12s
dessert n. 5
destination n. () 11s, 14s
destroy v. /; ()/
() a 16s
destroyed adj. , 16s
destruction n. 16s
detailed adj. 14
detain v. / 12s, 16
detained adj. 15
determine v. y ()/ (ce) 12s
detrimental adj. 15s
devote to (someone) v. ()/
() 15s
diabetes n. 12
dialogue n.
diary n. 15
dictionary n. 11, 15
471

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

die v. / 11s; / (.
, ) 12
diet n. 10s
differ v. () / () 14
difference n. 8
different adj. 16s; 14s
different (be) v. ()
difficult adj. () 7
difficulty n. 12s
diligent adj. 11
dimension n. 14s
dine (eat dinner) v. 5
dining room n. 12, 13
dinner n. 5
diplomatic adj. 14s
directly adv. 15s
dirty adj. 12s
disappear v. / 16s
disappointed adv. 15s, 16
discipline n. 15s
discoteque, club n. 7
discover v. / 14s
discovered adv. 14s
discuss v. 9
dish n. 12
dishonest adj. 11
disperse v. ()/
() 10s
distant adj. 16s
distribute v. / 12s
disturb v. () 10s
diverse adj. e 13s
divided adj. 12s
divorce v. (ce)/ (ce) 9
divorced adj. 9
do v. /; 3, 6; 12
doctor n. () 2
doctorate degree (graduate with __ ) v.
14s
document n. 8, 14
documentary adj. 7
dog n. 4
dog (dim.: small dog) n. 4s, 9
dolphin n. 10s
dome n. 16s
domestic adj. 5
dont! part. ! ! 7

donkey n. 11
door n. 2
dormitory n. 8
double bass n. 6s
double room n. 9s
downtown n. 4
dowry n. 15s
drama n. 7
dramatic/performing arts n.
8
drawer n. 13
drawers (chest of __ ) n. 13
drawing n. 14s
dream n. 10s
dress n. 11, 14
dress v. ()/ () 12
dressed adj. 15, 16s
drink n. 5
drink v. / 3, 6
drive v. 11
driver n. , 2s
drop v. / 10s, 11
drop by v. / 16
drought n. 10s
drugstore n. 2
drunk ones fill adj. 15s
drunk (get __ ) v. () 12s
dry adj. 10
due to prep. 8, 11s
due to the fact that... conj. 13
during 16s
duty (tax) n. 15

E
e-mail n. 4
each adj. 15
ear n. (. ) 11, 12s
earlier adv. 10
early adv. 7
earn v. / 16
earring n. 11
Earth Day n. o 13s
earthquake n. 14s, 16
easily adv. 11
east (in the east) n. ( ) 9
Easter n. 14s
eastern adj. 14
472

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

easy adj. 8
eat v. / 3, 6
eat dinner v. 5
eat lunch v. 5
ecologic adj. 16s
economical adj. 11
economics adj. 8
economist n. 2s
economy n. 11s
edge n. (. ) 7
editing n. 15s
editor n. 16s
education n. 8, 9s
educational adj. 14s
eel n. 5s
effectiveness n. () 13s
effect (be in __ ) v. 14s
egg n. 4s, 5
eggplant n. 5s, 6s
eight num. 2, 3
eighteen num. 2, 3
eighth num. 7s
eighty num. 7
either...or conj. ... 5
elbow n. 12
electric guitar n. 6s
electrical current n. 13s
electrician n. 2s
elegant adj. 11
elephant n. 10s
elevator n. 13
eleven num. 3
elk n. 10s
elm n. 14s
employ (use) v. ()/
() 14s
employed adj. 13s
employee n. , 2s, 3;
, 2
empty adj. 12
empty space n. 15s
en route adv. 15s
end n. (. ) 7
endure v. / 16s
engage in v. () 11s
engagement n. 9
engineer n. 2

engineering adj. 8; 8s
England n. 2
English adj. 3
English man n. e 2
English woman n. 2
enjoy oneself v. () 8, 13s
enjoy! expres 2
enormous adj. 12s, 16s
enough adv. 12, 7s
enroll v. () / () 8
enter v. / (a. /) 9;
/ 15s
enter into v. / 16s
entertain oneself v. ()/
() 8
entertainment n. 4s, 6
entire adj. 9s, 12s; 10
entirely adv. 14s; 8, 15s
entrance n. 7, 13
entranced adj. 16s
environment (place) n. 16s
eraser n. 2
escape n. 12s
especially adv. 11s,13s
essay n.16s ; 8s
et cetera; etc. expres. , . 12
etc. abrev. . 12
ethnic adj. 14s
ethnology n. 9
euro n. 6
European adj. 14s
evaluate v. / 15s
even part. 14
even more adv. 13s
even adj. 15
evening n. () 3
evening (in the __ ) adv. 7, 8
evening meal n. 5
event n. 14s, 15, 12s,
15, 8
everyone adj.; pro. 15; 6
everything pro.; adv. pro. 6, 15 adv.
15
everything is in order expres. 4
everywhere adv. 7, 13s ; 6, 15
evidence adv. 14s
exact adj. 12
473

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

exactly adv. 12s; 7

exactly intensifying particle 9
examine v. / 16s
example n. n. 7, 15s
excavation n. 14s
excellent adj. 6
excellently adv. 5
except prep. 8, 16s
exception n. 16s
exceptional adj. 14s
excerpt n. 15s,16s
excessively adv. 13
exchange v. ()/ () 14s;
15s; () /
() 16
exclusive adj. 7s, 14
excuse (oneself) v. ()/ ()
12s
excuse me expres. , 4s, 5
exercise n. 8
exhausting adv. 12s
exhibit n. 7, 8s
exist v. / 16s;
(impf.) 14s
existence n. 16s
exit n. 13
expect v. 12s, 13s, 16
expected adj. 11
expensive adj. 7
experience n. 4s, 16
experiment n. 8
explain v. / 15
explanation n. 12s
explosion n. 8
expression n. 2, 14s
extinguish v. 16s
extremely adv. 16s
eye n. (. ) 11

F
faade n. 14s
face n. 11
fact n. (. ) 16s
fail an exam v. / 8, 12
fair adj. (invariant) 15
fair adj. 11
faithful adj. 11

fall v. / 8, 12
family n. 9
famous adj. 7, 11s; 11s
far (from) adv. () 7
farewell adv. 14s
farmer n. 2s
fascinate v. 11s
Fascism n. 9s
fashionable adj. 7, 16
fat adj. 11
father n. 2
father-in-law (husbands father) n.
11s, 15s
father-in-law (wifes father) n. 11s
father-in-law (wifes father) n. 11s
favorite adj. 4, 5
feast in honor of patron saint n. 9
February n. () 8, 9
feel v. () 12
feel bad/nauseous v. () / () 12
feeling n. 12s
fellow-villager n. 12s
fellowship award n. 8
female (child) n. () 11
female adj. 11
feminine adj. 11
festival n. 6
festive adj. e 8
few adv. 4
field n. 11s, 12
fife n. , 6s
fifteen num. 2, 3
fifth num. 7s
fifty num. 7
fig n. 14s
fight v. () 11s, 12s
fighter n. e 11s
fill in v. 12s
fill out v. / 8
filled adj 4, 5
film n. 5
filmed adj. 14s
final adj. , 11s
finale n. 15
finance v. 15s
find v. / 14s
find ones way v. () / () 11s, 13

474

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

find out v. / (a. , ) 8

fine n. 12s
fine arts n. 8
fine (ok) part. 5
finger n. (. ) 12s
finish v. / 8
fir n. 14s
fire n. (. ) 12s, 12
firefighter n. 2s
first adj. 7
first (at __ ) adv. 16s
first aid n. 12
first floor n. 13s
first of all adv. , 5, 16s
first time adv. 9
firstly adv. 16s, 5
fish n. 5, 10s
fishing adj. 16s
fitness n. 9s
five num. 2, 3
five hundred num. 9
fivesome n. , 9s
fix v. 9s
fixed (definite) adj. 16s
flag n. 16s
flame n. 16s
flat-weave carpet n. 13
flea market n. - 7
flee v. 16s
flood n. 10s
floor n. 12
floor (of building) n. 13
flow v. / 12s, 14
flower n. 5
flu n. 12
flute n. 6
fly (insect) n. 10s
fly v. 14s
foam on Turkish coffee n. 5s
fog n. 10
folk costume n. 7
folk adj. 6
folkloric adj. 15s
folkloristic 6
follow v.
following adj. 6
food n. , 5

food poisoning n. 12
fool n. (, ) 9 ; (diminutive) 9
foot n. (. ) 4, 12s
foot (on __ ) adv. , 4
football n. 9s
foothills n. 14s
for prep. 4, 16s
for the time being adv. 15s
forbidden adj. 11
forcefully adv. 12s
forehead n. 12
foreign adj. 12s, 16s
foreigner n. 4
forest n. 9, 10
forest adj. 8s
forestry adj. 8s
forestry n. 7s, 8s
forever adv. 13s; 14s
forget v. / 9
forgettable adj. 16
forgive v. 12s
fork n. 13
form (model) n. 16s; 16s
form (application) n. 2 , 15
form v. 11s
formal adj. 13s, 15s
former adj. , 14s, 16s
fortification n. 7
fortress n. , 7
fortune (luck) n. 10s
fortunate adj. 8
fortunately expres. 9
fortune n. 9, 10s
forty num. 7
forward adv. 10
found; discovered adj. 14s
founder n. 16s
four num. 2, 3
four hundred num. 9
foursome n. 9s
fourteen num. 2, 3
fourth adj. 7s, 8s
fox n. 10s
free adj. 7
freedom n. 10s
freely adv. 7
french horn n. 6s

475

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

frequently adv. 6
fresco n. 16
fresh adj. 16; (invarient) 5, 7s
Friday n. 8
fried adj. 4, 5
friend n. () 6, () 4
friend (diminutive) n. 8
friendly adj. 11
friends with (be__ ); hang out () 14s
friendship n. 4s, 8
frightened (be__ ) v. ()/
() 10
frog n. 10s
from there adv. 7
front (in __ ) adv. 10
front of (in __ ) prep. 5, 9, 16s
fruit n. 5
fruit juice n. 5
fry / 14
fulfill v. ()/ () 15s
full adj. 11, 12
fun adj. 15
fun (have __ ) v. () 8
function n. 14s
function (as) v. () 14s
funeral n. 12s
furnished adj. 13
furniture n. 13
further on adv. 16s
future adj. 6
future/modal particle part. 6

G
gajda (bagpipe) n. 6
gallery n. 7
garage n. 13s
garden n. , 13
garlic n. 5
gas n. 13s
gather v. / (. , ) 12;
/ (. , ) 12
gay (homosexual) adj. (invariant) 11
gendarmes n. 12s
generally adv. 12
geography n. 4
geranium n. 5s
geranium (wild) n. 5s

get drunk (get ___) v. () 12s

get on v. () / () 7
get ready v. ()/ () 14
get to v. / 7, 12
get up v. / 8s, 12, 15
gift n. 8
giraffe n. 10s
girl n. ; ; 11
girl (little, young __ ) n. 11
give v. / 6
give out v. / (. ,
) 13
glade n. 16s
gladiola n. 5s
glass n. 9
glasses n. 11
glistening adj. 15s
gloomy adj. 14s
glorious adj. 9s
glory n. 9
go v. / 3, 6
go down v. / (. , )
14; () / () 14s
go out; exit v. / (. ,
) 4s, 7, 8
goal n. 15
goal n. () 11s, 14s
godchild n. 11s
godfather n. , (western) 11s
godmother n. 11s
golden adj. 11
gondola n. 9s
good adj. 3; 2
good afternoon expres. 2
good evening expres. 2
good morning expres. 2
good-bye! expres. 2;
8 grab v. / 15; /
11s, 16
grade in school n. 8
gradually adv. 14s
graduate v. (from high school) 8
graduation n. 9
grandfather n. 2
granddaughter n. 11s
grandmother n. 2
grandson n. 11s

476

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

grapes n. 5s
grasp v. 12s
grasshopper n. 10s
grate v. / 14s
grave-digger n. 12s
grave n. 7, 12s
graveyard n. 16s
great-grandfather n. 12
great-grandmother n. 12
Greece n. 12s
green adj. 7
green bean n. 5s
greenery n. 7
greet v. / 9
greeting n. 4
grey adj. 7, 10
grey-haired adj. 11
grief n. 8
grind v. / 14s; 14s
groom, (pl. may refer to bride and groom)
n. 16
ground meat patty n. 5
ground, earth; country n. 2, 10
group adj. 15s
group n. 3; 16s
grow v. (impf.) 11s, 16s
grow bigger v. ()/
() 16s
grow up v. 16s, / 9
growl v. 10s
guest n. () (. ) 5
guest (be a __ ) expres. 5
guide n. 7
guitar (acoustic) n. () 6
guy n. 11

H
hail n. 10s
hair n. 11,12s
haircut n. , 11s
hairdresser n. () 2s
hairstyle n. 11s
half n. 7; 7
hall (music, sports, conference __ ) n. 8
hallway n. 13s
halt v. / 14s; /
12s, 15

ham n. 5s
hamburger n. 3
hand over v. / 15s
hand n. (. ) 4, 12s
handball n. 9s
handball player n. ()
hang on v. ()/ () 15s
hang out with v. () 14s
happen v. () / () 9s, 12
happily adv. 15, 16s
happy adj. 11; 8
happy (be __ ) v. () 12
happy (be__ about ) v. () 16s
happy birthday expres. 9
harbor n. 4s
hard-headed adj. 11
hare n. a 10s
harmful adj. 15s
harmonica n. 6s
harmony n. 16s
harp n. 6s
harpsichord n. 6s
hat n. 10, 14; ja (archaic) 16s
haughty adj. 15s
have (neg.) v. 3
have to v. 5
have; there is v. 3
have/dont have v. / 3
haven n. 4s, 16s
hay n. 16
hayrick n. () 16
haystack n. () 16
hazelnut n. 5s
he pro. 2, 4
head n. 12
headache n. 12s
heal v. / (. ,
) 12; / 12
healing adj. 12s
health n. 10s, 15s
healthy adj. 4, 12
hear v. 4
heart n. 4s, 9s, 12
heart attack n. 12
heat n. 10s
heavy adj. () 7
heed v. 10s

477

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

height n. 16s; 14s

Hellenic adj. 14s
hello (when answering telephone) expres.
7
hello! inter. 2
help v. / () 8
help n. () 11s, 16
her adj. 7
her (direct object) pro. 5
her (indirect object clitic) pro. 3
her (indirect object long) pro. 6
her (direct object clitic) pro. 4, 5
here adv. 3; 2
here [he/she/it] is! part. (, )! 4, 5; 5
hero n. 7
hi! inter. 2
high heels n. 11s
high school n. ; 8
high school teacher n. () 2
high-point n. 14s
hiking n. 9
hill n. 12s, 16
him (direct object long) pro. 5
him (indirect object long) pro. 6
him (direct object clitic) pro. 4, 5
him (indirect clitic) pro. 3
hippopotamus n. 10s
hire v. / 10
his adj. 7
historian n. 4
history n. 4
hit [popular song] n. 8s
hmm interj. 13s
hobby n. 4s
hockey (ice hockey; field hockey) n.
( , ) 15
hodja n. 16s
hold v. p 12s
hold out v. 16s
hole n. 12s
holiday n. 6
holiday adj. e 8
home n. 4
home (at __ ) adv. 4
home work assignment n. 16s
homemade adj. 5
homeward adv. 4

homework n. 8
homosexual n. (invar. ) 11;
(m), (f) 11
honest adj. 11
honey n. 5
hope n. ( __ ) () 12s
hope v. () 8, 10, 16
hornbeam (type of tree) n. 14s
horror (film) n. 7
horse n. 11
hospital n. 8s, 12
host n. 14s
hostle adj. 15s
hot adj. () 10
hot plate n. 13
hotel n. 3
hour n. 6; 4s, 7, 8
house n. 3
house pet n. 4
housing n. 14
how adv. 2, 15
however conj. 6; 16s;
12, 16s
huge adj. 12s, 16s
human adj. 16
humane adj. 11s
humanities n. 8
humanity n. () 11s
humbly adv. 15s
hundred num. 7, 9
hung adj. 16s
hunger n. 12s
hungry adj. 3
hurricane n. 10s
hurry v. 16s
hurt v. / 12
husband n. (. ) 3
hyacinth n. 5s
hygiene n 16s

I
I (subject pronoun) pro. 2
i.e.; that is expres. 13s
ice cream n. 5
iconostasis n. 7
idea n. 5
identity n. 12s, 15s

478

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

idol n. 11s
if conj. 6s, 8
ignite v. /a 12s, 14s
Ilinden, St. Elijahs Day n 9s
ill (fall __ ) v. ()/
() 12
illusion n. 14s
Illyrian movement n.
15s
imagine v. / 13s
immediate adj. 14s
immediately adv. 7
immemorial (from time __ ) 14s;
( ___ ) 16s
impel v. / 15s
impish adj. 13s
important adj. 9, 11s
importantly adv. 16s
impression n. 13s, 16s
imprison v. 12s
imprisoned adj. 12; 15s
in prep. ; 2; 2, 3, 4
in-laws (become __ ) n. 15s
incident n. 11s, 12
increase v. 11s, 16s
indeed (confirmation) adv. 4
indeed adv. 5, 15
independence n. () 9s
independent adj. 11s
individual n. () 15s
individual adj. 15s
industrial adj. 14s
industrious adj. 11; 11
ineffectiveness n. () 13s
inexpensive adj. 7
inform v. 12s; /
15s
information n. 14s
information technologies n.
8s
inhabit v. / () 14s
inhabitant n. 14s
injection n. 12
inn n. 16s
inside adv. 10
inspiration n. 11s
inspire v. / 15s

instant n. 16s
instead of prep. 16s
instead adv. 15s
instinctively adv. 14s
instrument n. 6
instrumentalist n. 6
insufficiency n. 14s
insulted adj. 16s
intelligent adj. 11
intentionally adv. 15s
interest n. 11
interested (be __ in) v. ()
() 16
interesting adj. 3, 4
interior n. () 16s
intermediator n. 12s
internal adj. 11s
international adj. ,
14s
internet n. 4s; 6
interrogative particle part. ; 2
intersection n. 7
intervention n. 14s
intoxicating adj. () 16s
introduce v. / 8s
invitation n. 8
invite v. / 8
iris n. 5s
irreproachable adj. 15s
is v. 2
Islamic adj. 16s
it (fem. sg. inanimate nouns) pro. 2
it (masc. sg. inanimate nouns) pro. 2, 4
it (neuter sg.) pro 2

J
jacket n. 7
January n. 9
jar n. 14s
jazz n. 6
jelly-fish n. a 10s
jewelry n. 6
Jewish adj. 16s
join v. / 14s;
()/ () 16s
joint adj. 12s
jointly adv. 11s

479

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

joker n. (. ) 15s
journalist n. 2s
journey n. 11
joy n. () 16s
judge n. (); () 2
judge (evaluate) v. / 15s
judicial adj. 15s
juice n. 3
July n. 9
jump n. 10s
jump v. / 12s, 13s
June n. (m) 9
juniper n. 14s
jury n. () 15s
just about adv. 11
just so intensifying particle 9, 12

lamb adj. 5s
lamp n. 13
landlady n. 13
landlord n. 13
language n. 3, 7
larch n. 14s
large adj. 3
last adj. 16
last v. 7s, 8s
late adv. 7
late (be__ ) v. //
11, 16s
lately adv. 7s
later adv. 15s
Latin adj. 14s
laugh v. () / () 12s
laughing adj. 11
K
law n. o 8, 14s
kangeroo n. 10s
law adj. 8
kashkaval (hard, yellow cheese) n. lawyer n. , 2
layer n. j (. ) 14s
5s
lazy adj. 11
kaval (folk wind instrument) n. 6
lead v. 12
kayak n. 9
lead away v. / 12
kerchief n. 10, 11s
leader n. 11s
kidney n. 12s
leaf n. 14,16s
kill v. / 14s
learn about v. / (a. ,
kilo, kilogram n. , 7
) 8
kind (every kind) adj. 6, 15
lease v. / 10
kind adj. 15s
least adv. 7
kindness n. () 11s
least (at __ ) adv. 11
kiosk n. 12s
leave v. () v. 3, 4; (. ,
kiss n. 15s
; ) 12
kiss v. / 15s
leave behind v. 15
kitchen n. 13
leave (abandon) v. /
kiwi n. 5s
14s
knee n. 12
knife n. (. ) 12
leave undone v. 16s
knock v. / 16s
leave (vacate) v. / 14s
know v. ( ) 3
lecture n. 8
known adj. 7, 11s
led adj. 14s
left adj. 7; 7
L
left behind adj. 15s
labor n. 9s
leg n. (. ) 4, 12s
lack n. 14s
legality n. () 16s
ladybug n. 10s
legendary adj. 11s
lake n. 4s, 7
lemon n. 5
lamb n. 5s
lemonade n. 5s
480

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

length n. 16s
Lenten adj. 8s
leopard n. 10s
let part. 10; / 9s, 10
letter n. 4
lettuce n. 5s
level n. 13s
liberation n. 11s
librarian n. () 2s
library n. 8
lick v. () / () 12s, 13s
lie v. 10
lie down v. / 10s, 12
life n. 7, 12s
lift up v. / 12s, 13s
light adj. 11
light (e.g a fire, a cigarette) v. /a
12s, 14s
light n. 11s
lightening n. 10
like v () / () () 9;
4
likewise adv. 8, 11
lilac n. 5s
lily n. 5s
linden n. 14s
line; string n. 16s
linen adj. 11s
linen n. 11s
lion n. 9
lip n. 12
liqueur n. 5s
list n. 14
listen v. /, 6
listen to v. 4
literature n. 8
little adv. 4
live v. 3
liver n. 12, 5s
living room n. 15s,
13
lizard n. 10s
local adj. 10s, 11s
located adj. 16s; 14s
located (be__ ) v. () / () 7
location n. 14s
locksmith n. 2s

lodging (overnight __ ) n. 9s
long adj. 7
longing n. (dialect form cf. ) 15s
look at v. / 3, 6
look for v. / 4, 12, 13s
look like v. 11
look through v. / 16s
lord n. 12s
lose v. / 15
lose, get lost v. / 8s, 11
lost adj. 10s
lost (get __ ) v. () 16s
loud adj. 6
loudly adv. 12s
love n. () 12s, 14s
love v. 4
loveseat 13
low adj. () 3
loyal adj. 11
luck n. 9, 10s
luckily adv. 10s
lucky adj. 8
lunch n. 5
lunch (eat __ ) v. 5
lung n. 12s

M
Macedonian adj. 3
Macedonian n. (m) 2;
(f) 2
made adj. 14s
magazine n. 4s, 5
magnificent adj. 9s;
5, 16
main adj. 7
maintain v. / 12s, 16
make v. / 3, 6, 12
make up v. / 12s
makeup n. 14
male (boy child) n. () 11
male adj. 11
mall n. 6
man n. (. ) 3
mandarin n. 5s
mandatory adj. 15s
mandolin n. 6s
manner (in that __ ) adv. 10

481

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

manner (in this __ ) adv. 10

many adv. 4
many (how ___ ?) 3, 10, 15;
10
map n. 9s, 14
maple tree n. 14s, 16s
marathon n. 16s
marathon athlete n. (m);
(f) 16s
marble adj. 14s
March n. 9
mark n. 12s
market n. 6
market place n. 7
marriage n. 15s
married (said of a man) adj. 9
married (said of a woman) adj. () 9
married couple n. 13
married pair n. 13
marry (said of a man) v. ()/
() ( ) 9
marry (said of a woman) v. () /
() ( ) 9
marsh n. 10s
masculine adj. 11
mask n. 14s
material n. 15s
material adj. 14s
mathematics n. 4
maxim n. 11s
maximal adj. 10s
maximum n. 14s
May n. 9
may v. 4, 5
maybe 11
me (direct object long form) pro. 5, 6
me (direct object clitic) pro. 5
me (indirect object clitic) pro. 2, 3
meadow n. 16s; 16s
mean, signify v. 7, 11
meaning n. 14s
meat n. 5
meat (grilled) n. 5
meatball n. 5s
mechanical engineering dept.
8s
medicinal adj. 12s

medicine n. 12
medicine adj. 8
medieval adj. 16s
Mediterranean adj. 14s
medium adj. 4, 10s, 14s
medlar n. 14s
meet v. () / () 8
meeting n. 12; 15s, 16s
melon n. 5s
member n. 14s, 15
memorial n. 15s
memorial house museum n. - 7
memory n. 13s, 16, 16s
message n. 4
metallurgical adj. 8s
meter n. 7
metropolitan (bishop) n. 15s
mezzo (voice) n. - 6s
microwave (oven) n. ()
13, 14
mid-year exam n. 8
middle n. 10s, 13s
middle adj. 4, 10s, 14s
midnight adv. 8
military academy n. 14s
military adj. 12s
milk n. 5
milk (e.g. a cow) v. 16s
milleau n. 10s, 13s
million num. 9
minarette n. 16s
mineral water n. ,
5
minimal adj. 10s
minimarket n. 5
minimum n. 14s
minute n. 16s
miracle n. 13s
mirror n. 13
mischievous adj. 13s
misfortune n. 10
Miss n. 9
miss v. / 10s, 11
mission n. 11s
missionary n. () 14s
mitten n. 10
mixed adj. 15s; a 4
482

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

model; form n. 16s

moderate adj. 10s
modern adj. 7, 16
modernization n. 16s
mole (mammal) n. 10s
Molika (Balkan pine) n. 14
Mom n. 4; ! (vocative) 9
moment (at the __ ) adv. 13
monastery n. 14s
Monday n. 8
money n. (.) 6
monkey n. 10s
monthly adv. 13
monument n. 14s
moose n. 10s
more and more adv. 6
more often adv. 6
more, -er (forms comparative) prefix - 7
more; greater adv. ( ) 6
morning (in the __ ) adv. 7, 8
morning adj. 10s
morning n. 3
morning (in the __ ) adv. 8
mosaic n. 14s
Moscow n. 15s
mosque n. 7
most adv. 7
most, -est (superlative) prefix - 7
mosquito n. 10s
mother n. 2
mother-in-law (husbands mother) n.
11s, 15s
mother-in-law (wifes mother) n. 11s;
11s
mother-in-law (sons/daughters __ ) n.
15s
motif n. 15
motorcycle n. 11
mountain n. 7
mountain climbing n. 9
mountaineering n. 9
mouse n. 10s; 10s
moussaka n. 14s
moustache n. 11
mouth n. 12
move about v. / 10s, 15;
/ 10s

move (relocate) v. / 12s

move (go; travel) v. () 10s
move in v. () / () 16s
move (change residence) v. () /
() 8
movement n. 13s
movie n. 5; (live action) 7
movie theatre n. 2
mowed adj. 16s
Mr. n. 9
Mrs. n. 9
much adv. 4
much (how ___ ) adv. 3, 10, 15
much (so ___ ) adv. 10
much too wide adv. 12s
muezzin n. 16s
mulberry n. 5s
multi-coloured adj. ()
16s
museum n. 3
mushroom n. 5
music n. 6
music arts n. 8
music, musical adj. 6
musical adj. 6; 16s
musician n. 2; 6
muslem adj. 16s
must v. 5
mutual adj. 16s
my adj. 7

N
naked, bare adj. 15s, 16
name n. 2
name (last __ ; family __ ) n. 2
name-day n. 9
named (be __ ) v. () 2
narrate an event v. / 10s
narrow adj. 7, 10s
nation; people n. 11s
national adj. adj. 6;
12s, 14
national team n. 15
national adj. adj. 15; 6
nationality n. () 2
native adj. 9
native land n. 9

483

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

natural adj. 16s

nature n. 16s
naughty adj. adj. 13s; adj.
13s
nauseous (feel ___ ) v. () /
() 12
near adj. () 15s
near, by prep. () 16s; 16s
nearby adv. 4
nearly adv. 9; 11 nearly
(just about)
neck n. 12
necklace n. 11s
necktie n. 11, 11, 14
need to v. 7
negative adj. 16s
neighbor n. , 9
neighborhood n. 7; 12s
niece n. 11s /
neither conj. 16s
neither...nor conj. ... 5
nephew n. 11s /
nettle n. 5s
neuter (gender) adj. () 4, 10s, 14s
never adv. 5, 10, 15
new adj. 3
newborn n. 4s, 9
news n. 7
newspaper n. 3
next adj. 6; 6
next to prep. 7, 16s
nice adj. 11, 13s
night n. () 2
night (last __ ) adv. 10, 11
night life n. 7s
nine num. 3
nineteen num. 3
ninety num. 7
ninth adj. 7s
nip (bite) v. 16s
no amount adv. 15
no one pro. 5, 15
no size adj. 15
no sort of adj. 15; 15
no way adv. 15
no-goodnik n. 13s
no; marker of negation part. 2

noisy adj. 6
nonetheless conj. 12, 16s
noon (at __ ) adv. 8
noon (before __ ) adv. 8
normal adj. 5; 8, 16
north n. ( ) 9
northern adj. 14
nostalgia ) n. 16
nostalgic adj. 16
not even conj. 16s
note n. 14s
notebook n. 2
nothing pro. 3, 15
notice v. / (a.
, ) 9, 10
noun n.
Nova Scotia n. 8
novel n. 4
November n. 9
now adv. 3
nowhere adv. 15
nucleus; core n. 16s
number n. (. ) 3
nurse n. 2s
nylon n. 11s
nylon adj. 11s

O
oak n. 14s
object; building n. 16s
oboe n. 6
obtain v. () / () 16s
occasion n. 15
occasionally adv. 16
occupation n. 4s
occupied adj. 8
occupy oneself with v. () 11s
occur v. ()/ () 9s, 10s, 12
ocean n. 9
October n. (m) 9
octopus n. 10s
odd adj. 8, 13s
odour n. 16s
of prep. 2, 3, 4; 2, 3, 4, 12, 16s
of course! expres. 5; 5,
13s
offended adj. 16s

484

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

office worker n. , 2
often adv. 4, 10
oh my! interj. , ! 13s
oh! interj. a 15, 16
oh! oh! interj. 7s, 9
oil n. 14s
ok expres. 5; 4s
old adj. 3
old age n. () 12s
old man n. 12s
olive n. 14s
omit v. / 10s, 11
on prep. 15s
on to prep. 2, 3, 4
once adv. 8, 12s
one adj. , , 2
one next to another adv. 16s
one-room adj. 13
oneself adj. 10, 13s, 14s
oneself (direct and indirect long) pro.
() 6
oneself (direct object clitic) pro. 6
oneself (indirect object clitic) pro. 6
onion n. 5
only adv. 4
open adj. 12
open v. / 12
opera n. 6
operation n. 12
opinion n. 13; 16s
opponent n. 15
opportunity n. 15
opposing adj. 15s
opposite adj. 7
opposite prep. , 5;
16s
opposition 15s
or (in other words) adv. 14s, 16
oral adj. (, ) 8
orange adj. (invariant),
11
orange n. 5s
order (command) n. 13s
order n. 15s
order (in __ to) conj. 7, 12
order (put in __ ) conj. 15s; 14;
() 12s

order (i.e., in a restaurant) v. /

9
order; row n. 10
ordinarily adv. 4, 13, 15
organ (electric) n. 6s
organ (pipe) n. 6s
organization n. 11s, 14s
organize v. () 14, /
13
oriented adj. 15s
original adj. 16s
other adj. 5
otherwise adv. 13s
otter n. 10s
Ottoman adj. 11s, o 14s
Ottoman empire n. 14s
ouch! interj. , ! 13s
ought to v. 7
our adj. 7
out of prep 2, 16s
outdoors adv. 7s
outing n. 9s, 15, 16
outlook n. 13s, 16
outside adv. 7s
outside (of) adv. ( ) 4, 16
oven n. 13
overcast adj. 10
overcoat n. 10, 11, 14
owing to conj. 14s
own (ones __ ) adj. 7

P
pack v. () 14
packing n. 14
pain n. 12
paint v. / 16s
painter n. 2s, 15
painting n. ; 14s
pair n. , , 10s 14
pale adj. 15s
pan n. 16s
Panslavism n. 15s
pansy n. 5s
pants n. 7
paragraph n. 15s
parent n. 4
park n. 3

485

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

parsley n. 14s
part n. 7
part (take __ ) v. 6, 13s
partially adv. 14s
participant n. ( ) 6
participate v. 6, 13s
party n. 15
pass along v. / 7
pass by v. () / () 7, 12s
pass through v. / 7, e 14s
passport n. n. 14, 15
past adj. adj. 8, 10
past ( the ___ ) n. 15s
pastime n. n. 4s, 6
pastry shop n. 16s
path n. (. ) 14; 9s
patriarchate n. 15s
pay v. / 7
pay attention (to) v. () 10s
peace (make ___) v. / 12s
peaceful adj. 12s, 13s
peaceful adv. 8
peach n. 5s
peanut n. 5s, 9
people (a ___; nation) n. 11s
pear n. 5s, 7
pearl n. 16
peas n. 5s
pedagogy adj. 8s
peel v. / 14s
pen n. 2
pencil n. 2
penetrate / 16s
pensioner n. 16s
people n. 3
people (nation) n. 11s
pepper n. 5
pepper (black) n. () 5
Pepsi (brand of cola) n. 16s
perform v. / 11s, 15s
performance n. 14s, 15,
12, 15, 8
period (punctuation mark) n. 13s
period (of time) n. 12s, 14s
perish v. / 11s
permit v. / 15; /
9s

persist v. 7s, 8s
person n. () 15s
person, (people) n. (. ) 3
personal pronoun n. 2
personality n. () 15s
perspective n. 12s
pharmacy n. 8
pharmacy adj. 8
philharmonic 6
philological adj. 8
philosophical adj. 8s
philosophy n. 8
phone v. 4, 5
photo n. 3, 14s; 12s
photograph v. / () 12s;
15s
photographer n. 2s, 15
photographing n. 14s
phyllo pastry n. n. 14s
physical education n. ,
8, 12s
physics n. 7s, 8
piano n. , 6
piccolo n. 6s
pickled foods n. 4
picture n. 3, 14s; 12
piece n. 4s
pig tail n. 11s
pill n. , 4s, 9s, 12
pindjur n.(type of pepper relish) 14s
pine n. 14
pine (Balkan ___tree, Molika) n. 14
pineapple n. 5s
ping-pong n. - 9s
pink adj. 11
pita (pastry similar to burek) n. 5
pity n. 8, 15
pity v. 16s
pizza n. 3
plane tree n. 14s
place (area) n. 16s
place (in ___ of) prep. 12s, 16s
place n. 6, 14s
place of residence n. 2
place v. / v. 13; /
13
placed adj. 14s

486

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

plain n. 14
plan n. 7
planning n. 16s
plaster cast n. 12
plate n. 12
play an instrument v. / () 6
play v. / 4s, 6
playing-field n. 9s
pleasant adj. 4, 11
please expres. 2
please (go ahead) expres. ,
4s, 5
pleased adj. 15
pleasing (be __ to someone) v. () /
() () 9
plum n. 5s
plumber n. 2s
plump adj. 11
pocket n. 10
poem n. 6
poet n. 15
poetic adj. 15s
poetry n. 15
poetry reading n. 15
poison n. 12
poison v. / (. , ) 12
poisonous adj. 12s
poisoning n. 12
polar bear n. 10s
police n. 11s
police officer n. 2s
polite adj. 8
political science n. 8
politician n. 2s
politics n. 8, 11s
polluted adj. 13s
pollution n. 13s
pomegranate n. 5s
pond adj. 10s
pond n. 10s
poor adj. 15s; 11, 12s
poor, unfortunate [person] n. 13s
pop music n. 6
pop-singer n. - 11s
poplar n. 14s
poppy n. n. 5s; (wild poppy) 5s
popular adj. 11s

popularity n. () 11s
population n. 4s
pork n. 5s
pork chop n. 5s
portion n. 9
positive 16s
possibility n. () 9, 13
possibly adv. 11
post office n. () 6
post-graduate study n.
8
postcard n. 9s
poster n. , a, 7
pot, saucepan n. 13
potato n. 5
pottery maker n. 15s
pour v. / 14s, / 13s
14s; / 12s, 14
power n. () 11s, 12s, 15s
powerless adj. 16s
practically v. 9
practice, training n. 8s
preceding adj. 15s
precious adj. 16s
precipitation n. 10s
precise adj. 12
precisely adv. 16s
prefabricated adj. 16s
preliminary adj. 15s
preparation n. 15s
prepare v. ()/ () 14;
() / () 12, 14
prepared adj. 15s
preposition n. 2
prescription n. 12
present (at __ ) adv. 7s, 15s
present (gift) n. 8
present (someone to someone) v.
8s
present (time) n. () 16s
present (hand to) v. / 15
presentation n. 8
preservation n. 16s
preserve v. ()/ () 14s, 16s
preserved adj. 14s
preserves (sweet) 16s
preserves, pickled foods 4

487

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

press (printing; appear in print) n.

( ) 15s
pretend v. ()/
() 15s
pretty adj. 3
prevail upon v. / 16s
price n. 9s
pride n. () 16s
priest n. 12s
prince n. 13s
printing n. 15s
printing firm n. 15s
prior to adv. 9
prison adj. 15s
probably adv. 11, 15s
problem n. 5
problem (no __ ) expres. 5
procedure n. 15s
process n. 15s
product n. 16
profession n. 4s; 2
professor n. () 2
program n. 7
program (t.v., radio __ ) n. 7
project n. 16s
promote v. () 14s
prompt v. / 15s
pronoun n. 3
pronounce v. / 15s
proof n. 14s
prose n. 16s
prosperity n. 14s
provincial adj. 16s
proximity n. 7, 14s
prudent adj. 11
psychologically adv. 12s
public adj. 14s
publish v. / (. ,
) 13; 15s
published n. 16s
pullover n. 11s
puma n. 10s
pumpkin n. 5s
push v. () / () 10s
put v. / 13
put in rows v. 14s
pyjamas n. , 11s, 14

Q
quality n. 15s
quarrel v. () / () 8
quarrelled adj. 12s
quay n. (. ) 7
question n. 4s, 11
questionnaire n. 4s
quick adj. 11
quickly adv. 10s, 4 ; 15s
quiet adj. 13s
quiet (be__ ) v. / 11s, /
9
quince n. 5s

R
rabbi n. 16s
radio n. 2
rag n. 14
railroad n. 14
rain n. 10
rain v. / 10
raincoat n. 10
rainfall n. 10s
raise v. / 14s
ranking list n. - 16s
rarely adv. 13
raspberry n. 5s
razor n. 14
reach ( ___ destination) v. /
7, 12
read v. / 3, 6
ready (get __ ) v. () / ()
12, 14
real adj. 9s, 15
really (express confirmation) adv. 4
reason n. 16s
rebirth n. 15s
recall v. () / () 9, 14
receive v. / (. , ) 8,
12s; / 8
receive, welcome v. 15s
received adj. 16s
recognition n. 4s
recollection n. 13s, 16, 16s
reconstruction n. 14s
record (e.g. world record) n. 16s
record v. / () 12s
488

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

recorded adj. 14s

recorder n. 6s
recover v. / (. ,
) 9
recreation n. 9s
recreational adj. 9s
red adj. 4, 5
reflect v. () / () 6s, 15s
reformer n. 14s
refrain n. 14s
refrigerator n. 5, 13
refuse v. / 12
regard (in __ to) v. () / ()
12s, 16s
region n. n. 7; (. ) 15s
regional adj. 11s
register v. () / () 8
registrar n. 15s
registration n. 15s
registry office n. 15s
regularity n. () 16s
regularly adv. 8s
reign n. 14s
reindeer n. 10s
rejoice v. () 12
relate to v. () / () 12s,
16s
relative n. (, ) 3
relax v. ()/ () 4s, 6, 12;
() 9s
religion n. 8, 11s
religious adj. 16s
remain v. / 8s, 9
remains n. 12s
remember v. , 16s;
() / () 9, 14
remembered adj. 12s
remind v. / 16s
reminiscence n. 13s, 16
remnant n. 16s
Renaissance n. 15s
renewal n. 16s
renowned adj. 7, 11s; 11s
rent v. / (. , ) 13
rent (for __ ) n. 8, 13; 13
rent v. / 10
rental apartment n. 8s

reporter n. 4s
represent v. / 8s, 12s,
16s
republic n. 7
research n. 8s
reside v. 14
resistence n. 15s
resort n. 12s
respect n. () 16s
respect v. 11s
responsible adj. 16s
rest n. ( ) 9
rest v. ()/ () 4s, 6, 12
restaurant n. 3
restoration n. 16s; ,
14s
restored adj. 14s
result n. 15
return n. 15
return v. () / () 7
review n. 15
revolutionary adj. 11s
rhinoceros n. 10s
rib n. 16s
ribbon n. , 15, 15s
right adj. 7
right adv. 7
ring (i.e. jewelry) n. 11s
ring (start to __ ) v. / 9
ring v. / 16s
rise up v. () / () 13s
risk v. 15
river n. 7
road n. (. ) 14
roar v. / 12s
roast / (a. , ) 14
roasted adj. 5
rock, sway v. () / () 12s
rock group n. 11
rock music n. o 6
Rom (Gypsy) n. () (. ) 7
Rom adj. 7
Roman adj. 14s
Romania n. 14s, 15
Romanian n. (m) n. 15;
(f) 15
romantic adj. 16s

489

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

roof n. 16s
room n. 3, 12
roommate n. () 8
rooster n. 16s
root n. 15s
rose n. , 5, 14s
rotation; shift n. 12s
row n. 10
rowboat n. 9
rowing n. 9
rubber n. 2
ruin v. / 14s
ruins n. 16s
rule, law v. 10s
rumple up v. / 12s
run away v. ()/() 10s;
/ v. 9
run in all directions v. () /
() 15s
run up to v. / 10s
running v. 12s; 9s, 15
running shoe n. () 15s
Russia n. 14s
Russian adj. 15s

S
sad adj. 14s
sad (feel ___) v. 16s
sadness n. 8
sailing n. ( ) 9
saints life (written text) n. 4s
St. Elijahs Day n. 9s
sake (for the __ of) prep. 8
salad n. 5
salamander n. 10s
salami n. 5s
salesclerk n. () 2s, 3
salt n. () 5
same adj. 7
sample n. 15s
sanctuary n. 4s, 16s
sandals n. 11s
sandwich n. 3
sarma (stuffed leaves, e.g. grape) n. 8
sated adj. 15s
satellite n. 16s
Saturday n. 8

sausage n. 5s
sausage (grilled meat) n. 5s;
(dim.) 5
saxophone n. 6
say v. / 5, 6
saying (proverb) n. 11s
scar n. 12s
scarf n. 10, 11s; 10, 11s
scatter; run away v. ()/
() 10s
scent n. 16s
schnitzel n. 5
scholar n. 15s
school n. 4, 14s
school (primary __ ) n. 8
school break n. 8
scientific adj. 14s
score n. 15
scoundral n. 13s
screech n. 16
screen (movie __ ) n. 16s
sculpture n. 14s
sea n. 9
sea level (above __ ) adj. 14s
sea lion n. 10s
seagull n. 10s
seal (mammal) n. 10s
seamstress n. () 2s
season n. , 10, 16s
season, spice n. 14s
seat n. 4s
second (ordinal numeral) adj. 7
second (time) n. 16s
secret n. 11s
secular adj. 14s
secure, obtain v. () /
() 16s
see v. / 3, 6
seed n. 14s
seek v. / 4, 12, 13s
seem v. 11
seems (it __ to me) v. () (
) 16s
seize v. / 15, / 11s, 16
select v. / (. , ) 9,
13; / (. , ) 16s
selected adj. , 14s, 15s
490

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

send; send off (on a trip) v. /

6, 14
sentence n. 10s
separation n. 12s
September n. 9
sequence n. 15s
Serb n. () (. ) 7
Serbia n. 12s
Serbian adj. 7
series n. 7s
serious adj. 12s
sermon n. () 16s
serum n. 12
serve v. / 15s
set date; appointment 15s
set off v. / 14
setting of the sun v. / 11s
settle (inhabit) v. / () 14s
settlement n. 14s, 16s
settling n. 14s, 16s
seven num. 3
seven-year old adj. 12
seventeen num. 3
seventh adj. 7s
seventy num. 7
several adj. 2; adv. 4, 15
sewage system n. 16s
shake v. () 16s
shampoo n. 14
shape n. 16s
shark n. 10s
shawl n. 10, 11s
she pro. 2
sheep n. 16
shelf n. 13
shift; rotation n. 12s
ship n. 9, 14
shirt n. 7
shock n. 11s
shoe n. 7
shoes (put on __ ) v. / 15s
shopping center n. 6
shore n. n. 9
short adj. , 10,11;
() 3
short story n. 10
shortage n. 14s

shot, injection n. 12
should v. 7
shoulder n. (. ) 12s
shouting n. 13s
shove v. ()/ () 10s
shovel n. 12s
shovel v. 12s
show n. 14s, 15, 12,
15, 8, 15
show v. / 6
show (e.g. a movie) v. () 8
show respect v. 13s
shower n. 13
shrewd n. 11
shrill sound n. 16
sick adj. 12
sick (get __ ) v. ()/
() 12
sickness n. () 12s
side n. 7
side (from the __ ) adv. 16s
sideburns n. 11s
sight-seeing tour n. 9
sign n.
sign (write ones name) v. /
10s
significant adj. () 16s
signify v. 7, 11
silent (be __ ; fall__ ) v. / 11s,
/ 9
silk n. 11s
silk adj. 11s
silver adj. 11
similar adj. 6, 14s
simmer v. 14s
since conj. 7; 12
sincere adj. e 13s
sincerely adv. 4
sing through v. / 11s, 16s
sing/begin to sing v. / 6
singer n. () 5
single room n. 9s
single, alone adj. 10, 13s
sink n. 13
sister n. n. 2 ; (dimunitive) 12s
sister-in-law (wifes brothers wife) n.
11s

491

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

sister-in-law (wifes sister) n. (east);

(north); (west) 11s
sister-in-law (husbands brothers wife) n.
11s
sister-in-law; (husbands sister) n. 11s
sit/sit for awhile v. / 3, 6
sit down v. / 6, 12
situation n. 11s
six num. 3
sixteen num. 3
sixth adj. 7s
sixty num. 7
size n. 14s
size (a certain) 15
size (what __ ) adj. 15
skin n. 12
skirt n. 11, 14
skunk n. 10s
sky n. 10
Slavic adj. 15s
Slavonic adj. 15s
Slavist n. 15s
sleep v. / (. , ) 9
slippers n. 11s
slow adj. 11
slowly adv. 7
slurp v. / 12s
sly adj. 11
small adj. 3; 10s, 16s
smell (give off odour) v. 16s
smile v. () / ()12s
smiling adj. 11
smoke v. / 11
snail n. 11s
snake n. 12
sneaker n. () 15s
snort n. 10s
snow n. 10
snow v. / () 10
snowstorm n. 10s
so (hesitation word) part. 4s, 7, 9
so many adv. 10; 10
so adv. 6, 9
soak (get __ ) v. (impf.) 13s
soap n. 13
soapsuds n. 13s
soccer n. 9s

soccer player n. 15
socialist adj. 16s
sociology n. 8
sock n. 11s, 14
sofa n. 13; 13
soldier n. e 11s; 12s
some adj. 2
some other time adv. 10s
some sort of adj. 15; 4, 15
some, several adj. 3
somehow adv. 10, 15
someone pro. 15
somersault n. () /
() 13s
something pro. 3
sometime adv. 15
sometimes, occasionally adv.
4, 15
somewhere adv. 7, 15
son n. 4
son-in-law n. 11s
son-in-law (residing with wifes family) n.
11s
song n. 6
soon adv. 15s; 9 9
soprano (voice) n. 6s
sore throat n. 12
sorrow n.; Im sorry n. 8; 15
soul-breaking adj. 14s
soul; my dear n. 9, 14s
sound n. 13s, 16s
soup n. 5; 5
sour adj. 5
sour cherry n. 5s
source n. 14s
sousaphone n. 6s
south (in the south) n. ( ) 9
southern adj. 14
Soviet adj. 16s
spaghetti n. 5
special adj. 8, 13s; 5
specialty n. 4
specific adj. 16s; 15s
speed n. 14s
spend money v. / 11
spice n. 14s
spicy adj. 4, 5

492

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

spider n. 10s, 12s

spinach n. 5
spirit n. 16s
spit v. 12s
splash v. () 16s
splendid adj. 5, 16
spoil v. () / () 9s, 11
spoiled (overindulged) adj. 13s
spoiled (e.g. food) adj. 12s
sponge n. 13s
spoon n. 12
sporadically adv. 16
sport n. 15
sport adj. 6, 8s
sport coat n. 11s, 14
sportsman n. 16s
spouse n. , 11s, 15s
sprained adj. 12s
spray, splash v. () 16s
spring n. () () 10
sprout up v. / 16s
spruce n. 14s
spy n. 15s
square n. 9s, 16s
square meters n. 13s
squash n. 5s
squeal v. v. 16s; /,
12s
squeeze into v. ()/ () 10s
squid n. 5s
squirrel n. 10s
St. Basils Day (Jan. 14; New Years) n.
8s
stables n. 16s
stair n. 13, 14
stand v. 3
stand up v. / 8s, 12, 15;
/ 12s, 15
starfish n. s 10s
started adj. 14s
state n. 11s
state adj. 15
stay (remain) v. 7s, 9, 12s
stay (reside for period of time) v.
14
stay; sojourn n. 15
steam heat n. 13

stem n. 14s
step n. 16s
step-father n. 11s
step-mother n. 11s
stew n. 5
stick n. 16s
still adv. 8; 9, 12s, 13s
stir v. / 13s
stomach n. 12
stone n. (. ) 7
stone adj. 7
stop v. / 14s; /
15
stop; cease v. / 10, 12s
store n. 3, 3
story n. 11s, 10
stove n. n.13, 13
straight (correct) adj. 7, 11
straight (directly) adv. 7, 12
strange adj. 8, 13s
strawberry n. 5s
street n. 16s; 3; 7
stretch out v. () /
() 16
strike; ring v. / 16s
strike; hit v. / 12s
striking; beating n. 16s
string n. 16s
stroke v. 16s
stroll n. 12s
stroll; go for walk v. / 7
strong adj. adj. 12; 3
strongly adv. 12s
Struga adj. 15
struggle v. () 11s
strung adj. 16s
stubborn adj. 11; 13s
student n. () 2
student (primary, secondary) n. ,
2
study n. 16s
study v. 3
study, studies n. ; 8
study/learn v. / 6, 8
studying n. 8
stuff n. 13
stuffed, filled adj 5
493

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

stupid 9
style n. 6, 7s, 8s
subject n. 8
submit (hand over) v. / 8;
/ 15s
subsequently adv. 6, 14s, 16s
subway n. 7
success n. (. ) 11s
successful adj. 16s
such a type adv. 10
such, that kind of adj. 8, 10
such, what kind adj. 4, 15
suddenly adv. 12s
suffer v. 13s
sufficient adv. 12, 7s
sugar n. 5
suggest v. / 11
suit n. 11s
suitcase n. 14
sultan n. 14s
summer adj. 8
summer n. 4
summer (this ___) adv. 9
summer vacation n. 10
summit n. 14
sun n. 4s, 10
sunbathe v. () / () 9
sunbathing n. 9
Sunday adj. 16s
Sunday n. 6, 8
sunflower n. o 5s, 16
sunglasses n. 14
sunny adj. 10s
super; excellent adj. (invariant) 6, 8
supermarket n. 7s
supper n. 5
sure adj. 6
surely adv. 5, 13s
surface; area n. 16s
surprised adj. 13s
surprised (be__ ) v. () 9s
survey v. / 16
survival n. 16s
survivor adj. 16s
suspiciously adv. 15s
sway v. () / () 12s
swear, take an oath v. / 12s

sweater n. 7, 14
sweatshirt , 11s
sweatpants n. 11s
sweet adj. 5; () 3
swell up v. () 16s
swim v. () / () 9; 9, 15
swim across v. / 16s
swimmer n. 16s
swimming n. 9, 11, 15
swimming across n. 16s
swimming trunks n. 14
swimming n. 9
sycamore n. 14s
symbol n. 14s, 16s
symbolic adj. 15s
synagogue n. 16
synthesizer n. 6s
synthetic n. 11s
synthetic adj. 11s
syrup n. 14s
system n. 8

T
t-shirt n. 11
table n. n. 4, 13; 13
tablet n. , 9s
tail n. 10s
tailor n. () 2s
take v. / (. , ) 10
take for oneself v. / 16s
take hold of v. / 11s, 16
take place v. () / () 15
take with v. / (. ,
) 14
take, grasp v. 12s
talk v. 3
tall adj. 3
tambourine n. 6s
tambura (stringed instrument) n. 6
tangerine n. 5s
tapan (large drum) n. 6
tape (e.g. cassette tape) n. 15
tasty adj. 3
tattoo n. 11
taxi n. () 4
tea n. 3
teach v. (impf.) 8

494

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

teacher (middle school) n. ,

2
teacher (primary school) n. () 2
team n. 15
tear v. () / () 10s
tear up (cry) v. / () 15s
technical adj. 15s
technician n. 2s
teddy bear n. 13s
teenager n. () 7s, 8s
telephone n. 5
television adj. 16s
television n. 2
television set n. 13
tell v. / 6
tell a story v. / 10s
temperature n. 12
tempo, pace n. 13s
temporary adj. 16s
ten num. 3, 7
tennis n. 4s, 15
tenor voice n. 6s
tent n. 16s
tenth adj. 7s
term paper, essay n. 8s
terminal n. 15
terrible adj. 12
test n. , 8
tetanus n. 12
text n. 11s
textbook n. 4
than conj. 13
thank you part. 2, 4, 9
thanks a lot! expres. ! 4
thanks to; owing to conj. 14s
that conj. 6
that adj. 4
that (neuter sg.) pro. 2
that amount adv. 10
that type adj. 10
that way, thither adv. 10
that; because conj. 8
the future n. 8
the same adj. 16s
theatre n. 3
their adj. 7
them (direct object clitic) pro. 6

them (indirect object clitic) pro. 6

them (indirect object long) pro. 6
them (direct object clitic) pro. 4, 5
theme n. n. 7s, 8s, 15
then adv. 3, 10
then; subsequently adv. 6, 14s, 16s
theory n. 14s
there adv. 4
there is/there isnt v. / 3
there (over __ [he/she] is!) (, ) 5
there (over __ ) adv. 10
there [he/she] is! part. (, ) 5
therefore conj. 8
they pro. 2
they (direct object long) pro. 5, 6
thick adj. 9s
thin adj. 14s
things, stuff n. 13
think v. / 3, 4, 6
third adj. 7s, 8s
thirteen num. 3
thirty num. 7
this [neuter singular] pro. 2
this amount adv. , 10
this evening adv. 9
this size adj. , 10
this time adv. 10s
this type adj. 10
this way, hither adv. 10
this; that adj. 4
though conj. 11, 13
thoughtful adj. 15s
thousand num. 9
threaded adj. 16s
three num. 3
three hundred num. 9
three-room adj. 13
threesome n. 9s
thriller n. 7
throat n. 12
through prep. 7, 16s; 7, 8, 16
throughout prep. 7, 16s
throw v. / 10
thunder n. 10
Thursday n. 8
ticket n. 9s, 14
tied (bound) adj. 15s
495

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

tied (even) adj. 15

tiger n. 10s
tight adj. 7, 10s
time n. 4
time (occurance) n. (. ) 12
timpani n. 6s
tiny adj. 10s, 16s
tired adj. 3
title n. 16s
to prep. ; 2
to whom (indirect object) prep. 6
tobacco n. 16s
today adv. / 3
todays adj. 10s
toe n. 12s
together adv. 6
toilet n. 13
tolerance n. 16s
tom-cat n. 13s
tomato n. 5; 5
tomb n. 7, 12s
tomorrow adv. 7
tongue n. 3, 7
tonsillitis n. 12
too (excessive) prefix - 13
too much, excessively adv. 13
tooth n. (. ) 12
toothbrush n. 14
toothpaste n. 14
topical adj. 7s
torment v. / 12s
tornado n. 10s
tortoise n. 10s
toss v. 12s
total (in __ ) adv. 9
tourism n. 16s
tourist n. 4
tourist agency n. 9
tow truck n. 12s
toward prep. 7, 9, 12, 16s
towel n. 14; 14
tower n. 14s
toxic adj. 12s
trace n. 16s
track n. 9s
trade adj. 16s
trade (craft) n. 16s

tradition n. 14s
traditional adj. 6
traffic accident n. 11s, 12
traffic light n. 5, 7
tragedy n. 12s
trail n. 9s
trailer, camper n. 10s
train n. 4
train station n. 7
traitor n. 12s
transformed adj. 16s
translate v. / 14s
translation n. 15s
translator n. 11
transportation n. 14
travel n. 11, 16s
travel v. / 9
traveler n. 14s
treat (someone to something) v.
11
tree n. (. ) 7, 10
tremble v. (impf.) 15s
trembling adj. 16s
trendy adj. 7, 16
trick v. / 15s
trip n. 11, 16s
tripe n. 5s
trombone n. 6
troop n. 11s
trough n. 16s
troupe n. 16s
trousers n. 7
trout n. 5s
true adj. 9s, 15
truly adv. 10s
trumpet n. , 6s
trust n. 15s
trustworthy adj. 11
truth n. 11s
try v. / 7s
tsar n. 14s
tsunami n. 10s
tuba n. 6s
tuberculosis n. 15s
Tuesday n. 8
tulip n. 5s
turbulent adj. () 16s
496

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

Turk n. () (. ) 7
Turkish adj. 4, 7
Turkish bath n. 7
Turkish coffee n. 5
Turkish coffee cup n. 13s
Turkish coffee pot n. 13
turn v. / 7
turn back, twist v. () /
() 12s
turn down v. / 12
turn over v. / 14s
turn to ash v. 16s
turtle n. 10s
twelve num. 3
twentieth adj. 8
twenty num. 3, 7
twinkling adj. 15s
twist v. () / () 12s
two num. (m.), (., .) 2
two hundred num. 9
two-room adj. 13
twosome n. 9
tympani n. 6s
type, sort n. 14s
typical adj. 12s
tzatziki (yogurt with cucumbers) n. y
14s

U
ugh! expres. 15
ugly adj. 11
ultimate adj. , 11s
umbrella n. 10
uncle (fathers brother) n. 3, 11s;
11
uncle (fathers or mothers sisters brother)
n. 11s
uncle (mothers brother) n. 11
unclean, dirty adj. 12s
uncontrolled adj. 16s
under, beneath prep. 8, 12, 13s, 16s
underlined adj. 16s
underpants n. 11, 14
undershirt n. , n. 11s
understand v. / (. ,
) 9
understanding expres. 11s

understood (its __ ) expres. 5, 13

underwater adj. 16
underwear n. 14
unexpected adj. 11
unexpectedness n. () 10s
unexplained adj. 15s
unfair adj. 11
unforgetable adj. 9s, 16
unfortunate adj. 8
unfortunately adv. 8
unfurnished adj. 13
unhappy adj. 8
UNICEF n. 11s
unintelligent adj. 11
unique; sole adj. 11s
university n. 2, 8
unknown adj. 14s
unlawful; wild adj. 10s, 16s
unlike adj. 16s
unlucky adj. 8
unmarried (said of a man) adj. 15s
unmarried (said of a woman) adj.
15
unnecessarily adv. 14s
unoccupied adj. 7
unpleasant adj. 11, 16
until prep., conj. 4, 16s; (, )
14; (, ) 14
untrustworthy adj. 11
unusual adj. 16
unveil v. / 14s
up to prep. 4, 16s
up-to-date adj. 7s
uprising n. 4s, 9s
uproot v. (impf.) 15s
upward adv. 11s, 14
urban adj. adj. 7; 14s
urban elite n. 7s
us (direct object clitic) pro. 5
us (direct object) pro. 5
us (indirect object long) pro. 6
USA 2
use (make __ of) v. ()/
() 14s
useful adj. 7
usual adj. 8, 16
usually adv. 4, 13, 15
497

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

V
vacate v. / 14s
vacation n. ( ) 9; 8
valid (be__ ) v. 14s
valley n. 14; 14
valuable adj. 16s
value n. () n. 13, 15s
variegated adj. () 16s
various adj. 6
vat n. 16s
veal n. 5s
vegetable stew n. 14s
vegetables n. 5
Velcro n. () 11s
velvet n. n. 11s; 11s
venture v. 13s, 15
verb n. 2
verbal reflexive particle 2
verify v. / 15, 16s
very adv. 4
very, extremely adv. 16s
vest n. 11s
veterinarian n. 2s
veterinary medicine n.
8s
vibrant adj. () 16s
vicinity n. 7, 12, 14s, 16s
victim n. 16s
victor n. 15
view n. 12s, 13s, 16
video camera n. 6s, 14s;
viewpoint n. 13; 16
village adj. 13s
village n. 3
vinegar n. 14s
viola n. 6
violet n. 11
violin n. 6s
vision n. 16s
visionary n. 11s
visit n. 9, 16
visit v. / 7
Vlah n. (.) (. ),
() 7
Vlah adj. 7
vocabulary n. 14s
voice n. 15s

voluntarily adv. 15s

vomit v. 12

W
W.C. (water closet), bathroom n. 10
wait v. / 7
waiter n. 3
wall n. 13
wall, rocky face n. 16s
walk n. 12s
walk (go for a ___ ) v. / 7
walk along v. 10s
walnut n. 5s, 14s
walrus n. 10s
waltz n. 15s
wander v. / 12s
want v. 4
want (dont want to, emphatic neg.) v. 13s
war adj. 12s
war n. n. 12s
wardrobe (cupboard) n. 13;
13
warm adj. 10
wash v. () / () 12
wasp n. 10s
watch n. , 6
watch v. / 3, 6
watchmaker n. , 2s
water n. 5
watermelon n. 5s, 7
waterworks n. ooo 16s
wave n. 16s
we pro. 2
weak, thin adj. 10
wealth n. 12s, 15s
wealthy adj. 11
weasel n. 10s
weather n. 4
wedding n. 15s, () 9
wedding guest; sons/daughters father-in-law
n. 15s
wedding ring n. 11s, 15s
Wednesday n. 8
week n. 6, 8
weekly adj. 16s
weekend n. 4
welcome; receive v. 15s
498

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

well adv. 2
well (get __ ) v. / (.
, ) 9
well (hesitation word) part. 4s, 7, 9
well-known adj. 7, 11s
west (in the west) n. ( ) 9
western adj. 14
whale n. 10s, 13s
what pro. 2
whats new? expres. ? 4
wheat n. 12s
where adv. 2
whether part. 2
whew! expres. 15
which adj. 3, 4
while conj. (, ) 14
whisper v. / 16s
whistle n. 6s (dim.) 6s
white 5
white board n. 2
whiten v. 9s
who pro. 2, 2
whole adj. 9s, 12s; 10
whom (direct object) pro. 6
why adv. 4
wicket n. 12s, 15
wide adj. 7
wide-eyed hare n. - 10s
wife n. 3
wild adj. 10s, 16s
wild boar n. 10s
willow n. 14s
win v. / 15
wind n. (. ) 3
windbreaker n. 10
window n. 2
wine n. 5
winner n. 15
winter n. 4
winter adj. 8
wipe away v. / 12s, 14s
wish for v. / 8
wish n. 12s
with prep. 3, 4, 16s
without conj. 12
without prep. 5
witness n. 15s

wolf n. (. ) 10
woman n. 3
wood n. (. ) 10
wooden tub n. 16s
woods n. 9, 10
wool adj. 11s
wool n. 11s
word n. 2
work n. 3
work v. 3
worker n. , 2s, 3
workplace n. 13s
world n. 8
world adj. 12s, 14s
worry (about) () () 9
worry n. 11s
worth n. () 13
worth (be) v. 5, 7
wound n. 12
wounded adj. 16s
wow! oh boy! interj. 7s, 9
wreath n. n. 15
wreck, ruin v. / 14s
write v. / 3, 6
write/take (an exam) v. /
() 8
writer n. 16s
written adj. 8

X
x-ray n. ; 12s
xyophone n. 6s

Y
year n. 3
year (last __ ) adv. 8
yellow adj. 7
yes part. 2
yesterday adv. 8, 10
yet adv. 9, 12s, 13s
yoga n. 9s
yogurt n. ; 5
you (dir. obj. long, and clitic) pro. 5
you (indir. obj. long; pl. and formal) pro.
6
you (indirect object clitic) pro. 2, 6
you (dir. obj. long, pl. and polite) pro. 4, 5
499

EnglishMacedonian Glossary

you (sg. dir, indir. obj. long) pro. 5, 6

you (direct object clitic) pro. 5
you (singular, informal) pro. 2
you (subject pronoun, pl. and polite) pro.
2
young adj. 3
your adj. 7; 7
youth n. () 16
youth, young peoples 14s
Yugoslav adj. 16s

Z
zebra n. 10s
zero num. 3
zipper n. 11s
zoo n. ; 10s
zurla (double-reed instrument) n. 6

500

Answer Key
1
5:
1. In Stockholm; 2. 18; 3. London; 4. Moscow; Madrid.
5:
1. Johan Sebastian Bach; 2. Barack Obama; 3. William Shakespeare; 4. Luciano Pavarotti; 5. Michael
Jackson; 6. Leonardo da Vinci; 7. Arnold Schwarzenegger; 8. Mao Tse-Tung; 9. Albert Einstein
7:
. 2

B. 20

C. 10

D. 35 E. 43

K. 45 L. 37

M. 7

N. 1

F. 6

O. 40 P. 32

G. 17 H. 16 I. 11

J. 24

Q. 5

T.3

R. 14

S. 19

8:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , -, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
9:
. 2, . 17, . 9, . 11, . 19, . 5, . 24, . 16, . 8, s. 28, . 1, . 26, . 15, . 12, . 20, . 4, . 3, . 7, .
27 . 14, . 23, . 18, . 25, . 22, . 10, . 21, . 13, . 6
11:
1 . , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. e.7.

2
1:
1. , .
2. .
3. . . .
4. . . .
5. . . .
6. . . .
2:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
3a:
()
()
()
()
()

()
()
()
()
()

()
()
()
()
()

Alphabetical order: (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), ().

501

Answer Key
4:
1. () 2. () 3. () 4. () 5. () 6. () 7. () 8. ()
9. () 10. ()
6:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5.
7a:
= =
: ? ?
: , .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
: . .
: .

: , ?
: . .
: -------. .
? ?
: , .
: -, ?
: , , .
: ?
: .
: . ?
: .
: ?
: .

(, )

(, )

(, )

8:
1. L.; 2. D.; 3. A.; 4. K.; 5. B.; 6. H.; 7. I.; 8. J.; 9. G.; 10. E.; 11. C.; 12. F.
10:
1. . .
2. ?/ ?/ ? .
3. ? . .
4. /? .
/ ? .
/ ? .
? . .
5. ()? .
6. , /.
7. , . . ! .

502

Answer Key
11:
10, 12, 3, 6, 2, 9, 14, 15, a 1, e 7,
13, 5, 16, 8, 11, 4

3
1:
1. .
2. , .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. , .
8. , . .
9. -.
10. .
2:
1. .
2. , .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. , -. .
8. .
9. .
10. , .
3:
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.

4:

10.
11.
12.

13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.

: x, , , , , , , , ,
, ,
5:

: , , , , , , , , , ,
,

503

Answer Key
6:

7:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. /.
5. / .
6. .
8:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. .

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

10:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. , ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ;
10. ; 11.
11:
2. , . .
3. , . .
4. , . .
5. , . .
6. , . , .
13:
1. () .
2. ? .
3. .
4. . , .

504

Answer Key
5. ? .
6. ? () .
7. . .
8. .
9. .
10. . () .
14:
1. , .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , ja .
5. , .
6. , .
7. , .
8. , .
9. , .
10. , .
16:
11. /
12. /
13. /
14. /
15. /
16. /
17. /
18. /
19. /
10. /

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

17:
1.
2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
18:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

10
7
4
15
6
20
9
5

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

19:
2.; 1.; 3.

505

17
11
14
13
12
19
8

Answer Key

4
1:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
2:
Sample answers:
// / .
/ .
.
/.
/.
// .
.
3:
1. . 2. . 3. . ,
. 4. ( ) . 5. .
6. , , , . 7.
/ . 8. .
4:
1. , ? 2. ? 3. ? 4.
? 5. ? 6. ?
5:
I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. .
II 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. .
6:
: , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
: , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
: , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
7:
.

506

Answer Key
8:
1. . 2. . 3. . 4.
/ . 5. , . 6. . 7.
. 8. ? 9. . 10. ,
.
9:
1. / /. 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5. / . 6. .
7. . 8. . 9. . 10. / .
10:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. .
11:
1. Liljana is reading the message from Mira. 2. Mira is reading the novel by Petre Andreevski. 3. Tanas
is reading the book. 4. Who are you looking for? I am looking for the professor. 5. Are you buying the
books? 6. Stojan is not looking for the textbooks. He is looking at the book Zoki Poki! 7. Stojan is eating
the sandwich. 8. We dont know the worker. 9. Grandmother Elena is drinking the coffee. 10. They dont
like the children.
12:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9.
13:
1. . 2. . . . 3.
. 4. ? 5. . 6.
. 7. . 8. . 9.
. 10. , .
14:
?
: , ?
:
.
: . ?
:
, .
: , ?
:
! .
: . ?
:
, . !
15:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. .
16:
1. ; 2. /; 3. // ; 4. // ; 5. ; 6. /; 7. ; 8. ; ; 9. /; 10. .
17:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ;
10. .

507

Answer Key
18:
I 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. /; 5. ; 6. ; II 1. ; 2. ;
3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. .
19:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
20:
1. , ; 2. , ; 3. ; , /, ; 4. , ; 5. ,
; 6. , ; 7. , ; 8. , ; 9. , ; 10. , .
22:
. 4; . 7; . 1; . 3; . 2; . 8; . 6; . 5.
22:
1. , 7; 2. 20; 3. /; 4. ; 5. , ; 6.
; ; 7. ; 8. .

5
1:
1. . 2. . 3. -.
4. Individual answer. 5. . 6. , .
2:
1. , . 2. .
3. ? 4. , . 5. ?
4:

2
1
3
4
2
2
1

2
1
3
3
10
2
1

2
3
3
2
1 -
10
1

4:
.

=
=
: .
: . !
: , ?
: . ?
: , .
: , ?
: .
: ?

508

Answer Key
: .
: , . ?
: . , , .
: , , , .
: , -.
: ? , , .
: o. .
4:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. .
5:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
6:
: , ; -;
: ; -;
: , ; ;
: ; .
7:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ;
6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10.
; 11. ; 12. ; 13. ; 14. ;
15. ; 16. .
8:
1. ? 2. ? 3.
? 4. ? 5. ? 6.
? 7. ? 8. ? 9.
? 10. ?
9:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
10:
1. # 2. # 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. # 8. ; 9. .
13:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
15:
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5. .
6. . 7.
. 8. . 9. . 10.
.

509

Answer Key
16:
1. () ? 2. () ?
3. () ? 4. () ? 5. ()
? 6. () ? 7. () ? 8. ()
?
17:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
18:
2. . 3.
. 4. . 5.
. 6. .

6
1a: .
1:
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. .
2:
1. , , , , , . 2.
: , , , . 3.
. 4.
. 5. .
3:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. .
4:
a) 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. .
) 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. .
5:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. ; 13. ; 14. ;
15. ; 16. ; 17. .
6:
1. () ; 2. () ; 3. () ; 4. () ; 5. () ; 6. () ; 7. () ; 8. ()
; 9. () ; 10. () .
7:
1. ? 2. ? 3.
? 4. ? 5. ? 6.
?
8:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. ; 13. ; 14. ;
15. ; 16. ; 17. ; 18. ; 19. ; 20. ; 21. ; 22. ; 23. ; 24. ; 25. ; 26. ; 27. ;
28. ; 29. ; 30. .

510

Answer Key
9:
1. We are going to a concert. 2. Naum is at a concert. 3. Liljanas husband is giving the letter to Jovans
neighbour. 4. Marijas mother wants to live in the house of Elenas sister. / in Elenas sisters house.
5. Stojans brothers textbooks are on the table.
10:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. , ; 5. , ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ;
11:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. , ; 9. ;
10. .
12:
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5.
. 6. . 7.
. 8. . 9.
. 10. .
13:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10. .
15:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. .
16:
1. , . He will come with his
son Stephen, who plays folk instruments. 2. ,
, . . . The festival takes place in Rudina, which is like a natural amphitheatre. 3.
. For all those who
would like to go to the Dolneni festival there are buses from Prilep. 4.
. This weekend there will be
folk festival in Dolneni to which you should not go without a camera or video camera.
16:
1. . 2.
. 3. 10 20 . 4.
. . 5. ,
. 6. . 7. . 8.
(individual answer).
16:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. .
17:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. .

511

Answer Key

7
1:
1. : , , , , . 2. .
3. . 4. . 5. -. 6. .
2:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
5:
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5. .
6:
.
8:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10. .
10:
1. , . 2. . 3.
. 4. , .
5. . 6. . 7.
. 8. . 9. , ()
. 10. .
12:
1. My mother lives in London. 2. His house is beautiful. 3. Their childs name is Angel. 4. My friends are
going to the cinema/movies. 5. Your sister doesnt want to walk along the river. 6. Your grandfather lives
in California. 7. His village is small. 8. Your books are on the table. 9. Her brother works here. 10. Our
building is new and modern. 11. Her dogs name is Alex. 12. Her blouse is green. 13. Their apartment/flat
is big. 14. My grandfather doesnt speak English. 15. Your childs name is Jovan. 16. His brothers live in
Skopje.
13:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. ; 13. ; 14. ; 15. ; 16. ;
17. ; 18. ; 19. ; 20. .
15:
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5.
. 6. . 7.
. 8. . 9. ?
10. . .
16: (Other variants are possible.)
1. , -? 2. ,
, ? / 3.
? 4. ,
? 5. , ?
512

Answer Key
/ 6. , ?
7. , ? 8. ,
, ? pecopa
17:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
18:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. .
19:
1. ! 2. ! 3. !
4. ! 5. ! 6. ! 7.
! 8. ! 9. ! 10. !
20a:
1 .; 2 .; 3 .; 4 .; 5 .; 6 .
20:

21:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. ; 13. ; 14. ; 15. .
23: (Different word order may also be acceptable).
1. . 2. ,
. 3. . 4.
. 5. . 6.
. 7. . 8.
. 9. . 10. .
24:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10. ; 11. .
24:
1. 50; 2. 40; 3. 70; 4. 60; 5. 20; 6. 35; 7. 95; 8. 60; 9. 75; 10. 80; 11. 25; 12. 15

513

Answer Key
24:
: 2 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 1
, 1 , , 4.
25:
1. . 2. . 3. . 4.
. 5. ,
. 6. ,
, .
26:
1. ; 2. - ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. -; 8. ; 9. -
.
26:
1. . . . .
2. . . 3. ,
- . 4. -. 5.
, . 6.
, . 7. -
, .

8
1:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
2:
.
1.
.
. 2. , , , .
3. .
. . 4. ,
.
. 5.
. .
3:
1..; 2..; 3..; 4..; 5..
5:
1. .. .. .. ..
2. . ; . ; . .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
6. .
6:
1.; 2. .; 3..; 4..; 5. .
514

Answer Key
7:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10. .
8:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. , ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10. .
9:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10. .
10:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ;
11. ; 12. , .
11:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. ; 13. ; 14. ; 15. ; 16. ;
17. ; 18. , ; 19. ; 20. .
12:
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. 7.00. 5. ? 6. .
7. . 8. ? 9. . 10. J .
11. . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. .
14:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ;
8. ; 9. ; 10. .
14:
1. ? 2. ./
? 3. ? 4. ? 5.
?
15:
1. (/). 2. . 3. . 4. . 5.
(/).
16:
1. . 2.
/ / . 3.
/, / . 4.
. 5. / ( )
/ . 6. / . 7. /
. 8. ; ; .
18: .(Approximate answers)
1. : .. . ..
.
2. : .. .
.. , . .
515

Answer Key
3. : .. , . ..
.
4. , : ..
. . ..
.
: .
18:
1. : , . 8.15 9.15.
2. : , .
3. : , 7.30 8.10.
4. : , .
5. : ,
.
6. : , 8.15 13. 40.
7. : , , . 19. 20.
19:
1. ./
2. ./
. 3. . 4. ./
. 5. ./ . 6.
./ . 7.
./ . 8.
./ . 9. ./
. 10. ./
.
20:
(Word order may be reversed, i.e. verb + subject, e.g.1. .)
1. . 2. ? 3.
. 4. ? 5.
. 6. . 7.
? 8. . 9.
? 10. ?
21:
) 1. . 2. , , , , 3. .
4. . 5. .
) 1. . 2. . 3.
.
22:
1. /, ; 2. //, - ;
3. /, ; 4. /, ; 5. , -; 6. /
, - .
24:
1. // . 2.
// . 3. /
. 4. // .

516

Answer Key
5. , / , . 6.
// . 7. ////
. 8. / . 9.
// / / /
. 10. j , .
26:
1. . 2.. 3.. 4.. 5..

9
1:
1. / . 2.
. 3. . 4. / . 5. ,
. 6. / . , ,
. 7. , ,
.
3:
1. . 2. . 3. . . 4. . 5. . .
4:
1. . 2. . 3. . . 4. .
. 5. . 6.
. .
5:
1. . 2. s. 3.
. 4. . 5. . 6.
. 7. .
. 8. .
7:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
8:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. , ; 7. ;
8. ; 9. ; 10. .
9:
1. , 2. , 3. , 4. ,
5. , 6. , 7. /
, 8. /, 9. , 10. 11.
, 12. .
11a:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4 .; 5 .
11:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. a.

517

Answer Key
14:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. , 8 ; 6.
; 7. , 11 .
16:
1. . 2.
. 3. ? 4.
. 5. ? 6.
. 7. . 8.
. 9. . 10.
?
17:
1. : , ? 2. : , e
? 3. : , , ? 4. :
, 42. 5. : , . 6. :
, . 7. : , ? 8. :
, .
18:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. , ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ;
10. , ; 11. ; 12. .
19:
1. . 2. ()
23. . 3. ?
. 4. . ,
. 5. ! ? ? ? 6. /
.
. 7. / ( /)
/ / .
8. . / .
. 9. ? 10. ! .
11. . 12.
. . 13.
? 14. ?
20:
1. , , , . 2.
, . 3.
, . 4. ,
. 5. , . 6.
.
20:
1. . 2. . 3. .
20:
1. . 2. . . 3.
. 4. . 5.
. 6. . 7. . 8.
. 9. , .
518

Answer Key
21:
1. c; 2. i; 3. j; 4. o; 5. m; 6. n; 7. f; 8. e; 9. q; 10. p; 11. h; 12. b; 13. d; 14. g; 15. a; 16. l; 17. k.
: , , , , .
22:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .

10
1:
1. . . 2. ,
. 3. / 4. . 5. . 6.
; ; ;
; ; . 7.
. 8. / . 9.
. 10. . /
.
4:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. ; 13. ; 14. ; 15. ; 16. ;
17. ; 18. ; 19. , 20. .
6:
1. , , , , ;
2. , , , , , , , , ,
, ;
3. , , , , , , , ;
4. , , , , , , , , ;
5. , , , , , , ;
6. , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , .
7:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ;
10. .
8:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. .
10:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. .
11:
1. ! 2. , . 3. .
4. , . 5. ,
. 6. . 7. .
. 8. . .
12:
1. ! 2. ; ? 3.
. 4. . 5. ?
. 6. , .
519

Answer Key
7. ! 8. , . /
. 9. ? ! 10.
.
13:
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5.
. 6. . 7. . 8. .
15:
1..; 2..; 3..; 4..; 5..; 6..; 7..; 8..
19:
1..; 2..; 3..; 4..; 5..; 6..; 7..; 8..; 9..; 10..
20:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. , ; 5. ; 6. , ; 7. ;
8. , ; 9. ; 10. , ; 11. , ; 12. ;
13. ;
21:
1. , . 2. .
. 3.
. 4. ; ? 5.
. 6. . 7. .
. 8. . 9.
; . 10. .
. 11. ?
/ . 12. .
22:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ;
8. ; 9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. .
23:
1..; 2..; 3..; 4..; 5..; 6..; 7..;

11
1:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
3:

3:
2 , 6 , 1 , 3 , 5
: . ,
. . , ,
. , .
: , , .
: , .

520

Answer Key
: ?
: . . . .
, . , .
.
: , .
?
: .
: ?
: , , . .
: ?
: , , , . .
. , .
: . , , ?
: . .
6:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ;
11. ; 12. /; 13. ; 14. ; 15. /; 16. ; 17. ; 18. .
8:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ;
8. ; 9. ; 10. ;
8:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7 .
9:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. /; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ;
8. /; 9. ; 10. (); 11. (); 12. .
12:
1. , . 2. , . 3.
, . 4. , . 5.
, . 6. ,
.
14:
1. , . 2. , (). 3.
, . 4. , . 5.
/ .
15:
1. . 2. / ,
. 3. . 4.
, . 5. . 6. ,
. . 7. /- . 8.
. 9. / .
10. , / .
16:
1. , , , , ; 2. , , , ;
3. , , , , , ; 4. , , , , ,
521

Answer Key
, ; 5. , , , , , , ,
; 6. , , , , , , ; 7. , , ,
, , ; 8. , , , , , ,
, .
17:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. /; 5. ; 6. .
18:
1. / . 2. ; 3.
; 4. . 5. / .
6. . 7. .
19:
2. . 3. ,
. 4. . 5.
. 6.
.
20:
1. / ; 2. / ; 3. / ; 4.
/ / ; 5. / ;
6. / ; 7. / ; 8. / ; 9. /
/ / / .
21:
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5.
. 6. . 7.
/ . 8. . 9. . 10.
.
22:
1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. , 7.
24:
1. , . 2. .
3. , . 4.
. 5.
. 6. . 7. . 8.
, .
25:
, , , , , , , , ,
26:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ()/().
27:
: )
: )

522

Answer Key
27:
1.); 2.); 3.); 4.)
27:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. /; 6. ; 7. ; 8. .
28:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. .

12
1:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
2:
1. .
2. , .
3. .
4:

1.
?

,

.

2. ?

,
.

,

.

3.
?

,
.

4.
?

5a:

1.

/ ?

.
.

523

Answer Key

2.

3.

5:
:

1:
: , , 1 ? 2
: , , 3 , ?
: 4 5 . 6 ,
.
: 7. ?
: , . . 8 . , .
: 9 , . .
: , . !
: ! 10 .
2:
: ?
: , ! . , , 11 , 12
. .
: ?
: 13 , 14.
: 15 ?
: , . 16 , .
: 17 18 .
.
3
: , 19 ?
: 20 .
: , . . 21
, .
22
. 23 24
.
: . 25 . 26 .
.
6:

, , , ,

, , ,

, ,

, , ,

, ,

, ,

524

Answer Key
8:
1. , , , ; 2. , , , ;
3. , , , ; 4. , , , ; 5. , , , ;
6. , , , ; 7. , , , ; 8. , ,
, ; 9. , , , ; 10. , , , ; 11. ,
, , ; 12. , , , ;
8:
1. , , , ; 2. , , , ; 3. , , , ;
4. , , , ; 5. , , , ; 6. , ,
, ; 7. , , , ; 8. , , ,
; 9. , , , ; 10. , , , ; 11. ,
, , ; 12. , , , .
8:
1. , , , ; 2. , , , ;
3. , , , ; 4. , , ,
; 5. , , , ; 6. , , ,
; 7. , , , ; 8. , , ,
; 9. , , , ; 10. , , ,
.
9: Put the following verbs into the l-past for all persons, as in the model:
:
j

1. (); 2. (); 3. (); 4. (); 5. (); 6.

(); 7. ()/ (); 8. (); 9. (); 10. ()

1. (); 2. (); 3. (); 4. (); 5. (); 6.

(); 7. ()/ (); 8. (); 9. (); 10. ()

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. / ;
8. ; 9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. /
; 8. ; 9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. /
; 8. ; 9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. /
; 8. ; 9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. /
; 8. ; 9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. /
; 8. ; 9. ; 10.
:

1. (); 2. (); 3. (); 4. (); 5. (); 6. (); 7. ();

8. (); 9. (); 10. ()

525

Answer Key

1. (); 2. (); 3. (); 4. (); 5. (); 6. (); 7. ();

8. (); 9. (); 10. ()

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ;
10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10.
:

1. (); 2. (); 3. (); 4. (); 5. ();

6. (); 7. (); 8. (); 9. (); 10. ()

1. (); 2. (); 3. (); 4. (); 5. ();

6. (); 7. (); 8. (); 9. (); 10. ()

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. , 5. ; 6. ; 7. ;
8. ; 9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10.

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10.

; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10.

; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10.

10:
1. ; 2., ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7.
; 8. , ; 9. ; 10. .
12:
1. , ; 2. , , , ; 3. ; , ;
4. , ; 5. , , , , .

526

Answer Key
13:
.
, . . ,
.
. , . ,
. .
, .
. ,
.
14: ( )
1. , .
2. , .
3. .
4. a .
5. , . /
.
6. , .
15:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. .
16:
1. . .
2. .
3. () .
4. .
5. /.
6. , .
7. .
8. () .
9. .
10. , .
17:
1. / .
2. , .
3. .
4. , () .
5. .
6. /, .
7. ? . / .
8. , ? .
9. / , .
10. .
18a:
1. (imperfect; background information), 2. (aorist, one-time action; series of actions done
one after another), 3. (aorist, one-time action; series of actions done one after another), 4.
(aorist, one-time action; series of actions done one after another), 5. (imperfect; background
information), 6. (aorist, one-time action; series of actions done one after another), 7. (aorist,
one-time action; series of actions done one after another) 8. (imperfect; repetition and
527

Answer Key
focus on duration of action), 9. (aorist, one-time action), 10. (l-form perfect and nonconfirmative), 11. (l-form perfect and non-confirmative), 12. (imperfect; verb of wanting
suggests continuous action), 13. (aorist, one-time action; series of actions done one after another),
14. e (aorist, one-time action; series of actions done one after another), 15. (aorist, one-time
action-beginning; series of actions done one after another).
18:
1) 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. ; 10. ; 11. /; 12. ; 13. ; 14. ;
15. ; 16. ; 17. ; 18. ; 19. .
2) 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ;
10. ; 11. ; 12. /; 13. ; 14. ; 15. ; 16. .
20:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. .
20:
1. .
2. , .
3.

13
1:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8.
; 9. ; 10. , , .
11. .
2:
1. , , , , , , , , ,
;
2. , , , , , , , , , ;
3. , , , , , , , , ;
4. , , , , , ;
5. , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , ();
3:
1. .; 2. .; 3. .; 4. .; 5. .; 6. .; 7. .
7:
1. ; 2. ; 3. 300 ; 4. , , , , .
: = , = , =
: . .
: , , .
: ?
: . , , . .
: . .
: . ?
: , , .
.
528

Answer Key
: .
? ?
: , . . , .
: ?
: . . .
.
: ?
: , 300 .
: , . .
, .
9:
1. , ; 2. , ; 3. , ; 4. , ; 5. , ;
6. , ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. , .
13:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. .
14:
1. .
2. / .
3. / a .
4. .
5. / .
6. / .
7. .
8. / .
15:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. , /; 5. , , ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ; 9. /, /; 10. .
16:
1. .
If they hadnt given him an injection, the wound would have hurt him more.
2. , .
The teacher would have selected him if he had come to class.
3. , .
They would have set up the apartment better, if they had bookshelves.
4. , .
He wouldnt have come so late if he had a car.
5. , .
He would have bought her a present, had he known it was her birthday.
6. , .
If Branko knew/had known Macedonian better, he would/would have read this novel.
7. , .
If Sonja had invited him earlier, he would have agreed to come.
17:
1. .
2. . ./
.
3. .
529

Answer Key
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. , ; .
9. . . . .
10. .
18:
: , , ,
: ,
: ,
21:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. .
22:
1. , 2. . 3. . 4. 5. . 6. .
23:
2 . . . , , . . .
.
4 !
1 ,
3 .

14
1:
: 2, 4, 9; : 1, 6, 8, 10; : 7, 11; : 12; : 5, 13; : 3.
4a:
. ; .
5:
1. . 2. , .
6:
1. , -, -, -; 2. , -, -, -; 3. , -, -, -; 4. , -, -, -;/, -, -, -;
5. , -, -, -; 6. , -, -, -; 7. , -, -, -; 8. , -, -, -; 9. , -, -, -;
10. , -, -, -; 11. , -, -, -; 12. , -, -, -
7:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ;
10. .
8:
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. .
5. . 6. . 7. . 8.
. 9. /. 10. .

530

Answer Key
9:
1.; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. /; 6. ; 7. ;
8. ; 9. , ; 10. ; 11. .
10:
1. , , ; 2. ; 3. , , , , ;
4. , ; 5. , ; 6. , , ; 7. , , .
12:
1.
V XV.
.
II.
2. -
XV
1689 .
1948; .
1963 .
12:
1. ; 2. , ; 3. ; 4. , ; 5. ;
6. , .
13:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6.
; 7. ; 8. ;
13:
(1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) ; (5) ; (6) ; (7) ; (8)
; (9) .
14:
1. While you get the suitcases from the basement, I will look for our passports.
2. While they talked about theaters in Skopje, we drank white wine and talked about our new apartment.
3. We will look for our tickets until we find them. 4. Last night, Branko and Stojan argued until Tanas
came home from work. 5. I wont go to their place until I buy a present.
14:
1. .
2. /,
.
3. , .
4. .
5. ,
.
15:
1. : , , ;
2. : , ;
3. : , , , ;
4. : , , , , , .

531

Answer Key
16:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4.
-; 5. ; 6.
.
16:
2. .; 3. .; 4. .; 5. .; 6. .; 7..; 8. .; 9. .; 10..
16:
: winter, cultural, economic, scientific, national/folk, child/childrens, town/urban, industrial,
ethnic, international, educational
: prosperity, tradition, speed, dimension, meaning/significance, information, location, height,
reconstruction, tradition, surrounding
: is promoted, is settled, is organised, defend a Ph.D. dissertation
16:
1. > : 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 9. ;
10. ; 11. ; 12. ; 13. ; 14. ;
2. > : 16. ; 17. ; 18. ; 19. ; 20. ; 21. .
16:
2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ;
9. .
17: Here is a sample. There are many possible variations.

:
, .
, .
:
. -20 ,
40 .
, , , , .
:
2002 35 311 , ,
, , , .
:
, 2. ...
7. .
, 16.
.
20. ,
,
.
.
:
.
.
532

Answer Key
a , 11. ,
, .
:
, 40
( ). ,
. .
. .

.
1.20.
.
8. . 1992.
19:
1. The Saat-kula [Clock Tower] is located in the park in the city center.
2. Young people gather near it all the time.
3. In Heraclea a number of layers of cultures have been found.
4. The tourists from Canada are in Struga today.
5. You can see beautiful mosaics there.
6. Many important events in Macedonian and Balkan history occurred in Bitola.
7. The first movies were filmed in Bitola.
8. At the end of July the festival of folk songs and dances is held.
9. During the Otoman mpire the town was called Monastir.
10. Shirok-sokak is a place where people have always socialized.
11. Later on the international exhibition of childrens drawings is held here.
12. The amphitheatre is used even today.
13. Through this festival the work of young authors is promoted.
14. The aim is to bring back and preserve the old character/atmosphere of the street.

15
2:
1: 9. , 14.40; ;
2: 12. , ; , ;
3: , 18. ; ,
4: , 20. , ; ;
3:
1. .; 2. .; 3. .; 4. .; 5. .; 6. .; 7. .; 8. .
6:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ;
6. .
7:
; ;
8:
telephone, inspire, imitate, respect,
document, liquidate, renovate, suspend,
explode.

533

Answer Key
9:
1. , ; 2. , ; 3. , ; 4. , ; 5. , ;
6. , ; 7. , ; 8. , ; 9. , ; 10. , ;
11. , ; 12. , .
10:
1. : 1.c.; 2.a.; 3.d.; 4.b.; 2. : 1.c.; 2.b.; 3.d.; 4.a.; 3. : 1.d.; 2.c.; 3.a.; 4.b.; 4. : 1.b.;
2.d.; 3.a.; 4.c.; 5. : 1.d.; 2.a.; 3.b.; 4.c.;
11:
1. When did you get the letter from Marjan? I have never received a letter from him.
2. Sometimes Tanas would like the family to move to Macedonia.
3. Branko always speaks Macedonian with his grandmother and grandfather.
4. Mom, buy me something! No Stojan, I am not going to buy you anything today. I cant buy you
everything.
5. Some day we will go on an outing to St. Naum.
6. Every day the children play at the entrance to the building.
7. My son doesnt eat any kind of cheese.
8. What kind of newspapers do they sell in this kiosk? All kinds.
9. Some kind of snake has bitten her on the arm/hand.
12:
1. / . / .
2. / . /
, / , / .
3. ? .
4. / . .
5. , / .
6. / .
7. , / .
8. / .
9. .
10. .
13:
; ; ; ; ; ;
.
13:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. ;
6. ;

7. ;
8. ;
9. ;
10. ;
11. ;
12.

13:
. 3, . 7, . 1, . 5, . 4, . 7
13:
:
1. ; 2.; 3.
534

Answer Key
13:
1. , 2. ; 3. 4. ;
5. ; 6. ; 7. ;
8. ; 9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. .
14:
1. .; 2. ; 3.; 4.; 5. ; 6..
14, 4:
1..; 2..; 3..; 4..; 5..; 6..; 7..; 8..; 9..; 10..; 11..; 12..; 13..; 14..; 15..; 16..; 17..; 18..
14:
1. . . 2. , , .
3. .
. 4. . 5. .
1859 . 6.
.
7. . .

16
1a:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .
3:
j

1. (); 2. (); 3. (); 4. (); 5. ();

6. (); 7. (); 8. ();

1. (); 2. (); 3. (); 4. (); 5. ();

6. (); 7. (); 8. ();

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ;
8. ;

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ;

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ;

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ;

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ;

1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ;
7. ; 8. ;

4:
1. ; 2. ; 3. / ; 4. ; 5.
; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. .

535

Answer Key
5:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ;
6. ; 7. ; 8. .
6:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ;
6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ;
10. ;
7:
, , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , .
8:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; ; 4. ; ; 5. ; 6.// /; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. /
; 11. ; 12. ; 13. //; 14. ; 15. .
9:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. ; 13. ;
14. ; 15. ; 16. ; 17. ; 18. ;19.
10: regular plural (reg.pl.), counting plurals (count.pl.), collective plurals (col.pl.).
(reg.pl.); (count.pl.); (col.pl.); (col.pl.); (col.pl.);
(col.pl.); (reg.pl.); (reg.pl.); (col.pl.); (reg.pl.); -
(count.pl.)
11a:
2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ; 11. ; 12. ;
13. ; 14. ; 15. ; 16. ; 17. ; 18. .
11:
a.7; b.10; c.8; d.15; e.1; f.9; g.5; h.4; i.16; j.17; k.18; l.2; m.6; n.13; o.14; p.12; q.3; r.11.
12:
1. < ; 2. < ; 3. < ; 4. < ; 5. <
; 6. < ; 7. < ; 8. < .
14:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ;
10. ; 11. ; 12. ; 13. .
16:
1.; 2.; 3.; 4.; 5.; 6..
16:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. .
18:
. .

536

Answer Key
18:
1.; 2.; 3.; 4..
18:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. /
; 5. ; 6. , , ;
7. .

537

Index
Note: at the end of the index there is a list of cultural notes, supplementary readings, songs, and
famous Macedonians as well as an index of vocabulary lists.
accent (stress), 56
adjectives, 2829, 4089
comparatives, 11416, 409, 29495
(prefix -)
definite noun phrases, 6971, 408
demonstrative adjectives, 4849
gender, 28, 408
plural formation, 30
possessive pronominal, 11619, 410
quantity and quality, 21315, 409
superlatives, 11516, 409
word formation, suffixes, 39394
admirative, 3067
adverbs, introduction, 45
comparative ,116, 409
quantity and quality, 21315, 409
superlatives, 116, 409
alphabet, 1
alphabetical order, 8
aorist, 14652, 17880, 222, 283, 413
approximate numbers, 279
article
definite article, 4551
indefinite article, 30
aspect
derivation, 36469
expectative conditionals, 23839
future constructions, 100
imperative, 123
imperfective derivation, 98, 365
proximate and distance forms of, 9699,
123, 127
auxiliary verb , 12829

indirect object clitics, 9091

word order, 9394, 18990, 301, 411
with hypothetical particle , 300
with imperative, 123
with verbal adverb, 252
cognates, 7
collective plurals, 39092
comparatives, 11416
conditionals, overview, 3046
expectative with , 23740
hypothetical with , 3023
conjunctions, introduction, 1718
and/but (, , , ), 5657
compound , , , 28081
(, ), 33840
(, ), (, ), 33840
..., ..., ..., 8081
, 372
, 281
Cyrillic alphabet, 1
constructions, 7577
dates, 18586
days of the week, 15455
definite articles, 4951, 21112
definite direct objects and clitics, 5255,
7374
definiteness of adjective phrases, 6971
demonstrative adjectives, 4849
dependent form of masculine personal names,
35960
diminutives, 190, 388
direct object pronouns, 5255, 7173
dubitative, 307

be/, 12 (present), 102 (future), 152

(aorist), 207 (imperfect), 418
hypothetical particle, 300303

embedded questions, 11920

expectative conditionals, 237

clitics, introduction, 53
direct object clitics, 5354

fleeting vowels, 29
future constructions, 99102

539

Index

future-in-the-past, 245
future tense of , 102
gender
of adjectives, 28
of nouns, 1314
hypothetical constructions with , 300303
constructions
perfects, 35658
perfect, 38687
pluperfect, 385
/, 34
imperatives, 12124, 416
and , 21921
negation, 127
imperfect, 2079
contrast with aorist, 20910
imperfective derivation, 36268
impersonal constructions, 21819
inactive constructions, 33537
indefinite pronouns, 37072, 411
indirect and direct object clitics, 9394
indirect objects, 9092
indirect questions, 11920
indirect speech, 24849, 3089
interrogative particle , 16
interrogatives, introduction, 15
of quantity and quality, 21315, 409
intransitive verbs with , 166
-past, 27475, 414
(interrogative particle), 16
modal verbs, 7779
invariant , 78
, 77,
, 12829
months of the year, 184
negation, questions ,16
negation of verbs, 3334
/, 34, 35
negation of future, 1012
negative imperative, 127

nouns
definite, 4951, 21112
gender, 1314
nouns, plural, 407
collective, 39092
feminine, 28
masculine, 2628
neuter, 4546
quantitative, 4748, 4078
numbers, 36, 12930, 18182, 419
approximate, 279
male and mixed gender groups, 18283,
419
ordinal, 140, 18485, 419
optative, 31314
ordinal numbers, 140, 18485, 419
passive constructions, 32829, 335 (with )
perfective imperfect, 24146, 311, 412
perfect-like constructions with verbal adverb,
331
pluperfects, 38386, 41415
plural
adjectives, 30
collective, 39092
feminine nouns, 28
masculine nouns, 2628
neuter nouns, 4546
quantitative plural, 4748
summary of nominal forms, 47
possession
prepositions and , 5556
pronominal adjectives, 11619, 410
whose , 80
prefixes
-, 28283
-, 29495, 36469
prepositions, with personal pronouns, 75
vs. , 79
phrasal stress with pronouns, 75
review, 390
uses of , 95
present tense, introduction, 12, 3134
pronouns, 410
direct object, 5253, 7172

540

Index

indirect object, 91
indefinite some, no-, every-, 36970
subject, 11
pronunciation, 16
, and , 34
palatalized consonants, 3
schwa, 3
unaspirated stops, 4
vocalic , 2
voiced and voiceless consonants, 45
proximate and distance forms of the definite
article, 21112
quantitative plural, 4748
questions, introduction, 1516
indirect, 120
interrogatives, 36970
reflexive verbs, 28384
relative clauses, 1035, 16265
reported forms, 311
script, 810
stress, 56, 75
subject pronouns, 11
subordination, 11920, 15965
with , 7577
with , 103
with , 103
suffixes in word formation, 25455, 39394
superlatives, 11516
suppositional or reported forms of perfective
imperfect, 311
time, 13233, 15557
, 31213 (with nominal subject),
12829 (with constructions )
verbal adjective, 32432, 417
verbal adverb, 25253, 416
verbal noun, 18081, 25051, 416

verbs, 41218
admirative, 3067
aorist, 14652, 17880, 222, 283, 413
aspect, introduction, 9699
dubitative, 307
future constructions, 99102
future-in-the-past, 245
future, negated, 101
future tense of , 102
imperatives, 12124, 127 (negative)
imperfect, 2079, 20910 (contrast with
aorist)
imperfective derivation, 36268
-forms, 27177, 31112 (perfective
imperfect)
modal verbs, 7779, 78 (invariant )
and , 21921
non-comfirmative -form, 27677
perfective imperfect, 24146, 311
perfect-like constructions with verbal adverb,
331
pluperfects , , 38485
prefixes, 28283 (-), 36469
present tense, 12, 3134
reflexive, 28384
, 12 (present), 102 (future), 152 (aorist),
207 (imperfect), 418
, 12829
verbs of liking, 18889
vocative, 19091
whose , 80
word formation, 25455 (nominal suffixes),
36469 (verbal prefixation), 39394
(adjectival suffixes)
word order, 333, 411
clauses, 77
clitics and, 94, 18990
imperative and clitics, 123
writing, 810

Cultural Notes, Readings, Songs, Famous Macedonians

Abadzhiev, Gjorgji, 360
, 361
alphabets in Macedonia, 1

Andreevski, Petre, 25, 289

, 28990
Atansoski, Pece, 105
541

Index

birthdays and name days, 17677

Bitola, 34445
Cepenkov, Marko, 267, 299
currency, 298
death and burial, 270
Delchev, Goce, 257
Dorakovski, Konstantin, 401
, 401
holiday celebrations, 14344, 187
horoscope, 26263
Janevski, Slavko, 388
, 38889
, 37576
Koneski, Blazhe, 251, 360
, 251
, 360
Kulavkova, Katica, 350
, 351
Miladinov, Dimitar and Konstantin, 37778
Nikolova, Olivera, 25
, 319

, 2013
parties, 182
Proeski, Toshe, 25758
Skopje earthquake, 398400
Songs
, 380
, 347
, , 191
, , 264
, 380
Stefanovski, Tomi, 391
Strumica, 34849
Synthesis folk group, 133
Tanec folk dance group, 105
, 28486
Trajkovski, Boris, 145
Trpcheski, Simon, 133
Turkish coffee and , 317
Zekerija, Necati, 396
, 396

Vocabulary Lists
Chapter vocabulary lists, 1820, 3941,
5760, 8184, 1079, 13740, 16770,
19294, 22123, 25861, 28788, 31517,
34143, 37274, 39396
animals, 22627
body parts, 266
clothing, 232, 261
colors, 232
flowers, 84
food, 8788
grammatical terminology, 4056
instruments, 110
names, 2122
professions, 23
relatives, 23334
trees, 342
weather, 205, 223

542