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CONTENTS

Plenary Speeches
Worn Subsurface Structure of Metals: a Revisit ................................................................................................................. 1
Emerging Trends in Tribology and Lubrication Science .................................................................................................... 2
Shear-induced Effects in Boundary Film Formation on Copper......................................................................................... 3

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Recent Advances in Diamond-like Carbon Films: from Characterizing the Local Nanostructure to Achieving Superlow
Friction................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

Session 1

Surface and Coating

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Application of Nano-particles in Lubricants ....................................................................................................................... 5

Scaling of Structural Lubricity: Linking Mesoscopic Friction with Atomic Principles (Keynote)..................................... 6

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Development of a Radio Knife Tip to Reduce Adhesion of Coagulated Blood (Keynote) ................................................. 7

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In-situ Observation of Transfer Layer and Transformed Layer of CNx During Sliding with Reflectance Spectroscopy
(Invited) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Tribological Properties of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays (Invited) .............................................................. 9

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Wetting and Adsorption Mechanisms of DLC-lubricated Coatings: Toward Green Lubrication (Invited)....................... 10
Hydrogen Dependence and Tribochemical Mechanism of Superlubricity in Ion Vapor Deposited a-C:H:Si Films
(Invited) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Multi-Scale, Multifunctional Surface Design (Invited) .................................................................................................... 12

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Low-friction Sliding Without Lubrication Five Working Material Concepts and Tribological Challenges (Invited)..... 13
Further Treatments for C and N Based Coatings to Enhance Their Application Potentials (Invited) ............................... 14

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Understanding and Assessment of Nano-scale Mechanical Properties of Surface (Invited)............................................. 15

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Modified Tribological Performance of Diamond-Like-Carbon Films by Organic Additives and the Link with
Tribochemistry .................................................................................................................................................................. 16

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Lubrication Analysis of a Parallel Thrust Bearing with Elliptical-shape Micro-dimple ................................................... 17

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Wear Mechanism Transition Dominated by Subsurface Recrystallization Structure in Cu-Al Alloys ............................. 20
Structure Characterization of Ion-vapor Deposited a-C:H Coating by Solid State 13C NMR ......................................... 21

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On the Evaluate of Reynolds Equation for Hydrodynamics Lubrication Simulation of Textured Surfaced ..................... 22

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Friction and Wear Characteristics of CNT Coating Deposited by Electrodynamic Spraying Process .............................. 23

Experimental Research of Adhesive Behaviours of Mushroom-shaped Fibrillar Gecko-inspired Functional Surface..... 26

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The Oxidation Resistance of the Unsaturated Polyol Ester and Its Influence on the Tribological Performance .............. 27
3D Surface Characterizations of Wear Particles Generated from Lubricated Regular Surface Textured Cylinder Liners 28
Study on the Preparation and Properties of Zirconium Oxide Thin Films on 316L Stainless Steel Materials .................. 29
Prediction of Fractal Dimension and Surface Roughness Based on the Material Characteristics in Milling Operation... 30
Slurry Erosion Resistance of NiCoCrFeAl3 High Entropy Alloy Coating ....................................................................... 31
Finite Element Analysis of an Elastic Ball Sliding on a Multi-layer Hard Coated Surface .............................................. 32
Influence of Surface Texturing on Tribological Property of Dry Sliding Pair .................................................................. 35
Explicit Solution to Elastic Quarter-space Contact ........................................................................................................... 39
Revising Elastic-plastic Contact Models of Fractal Surfaces ........................................................................................... 41
Study on the Load Carrying Mechanism of a Parallel Step Bearing................................................................................. 49
Relationship Between Fractal Dimension of Turned Surface and Material Characteristics ............................................. 52

Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Nitriding Layer on CoCrMo Orthopedic Implant Material ............................ 53

Session 2

Industry Tribology

Future Visions and Development Trends of Automotive TribologyResponding to Global Green Energy Challenges
(Keynote) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Chemical Surface Modification with Low Surface Free Energy Compounds to Control Wettability, Adhesion and
Frictional Properties (Keynote)......................................................................................................................................... 61
Friction and Non-Wear the Paradigm of Modern Tribology (Invited) ........................................................................... 62
Contact and Friction Analyses of Preloaded Four Cycles Ball-Screw (Invited) ............................................................... 64

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Evaluation of Several Liquid Lubricants for Space Application Using a Vacuum Four-ball Tribometer ........................ 67
Tribological Propertiesof Ni-WC Based Compositefor Friction Pairs Under Oil-Free Condition in Nuclear Reactor .... 68
Investigation of Characteristics of Soft Pad in Polishing Process..................................................................................... 70

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Study on Tribological Properties and Wear Model of NBR under Water Lubricated Condition ...................................... 73
Sliding Wear Behavior of Wrought Al-Si-Mg Alloy ......................................................................................................... 79

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The Effects of Environment on the Wear Behavior of Powder Metallurgical Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo .................................. 80
Deterministic Study of the Contact Between Compression Ring and Cross Hatched Cylinder Liner .............................. 81

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Downhole Mechanical Vibration Anti-Friction Technology Research ............................................................................. 84


Effect of Sodium Leaching and Exchange on Tribochemical Wear of Soda Lime Silicate Glass Surface in Humid
Ambient ............................................................................................................................................................................ 85

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Tribological Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings with Various Tungsten Filament Currents Sliding Against
AISI 52100 Steel Ball and Al2O3 Ball ............................................................................................................................. 86
Study of the Conductivity and Tribological Performance of Ionic Liquid and Lithium Greases...................................... 90
Effect of Elastic Rubber on the Mechanical Scraping of Wax-Oil Deposit in Oil and Gas Pipeline ................................ 91

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Dry Friction Force Induced Fractal Erosion of Safe Basin in a Softening Duffing Oscillator.......................................... 96

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Tribological Study of Chloroform Vapor Treated PMMA for Microfluidic Applications ................................................ 97
Wear Behavior of MoS2 Film under Vacuum and Nitrogen ........................................................................................... 100

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Effects of Braking Conditions on Friction Catastrophe Behaviors in Braking Progress ................................................ 101
Surface Chemical Modification of UHMWPE Microparticles to Improve the Mechanical andTribological Properties of

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UHMWPE/Carbon Fabric/Phenolic Laminate Composite in Water Environment ......................................................... 104

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Electromagnetism Induction Phenomena of Pin-Disc Friction Pair in DC Steady Magnetic Field and Influence for

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Friction and Wear Properties........................................................................................................................................... 107

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A Transient Dynamics Study of the Saturated Creep Force-Induced Self-Excited Vibration of a Wheelset-Track System108
Research on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Graphite/Antimony Composites for Mechanical Seal ....... 109

Study on Quantitative Structure-Tribo-ability Relationship about the Antiwear Properties of alkane and alcohol

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Lubricant Base Oils ........................................................................................................................................................ 119


Effect of Sliding Speed and Humidity on the Tribochemical Wear of Si/SiO2 Pair ....................................................... 120

Session 3

Lubrication Fundamentals and Technology

Multilevel Methods in Tribology: From Film Thickness Prediction to Surface Engineering, Material Design, and
Computational Diagnostics (Keynote) ............................................................................................................................ 121
Effect of Surface Topography on EHD and Mixed Lubrication Film Formation (Keynote) .......................................... 124
Squeeze Film Lubrication: Effects of a Soft Textured Layer (Keynote) ......................................................................... 125
A Lubrication Theory for Anisotropic Slips and Flow Rheology (Invited) .................................................................... 126
CanaLiquid Drop Lubricate? (Invited) ........................................................................................................................... 127
Evidence and Effect of Boundary Slippage in Elastohydrodynamic Lubricated Contacts (Invited) .............................. 130

Real-time Forecast Methods of Oil Contaminant Based on On-line Oil Monitoring ..................................................... 132
The Exploration of the Planarization of GaN Based on H2O2 Polishing System .......................................................... 136
Performance Study of Phosphate Ionic Liquids as Additive for Lubricant Oil with Different Polarity during
Steel-on-Aluminum Contact ........................................................................................................................................... 137
Contact Angle Hysteresis Effect on Hydrodynamic Lubrication .................................................................................... 138
Journal Bearing Optimization for Ice Using Artificial Intrlligences Strategies and CFD Simulations ........................... 141
Lubrication Analysis of Rolling Bearing with Considering Oil Layer Distribution ....................................................... 149
Influence of Surface Waviness on the Thermal EHL of Cam-tappet Pair ....................................................................... 152
Static Performance of a Multileaf Foil Bearing Considering Area Contact .................................................................... 155

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Simulation Analysis on Drag Reduction Performance of Shell Surfaces with Antifouling Ability ................................ 158
Study of the Rheological Behaviors of Liquid Crystals under Shear and Electric Field and the Applications ............... 161
Static and Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of a Circumferential Distributed Bump-type Gas Foil Thrust Bearing with

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the Effect of Journal Tilting ............................................................................................................................................ 162


Fluctuation and Self-diffusion of Granules on Dense Granular Flow Lubbication......................................................... 164

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Effect of Surface Velocity Directions on Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Film Shape ..................................................... 175
An Optimized Wedge Calibration Method for Friction Force in Atomic Force Microscopy.......................................... 179

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Friction Between Rotating Band and Gun Barrel During Engraving Process ................................................................ 182
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Shaft Pumping by Llaser Structured Texture on the Shaft Surface
with Rotary Lip Seals ..................................................................................................................................................... 183

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Spreading of a Micro Oil Droplet Around an EHL Contact............................................................................................ 184


Thermal-oxidative Degradation and Kinetic Study of Polyolefin Base Fluid ................................................................ 185
Friction and Wear Behavior of Nomex Fabric/Phenolic Composite Under Different Working Environments .............. 186
Research on the Friction and Wear Properties of the Contact Strip under Sliding Speed of 300 km/h with Electric

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Current ............................................................................................................................................................................ 187

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Session 4

Biotribology

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Dental Erosion and Prevention (Keynote) ...................................................................................................................... 188


The Influence of Surface and Interface Layers on the Tribological Interactions Between Human Tissue and Products

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(Invited) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 190

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Effect of Microseparation on Contact Mechanics in Metal-on-Metal Hip Joints: Finite Element Analysis (Invited) .... 191

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From Pattern of Reaction Force of Gecko Moving on Various Inclined Surface to Developing Three-dimensional

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Obstacle-free Robot (Invited) ......................................................................................................................................... 193


Biomechanics and Biotribology Modelling of Nature Hip ............................................................................................. 194

Excellent Biological Lubricant: Brasenia Schreberi Mucilage ....................................................................................... 197

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Multi-objective Optimization of Finishing Boring Ti6Al4V with Taguchi-Grey Method .............................................. 198
Mechanical Properties and Tribological Behavior of Retrieved UHMWPE Tibial Insert in Total Knee Replacement
After Implantation 30 Months ........................................................................................................................................ 199
Contact Mechanics of Modular Metal-on-Polyethylene Total Hip Replacement Under Microseparation Conditions ... 208
Investigation on the Articular Cartilage Frictional Properties Affected by the Sliding Velocity..................................... 211
Effect of Eroded Time on the Microtribological Behaviour of Deciduous Enamel ........................................................ 214
Tactile Perception of Fabrics with Artificial Finger Comparison with Human Sensitivity ........................................... 217
Wearand Creep Assessmentof Tibial Knee Replacements Basedon Three Dimensional Coordinate Methodology ....... 218
Effect of Centrifugation Treatment on the Lubricating Properties of Human Whole Saliva .......................................... 220
Effects of Bio-mass Fuel Soot Particlesand TiF3 Catalystonthe Tribological Propertiesof Enging Lubricating Oils .... 221
A Mechanical Wear Model of Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Replacements in Mixed Lubrication Conditions.................. 225

Biotribological Analysis for Fretting Wear at the Stem-bone Cement Interface ............................................................. 226
On the Lubricity of Bio-oil from Homogeneous Catalytic Esterification ....................................................................... 227

Session 5

Nanotribology and Nanotechnology

Experimental Advances in Superlubricity (Keynote)...................................................................................................... 230


Tuning Friction with Interfacial Responsive Soft Matters (Invited) ............................................................................... 231
Friction-Induced Nanofabrication on GaAs Surface (Invited) ........................................................................................ 233
Experimental Research of Adhesive Behaviours of Mushroom-Shaped Fibrillar Gecko-Inspired Functional Surface
(Invited) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 234

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Carbon Nanocomposite Films with Super-Elasticity, High Hardnessand Ultra- low Friction in Air .............................. 235
Friction-Induced Micro/Nanofabrication at Large Scale ................................................................................................ 236
Carbon-Based Solid/Liquid Nanocomposite Lubricating Film in High-Vacuum Condition .......................................... 237

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Velocity Dependence of Nano-Scale Friction on Graphene............................................................................................ 238


Humidity Dependence of The Nanowear on Monocrystalline Silicon Against SiO2 Microsphere ................................. 240

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Effects of the Nano-Diamond Additives on the Tribological Performance Improvement of Lubricating Grease .......... 241
Ultra-long Nano Grooves Fabricated by SiO2 Microwire Assisted Laser Near-field Irradiation on (Ti,Al,Si)N........... 242

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Structural, Mechanical and Tribological Performances of Sputtered WS 2-Ni Nanocomposite Films ............................ 248
Nanofabrication on Si(100) Surface by Friction-Induced Selective Etching with Native Oxide Layer as a Mask......... 249
Green Tribology: Tribotechnical Effectivity of Copper Nanoclusters in Water Solutions of Sorbite ............................. 250

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Single-Asperity Friction and Wear of Phosphate Laser Glass Studied by a Spherical AFM Diamond Tip .................... 252
Application of Mesoporous Silica Nanospheres for Effective Lubiricating Oil Delivery .............................................. 253
Surface Modified NANO-LAF3 Effect on the Tribological Behaviors of Bio-fuel Soot-Contaminated Liquid Paraffin254

Fretting Wear

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Session 6

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On the Role of Oxide Film Formation in High TemperatureFretting Wear of Cobalt-Based Super Alloys (Keynote) ... 257
Tribo-fatigue of Involute Splines Under Different Lubrication Conditions (Invited) ..................................................... 258

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Study on Rotary Bending Fretting Fatigue (Invited) ...................................................................................................... 259


Study on Fatigue Crack Growth Life of Railway Rail Under the Wear Condition ......................................................... 260

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BPNN - QSTR Prediction Model about Friction- reducing Effect for Ester Lubricant Base Oils .................................. 261

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Tangential Fretting Experimental Research of 690 Alloy Tube in Aquatic Medium ..................................................... 262

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Finite Element Analyses of Tensioned Rope and Fretting-fatigue of Rope Wires .......................................................... 263

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Applications of Numerical Simulation on Fretting Wear in Steam Generators .............................................................. 264

Session 7

CTI-STLE Joint Symposium

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Numerical and Theoretical Studies of Bolted Joints Under Harmonic Shear Displacement .......................................... 265

The Nature of Friction: Origin and Control (Invited) ..................................................................................................... 266


Discussion on the Reliability of Wear Prediction (Invited)............................................................................................. 267
In Situ Tribo-chemical Surface Characterization of Patterned Surfaces (Invited) .......................................................... 268
Tribological Analysis and Lubricants Management Technologies in Dredger (Invited) ................................................. 269
Plasto-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (Invited) .......................................................................................................... 273
A Comprehensive Model for Assessing the Impact of Steel Cleanliness on Bearing Performance (Invited) ................. 275
Graphene Oxide Film as Solid Lubricant (Invited)......................................................................................................... 276
Meeting the Fuel Economy Challenges with Energy Efficient Lubricants (Invited) ...................................................... 277
Superlubricity with Acid Solutions: Hydrodynamic Lubrication or Boundary Lubrication (Invited) ............................ 278
Diamondlike Carbon (DLC) Boundary Films from Lubricating Oils ............................................................................. 280

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Influence of Roller Profile on the EHL Characteristics in a Tapered Roller Bearing ..................................................... 281
Effects of the High Thermal Conductible Drawing Oils on the Tribological Properties of the Pressing Dies................ 284
The Asperity Contact Analysis of Magnesium Alloy Sheet During Isothermal Warm Forming..................................... 287
Study on Stiffness of Line EHL Contact and Application on Cam-tappet Pairs in Valve Trains .................................... 289
Study on Tribological Behavior of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Composites under Water Lubrication ............................ 292
Research on Methods of Surface Shape Error Evaluation of Optical Elements ............................................................. 299
Mesoscopic Simulation Analysis the Influence of Die Wall Friction on Compression Process of Powder Particles ..... 300

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Preparation of Sandwich-like Self-assembled n-octanethiol Film Containing Doped Silver Nanoparticles on Silicon
Wafer and Evaluation of its Tribological Properties ....................................................................................................... 305
Tribological Property Study of Nitrogen-Containing Alkali Metal Borate ..................................................................... 306

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Tribological Study of TiN Film Lubricated with Different Oils under Vacuum Condition ............................................ 307
Effects of Surface Roughness on Fretting Wear of UHMWPE under Different Temperature Conditions ...................... 308

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Influence of the Applied Potential on the Tribocorrosion Behavior of 304 SS in Artificial Seawater ............................ 309
Tribological Behavior of Feroform T814 and T14 Silding against Steel in Seawater .................................................... 312

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Improvements of Tribological Behavior of PEO Coatings by Embedding Solid Lubricant Particles ............................ 313
Tribological Changes of Polyimide Resulting from Exposure to Proton/Electron Irradiation........................................ 314
A High Hydrolytic Stability N- heterocyclic Organic Borate and its Tribological Properties as Lubricant Additive in

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Mineral Oil...................................................................................................................................................................... 315


Tribological Behaviour of Highly Hydrolytically Stable Long Chain Alkyl Phenylborate Esters.................................. 316
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nickel Zirconium Phosphate Hydrate and an Investigation of its Lubrication Properties in
Grease ............................................................................................................................................................................. 319

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Research on an Experimental Simulation System for Hydraulic Liquid Working Condition Online Monitoring.......... 322

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The Data Analysis Method Based on On-line Oil Monitoring of Mobile Equipment .................................................... 323
Experiment and Study of the Axial Ultrasonic Vibration Rolling Device for Thin-walled Cylindrical Pieces .............. 326

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Dichromatic Interference Intensity Modulation Approach to Wide Range Lubricating Film Thickness Measurement . 333
The Synergy Effect between Graphene Oxide and Poly (ethylene glycol) for the Boundary Lubrication of Cocrmo

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Alloy in Aqueous System ............................................................................................................................................... 336

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The Friction Behavior of C/C-SiC Composites with Steel and Self as Opposing Materials .......................................... 339

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Contact between Fractal Rough Surfaces ....................................................................................................................... 340


Contact between Logarithmic Crowned Teeth of Spur Gear Transmission .................................................................... 341

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Effect of Cylindrical Micro-pits Distribution Form on Tribology Properties of Textured Surface ................................ 342

Tribological Property Study of Mercaptobenzothiazole-containing Borate Derivative and TCP ................................... 343

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The Friction and Wear Characteristics of Sulfonate-based Ionic Liquids ...................................................................... 344

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Worn Subsurface Structure of Metals: a Revisit


Ke Lu
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research,

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Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Emerging Trends in Tribology and Lubrication Science


Robert D. Heverly
Vanderbilt Chemicals LLC
Houston (Seabrook), Texas (USA)
ABSTRACT

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The Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) has developed and will publish a Tribology
Trends report, which offers an outlook on trends in the field based on the guidance and expertise of industry
professionals. The industry report, which STLE will produce on an ongoing basis, will provide the following:

Engage some of the organizations prominent subject matter experts and turn their collective knowledge into an

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STLE asset
Establish a baseline to situate the field of tribology and lubricants

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Bridge the gap between the research and industry sectors of the Societys membership

Medical and Health


Energy
Manufacturing
Communications and Data Management
Atomistic Processes
Basic Human Needs

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STLE President Heverly will discuss highlights from the draft report, which is divided into nine major categories:
Transportation

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Government Regulation and Legislation


Safety and Environment

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Shear-induced Effects in Boundary Film Formation on Copper


Wilfred T. Tysoe *
Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Surface Studies,
University ofWisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211,USA
* wtt@uwm.edu
ABSTRACT

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The formation of a boundary film by reaction with a gas-phase lubricant or lubricant additive formally occurs in
several steps that involve the initial adsorption and reaction of the lubricant molecule on the surface, followed by

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shear-induced decomposition and formation of the boundary film. Fully understanding this sequence of reaction
steps will enable the structure of the additive molecule to be related to the nature of the resulting boundary
lubricating film. This reaction sequence is explored by examining the surface chemistry of the reactant in

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ultrahigh vacuum to identify the adsorbed species that form from the molecular precursor. The effect of shear is
investigated by carrying out friction measurements using an ultrahigh vacuum tribometer, by analyzing the
elemental composition in the wear track region using Auger spectroscopy and by detecting gas-phase products

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evolved during sliding.


The approach is illustrated using several examples. The first is gas-phase lubrication of copper by dialkyl
disulfides and trisulfides. They initially react to form thiolate species on the surface and shear at the interface
causes sulfur and some carbon to penetrate the substrate to form a boundary film that reduces friction. The
variation in the amount of methane desorbing from the surface per pass during sliding allows the shear-induced
rate of thiolate reaction to be measured. This enables models for the shear-induced decomposition to be tested

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experimentally.
In a second example, the tribological chemistry of borate esters on copper is explored using isoprop oxy
tetramethyl dioxaborolane (ITDB), and tetramethyl dioxaborolane (TDB) as gas-phase lubricants. TDB

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decomposes to deposit BOx species on the surface and produces an initial decrease in friction coefficient that is
not sustained. ITDB, which reacts at room temperature to form a surface tetramethyl dioxaborolide species,
results in an immediate and sustained decrease in friction coefficient when used as a gas-phase lubricant for

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copper. Thus, the surface chemistry of the borate esters can be correlated with their tribological properties and
illustrates that replacing a hydrogen atom in TDB with a 2-propoxy group in ITDB has a profound influence on
both the surface and tribological chemistry.

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Recent Advances in Diamond-like Carbon Films: from Characterizing the Local


Nanostructure to Achieving Superlow Friction
Takahisa Kato, Xinchun Chen
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
* katox@mech.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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ABSTRACT

Enormous advances have been achieved in diamond-like carbon (DLC) films during the past decade. By referring

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to recent studies, emphasis is placed on the state-of-the-art of characterization techniques for detecting the local
bonding structures as well as the superlubricity performances by designing novel films. On one hand, grasping the
carbon bonding structure is an indispensable subject in recent study of DLC films and would provide crucial

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evidence concerning the mechanical and tribological properties of DLC films. Various methods have been
applied and the most frequently used ones are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray near edge
absorption spectroscopy (XANES), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), etc. However, XPS and XANES

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are generally considered as semi-quantitative techniques because the deconvolution and the calibration analysis of
spectra are highly affected by uncertainty factors. EELS exhibits relatively higher accuracy, nevertheless, requires
difficult process of sample preparation. By comparison, NMR is inherently quantitative and quantify the
sp3/(sp3+sp2) ratio at a molecular level. On the other hand, a near-frictionless state, often referred as
superlubricity, is obviously of high interest both form the basic scientific perspective of tribology and from the
promising technological application. Up to now, a series of carbon-based novel films, such as highly

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hydrogenated a-C:H, nanostructured carbon nitride (CNx), metal-doped nanocomposite (TiC/a-C:H, (Si,Ti)/a-C:H,
(Si,Al)/a-C:H), fullerene-like carbon (i.e., FL-CNx, FL-C:H) and more recently a polymer-like a-C:H:Si, have
been developed to obtain superlow friction. Based on the above two sides, this abstract provide a brief review of

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fundamental understanding of intrinsic bonding structure and superlubricity of DLC films. Special attention will
be devoted to recent progress in ion vapor deposited a-C:H and a-C:H:Si films in our laboratory. It is emphasized
that NMR is effective in detecting the unique clustering heterogeneity and distinct types of sp2 C clusters in a-C:H

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films, while a polymeric a-C:H:Si film can exhibit superlow friction coefficient in various environments, i.e .,
~0.001 in dry N 2.

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Application of Nano-particles in Lubricants


Weimin Liu, Xiaobo Wang, Ming Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R.China
ABSTRACT

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Several types of nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized, and their applied behaviors as additives in
lubricating oil or grease were investigated. SRV oscillating friction and wear tester, four-ball friction and wear
tester, end-face friction and wear tester and cam-follower friction and wear tester, were employed to investigate
the tribological performance of nanoparticles in lubricants. The results showed that nanoparticles can dramatically
improve load-carrying capacity, anti-wear and friction-reduction properties of base oil or grease. Some analytical

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tools such as profilometer, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrical contact
resistance (ECR) measuring technique were used to analyses the worn surface.Tribological mechanisms of
nanoparticles are quite different from conventional additives, nanoparticles can deposit on the friction surfaces

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and forming an ultra thin boundary films, which helps to enhanced the tribological performance of the lubricants.
Keywords: Nanoparticles; Lubricating additives; Tribological performance; lubrication mechanism

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Scaling of Structural Lubricity: Linking Mesoscopic Friction with Atomic


Principles (Keynote)
Udo D. Schwarz
Departments of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and
Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena,

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Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA


ABSTRACT

How do we connect properties exhibited by specific structural arrangements of atoms to real -life friction? In an
effort to reduce the friction between sliding components scientists and engineers have developed a multitude of

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lubrication schemes, many of which are based on models rationalizing how molecules and atoms located at
interfaces interact when the two bodies in contact move relative to each other. One of the most intriguing
concepts is referred to as `structural lubricity', where surfaces are thought to slide past each other virtually

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frictionless if their atomic structures are incommensurate, i.e., they do not match. Corresponding theories are
based on sub-linear power laws for the area-dependence of friction in the structural lubricity regime [1], but this
unusual scaling has never been observed so far. Here, we present experiments that quantify nanoparticle sliding

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resistance of amorphous antimony particles on crystalline graphite [2,3]. Our results confirm the predicted
sub-linear scaling behavior for incommensurate, disordered interfaces and allow a direct link between mesoscopic
friction and atomic principles [4]. In addition, the case of crystalline incommensurate interfaces is investigated for

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gold crystals on graphite, pointing towards a more complex scaling behavior that accounts for particle shape and
orientation. We also show that even for disordered atomic interface structures created by oxidizing pure antimony
under ambient conditions, drastically different frictional properties may arise depending whether the antimony

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has been ordered or disordered prior to oxidation [5]. Our findings point towards a new route to engineer surfaces
with unprecedented low friction on the basis of well-defined nanocontacts.

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REFERRENCES

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[1] M. Mser et al., Physical Review Letters 86 (2001) 1295


[2] A. Schirmeisen and U. D. Schwarz, ChemPhysChem 10 (2009) 2358

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[3] D. Dietzel et al., Physical Review Letters 101 (2008) 125505

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[4] D. Dietzel et al., Physical Review Letters 111 (2013) 235502

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[5] C. Ritter et al., Physical Review B 88 (2013) 945422

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Development of a Radio Knife Tip to Reduce Adhesion of Coagulated Blood


(Keynote)
NoritsuguUmehara
Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, JAPAN
Yuya Nakashima
Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Aichi, JAPAN

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Misato Osuka
Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Aichi, JAPAN
ABSTRACT

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Radio knife is acommon tool in surgery. However it has a severe issue that it strongly adheres to the human body
frequently through the coagulation of blood and/or human tissues. In order to overcome this issue, we developed
the new tipfor the radio knifethat has ability to reduce surface temperature by vibrating or cooling. It was

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conducted that the new tip was evaluated in the scratch test between the tips and coagulated blood on the radio
knife tip. As a result, adhesion force for the vibrated tip decreased to 36 % comparing to normal tip, and adhesion
force for the cooled tip decreased to 17 % comparing to normal tip. From the results of dropped blood on stainless

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steel at several heating temperature, adhesive force was low when the blood heated lower than 65 , on the
other hand, it was high when the blood heated higher than 80 . To prevent the coagulation adheres on radio tip
and to keep the ability of cutting, the temperature difference between radio knife tip surface and the vicinity is

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important.
After the confirmation of the usefulness of cooling tips, we tried to develop more simple cooled chip by a heat
siphon. With the heat siphon to a radio knife tip, we avoid the electric and water lines for cooling.

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

In-situ Observation of Transfer Layer and Transformed Layer of CNx During


Sliding with Reflectance Spectroscopy (Invited)
NoritsuguUmehara, Hidenori Nishimura
Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Aichi, JAPAN
ABSTRACT

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The carbonaceous coating such as Diamond-like-Carbon (DLC) coating and amorphous Carbon Nitride (CNx)
coating is promising for high hardness, low friction property and affordability. Especially one of the authors
reported that the friction coefficient decreasedto 0.007 for the friction against CNx coating in dry Nitrogen gas.
So it is expected to apply the carbonaceous coating for a piston ring in car engine to improve additional fuel

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efficiency. There are some behaviors contributed to ultra low friction. However it is difficult to decide the specific
mechanism for ultra low friction under each friction condition. From previous researches, it is reported that
Transfer layer and Transformed layer is important to show low friction by analysis after friction test. Transfer

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layer is abrasion material transferred to counter material, and transformed layer is structural changed layer formed
on bulk coating by sliding. However, it is important for clarifying low friction mechanism to know how transfer
layer and transformed layer are changed to the material inducing low friction, so we need to observe these layers

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while sliding. That is to say, we need to be focused on observing the physical properties of these layers while
sliding which is related to friction coefficient directly. But there is no reports focused on that, and if we can do
that, we can make an impact on dynamic physical property measurement and unknown friction mechanism of

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carbonaceous coating. So our research purpose is clarification of low friction mechanism of carbonaceous coating
focused on hardness of transfer layer and transformed layer by using in-situ tribotester which can observe
frictional area. It is very difficult to measure hardness of these layers while sliding. So we used a reflectance

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spectroscopy. This can measure thickness and optical constant of coating by using optical interferometry and
optical analytical model. In terms of the analysis, there are some ways to determine the optical property. So we
were focused on Effective medium Approximation (EMA) and we developed a way to measure sp2 and

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sp3fraction of coating by using EMA. Finally we conducted friction test while measuring sp 2 and sp3fraction of
transfer layer and transformed layer. As a result, transformed layer was formed from 1200 sliding cycles. And it
was showed that sp3fraction of transformed layer was keys to show low friction.

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Tribological Properties of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays (Invited)


Clemens F. Schaber*, Stanislav N. Gorb
Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Germany
* cschaber@zoologie.uni-kiel.de
ABSTRACT

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a promising material for the fabrication of biomimetic dry adhesives. The
dimensions, and presumably the contact areas, of single CNTs are in the range of the terminal elements of
biological dry hairy adhesion systems, such as the spatulae on the toe of the gecko.
Densely packed arrays of vertically aligned and up to 1.1 mm long multi-walled CNTs were synthesized by
chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Their tribological properties were tested using the force tester Basalt-01 in

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friction mode. Under microscopic conditions, the coefficient of friction was as high as 5 - 6 at the first sliding
cycle, and decreased steadily down to values between 2 and 3 at the fourth to fifth sliding cycles. Such high
values can be only explained by the strong contribution of adhesion. At further loading no significant decrease

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was measured.
After the tests, clear fiction marks were observed on the surface of specimens. These wear-induced changes of the
CNT arrays strongly depended on the amount of normal force applied during the friction experiments. At normal

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loads in the milli-Newton range, the friction marks were large clusters of CNTs divided by up to 100 m wide
cracks in the surface. The clusters and cracks were aligned orthogonally to the direction of sliding. At normal
loads in the micro-Newton range the largest cracks were 20 m wide, and CNT clusters were of about 1 m in

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diameter.
Interestingly, the plastic deformation of the CNT arrays does not significantly affect the coefficients of friction
after a preconditioning by five sliding cycles. However, a strong decrease of during the initial wear cycles has

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to be taken into account for the development of applications, such as non-slip surfaces and pick-and-place
techniques for manufacturing.

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Wetting and Adsorption Mechanisms of DLC-lubricated Coatings: Toward


Green Lubrication (Invited)
Mitjan Kalin *
Laboratory for Tribology and Interface Nanotechnology, University of Ljubaljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
* mitjan.kalin@tint.fs.uni-lj.si

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ABSTRACT

DLC coatings are low friction and low wear coatings and thus inherently possess some of the green lubrication
properties. In particular, their low wear behavior may represent a potential for less harmful and more
environmentally adapted lubrication that may become an attractive approach for novel green technologies. In this

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work, we discuss different approaches that are possible for designing DLC interfaces, to achieve effective green
boundary lubrication. In particular, we focus on two different, but associated aspects of DLC-lubricated interfaces
and we present aspects for correlation between these phenomena. Namely, we discuss the wettability mechanisms

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of DLC coatings, as well as adsorption mechanisms of alcohols and fatty acids on various DLC coatings.
In spite of a notable amount of studies about the reactivity between the diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings and
various oils and additives, fundamental chemical and physical effects of base oils and simple hydrocarbons, as

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well some isolated reactive functional groups were investigated only scarcely and only recently. New information
on wetting behavior of various distinctively different DLC coatings with different base oils gives stron g grounds
for understanding fundamental interface interactions and lubrication behavior. This is associated also to

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tribochemical mechanisms of DLC coatings with hydrocarbons and simple polar functional molecules, such as
alcohols and fatty acids that have important role in green lubrication technology. Several analytical methods were
used in this work to assess these behaviours and performance, both in static and dynamic conditions, and

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considering tribological, physical and chemical aspects of interfaces between the DLC coatings, base oils and
hydrocarbons, as well as alcohols and fatty acids.
The results show that DLC coatings are highly sensitive toward different polar molecules and that by defining

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their and lubricant properties, these interfaces can be substantially improved and tailored for different
functionalities. Moreover, not only chemical aspects, but also physical aspects in terms of viscosity and related
chain lengths, and particularly physico-chemical characteristic at interfaces, i.e. wetting and slip can play crucial

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role in their tribological performance. Based on our results it seems that more direct correlations can be
established between these aspects in the future to control the tribological behavior, all based upon green
lubrication technology.

10

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Hydrogen Dependence and Tribochemical Mechanism of Superlubricity in Ion


Vapor Deposited a-C:H:Si Films (Invited)
Xinchun Chen1)*, Masahiro Kawaguchi 2), Junho Choi1), Masataka Nosaka1), Takahisa Kato 1)
1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
2) Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute (TIRI), 135-0064, Japan

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* chenxc1213@gmail.com
ABSTRACT

Recently, it has been found that ultralow or even superlow friction is feasible for ion vapor deposited
a-C:H:Sifilms both in humid air and dry N2 [1]. The results indicate that these films possess atomically smooth

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surfaces(Ra~0.1 nm), and can display superlow friction when the Si content was optimized at ~8.4 at.%. However,
theunderlying lubrication effect of hydrogen involved in this tribochemical process during sliding remains
unclear.In this work, we provide a systematic interpretation of hydrogenation process with respect to the ion

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energyduring deposition as the microstructure of a-C:H:Si film evolves from polymer-like to diamond-like
tographite-like. It is emphasized that the frictional performance of a-C:H:Si films strongly depends on
thehydrogen content and the bonding structure (i.e., PLCH, DLCH or GLCH), as summarized in Fig. 1.

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Athreshold in hydrogen content at around ~20 at.% seems to be necessary for achieving superlow
friction..However, more stable and durable superlubric state is feasible when hydrogen content is higher than 30
at.%,i.e., extremely low friction coefficient of ~0.001 in dry N2 for polymer-like a-C:H:Si film.

Fig. 1. Hydrogen dependence of frictional performances of ion vapor deposited a-C:H:Si films tribotested in
humid air (25%RH), dry N 2, and dry H2 (40 vol.%)-He (60 vol.%) mixture gas.

REFERENCES
[1] X. Chen, T. Kato, M. Kawaguchi, M. Nosaka and J. Choi, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 46, 255304 (2013).

11

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Multi-Scale, Multifunctional Surface Design (Invited)


Stephen M Hsu
George Washington University, USA
ABSTRACT

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Surface today offers an opportunity to create properties un-imaginable just a decade ago. Starting with isotropic
smooth surfaces, today's technologies often demand directionality, multiscale features, and corrosion and wear
resistance. Biomimetic surface designs combines physics and chemistry (both organic and inorganic) at various
length scales, some possess self-cleaning, self-healing, and environmental adaptability. Can this kind of designs
be imitated in engineering to achieve practical applications?
The talk will cover surface textures, drag reduction, antifouling and icephobic designs that are in demand today.

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Some surface designs can even exhibit multifunctional properties as well as adaptability charateristics.
Lubrication science today are responding to higher and higher fuel economy demand and some of these ideas can
also be used in friction reduction and durability enhancements.

12

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Low-friction Sliding Without Lubrication Five Working Material Concepts and


Tribological Challenges (Invited)
Staffan Jacobson
Tribomaterials Group, Dept. of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
ABSTRACT

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The most fundamental rule for achieving low-friction sliding is to keep the area of contact small and the shear
stress low. Of course, this beneficial combination is most often realised by using hard contacting materials and
adding a lubricant. However, in some cases fluid lubricants are undesirable, and in others they may temporarily or
locally be missing even when intended to be present.

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In the absence of a lubricant, the combined requirements of small contact area and low shear stress poses
contradicting demands on the contacting materials. A small contact area requires a hard material (i.e. hard to
deform plastically) while a low shear stress requires a superficial layer that is easy to deform plastically.

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Fortunately, there are several possible routes for materials to get around the contradictory demands. All such
possibilities share a common fundament; during tribological contact the material has to transform in such a way
that the shear resistance of its outermost layer becomes reduced relative to the hardness of the underlying

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material.
This may be achieved in several ways and can involve all sorts of material transformations; phase transformations,
deformation hardening, diffusion, smoothening, melting, crystallisation, crystalline rotation, etc. The effect on the

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friction from these transformations is often very dramatic.


This presentation will introduce five such working concepts:

Surface softening by selective alloy removal and self-ordering

Self lubrication on the atomic scale


Deep deformation hardening with superficial softening
Smoothening of ultra-hard coating and stabilisation of molecular surface cover

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Friction melting of thin surface layer


Illustrating examples be given for each of the concepts, collected from recent research on thin coatings, thick
coatings and bulk materials. The mechanisms will be explained, and their potentials demonstrated. Last, a number

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of outstanding challenges for a widened practical use of these coating concepts will be presented.

13

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Further Treatments for C and N Based Coatings to Enhance Their Application


Potentials (Invited)
Lawrence K.Y.Li
Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering
City University of Hong Kong

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mekyli@cityu.edu.hk
ABSTRACT

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Carbon based coatings (such as diamond-like carbon, DLCs) and nitrogen based coatings are the two popular
classes of thin film used in science and engineering. The presentation will discuss how other surface design
approaches (texturing and ion implantation) change the behaviour of these thin films.

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The ever-popular diamond-like carbon(DLC) coatings have a unique combination of physical and chemical
properties. The unusual combination of tunable hardness, low friction, high wear resistance, chemical inertness,
biocompatibility and hemo-compatibility, have made them successful used in various biomedical applications

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such as hip joints, heart valves, dental roots and articulating surface of implants. In order to widen their
applicationsand meet the modern requirements, the hydrophobicity, non-stickiness and wear resistance of the
protective coatings should be enhanced. The recent direction of surface modification of the DLC coatings has
turned towards thecombination of coatingsand surface textures, and this is gainingmore attention in the surface
engineering community. It is believed that the hydrophobicity and tribologicalbehaviour of textured DLC coatings
are largely controlled by the geometric parameters on a surface. This presentation will focus onthe effect of surface

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texturing on DLC coatings by studying the contact angle, non-stickiness, friction and wear of the contact surface
of DLC coatings with different geometric parameters.
In modern industries, there is an increasing demand to reduce or control wear and lubricants on engineering

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surfaces or machining tools. In most applications, the decrease of wear and cut off the use of lubricants will be
important to extend the useful life of components/tools, and paramount to save energy and resources,
respectively.Due to the combined properties of extreme hardness, high melting point, good chemical inertness, and

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good thermodynamical stability, hard TiAlSiN coating is an excellent candidate to reduce wear and hence increase
the longevity of engineering components. However, the coating often suffers from high friction coefficient
(normally ~0.5 against steel), and this limits the coating to be used in the applications th at low friction

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performance is essential. In this presentation, we demonstrate an integrated approach (surface texturing plus ion
implantation) to reduce the friction and wear of TiAlSiN coatings. Firstly, regular dimples were introduced to
substrate surfaces by a Nd:YAG laser. Secondly, TiAlSiN coatings were prepared on the textured surfaces by
magnetron sputtering technique. Finally, high energy ion implantation was performed on the textured coating
surfaces.The main purpose of this investigation is to provide an effective method to reduce the friction of the hard
coatings by using surface textures and controlling ion implantation doses.

14

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Understanding and Assessment of Nano-scale Mechanical Properties of Surface


(Invited)
Dae-Eun Kim*
School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
* Corresponding author: kimde@yonsei.ac.kr

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ABSTRACT

Tribological interactions are largely determined by the properties of the surfaces in contact. As for the mechanical
properties of a surface, hardness is perhaps the most important. Particularly in tribological applications, hardness
is widely utilized in various models to understand the fundamental friction and wear behaviors. In such models,

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accuracy of the hardness value has a direct influence on the reliability of the model. However, despite the well
accepted notion that hardness can vary with respect to depth, a single hardness value is often utilized to represent
the hardness of a surface. Furthermore, hardness along the sliding direction may be influenced by the deformation

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incurred at the region adjacent to the contact point. Hence, a detailed examination of the hardness variation
behavior in the surface region is needed to properly represent the physical property in the friction and wear
models.

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In this work the nano-scale hardness and elastic modulus properties were examined using nano-indentation
techniques with the aim to assess the degree of property variation with respect to location within the surface layer.
Specifically, the hardness in the vicinity of the initial measurement point was investigated using two different

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materials. Also, the hardness of a coating material with respect to depth was measured to assess the influence of
the substrate. The varying hardness values obtained from the nano-indentation measurements may be used in a
wear model to achieve better prediction of the wear amount.

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This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea
government (MSIP) (No. 2010-0018289).

15

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Modified Tribological Performance of Diamond-Like-Carbon Films by Organic


Additives and the Link with Tribochemistry
Hongyuan Zhao1) *, Joe Lanigan1), Ardian Morina1) Frederic Meunier2) and Anne Neville1)
1) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
2) Sulzer SOREVI SAS, Limoges Cedex, France

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* Corresponding author email address: h.zhao@leeds.ac.uk


ABSTRACT

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Diamond-like-carbon (DLC) coatings have great potential for offering excellent friction properties and wear
resistance depending on the DLC recipe. Recently there has been increased interest on how different lubricant
formulations affect the performance of DLC coatings. Three oil formulations based on current heavy duty diesel

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(HD) engine oil technology have been used to assess pure-hydrogenated DLCs in boundary lubricated contacts.
Tribological tests were performed on the TE77 Cameron-Plint reciprocating tribometer. Two organic friction
modifiers were added into the test formulations respectively to study the influence on DLC friction performance

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as well as tribofilm formation. The effects of different functional groups from friction modifiers on the
tribological properties and surface film composition of pure hydrogenated DLC were also investigated. Some
functional groups from the additives, such as OH, CHO2 and PO2 were found to show higher intensities in the

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wear track after tested by the organic additive-containing formulation, which was linked with some low friction
performance. These results suggested that the reactivity of hydrogenated DLC could be improved by some
organic additives in the engine oil formulations.

16

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Lubrication Analysis of a Parallel Thrust Bearing with Elliptical-shape


Micro-dimple
Yo-Han Jeong1), Joon-Oh Lee1), Tae-Jo Park2) *
1) Graduate School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Korea
2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, ERI, Korea

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* Corresponding author,tjpark@gnu.ac.kr
ABSTRACT

In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis carried out to estimate the lubrication characteristics
of surface textured parallel thrust bearing with elliptical-shape micro-dimple.Using a commercial CFD code, the

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effect of dimple ellipticity ratio, and their locations and numbers on the pressure distribution, supporting load,
friction force and leakage are studied. Pressure distributionsare affected by dimple shape and their locations and
numbers. However, the effect of dimple shape on the friction force and the leakage were relatively small.

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Present results can be used in design of optimum dimple specifications to improve further tribol ogical
performance of sliding bearings.
1 INTRODUCTION

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Tribologists have been interested in surface modification to improve the tribological performance of mechanical
components. Recently, laser surface texturing [1] is one of the most promising solutions to reduce friction and
improve reliability of highly sliding machine components such as thrust bearings, mechanical face seals and

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piston rings. It is now generally understood that the micro-dimple function as micro-reservoir for lubricant
retention or micro-traps for wear/foreign particles. Generating additional hydrodynamic pressure is accepted as
the most important theoretical results of recent studies [2-3]. In this study, the lubrication characteristics of a

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parallel thrust bearing with elliptical shape dimples are analyzed using a CFD software.
2NUMERICAL METHODS
Fig.1 shows a schematic view of the parallel thrust bearing considered in this study. The dimples are regularly

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distributed in the sliding direction. Each dimple is modeled by an elliptical segment with radius a and b, and
depth hp. Where ellipticity ratio of the dimple, k, is defined as b/a.

Fig. 1.Schematic of parallel thrust bearing.

17

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Table 1.Bearing size and operating conditions


Symbol

Value

1,500

150

60, 50, 41.7

41.7, 50, 60

Dimple depth,

hp

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Film thickness,

Pressure B. C., kPaabs

P0

101

Vapor pressure, kPaabs

Pv

50

Sliding speed, m/s

Bearingsize,

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Dimple size,

Assuming the lubricant flow between bearing surfaces as steady state and laminar flow, then the continuity and

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Navier-Stokes equationsare discretized by a conventional finite volume method, and solved usingcommercial
CFD software, FLUENT[4].Bearing size and numerical conditions applied are listed in Table 1. The maximum
number of dimple adopted is 10.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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Fig. 2 shows stream lines for different dimple shapes. Where k=1 corresponds to the case of a circle section in the
x-z plane. Despite the differences in dimple shapes, an eddy which can be acts as a micro-filter was formed inside

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each dimple. Fig. 3shows the effect of consecutive dimple numbers on pressure distribution. In this figure,
dimples are added from inlet(left) to outlet(right), and thenumber in left column means total number of dimples.
When dimple number is 6, pressure distribution for different dimple shapes are compared in Fig.4. Unlike to the

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case of un-textured parallel thrust bearing, significant hydrodynamic pressure can be generated in partially
textured cases [2]. Contrary to case of the pressure distribution, however, the effect of dimple shape on the
friction force acting on the bearing surface and the leakage through the clearance were relatively small. Therefore

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present results can be used in design of optimum dimple specifications to improve furt her tribological
performances of various sliding bearings.

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(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 2. Stream lines on the x-y plane: k is (a) 0.69, (b) 1.0, (c) 1.44

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

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Fig. 3.Pressure distribution on the x-z plane.k is (a) 0.69, (b) 1.44.

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Fig. 4.Pressure distribution on the x-y plane with 6 dimples.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This work was supported by the second phase BK21Plus Project and the Industrial Strategic Technology Development

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Program (Grant Number 10042662) funded by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE, Korea).

REFERENCES

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[1] Etsion, I., State of the Art in Laser Surface Texturing, Trans. ASME, J. of Tribology 127(2005), 248253.
[2] Brizmer, V., Kligerman, Y. and Etsion, I., A Laser Surface Textured Parallel Thrust Bearing, Tribology Trans.,
46(2003), 397403.
[3] Ma, C. and Zhu, H., An Optimum Design Model for Textured Surface with Elliptical-shape Dimples under
Hydrodynamic Lubrication, Tribology Int, 44(2011), 987995.
[4] FLUENT, 2011, FLUENT 14.0 Manual.

19

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Wear Mechanism Transition Dominated by Subsurface Recrystallization


Structure in Cu-Al Alloys
X. Chen, Z. Han*, K. Lu
Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-24-23971891; fax: +86-24-23971215.

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E-mail address: zhonghan@imr.ac.cn (Z. Han).


ABSTRACT

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Dry sliding tribological properties and worn subsurface microstructures of Cu-Al alloys with Al concentrations in
a range of 0-2.2 wt.% were investigated. It was found that the wear volume of Cu-Al alloys decreases with an
increasing Al concentration below 0.5 wt.%, and then increases at higher Al concentrations (above 0.5 wt.%). For

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all the samples, a subsurface layer of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) structure is generated beneath the top
nanostructured mixing layer (NML). DRX grain size decreases significantly with an increasing Al content.
Meanwhile, a continuous nanostructured layer (grain size ~10 nm) was developed in the topmost region of NML

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or just atop the DRX layer. Quantitative correspondence between wear volume and DRX grain size indicates that
the wear process is dominated by the transformation from the subsurface DRX structure into the NML when the
DRX grain size is larger than 0.65 m. While rapidly cracking and peeling-off of the DRX layer is the dominating

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process when the DRX grain size is less than 0.5 m.

20

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Structure Characterization of Ion-vapor Deposited a-C:H Coating by Solid


State 13C NMR
Jiao Xu 1), Sadayuki Watanabe 2), Hideo Hayashi 2), Masahiro Kawaguchi 2), Takahisa Kato 1)
1) Surface Science and Tribology Lab., the University of Tokyo
2) Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute (TIRI)

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* katox@mech.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
ABSTRACT

In the present study, structural characterization of ion-vapor deposited a-C:H coating was performed byapplying
solid state 13C NMR. Unique clustering heterogeneity was observed and two distinct types of sp2 Cclusters were

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discovered in studied coatings. One type denoted as sp2 C with a fraction of 3~12 at. % wasnon-protonated and
specifically embedded in hydrogen-absent regions of amorphous carbon matrix, and theother type denoted as sp2
C was hydrogenated or at least proximate to hydrogen spins. Moreover, the CPMAStests confirmed that

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hydrogen atoms were preferentially coordinated with sp3 carbons while the most C/C bondswere hybridized in
sp2 phase. The localization of hydrogen-free sp2 C sites plays a significant role indetermining the electrical and
optical properties of studied coatings. Its atomic concentration is closely relatedto the substrate bias voltage in

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deposition, and preliminarily understood as a trapped interface between thedominant sp2 C clusters and sp2 C
matrix, as shown in Fig.1. Largely affected by the heteronuclear interactionswith protons, the longitudinal
magnetization of sp2 C and sp3 C recovered single-exponentially, while the sp2 Cand 1H relaxed

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stretched-exponentially due to the effect of paramagnetic impurities.

FIG. 1.Schematic illustration on the sp2 C clusters (inside the dotted circle) trapped between the dominant sp2 C
clusters inaromatic ring structure and the amorphous sp3 C matrix.

21

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

On the Evaluate of Reynolds Equation for Hydrodynamics Lubrication


Simulation of Textured Surfaced
Jing Han 1) *, Liang Fang 2), Jiapeng Sun 2), Wang Yanqing 3), GE Shirong 1), ZHU Hua 1)
1) School of Mechatromic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
2) State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China
3) School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

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* Corresponding author, email: hanjingcumt@gmail.com


ABSTRACT

This paper was firstly focused on the availability of Reynolds equation in the hydrodynamic lubrication

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simulation of textured surface based on theoretical analysis. The results shown that the ratio of oil film thickness
to the characteristic length of the texture h/L and the reduced Reynolds number re were the two key factors for the
availability of Reynolds equation. The Reynolds equation can just been applied safely when both the h/L and re

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tend to zero. And a map for the applicable range of Reynolds equation was draw. Further, the effect of h/L and re
on the error of Reynolds equation was numerically calculated for the rectangle groove, and the invalidation
mechanisms of Reynolds equation was discussed under different conditions. Finally, the evaluation criteria of

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Reynolds equation was proposed, that the error of Reynolds equation can be restricted within 10% when the re
and h/L is limited smaller than 0.20 and 0.015 respectively.
Keywords: Textured Surface; Reynolds Equation; Hydrodynamic Lubrication; Textured Surface.

22

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Friction and Wear Characteristics of CNT Coating Deposited by Electrodynamic


Spraying Process
Hae-Jin Kim, Dae-Eun Kim *
School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University,
50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea

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* Corresponding author: kimde@yonsei.ac.kr


ABSTRACT

Carbon nano-tube (CNT) has received much interest over the last decade due to its remarkable mechanical and
electrical properties. It has also been applied in various applications including tribology. Recently, the feasibility

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of using CNTs as a composite coating for wear reduction of silicon was demonstrated. In this study, CNT coating
was fabricated by using electrodynamic spraying process. Various coatings were initially characterized with an
atomic force microscope (AFM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, friction and wear

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characteristics of CNT coatings were investigated using a pin-on-recipocating type of a tribotester. The
tribological properties of the CNT coatings were quite sensitive to the deposition conditions. Using optimum
deposition condition, CNT coating deposited by electrodymanic spraying process showed adequate tribological

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properties.
1 INTRODUCTION
Carbon nano-tube (CNT) has been receiving much interest in various applications due to its outstanding

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mechanical and electrical properties [1-3]. Particularly, it has been utilized as an additive in lubricants and
numerous works have been conducted to utilize CNT as a coating for tribological applications [4]. It has been
reported that CNTs that are stacked in the form of nano-fibres could be a promising candidate for solid lubricants

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due to superior mechanical properties [5]. Recently, the frictional properties of CNTs were assessed with the aim
to develop a solid lubricant that may prolong the lifetime of silicon-based devices [6]. In this regard, Kim et al.
developed a solid coating composed of CNT and Ag dual-layer composite to reduce the wear of silicon [7]. The

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main mechanism of the wear reduction was attributed to anchoring of Ag coating with the underlying CNT
coating.
In this study, electrodynamic spraying process was utilized in order to fabricate CNT coating on pre-cleaned Si

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substrate (100). It should be mentioned that an electrodynamic spraying process is an efficient coating method
that can control the coating thickness and surface roughness with an optimized experimental conditions [8].
Surface properties such as thickness and surface roughness of the coating were characterized by using an atomic

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force microscope (AFM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A pin-on-reciprocating type of a tribotester
was utilized to investigate friction and wear properties of CNT coatings. Wear tracks of the coatings were
analyzed usingan SEM following the sliding tests.
2 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Since the electrodynamic spraying process uses the solution in aqueous state, well dispersed CNTs in the mixture
of EtOH/H2O solution was initially synthesized. Following a set of preliminary experiments to identify the proper
deposition conditions of the spraying process, CNTs were coated on pre-cleaned Si substrates. Fig. 1 shows the
overall schematic of the electrodynamic spraying system.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy were used to examine the structural characteristics and
chemical bonding composition of the CNT coating, respectively. Surface characteristics of the CNT coatings such
as topography and thickness with respect to thedeposition conditions were assessed by using an AFM and an
23

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

SEM as described previously. Furthermore, mechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus and stiffness
were acquired by usingnanoindentation techniques. Fig. 2 shows the SEM image of a typical silicon specimen

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Fig. 1 Schematic of the electrodynamic spraying system.

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coated with CNT using the electrodynamic spraying process.

A pin-on-reciprocating type of a tribotester was used to investigate the friction and wear characteristics of the

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CNT coatings. Depending on the deposition conditions such as concentration of the solution and spraying
injection speed, the surface topography of the coating as well as the friction and wear characteristics varied. Thus,
it could be concluded from the experimental results that the friction and wear characteristics of CNT coatings

Fig. 2 SEM image of CNT coated silicon specimen.

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could be improved by the eletrodynamic spraying process conditions. It is expected that with further optimization
of the process conditions, electrodynamic spraying process can be utilized as a cost effective method to fabricate
CNT coated surfaces.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea
government (MSIP) (No. 2010-0018289).
REFERENCES
[1] A. Cao, V. Veedo, X. Li, Z. Yao, M. Ghasemi-Nejhad, Multifunctional brushes made from carbon nanotubes,
Nature 4 (2005) 540-545.
[2] H. Cai, F. Yan, Q. Xue, Investigation of tribological properties of polyimide/carbon nanotube nanocomposites, Mat.
Sci. and Eng. A 364 (2004) 94-100.
[3] J. Lee, Y. Hong, R. Nan, M. Jang, C. Lee, S. Ahn, Soundproofing effect of nano particle reinforced polymer
composites, J. of Mech. Sci. and Tech. 22 (2008) 1468-1474.
[4] S. Dong, J. Tu, X. Zhang, An investigation of the sliding wear behavior of Cu-matrix composite reinforced by
carbon nanotubes, Mater. Sci. and Eng. A 313 (2001) 83-87.
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

[5] B. Yu, Z. Liu, F. Zhou, W. Liu, Y. Liang, A novel lubricant additive based on carbon nanotubes for ionic liquids,
Mater. Lett. 62 (2008) 2967-2969.
[6] J. Hu, S. Jo, Z. Ren, A. Voevodin, J. Zabinski, Tribological behavior and graphitization of carbon nanotubes grown
on 440C stainless steel, Tribol. Lett. 19 (2005) 119-125.
[7] D. Kim, C. Kim, H. Kim, A novel approach to wear reduction of micro-components by synthesis of carbon
nanotube-silver composite coating, CIRP Annals-Manuf. Tech. 60 (2011) 599-602.
[8] Y. Kim, Z. Akbar, D. Kim, S. Jo, S. Jang, Aqueous Dispersible Graphene/Pt Nanohybrids by Green Chemistry:

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Application as Cathodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Appl. Mater. & Interf. 5 (2013) 2053-2061.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Experimental Research of Adhesive Behaviours of Mushroom-shaped Fibrillar


Gecko-inspired Functional Surface
Tao Da-Shuai1), Tian Yu1) *, Chen Kai-kai1), Meng Yong-gang1), Zhang Xiang-jun1), Dan Sameoto2)
1) State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

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* Corresponding author email addresstianyu@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn


ABSTRACT

Gecko has gained excellent ability of running on walls or even cells by controlling strong attachment in gripping
direction and easy detachment in releasing direction. Various of gecko-inspired functional surfaces have been

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developed to mimic gecko`s incredible climbing ability. The characterization of frictional and adhesive properties
of gecko-inspired functional surfaces is a significant task for gecko-inspired devices` design and application. The
sample used in this paper is mushroom-shaped fibrillar gecko-inspired surface made of polyurethane(PU) and its

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adhesive behaviors with silicon wafer are studied experimentally systematically. Experimental results show that
when the contact surfaces are not completely parallel, adhesive force has a relationship of power function with
pre-load, dwelling time, detaching velocity in the process of vertical detachment; the adhesive force will decrease

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significantly when the dragging distance is larger than 0.1mm which is five times the distance between two fibers
in the process of loading-dragging-detaching. Those results will be instructive for the design of mushroom-shaped
fibril gecko-inspired surface and its application to some degree.

26

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

The Oxidation Resistance of the Unsaturated Polyol Ester and Its Influence on
the Tribological Performance
Qian Xuzheng1), Liu Jianfang 1, 2), Jin Yongliang1),Xiang Yaling1),Li Jian1)*
1) Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan 430030, China
2) Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China

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ABSTRACT

Unsaturated polyol ester is a kind of typical ester lubricant base oil, which is widely used to prepare the
lubricating oil having high performance. The oxidation resistance and tribological properties in high temperature
is two of the most important technical indicators.In this paper, the unsaturated polyol ester of 1427 was as the

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research object, which was aged for different times at different temperatures in the accelerated oxidation test by
the oven. The effects of oxidation time and oxidation temperature on the physical and chemical properties and the
variation law of friction and wear were testedsystematically by the viscometer, acidimeter titration, FTIR

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Spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and four-ball tester. The results show that the unsaturated polyol
ester of 1427 has good oxidation resistanceand high critical transition temperature of friction coefficient. The
appropriate application of composite antioxidants can further improve the tribological performance.

27

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

3D Surface Characterizations of Wear Particles Generated from Lubricated


Regular Surface Textured Cylinder Liners
Zhiwei Guo 1), Chengqing Yuan 1)*, Xiuqin Bai 1), Xinping Yan 1), Zhongxiao Peng 2)
1) School of Energy and Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
2) School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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* ycq@whut.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

The interaction between cylinder liner and piston rings is one of the major sources to friction losses in diesel
engines, and therefore it is important to study effects of surface textures on cylinder liner wear. Wear particle

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analysis can be developed as an effective method for assessment of the running conditions of concaved cylinder
liners. The aim of this study was to numerically characterize the topographical features of wear particles
generated from different surface textured cylinder liners and to investigate their changes with alternations in both

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rotational speeds and surface textures. To achieve this goal, cylinder liners with three different surface textures
were prepared and tested in three different speeds. The investigated surface textures included regular concave,
regular groove, concave and groove, etc. Wear particles were extracted from the lubrication oil; three-dimensional

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images of the wear debris were acquired using laser confocal microscopy; and their topographical features were
analyzed quantitatively. This study has revealed that running-in conditions and stable state can be detected using
wear debris analysis techniques at a micrometer scale. It has also been discovered that regular concave cylinder

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liner with depth-diameter ratio of 0.1 always generated wear particles different to those from the other cylinder
liners on each rotational speed. It is believed that the quantitative surface topography characterization results
obtained in this study provide a practical base for developing a new tool for monitoring the operation conditions

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of cylinder liner-piston rings in diesel engines.

28

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Study on the Preparation and Properties of Zirconium Oxide Thin Films on 316L
Stainless Steel Materials
Liu Xiaolong, Liu Ying*, Wang Jun
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang Jiangxi, 330031, China
* Email: lying@ncu.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

In clinical medicine, vascular stent implantation is one of the most effective methods of interventional treatment

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in vascular stenosis or occlusion diseases. However, after the metal stent is implanted in the human body, it will
be corroded and release cytotoxic ions in the body fluid environment, and it will induce thrombosis even more,
then lead to vascular restenosis. Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) has excellent physical properties, corrosion resistance

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and biocompatibility, but the corrosion resistance and hemocompatibility of ZrO 2 are still need further study as
the stent modified materials. Therefore, ZrO2 thin films were prepared on 316L stainless steel by sol-gel method.
The surface structure and properties of ZrO 2 thin films were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and traced by

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scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that, it can be achieved to prepare symmetrical and
dense ZrO2 nano thin films complying with the process flow of this paper. The factors affecting the corrosion
resistance of films were evaluated by the potentiodynamic polarization curves, which were tested by
electrochemical workstation using phosphate buffered saline(PBS) as simulated body fluid (37). Based on the
contact anglebetweenZrO2 thin films and three kinds of test solution (distilled water, glycol and glycerol), the
surface energy of ZrO2 thin films was calculated by the curves and the intersections outputted from Matlab. The

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interfacial tension between ZrO2 thin films and three kinds of blood component (plasma, fibrinogen and albumin)
was calculated and evaluated. The results showed that, ZrO 2 thin films had favorable corrosion resistance and
hemocompatibility.

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Keywords ZrO2 thin film, 316L stainless steel, Sol-gel, Corrosion resistance, Hemocompatibility

29

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Prediction of Fractal Dimension and Surface Roughness Based on the Material


Characteristics inMilling Operation
Xue Zuo
China University of Mining and Technology, China
ABSTRACT

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The correlation of material characteristics withroughness and fractal dimension of the milled surface are
investigated in the present paper. At first, the experiments are carried out on the CNC milling machine. Various
machined surfaces are obtained under different cutting speeds and feed rates. The experimental materials are four
carbon steels, i.e., AISI 1020, Gr50, 1045 and 1566. Then, surface profiles are measured by the

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T1000Aprolometer. Based on the root mean square method, the fractal dimensions of the surface profiles
obtained by different experimental conditions are calculated respectively. The results show thatroughness and
fractal dimension of the surface are qualitativedependence on the material hardness and elongation, but

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independent of the milling conditions. Further, for a specific carbon materialand milling condition, the roughness
and fractal dimensionof milled surface can be read directly from the formulas in this paper. The results also show
thatfractal dimensionand surface roughness could be new parameters to distinguish the vari ous carbon materials,

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viz., different materials correspond to different fractal dimensions and surface roughness under certain cutting
condition.
Keywords: Milled surface; Fractal dimension;Root mean square method; Surface roughness.

30

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Slurry Erosion Resistance of NiCoCrFeAl3 High Entropy Alloy Coating


Xiulin Ji 1) *, Hui Zhang 2), Biao Hu 1)
1) Engineering Research Center of Dredging Technology of Ministry of Education,
Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
2) School of Material Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology,
Maanshan 243002, Anhui, China

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* xiulinji@gmail.com
ABSTRACT

The slurry erosion resistance of NiCoFeCrAl3 high entropy alloy (HEA) coating was investigated using a jet
erosion testing machine. With an increase of impact angle from 15to 90, the volume losses of the high entropy

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alloy coating was increased firstly and then decreased. The largest volume loss of this coating was 4.1 mm3 at the
impact angle of 45after 30 min erosion with 15 wt% of SiO2 particles (350600 m) at the impact velocity of
15 ms1 . Under the same erosion situation, the volume loss of 17-7 (0Cr17Ni7Al) steel was 5.4 mm3, which

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means the HEA coating possessed better erosion resistance. After a heat treatment, the erosion resistance of the
HEA coating was improved. XRD showed the precipitated intermetallic compound Cr3Ni2 was the reason for the
improvement of hardness and erosion resistance. The 950 heat treated HEA coating had the best erosion

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resistance and its volume loss was reduced to 3.5 mm3 at the impact angle of 45. The worn surface morphology
of the HEA coating was characterized by short grooves, ploughing marks and small quantity of brittle fracture,
suggesting the plastic deformation and abrasive wear was predominant mechanisms in the slurry erosion.

31

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Finite Element Analysis of an Elastic Ball Sliding on a Multi-layer Hard Coated


Surface
Jun-Hyuk Lee1), Tae-Jo Park2) *
1) Graduate School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Korea
2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, ERI, Korea

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* Corresponding author, tjpark@gnu.ac.kr


ABSTRACT

In this study, a sliding contact problem involving in a spherical hard particle and multi-layer diamond-like carbon
(DLC) coated steel surface was modeled to obtain optimum coating conditions and to investigate the coatinglayer

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failure mechanism. Using a nonlinear finite element code, MARC,the three-dimensional sliding contact problem was
analyzed. For single layer coating, a permanent groove and torus were shaped at contacting surface. In the case of

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multi-layer coating, high residual tensile stress was observed at the interface of coating/substrate. The results showed

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that multi-layer coating is more effective in reduction of surface deformation and DLC coating layer failure.
1 INTRODUCTION

In machine components, various coating materials such as TiN, TiC, Al 2O3, recently diamond-like carbon (DLC)

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and their combinations as multi-layer have been widely used to improve tribological performances. Since the
1970s, the mechanical and tribological properties of DLC coatings have been studied, and now it is increasingly
applied because it has excellent tribological characteristics such as high hardness and wear resistance, and low

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friction nature. In spite of a great number of studies have been done on various contact problems, however,
relatively very small theoretical studies were carried out on the DLC coating. In practice, the coating conditions
such as DLC and bonding material, and their thicknesses and layers are experimentally obtained by only trial and

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error. Holmberg et al. [1] analyzed the stress generation and fracture behavior in the single layer DLC coating
under sliding condition. Employing FEM, Wei and Yen [2] conducted indentation analysis to investigate the effect
of residual stress on mechanical properties of DLC deposition for different substrate. Kot et al. [3] studied the

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2 FEM MODEL

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cause of multi-layer coating failure using spherical indentation and FEM modeling. In this study, a sliding contact
problem between a small spherical particle and multi-layer DLC coated steel surface is analyzed to obtain
optimum coating conditions and to investigate the coated surface failure mechanism.

Fig. 1.Schematic of 3-D finite element sliding contact model.

32

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Table 1.Mechanical properties


Material

Youngs modulus, GPa

Poisson's
ratio

Yield

Particle

Rigid

Substrate

Steel

200

0.3

Coating

DLC

70

0.22

Supporting layer

CrN

400

0.22

strength, GPa

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A general purpose, nonlinear finite element code, MARC [4], is used. Fig. 1 shows a three-dimensional finite
element sliding contact model adopted in this study.Where, the coating layer and steel surface are defined as
symmetry in the x-y plane. Table 1 shows material properties used. The deformation behaviors of steel substrate,
DLC and supporting layer are assumed as elastic-perfect plastic and linear-elastic, respectively. Particle diameter,
each DLC and supporting layer thickness and applied load are 50, 2 and 500 mN, respectively. Friction
coefficient between particle and coating layer is 0.08.

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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Figs. 2 and 3 show von-Mises and maximum principal stress distributions after 50 sliding, respectively. In the
case of single layer coating, a permanent groove and torus were shaped at contacting surface and high residual

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stress was left both contacting surface and inside of DLC coating layer. In the case of multi-layer coating, on the
other hand, high residual tensile stress was observed at the interface of coating/substrate. Therefore repeated
sliding contact due to hard particle can be results in delamination of coating layer at the interface. From the

(b)

Fig. 2von-Mises stress distribution.(a) Single layer, (b) Multi-layer.

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(a)

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results shown in Fig. 4, multi-layer coating is much more effective in reduction of surface deformation. The
results and three-dimensional FEM model of present study can be used in designing of an optimum DLC coating
condition.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3 Maximum principal stress distribution.(a) Single layer, (b) Multi-layer.


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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology

Fig. 4 Effect of coating layers on the surface deformation.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

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This work was supported by the second phase BK21Plus Project and the Industrial Strategic Technology
Development Program (Grant Number 10042662) funded by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE,

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Korea).

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REFERENCES

[1] Holmberg, K., Ronkainen, H., Laukkanen, A., Wallin, K., Erdemir, A. and Eryilmaz, O., Tribological Analysis of
TiN and DLC Coated Contacts by 3D FEM Modelling and Stress Simulation, Wear, 264(2008), 877-884.

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[2] Wei, C. and Yen, J. Y., A Finite Element Analysis of the Effects of Residual Stress, Substrate Roughness and
Non-Uniform Stress Distribution on the Mechanical Properties of Diamond-like Carbon Films, Diamond & Related
Materials, 20(2011), 839-844.
Materials & Design, 51(2013), 280-286.

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[3] Kot, M., Major, . and Lackner, J., The Tribological Phenomena of a New Type of TiN/a-C:H Multilayer,

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[4] MSC, MARC/MENTAT 2012 User's Guide, A~E, 2012.

34

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Influence of Surface Texturing on Tribological Property of Dry Sliding Pair


First A. Qi Ye, Second B. Chang Qiuying *, Third C. Wang Bin
School of Mechanical, Electronic and control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044
* Corresponding author email address: qychang@bjtu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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Regular micro-dimples produced on 45 steel sample surfaces with different surface hardness by laser surface
texturing and the effect on the tribological properties under dry sliding was studied. Friction tests were performed
using a block-on-ring tribometer. Surface hardness of dimpled samples surfaces was examined. Worn surfaces

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were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the friction coefficient of
textured friction pairs is a little higher than that of non-textured friction pair and the wear loss of textured sample
with original hardness of HRC40 is decreased significantly compared with non-textured surface. However, the

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result is opposite for 45 steel sample with original hardness of HRC54. It was found that hardness of the dimple
wall rises sharply but declines outside the dimple.
1 INTRODUCTION

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Surface texture as a means for enhancing tribological properties is well known more and more widely. Laser
surface texturing is probably the most advanced for that it can produce a mass of micro-dimples on frictional
contact surfaces, and each dimple can function as a micro-hydrodynamic bearing under full or mixed lubrication,
a micro-reservoir for lubricant in case of starved lubrication, a micro-trap for wear debris in lubrication or dry
sliding conditions [1]. A large number of research works were carried out to investigate tribological behaviors of
laser surface texture samples under fluid lubricant conditions [2-7], while only limited number of works were

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performed under dry sliding [8-10]. Zhan and Yang [8] found the friction pair textured with laser etched dimples
well preserved the oxide layer which could reduce abrasive wear under rolling contact and dry sliding. Varenberg
et al [9] revealed that the trap of oxide wear debris into the micro-pores resulted in up to 84% reduction in the

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electrical contact resistance of the textured fretting surfaces. The role of oxide wear debris depends on the
dominant fretting wear mechanism, their presence in the interface protects the friction surfaces when the
dominant wear mechanism is adhesive and harms the friction surfaces when this mechanism is abrasive. Wu et al

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[10] fabricated laser texture on the surface of WC/Co cemented carbide disks, and the friction coefficient, wear
rate and friction temperature of textured surfaces were larger than that of non-textured surfaces under dry sliding
condition. Thus, research on laser surface texture under dry friction needs much more work.

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In the present study, regular micro-dimples were fabricated on steel surfaces with different hardness by laser
surface texturing, and its effect on friction and wear was investigated under dry sliding. The influence of laser
surface texturing on surface hardness were examined to study the mechanism of tribological property variation
under dry sliding.
2 EXPERIMENTAL
Dry friction tests were performed using a block-on-ring tribometer. Blocks (9mm10mm15mm) and rings
(40mm10mm) were made of 45 steel. After heat treatment, the surface hardness of blocks was 56HRC, and the
surface of rings hardness was 40HRC and 54HRC respectively. Arrays of dimples were fabricated only on the
surface of rings with a fiber laser. The samples were lapped to remove the bulges around dimples after laser
surface textured, and then cleaned in ultrasonic bath by alcohol and acetone for 20 min. Fig. 1 shows the
morphology of the laser textured surface as observed under a scanning electron microscope, the diameter of the
dimple is 500m, the depth of the dimple is about 100m, and the area density of the surface texture is 20%.
35

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology

bo
lo
gy

(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Tr
i

Fig. 1 The SEM micrograph of textured surface

During the tests, the steel ring was rotating at a speed of 200r/min, while the block was fixed and loaded at 100N.

siu
m

on

Each test lasted for 60min and repeated three times. Before and after tests, samples were cleaned in ultrasonic
bath and then be weighed to obtain the wear loss of samples.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Friction coefficient

na

In

te

rn
a

tio

na
l

Sy
m
po

It is shown in Fig. 2 that friction coefficients of rings with hardness of HRC40 and HRC54 are almost the same.
That is to say, surface texturing of sliding sample hardly influences the friction coefficient.

hi

Fig.2 Friction coefficient vs. time (a) rings HRC40 (b) rings HRC54

3.2 Wear loss

7t
h

Fig. 3 shows the wear loss of samples. When rings hardened to HRC40, the wear loss of textured rings decreases
by percentage of 83.5% compared to non-textured rings, and the wear loss of mating blocks decreases by
percentage of 12%. However, for friction pairs with rings hardened to HRC54, the wear loss of rings after
textured increases by 57.9%, and the wear loss of blocks corresponding to textured rings is 58.6% more than
corresponding to non-textured rings.

36

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology

bo
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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Fig. 3 Wear loss of samples

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i

3.3 Surface hardness

Surface hardness of dimple wall and un-dimpled area were examined, the results are shown in Table 1. Laser

on

surface texturing enhances the hardness of dimple wall, but decreases the hardness of surface outside dimple.
Table 1. Surface hardness of samples
Hardness (HRC)

siu
m

Position
Blocks
Outside dimple (HRC40 Rings)
Dimples wall (HRC54 Rings)
Outside dimple (HRC54 Rings)

na
l

3.4 Worn surface

Sy
m
po

Dimples wall (HRC40 Rings)

64
37
77
44

(b)

(c)

(d)

7t
h

hi

na

In

te

rn
a

tio

(a)

56

Fig. 4 The SEM micrographs of worn surface after tests (a) non-textured rings HRC40 (b)textured rings HRC40 (c)
non-textured rings HRC54 (d) textured rings HRC54

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

After testing, the worn surface of rings was observed by SEM, Fig. 4. Sever adhesive wear occurred on the
surface of rings with a hardness of HRC40, and the surface with dimples seems better than non-textured surface.
For the surface of rings hardened to HRC54, adhesive and abrasive wear are both spotted on the non -textured
surface, however abrasive wear tracks are mainly observed on the textured surface.
4 CONCLUSION
Laser surface texturing influenced the surface hardness of samples remarkably. Surface hardness inside dimple
was larger than the original surface hardness of samples, but hardness outside of dimples was smaller than the
original surface hardness of samples.

bo
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gy

Laser texturing of ring sample with low hardness is of benefit to wear loss reducing of sliding pair, but useless for
one with higher hardness.
REFERENCES

Tr
i

[1] I. Etsion. State of the Art in Laser Surface Texturing, Journal of Tribology of the ASME, 127(2005) 248-253.

[2] V. Brizmer, Y. Kligerman, I. Etsion. A laser surface textured parallel thrust bearing, Tribology Transaction 46

on

(2003) 397-403.

[3] G. Ryk, I. Etsion. Testing piston rings with partial laser surface texturing for friction reduction, Wear 261 (2006)

siu
m

792-796.

[4] G. Ryk, Y. Kligerman, I. Etsion, A. Shinkarenko. Experimental investigation of partial laser surface texturing for
piston-ring friction reduction, Tribology Transactions, 48 (2005) 583-588.

Sy
m
po

[5] G. Ryk, Y. Kligerman, I. Etsion. Experiental investigation of laser surface texturing for reciprocating automotive
components, Tribology Transactions, 45 (2002) 444-449.

[6] S. Schreck, K. H. Zum Gahr. Laser-assisted structuring of ceramic and steel surfaces for improving tribological
properties, Applied Surface Science 247 (2005) 616-622.

tio

Applied Surface Science 270 (2013) 58-63.

na
l

[7] D.Z. Segu, S.G. Choi, J.H. Choi, S.S. Kim. The effect of multi-scale laser textured surface on lubrication regime,
[8] J. Zhan, M. Yang. Effects of Laser Dimple Texturing on the Sliding Wear of Friction Pairs, Journal of Laser

rn
a

Applications, 25(2013) 042011-1-5.

[9] M. Varenberg, G. Halperin, I. Etsion. Different Aspects of the Role of Wear Debris in Fretting Wear, Wear, 252

te

(2002) 902-910.

In

[10] Z. Wu, J. Deng, H. Zhang, et al. Tribological Behavior of Textured Cemented Carbide Filled with Solid

7t
h

hi

na

Lubricants in Dry Sliding with Titanium Alloys, Wear, 292-293 (2012) 135-143.

38

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Explicit Solution to Elastic Quarter-space Contact


W. Wang1)*, Z.M. Zhang1), P.L. Wong2)
1) School of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
2)Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, China
Author email: mewwang@shu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

bo
lo
gy

Elastic half space model (half infinite body) have been widely accepted for the calculation of contact stress and
deformation in practical mechanical systems such as the contact of rail-wheels, cam-followers, gears, bearings

Tr
i

and etc.. In these practical contacts, the assumptions of half infinite body model are not always satisfied. For
example, the contact of gear and roller bearing, the length of the gear tooth and bearing roller are limited and the
effect of two free sides cant be ignored. For these contact cases, elastic quarter space model is preferred.

siu
m

on

Fig.1 is a typical elastic quarter space problem. The side free surface is close to the loading region or contact
region. Thus the side free surface edge effects cant be ignored. Hetenyi[1] is the first to investigate elastic quarter
space problem theoretically with an ingenious method of reflection and iteration of the reflected solution to obtain

Sy
m
po

acceptable accurate results. Hetenyi start the quarter space solution from the half infinite space solution. From
geometric structure, the quarter space can be taken as a half cut space from the half infinite space as shown in
Fig.2. The stress and strain in the cut quarter region can be calculated with Boussinesq formula. The difference of

rn
a

tio

na
l

this cut quarter space and practical quarter space is there is normal stress and shear stress on cut line. If the
normal stress and shear stress are eliminated, the quarter space solution is obtained.

te

Fig.1 Typical elastic quarter space problem

Fig.2 Quarter space as half cut of half infinite space

hi

na

In

Hetenyi ingeniously proposed a reflection method with symmetric loading to eliminate the shear stress on cut line.
Though plus of iteration solution for horizontal half infinite space and vertical half infinite space, the normal
stress also can be eliminated. The process of Hetenyis method is demonstrated in Fig.3 and Fig.4. During the
iteration of H style and V style half infinite space solution with the symmetric loading, the normal loading on

7t
h

vertical cut line n(,) is balanced automatically. As to the excess loading on horizontal cut line n(x,y) will
approximate to zero as iteration continue. This iteration convergence was proved by Hetenyi because the
Poissons ratio is less than 0.5 and normally ten iteration enough for accurate result. The final quarter space
solution is the accumulation of all the iteration H and V style half infinite space solution.

Fig.4 Horizontal(H Style) half infinite space

Fig.5 Vertical(V Style) half infinite space

with symmetric vertical loading

with symmetric horizontal loading


39

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Following Hetenyis work, Sneddon[2] derived the theoretical limit of the H style and V style iteration with two
integrated equations as the final loading applied on horizontal and vertical half infinite space. The solution to this
two coupled integration equations is still complex. Keer and his co-workers[3-6] made many efforts to find
methods to solve the integral equations. Decoupling of the two integral equations, special process of singularity,
had been successfully achieved by Keer. Fourier transform method and direct numerical solving method were also
used by Keer et al to solve the integration equations. Through the work of Keer et al, a very strict and feasible
solving method for quarter space problem had been established successfully. However, the practical implement of
Keers method is still very complex.

bo
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Recently, the authors have proposed a new explicit solution for the elastic quarter-space problem[7]. The detail of
this matrix solution and the advantages will be introduced. The effects of the side free surface on the contact
stress and deformation results are investigated. This work is much beneficial to make the practical mechanical

on

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i

contact calculation more accurate. The matrix solution also make it possible that the traditional
elatohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL) anylysis can apply the quarter space model to calculate the elastic
deformation.
REFERENCES

siu
m

[1]Hetenyi M., A general solution for the Elastic Quarter Space, Journal of applied mechanics, J. of Applied
Mechanics, ASME, March 1970, 70-76.

[2]Sneddon I. N., Fourier transformation solution of the quarter plane problem in elasticity, File PSR-99/6(1971)

Sy
m
po

Appl. Math. Res. Group, North Carolina State University.

[3]Keer L. M., Lee J. C. and Mura T., Hetenyis Elastic Quarter Space Problem Revisited, Int. J. Solid Structures,
Vol.19, No.6, (1983) 497-508.

[4]Keer L. M., Lee J. C. and Mura T., A Contact Problem for The Elastic Quarter Space, Int. J. Solid Structures,

na
l

Vol.20, No.5, (1984) 513-524.

tio

[5]Hanson M. T. and Keer L. M, A simplified analysis for an elastic quarter-space, Q. Jl Mech.Appl.Math, Vol.43,
Pt.4, 1990, 561-587

rn
a

[6]Yu C.-C., Keer L.M., Moran B., Elastic-plastic Rolling-sliding Contact on a Quarter Space, Wear, 191(1996),
pp.219-225.

te

[7]Zhang Z.M., Wang W., Wong P.L., "An explicit solution for the elastic quarter-space problem in matrix

7t
h

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na

In

formulation", International Journal of Solids and Structures, No.50,pp. 976980,2013.

40

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Revising Elastic-plastic Contact Models of Fractal Surfaces


C. C. Ji 1) *, H. Zhu 2)
1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University,
Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, PR China
2) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology,
Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, PR China

bo
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* cuicuiji@hhuc.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

This paper conducts revisions of the existing elastic-plastic contact models for a single asperity with the fractal
surface topographies generated from 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional Weierstrass-Mandelbrot fractal functions.

on

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The expressions of the critical parameters, including the critical deformation, the critical contact area and the
relationship between the contact area and the contact load, were deduced in the terms of the fractal parameters,
asperitys base diameter and material properties. Numerical analysis suggests that the revised contact models

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critical parameters derived strictly in a convincing and easier way in this study are all scale-dependent on the
asperitys base size and determined jointly by the fractal parameters, asperitys base diameter and material
properties. The transformation condition for a fractal asperity transfers from elastic contact to plastic contact and

Sy
m
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the relationship between the contact load and the contact area is consistent with those in classical contact
mechanics but contrary to the existing fractal contact models.
Keywords: contact
elastic-plastic rough surface
fractal
asperity deformation
1 INTRODUCTION

na
l

Due to the existence of surface roughness, two surfaces real contact only occurs at the asperities occupying a
very small proportion of the nominal contact area. Therefore, the contact mechanics of rough surfaces is very

rn
a

tio

crucial for tribology study such as friction, adhesion, wear etc. During the last forty years, many researchers have
dedicated to working out the problem of the contact between rough surfaces. Therefore, a large number of contact
models based on statistical or fractal topography parameters have been developed [1-3]. Majumdar and Bhushan

In

te

[3] developed the first fractal contact model, i.e. M-B model. For a signal elastically deformed asperity contact,
there are two disagreements between the M-B model and the classical contact models, such as Hertz contact
theory. Firstly, the relationship between the real contact area a, and the load F obtained from the M-B model is of

hi

na

the form: aF(3-D)/2 (1<D<2), while that from the Hertz model is aF3/2. Secondly, in the M-B model, when the
contact area a<ac (ac is the critical contact area,), the contact mode is plastic, and transfers to be elastic when a>ac;
whereas, the reversal is true for the situation in classical contact models. Soon after, Wang and Komvopoulos [4-6]

7t
h

modified the M-B model. Yan and Komvopoulos [7] further modified the M-B model using a 3-dimensional (3-D)
isotropic fractal surface also generated from Weierstrass and Mandelbrot (W-M) function [8]. Then these fractal
contact models have been used in various fields of applied physics [9-12] without any doubts about the
above-mentioned disagreements.
Until recently, Morag and Etsion [13] revised the M-B model of a single fractal asperity and found that the critical
interference, the critical contact area and the critical load, are all scale-dependent. Their result also shows that the
load and contact area increase a transition from elastic to plastic contact mode as takes place in the Hertz contact
model and the relationship between the contact area and the load satisfies aF3/2. Morag and Etsions study has
provided an insight into the different outcomes in the M-B model and patched up the disagreements between the
M-B model and Hertz model. However, there still exists unconvincing arguments which also can be further
41

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

simplified in their study. Take Eq 17 in Ref. [13] as an example, they replaced the asperitys critical height c with
asperitys critical deformation c (0) directly without any convincing explanation.
The main objective of this study is twofold. First, we intend to resolve the unconvincing aspects in Ref. [13] and
then simplify its derivation process of the contact between a single asperity and a rigid flat plane. Second, we
extend this revised contact mechanics analysis to the cases of the contact between 3-D fractal rough surfaces.
2 FRACTAL SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION
2.1 2-D Fractal Surface

Two rough surfaces contact is often simplified as an equivalent contact model consisting of a deformable rough

z x G

D 1

2 D n

n nl

cos 2 n x

(1)

bo
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surface with effective material properties and equivalent roughness in contact with a rigid plane [1]. In the M-B
model, the rough surface is generated by 2-D W-M function given by

Tr
i

whereD (1<D<2) and G are the fractal dimension and fractal roughness of the surface profile, respectively, both
independent of the wavelength in the range where the surface exhibits fractal behaviors. n(>1) controls the

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density of frequency of the surface roughness and =1.5 is a typical value for most surfaces. n is the spatial
frequency index, which indicates the frequency level of the asperities, and the lowest level nl is related to the
sampling length L=1/nl.
2.2 3-D Fractal Surface

z x, y L G / L

D 2

Sy
m
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3-D fractal rough surface can be generated from the following 3-D W-M function [15]
M nmax

ln / M D 3 n
12

m 1 n nl

2 x y / L


cos m, n cos

cos arctan y / x m / M m, n
2 12

(2)

na
l

tio

whereD (2<D<3), G,, n and L are the same as those in Eq 1. M is number of superposed ridges, and m, n,
restricted in the range of [0, 2], is a random phase to prevent the coincidence of frequencies at point of the

In

3 CONTACT ANALYSIS

te

rn
a

surface profile. Here, the lower limit of the frequency index n is zero, while its upper limit is given by
nmax=int[log(L/Ls)/log], where Ls is the cut-off length normally on the order of the materials inter-atomic
distance.

na

3.1 Description of 2-D and 3-D Fractal Asperity

hi

The detailed description of the M-B model can be found in Ref. [3]. In this paper, only the most important and

7t
h

related parts of M-B model are listed. Fig. 1 displays a contact model between a rigid flat plane and a fractal
asperity of which the geometry z(x) is given by
z x G

D 1

2 D

cos x / l , -l/2<x<l/2

(3)

with the base diameter l and frequency level n=log(1/l)/log. The height of the asperity, , is defined in the form
of

z 0 G D 1l 2 D

(4)

and the asperitys radius of curvature Ris given by

R 1/ |d 2 z / dx 2 |x 0 l D / 2G D 1

42

(5)

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Fig. 1.Schematic of a fractal asperitys contact with a rigid flat plan in M-B model.
It is worth noting that, in the M-B model, the contact spot is assumed to be a circle with the base diameter l while

the contact area a is set to be equal to l 2, i.e.al 2. Then, Eqs 4 and 5 can be written as

bo
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gy

G D 1 a 2 D 2 , and R=a D / 2 / 2G D 1

cos 1, n cos 2 x / l 1, n
0
0

, -l/2<x<l/2

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the asperitys height is

G D 2 ln l 3 D
12

Sy
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po

and the asperitys radius of curvature R is

(6)

on

z0 x G D 2 ln 1 2l 3 D

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i

According to Yan and Komvopouloss study [7], for an isotropic 3-D fractal surface, an asperitys profile also
with the base diameter l can be given by

12
R 1/|d 2 z0 / dx 2 |x 0 l D 1 / 4 2G D 2 ln

(7)

(8)

It should be noticed that Eq 8 is a little different from that in Ref. [7] in which R is obtained using equation

tio

na
l

l22R. This will be described in detail later in this paper.


3.2 Revised Model of a 2-D Fractal Asperity
Fig. 2 illustrates a truncated fractal asperity of scale l with its profile z(x), height , and radius of curvature R

te

rn
a

given by Eqs 3~5, respectively. In the M-B model, the deformation is assumed to be identically equal to the
asperitys height , i.e. . In common with Ref. [13], the real deformation, , ranging from zero to full
deformation, i.e. 0, is introduced as an additional parameter independent of . In addition, the deformation

7t
h

hi

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In

of any asperity in contact can be elastic or fully plastic in this study.

Fig. 2. Schematic of a micro-contact established between a fractal asperity and a rigid flat plan of the revised contact
model.

It is quite easy to obtain simple geometric relationships from Fig. 2 that


a' r' 2 2 r 2 2a

(9)

and
R2 l / 2 R r' 2 R .
2

Due to the fact thatR is much larger than , the part of 2 can be omitted to obtain the following equations
43

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

r' 2 2R , l 2 / 4 2 R

(10)

Then, the relationship between and is obtained as

4r' 2 / l 2

(11a)

Substituting Eq 4 into Eq 11a gives

4G D 1l D r' 2

(11b)

According to Ref. [1], the critical value of asperity interference (or deformation) c at the inception of plastic

c bR H / E

(12)

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gy

flow can be written as

Tr
i

whereb is a constant independent of micro-contact size. The equivalent elastic modulus E and hardness H of the
two contact surfaces are given by

on

1/ E 1 A2 / EA 1 B2 / EB , H min H A , H B

siu
m

where subscripts A and B refer to the two contacting surfaces, and E, , and H denote materials Youngs elastic
modulus, Poissons ratio, and hardness.
According to Eqs 9, 11b and 12, the relationship between the critical contact area ac and the critical interference
c can be obtained in the form of

Sy
m
po

c 8/ G D 1l D ac

(13)

According to Hertz contact theory, the elastic and plastic load at signal micro-contact is given by

na
l

Fe 4Er 3 / 3R

tio

and

(14a)

Fp Ha

rn
a

(14b)

ac 9 / 16 H / E l D / G D 1
2

na

In

te

respectively. The normal force at a micro-contact is assumed to change continuously during the approach of the
surfaces, thus, there exists Fe(ac)=Fp(ac). Then, from Eqs 5, 9, 14a and 14b, ac can be expressed as

(15)

7t
h

hi

Substituting Eq 15 into Eqs 13 and 14a yields

2
c 9 / 2 l D / 2G D 1 H / E

9 / 2 R H / E

(16)

Simultaneously, the value of constant b is 9/2 by comparing Eqs 12 and 15.


It is easy to obtain the relationship between the contacting elastic load and the contacting area is
Fe 4E 1 2G D 1 / 3l D a3 2

(17)

3.3 Revised Model of a 3-D Fractal Asperity

The interference of 3-D fractal asperity can be easily obtained by introducing Eq 7 into Eq 11a in the form of

4G D 2 ln l 1 D r' 2
12

(18)

Substituting Eqs 8, 9, 14a and 14b into the equation Fe(ac)=Fp(ac) gives
44

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

ac 9 / 256 ln H / E l D 1 / G D 2
2

(19)

and then c can be easily obtained as

12
2
c 9l D 1 / 32 2G D 2 ln H / E

9 / 8 R H / E

(20)

12
Fe 16E 1 2G D 2 ln / 3l D 1 a3 2

(21)

4 NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

bo
lo
gy

with the value b is 9/8. In the same way, the relationship between the contacting elastic load and the contacting
area of the 3-D fractal asperity is

and

ac 2

11 2 D

2 D 4

E / H

ln / 9

, 1<D<2

on

2 /( D 1)

siu
m

ac G 2 / H / 2E

Tr
i

It is clear to see from the above equations that the critical parameters c and ac are all scale-dependent in this
study. This finding is in disagreement with that in Refs [3] and [7] in which the critical areas are scale -dependent
and given by

4 D

1/( D 2)

/2

, 2<D<3

D 1

c / a / ac

Sy
m
po

respectively, and the further relationships between interference and contacting area can be obtained as follows
, 1<D<2;

D 2

c / a / ac

, 2<D<3

The above four equations imply that an asperity with contact area a>ac is elastically deformed since its

tio

na
l

deformation <c, whereas in contrary, an asperity with a<ac is plastically deformed since its deformation >c.
Namely, an increasing contact area leads to a transition from plastic to elastic contact mode, and the explanation
given by Majumdar and Bhushan [3] is due to the fact that smaller asperities have smaller radii of curvature and

te

rn
a

are therefore more likely to undergo plastic deformation. This result is contrary to that in classical contact
mechanics, i.e. Hertz theory or G-W model [1]. The reason for this discrepancy is due to the assumption of al 2
and in M-B model. This study, with the assumption of the asperitys deformation 0 and curvature radius

na

In

R decided by its bases, is different from either the M-B model or the G-W model. The results of this study suggest
that, the condition for an elastic contact transfers to a plastic contact is >c corresponding to the condition a>ac,
which is consistent with that in classical contact mechanics but contrary to that in the M-B model.

7t
h

hi

Figs. 3 illustrates the effect of the asperitys base diameter on the critical parameters, c, ac and Fe(ac) of 3-D
fractal contact surfaces from three different contact systems listed in Table 1 guided from Ref. [11], from which
we can see that critical parameters all tend to increase gradually with the asperitys base size and the increasing
amplitude of surfaces with different material properties varies.
Fig. 4 displays that the critical parameters ac and c vary with the fractal parameters D and G of 3-D fractal
surfaces in Al 2O3/TiC contacting system, from which it can be seen the increase and decrease in ac and c with
increasing D and G respectively. The results of the above figures reveal strong dependence of critical parameters,
c, ac on fractal parameters, the asperitys base diameter and material properties, i.e. they are fractal but
scale-dependent.

45

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

on

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i

bo
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gy

(a)c vs. l

Sy
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po

siu
m

(b)ac vs. l

na
l

(c) Fe(ac) vs. l.

tio

Fig. 3. Critical parameters versus the 3-D fractal asperitys base diameter l for the surface properties listed in Table 1.

rn
a

Table 1.Examples of Contacting Surfaces and Their Properties [11].

In

te

Contact system

Al2O3/CrN

Poissons

Hardness H

307E (Gpa)
modulus

0.25
ratio

27.6
(Gpa)

450

0.18

23.5

307

0.25

27.6

0.30

14.8

103

AISI 1095

200

0.29

6.08

/AISI 1020

200

0.29

1.71

7t
h

hi

na

Al2O3/TiC

Properties
Youngs elastic

(a)ac&c vs. D

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

(b)ac&c vs. G
Fig. 4. Critical parameters as functions of 3-D fractal parameters for Al2O3/ TiC contacting system listed in Table 1.

bo
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The analysis in last section also suggests that the relationship between the contact area and the contact load of an

, 1<D<2

on

Fe 4 1 2 EG D 1 / 3 a3 D 2

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i

elastically deformed fractal asperity satisfies aFe2/3 as shown in Eqs 17 and 21, in agreement with classical
contact mechanics. However, loadarea relationships given by Refs. [3] and [7] for 2-D and 3-D fractal surfaces
respectively are

and

Fe 2153D 2 ln EG D 2 / 3 4 D 2 a 4 D 2

, 2<D<3

siu
m

12

Sy
m
po

respectively. It is clear to see that the above area-load relationships all vary from aP to aP2. This difference
between the presented revised fractal model and the existing fractal models is also due to the assumption that a
always equals l 2 and .
In addition, although the transformation rule for a fractal asperity transfers from an elastic contact to a plastic
contact and the power-law behavior between the contact load and the contact area obtained in this study is similar

tio

na
l

to that in Ref. [13], the equations derivation process in this study is more simple and acceptable. The critical
deformation c (0) obtained just by setting equal to the asperitys critical height c in Ref. [13] is arbitrary
and not acceptable. However, the expression of c in this study was deduced strictly and convincingly in an easier

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5 CONCLUSION

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way. Moreover, in this paper, the analysis was expanded to the contact mechanics of 3-D fractal rough surfaces;
also the numerical study was conducted to investigate the effect of material properties, the size of asperitys base
and fractal parameters on the critical parameters.

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In this paper, the unconvincing aspects in Ref. [13] was resolved and the existing elastic-plastic contact models of
a single asperity with fractal geometry were revised to investigate the scale-dependence of the critical parameters

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and relationships between the contact area and contact load. Numerical analysis was conducted to further study
the influences of the asperitys base diameter, material properties and fractal parameters on the critical parameters.
Based on the presented analysis and discussion, the following main conclusions can be drawn from this study.
The asperitys critical deformation c obtained in this study is objective and reasonable, and the analysis process
is clearer and simpler.
Critical parameters, including critical deformation, critical contact area and critical contact load are all
scale-dependent on the asperitys base size, and determined jointly by the asperitys base size, fract al parameters
and material properties.
The condition for a fractal asperity transfers from elastic contact to plastic contact is consistent with that in
classical contact mechanics but contrary to that in the M-B model.
The relationship between the contact load and the contact area of an elastically deformed fractal asperity satisfies
aFe2/3 as in agreement with classical contact mechanics but in disagreement with the existing fractal contact
models.
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by the the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(BZX/13B101-02).
REFERENCES
[1] M. Vinokur, Conservation Equations of Gas Dynamics in Curvilinear Coordinate Systems, J. Comput. Phys. 14
(1974) 105125.
[2] J.D. Anderson Jr., Modern Compressible Flow, second ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990.
[1] J. Greenwood, J. Tripp, The contact of two nominally flat rough surfaces, P. I. Mech. Eng. 185(1970) 625-634.

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[2] P. R. Nayak, Random process model of rough surfaces in plastic contact, Wear. 26 (1973) 305-333.

[3] A. Majumdar, B. Bhushan, Fractal model of elastic-plastic contact between rough surfaces, J. Tribol-T. Asme. 113
(1991) 1-11.

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[4] S. Wang, K. Komvopoulos, A fractal theory of the interfacial temperature distribution in the slow sliding regime:
Part I Elastic contact and heat transfer analysis, J. Tribol. 116 (1994) 812-822.

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[5] S. Wang, K. Komvopoulos, A Fractal Theory of the Interfacial Temperature Distribution in the Slow Sliding
Regime: Part II Multiple Domains, Elastoplastic Contacts and Applications, J. Tribol. 116 (1994) 824-832.

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[6] S. Wang, K. Komvopoulos, A fractal theory of the temperature distribution at elastic contacts of fast sliding
surfaces, J. Tribol. 117 (1995) 203-214.

[7] W. Yan, K. Komvopoulos, Contact analysis of elastic-plastic fractal surfaces, J. Appl. Phys. 84(1998) 3617-3624.

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[8] M. Berry, Z. Lewis, On the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot fractal function, P. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phy. 370 (1980)
459-484.

[9] K. Komvopoulos, Z. Gong, Stress analysis of a layered elastic solid in contact with a rough surface exhibiting
fractal behavior, Int. J. Solids Struct. 44 (2007) 2109-2129.

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[10] K. Komvopoulos, Effects of multi-scale roughness and frictional heating on solid body contact deformation, CR

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Mecanique 336 (2008) 149-162.

[11] X. Yin, K. Komvopoulos, An adhesive wear model of fractal surfaces in normal contact, Int. J. Solids Struct. 47

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(2010) 912-921.

[12] S. Jiang and Y. Zheng, An analytical model of thermal contact resistance based on the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot

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fractal function, P. I. Mech. Eng. C-J Mec. 224 (2010) 959-967.

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[13] Y. Morag, I. Etsion, Resolving the contradiction of asperities plastic to elastic mode transition in current contact

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models of fractal rough surfaces, Wear 262 (2007) 624-629.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Study on the Load Carrying Mechanism of a Parallel Step Bearing


Shuyan Yang*, Feng Guo
School of Mechanical Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, China
* Corresponding author email: whfysy@163.com
ABSTRACT

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In this paper, the load carrying mechanism of a parallel step bearing was studied from two different viewpoints,
i.e. step bearing and parallel bearing. A custom-built fixed-incline slider-bearing test rig was used to measure the
lubricant film thickness between a stationary parallel step slider and a rotating transparent disc. Film thickness

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was measured by interferometry at different sliding speeds. Experimental results show that the measured curve of
film thickness versus speed can be divided into two main distinct regions. One is the lower speed region (LSR),
where the lubricant film is very thin and less dependent on the sliding speed. In addition, cavitation often occurs

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in LSR. The other is the higher speed region (HSR), where the lubricant film is thick and curves of film thickness
versus sliding speed present linear relationship in the double logarithmic coordinate system. For different
viscosities and loads, the experimental results are quite similar in spite of diversetransition speeds from LSR to

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HSR.
1 INTRODUCTION
About one century ago, Lord Rayleigh [1] introduced a Rayleigh step bearing, where a parallel stepped slider
surface took the place of the ordinary inclined smooth surface. Nowadays, Rayleigh step bearings have been of
great interest in their industrial practices.
Original Reynolds equation inherently suggests a converging geometrical gap for the generation of positive

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pressure. However, engineering practices have shown efficient load carrying lubrication films under parallel
sliding conditions. An important mechanism is the local hydrodynamic effect induced by surface irregularities
[2]. Since no ideally smooth flat plane can be obtained and there are usually geometrical irregularities on

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manufactured surfaces whatever scale they are. In a Rayleigh step bearing the hydrodynamic effect may not be
from the step exclusively and the geometrical irregularity may play its role when the parallel gap size is
comparable to the irregularity size.

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2 TEST SETUP AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIOAN

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A fixed-incline slider-bearing test rig custom-built by Guo et al[3] was used as shown in figure 1. A steel (AISI
52100)step slide block was used in the experiments, a thin layer (5 m in height, 18 mm in length and 1.7 mm in

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breadth) has been removed from the mirror surface by laser. The lubricants are silicone oil 200 and methyl
silicone oil 500. Their corresponding dynamic viscosities are 0.2 Pas and 0.5 Pas. The temperature and the
humidity were controlled as 20 1C and 50 2% RH respectively.

Figure 1. Cross-section of slider adjustment assembly: 1 glass disc, 2 step slider, 3 slider holder, 4 universal joint, 5 load
arm, 6 adjusting bolt, 7 outer sleeve, 8 bearing, 9 timing pulley, 10 inner sleeve, 11 positioning bolt, 12 positioning nut, 13
rubber mat.
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Figure 2 separtely shows the measured curves of film thickness versus speed for the step slider with methyl
silicone oil 500 and 200 at three different loads. These curves can be divided into two main distinct regions: the
lower speed region (LSR), and the higher speed region (HSR).
In LSR, some lubricating films occurred with cavitation and their thickness did not change significantly,the step
can hardly make contribution to the hydrodynamic effect efficiently. As a result, the film building is mainly
caused by the surface irregularities on the smooth land of the step slider. This viewpoint can be supported by the
cavitation shown in Figure 3.

Film thickness ( m)

Film thickness (m)

Load = 8N
Load = 12N
Load = 16N

10

HSR

1
LSR

0.1

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Load=12N
Load=16N
Load=20N

0.1

Methyl silicone oil 500

0.01
1

10

0.01

300

100

10
Speed (mm/s)

100

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Speed (mm/s)

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30

10

Figure 2.Film thickness versus speed for the step slider with methyl silicone oil 500 and silicone oil 200.

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In HSR, the film thickness increases with the increase of speed, the film thickness and the speed approximately

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

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(a)

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take a linear relationship, which is well correlated to the classical lubrication theory, cavitation disap peared and
continuous lubricant films were formed, indicating the dominating role of the slider step.

mm/s; (e) 34.9 mm/s.

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Figure 3. Cavitation at load of 12 N with methyl silicone oil 500: (a) 4.84 mm/s; (b)7.93 mm/s; (c) 17.7 mm/s; (d) 21.31

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 4. Cavitation growth in the start-up process (load of 8 N, 0.6 mm/s, methyl silicone oil 200): (a) 13 s; (b)16 s; (c)

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19 s; (d) 22 s.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 5. Cavitation and its fade in the shut-down process (load of 8N, 0.6mm/s, methyl silicone oil 200): (a) 1 s; (b)3 s;
(c) 15 s; (d) 65 s.

Figure 4 displays the cavitation growth during start-up from static to the steady speed of 0.6 mm/s at load of 8 N.
In this process, some cavitation gradually appeared along with the increasing speed. When the glass disc stopped
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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running, cavitation shrank slowly at the smooth land of the step slider, and at last disappeared completely as
shown in figure 5.
4 CONCLUSION

Under the present experimental conditions, results can be summarized as follows.


1. In thin film lubrication, surface irregularities may play an important role in lubrication film building; while the
film is thick, it is the step that forms the hydrodynamic lubrication.
2. Surface irregularities can help to thicken the lubricant film, and increase the load carrying capacity.
3. The observed cavitation indicates the existence of negative pressure.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This research is financially supported by the Nature Science Foundation of China [51205216]; the Nature Science
Foundation of Shandong Province [ZR2012EEL10]; and the Research Fund for the Science Development in

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Higher Education of Shandong Province [J13LB12].


REFERENCES

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[1] Rayleigh L. Notes on the theory of lubrication. Philosophical Magazine, 1918; 35: 1-12.

[2] Hamilton DB, Walowit JA and Allen CM. A theory of lubrication by microirregularities. Journal of Basic

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Engineering, 1966; 88: 177-185.

[3] Guo F and Wong PL. Theoretical prediction of hydrodynamic effect by tailored boundary slippage. Proc. IMechE.

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Part J: J. Engineering Tribology, 2006; 220: 43-48.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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Relationship Between Fractal Dimension of Turned Surface and Material


Characteristics
X. Zuo
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology,
Xuzhou 221116, PR China

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*zuoxue@cumt.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

The dependence of the fractal dimension of the turned surface on the material characteristics is investigated in the
present paper. At first, the experiments are carried out in the CNC turning machine. The experimental materials

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are eight carbon steels, i.e., AISI 1010, 1020, 1030, 1035, 1045, 1050, 1060 and 1566. In the experimental
process, we choose the constant cutting depth but different cutting speeds and feed rates to obtain various
machined surface. Then, the surface profiles are measured by the T1000Aprolometer. Based on the root mean

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square method, the fractal dimensions of the surface profiles that are obtained by different experimental
conditions are calculated respectively. Through these results, we find that the turned surface has the fractal
structure. More important, under different turned conditions, the fractal dimensions corresponding to different

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material always have the same relation, i.e., D1566>D1060>D1050>D1045>D1035>D1030>D1020>D1010.


This fact is determined by the material characteristics. The machined surface with bigger hardness and smaller
ductility has the larger fractal dimensions, and there is a concrete function express the correlation. Hence, the

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machined material properties can be characterized by the fractal dimension. The results in this paper give a new
indicator to character the materials.
Keywords: Turned surface, fractal dimension, the root mean square method

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Investigation of Tribological Behavior of NitridingLayer on CoCrMo


Orthopedic Implant Material
Wang Qingliang, Zhu Yuping, Wang Fei, Li Yong
School of Material Scienceand Engineering, China University of Mining &Technology,
Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China, Tel 0516-83591916, wql889@cumt.edu.cn

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ABSTRATE

In this study, a medical grade CoCrMo alloy was nitrided by the gas nitriding process to enhance the wear
resistance. The nitrided layer microstructures, phases and micro-hardness were studied by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-hardness meter. 3D surface profiler was used for

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roughness and worn surface analysis. Tribological properties were investigated on a pin-on-disc wear tester under
25% bovine serum solutions at 371. The experimental results showed that a hard CrN phase formed on the
nitriding layer, which was provided with the compact nano-crystalline structure. The hardness value increased

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from 341HV for substrate sample to 601HV for nitrided alloy. Under bovine serum lubrication, the nitrided
CoCrMo sample showed a low friction coefficient. The wear rate of nitrided forged CoCrMo had a reduction of
about 50 percent compared untreated sample. Wide and deep scratching grooves and lots of fatigue damage pits in

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partial plowing grooves are found on worn surface of untreated sample. Only slight and shallow plowing grooves
exist on the worn surface for nitrided sample. Clearly, the wear resistance of CoCrMo alloy increases after
nitrided treatment, which has been attributed to CrN formation and nano-crystalline structures of nitrided layer.

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Keywords: Cobalt-chromiummolybdenum alloy; Nitriding layer: Microstructure; Tribology


1. INTRODUCTION
CoCrMo alloys are widely used for orthopedic applications such as hip and knee joint replacements[1,2]. The

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highly biocompatibility ofCoCrMo alloy is related closely to this material's excellent wear and corrosion
resistance, imparted by a thin passive oxide film thatforms spontaneously on the alloy surface. X-ray
photoelectronspectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals that its composition ispredominantly Cr2O3 oxide with some

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minor contributions fromCo and Mo oxides. These films also form on the surfaces ofother metal biomaterials,
such as stainless steels and titanium alloys, and serve as a barrier to corrosion processes in alloysystems[3, 4]. In
spite of the excellent wear and corrosion resistance of CoCrMoalloy, there is still a concern about wear debris and

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metal ion release fromorthopedic implants into the body fluids. These metal ionsand wear debris, concentrated at
the implanttissue interface, may migrate through the tissue. Over time the level of metal ions may become
clinically significant resulting in implant failure, osteolysis and allergic reactions[5,6].

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There are various surface treatment methods which may increase the wear resistance and prevent and/or reduce
the release of potentially harmful metal ions from orthopedic implant materials. One is to thicken the protective
oxide layer already present on the surface of metallic biomaterials via a process known as passivation
(commercially available chemical treatment with hot, concentrated nitric acid)[7]. Another method is to apply
coatings or protective layers, to increase the wear resistance and reduce the possibility of implant failureand
osteolysis[8,9]. As one of the important surface strengthening process, nitrogen ion implantation has been shown
to improvewear resistance of orthopedic components such as the kneeand hip replacements. Due to the formation
of nitride precipitates, the implanted surface becomes harder. Hence, the wear resistance increases and the release
of potentially harmful metal ions reduce [10,11].However, due to line-of-sight effect of beam ion
implantation,and depth limitation, the orthopedics treated in such a way is quite costly and still the lifetime is
limited.
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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In the present study, the gas nitriding process was used to form wear resistance and protective layer on the surface
of CoCrMo alloy. It is generally accepted that gas nitriding is an excellent method to enhance the wear resistance
and excellent corrosion properties of a wide range of materials. The purpose of this study is to characterizethe
micro-structures formed before and after nitriding processing as determined by X-ray diffraction and SEM. The
tribological properties of untreated and nitriding alloys under bovine serum lubrication is evaluated by a
pin-on-disc wear tester. Moreover, the wear mechanisms of nitrided layer were discussed in thispaper.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Material selection and preparation

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Medical grade forged cobaltchromiummolybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy (IS05832) was the base material with
nominal compositions of 28% Cr, 6% Mo and balance Co (all in wt%). The detailed composition and mechanical
properties of this alloy were seen in Table 1. The disc specimens were cut into a shape of 30 mm in diameter and

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5 mm in thickness. The pin specimens had a pin-like geometry with a diameter of 4mm and a length of 20mm.
Before gas nitriding, all the specimens (including one of the end surfaces for pin samples) were polished to a
mean surface roughness of about 0.01m based on 3D surface profiler. The samples were ultrasonically cleaned

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in alcohol solution and deionized water for 15 min at room temperature, dried, and stored under clean room
conditions. The gas nitriding was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere decomposed from the ammonia nitrogen.
During nitriding, the substrate temperature was 530, and the nitriding time was 15h. The decomposition rate of

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ammonia was about 40~60%. All treated samples cooled with the furnace to 180 and air-cooled to the room
temperature. A total of twelve as-polished CoCrMo substrates were coated and they were used for the various
characterization techniques.
Table 1 Composition and mechanical properties of CoCrMo alloy
Chemical composition (wt%)

Impurity element

Cr

Mo

63.27

28.20

5.98

Ni

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Co

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Alloying elements

0.41

Fe

Mn

Si

0.70

0.64

0.47

0.23

0.105

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590

Tensile strength (MPa)

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Yield strength (MPa)

Metallurgical structure

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Mechanical properties

840

Elongation (%)

Grain fineness number

17.5

6.0grade

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2.2 Pin-on-disc wear tests


The friction and wear tests of untreated and nitrided CoCrMo alloys were carried out on a universal
micro-tribometer (UMT, Type-II, Center Inc., American) under the lubrication condition of 25% bovine serum

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solutions at 371, shown in Fig.1. The same processing CoCrMo pins with a diameter of 4 mm were used as
the counterpart materials, such as an untreated CoCrMo disc to an untreated CoCrMo pin and a nitrided CoCrMo
disc to a nitrided CoCrMo pin. The reciprocating motion pattern was used in evaluating the tribological properties
of untreated and nitrided CoCrMo alloys. The sliding velocity and distance were 10mm/s and 10mm. All
experiments were stopped after 5400 reciprocating cycles. The testing load was 3.2kg and the corresponding
contact stresses was 2.55MPa. All specimens were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath of alcohol before tests. The
steady friction coefficient was acquired by calculating the average values, the range of which is from 3000 cycles
to the end of the fretting wear. To ensure the reproducibility, three parallel experiments were carried out. In order
to normalize the wear results in this paper, the commonly used wear rate k was calculated by dividing the worn
weight m(BP211D electron analytical balance with 0.01mg precision, Sartorius AG, Germany) by the
total sliding distance S, applied normal load N and density of materials [12]:
k =m /NS
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology

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Fig.1. Schematic illustration of friction and wear test


2.3 Characterization techniques

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The surface structures, nitriding layer phases and roughness and worn surfaces were characterized by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). SEM ((S3000, Hitachi Co., Japan) was used for
surfacemorphology analysis for both the untreated alloy and nitrided specimens.X-ray diffraction (D/MAX-3B,

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Rigaku Co., Japan) was done in a continuous-scanning mode (3/min scanning velocity and 0.02 sampling
spacing) with Cu-K radiation.Mean roughness Ra was measured by ultra-high-precision three-dimensional
profiler(3D profiler, MiaoXAM2.5X-50X, USA) for both untreated and nitrided CoCrMo surfaces. At least six
readings weretaken for each surface tested. The micro-hardness was measured by micro-hardnessmeter
(HDX-1000, Taiming Test Co., China), with the applied load from 10-500g.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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3.1. Structural characterization of CoCrMo

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Fig.2a is a SEM image of the untreated CoCrMo alloy (30,000 of amplification). It is shown that the surface is
very smooth and featureless. In contrast, shown in Fig.2b is the image of CoCrMo nitrided at 530for 15h. The

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surface becomes rougher than untreated CoCrMo. The surface covered by a compact nitrided layer composed of
most tiny particles. These particles less than 100 nm are uniformly distributed on the surface of CoCrMo. Fig.2c
shows the image of the section of nitrided layer. Layer thickness is about

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25m. Using the 3D surface profiler, we measured the roughness of all CoCrMo samples. After nitriding
treatment, the roughness of CoCrMo alloy increases from about 10m to about 50m. As a result, all testing
samples were polished to a roughness about 0.05m before wear tests.

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Fig.3 shows the XRD results for one of the nitrided specimens. Included in the same figure are the results for the
as-polished sample (the substrate CoCrMo alloy). The effective scanning angles probed by CuKa X-rays were
between 30and 80. For the untreated CoCrMo sample, the structure appears to be a mixture of and cobalt
parent structure with solid solution chromium and molybdenum. The structure of and phase is fcc -(CoCrMo)
and hcp -(CoCrMo), respectively. Based on the intensity of the XRD peaks, the volume percent of the substrate
phase is estimated to be about 87%, while the rest of 13% is due to the substrate -phase. XRD analysis of the
nitrided specimen reveals the presence of only three distinct peaks of (200), (111) and (220) associated with CrN
phase that is fcc structure. From the XRD data, it can be seen that the CrN layer has the preferred orientation of
CrN (200).

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(b)

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(a)

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(c)

Fig.2. Surface morphology of untreated (a), nitrided CoCrMo alloy(b) and section of layer as viewed bySEM
(111)+ (002)

900

(110)
(220)

(101)

(200)

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(100)

Untreated CoCrMo

CrN (220)

Nitrided CoCrMo

30

40

50

60

70

80

2-Theta (deg)

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CrN (111)

300

CrN (200)

450

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600

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Intensity (counts)

750

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Fig.3. Diffraction patterns for untreated and nitrided CoCrMo alloy

3.2. Micro-hardness of CoCrMo

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Shown in Fig.4 is the micro-hardness (HV) asa function of the applied load from 10-500g. The hardness number
is the average of 6 data points. The untreated and nitrided samples at low loadshow low hardness. After reaching
the highest hardness, the hardness tendsto stabilize the values of 341HV for the substrate and 601HV for nitrided
alloy, respectively. At all indenter loads, the hardness for the nitrided sample is still much higher by 1.7-2.1times
than those for the untreated sample. This high hardness is believed due to the formation of CrN observed from
XRD study and mixed phase formation consisting of nano-crystalline structures.As it was noticed previously, the
CrN layer has the higher surface hardness of 2740HV 0.05[13]. This hard nitride formed on CoCrMo substrate is
beneficial to improving the surface hardness of CoCrMo alloy. Although, some authors assign this behavior to the
presence of nano-structured particles inside the coating, these results are also due to the intrinsic hardness of the
deposited compound[14,15]. So, the compact nano-particles less than 100nm shown in Fig. 2(b) also lead to the
improvement of the surface hardness.
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900

Untreated CoCrMo
Nitrided CoCrMo

Microhardness (HV)

750

600

450

300

150
100

200

300

400

500

Indenter load (g)

Fig.4. Micro-hardness of untreated and nitrided CoCrMo alloy

3.3 Tribological properties

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Fig.5 shows the evolution of the friction coefficient for uncoated and nitrided CoCrMo alloy as a function of the
number of reciprocating cycles. As can be seen, the initial friction coefficient of the uncoated specimen is greater

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fluctuation. 700 reciprocating cycles later, the friction coefficient decreases gradually, and reaches a steady value
of 0.19 after about 4000 running cycles. While the friction value of nitrided sample starts to increase quickly, it
then decreases rapidly and tends to stabilize the values of 0.16 after about 3000 cycles. Therefore, the nitrided

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CoCrMo sample shows a low friction.


The wear rates of uncoated and nitrided CoCrMo alloy for identical sliding partners are shown in Fig. 6.
0.30

Coefficient of friction

0.25

Untreatead CoCrMo

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0.20

Nitriding CoCrMo

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0.15

0.10

900

1800

2700

3600

4500

5400

Numbers of cycles

25

20

15

-7

Wear rate (10 mm / N mm)

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Fig.5. Coefficient of friction of untreated and nitrided CoCrMo alloy

10

Untreated CoCrMo

Nitrided CoCrMo

Testing sample

Fig.6. Wear resistance of untreated and nitrided CoCrMo alloy

Wear rate of the nitrided alloy decreases obviously for the duration of the test, compared with untreated sample.
The wear weights of the testing pins were 0.34mg for the uncoated samples and 0.16mg for nitrided samples.
Converted into the wear rates are 22.710-7mm3/Nmm and 11.310-7mm3/Nmm, respectively. It seems that the
nitridedtreatment can reduce the friction coefficient and improve the wear resistance much. The friction and wear
is significantly affected by the surface hardness and roughness of the counterpart material, which has been
discussed in other hard coating studies[16]. Under the same roughness conditions, the surface hardness is the
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dominated factor affecting the tribological characteristics. An increase of the surface hardness inevitably leads to
a decline in wear rate.
Fig.7a shows SEM morphological wear features of untreated CoCrMo alloy under bovine serum lubrication. It is
quite observed that the wide and deep scratching damages are evidenced on worn surface, which reveals that
abrasive wear mechanism dominates. Another phenomenon is worthy of our attention, lots of fatigue damage pits
can be seen in partial plowing grooves. Shown in Fig. 7b are the wear tracks for nitrided sample. It seems that the
abrasive wear is still the main wear mechanism. However, the plowing grooves are slight and the depth of wear
tracks is quietly lower than that of untreated sample. Any fatigue damage was not found in the plowing grooves

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on worn surface. 3Dprofiler morphological analysis was done on untreated and nitrided samples and the results
are shown in Fig.8. It should be pointed out that the wear mechanisms of untreated and nitrided samples look the
same as the conclusion of SEM wear features. Clearly, the wear resistance of CoCrMo alloy increases after

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nitrided treatment, which is determined by the hard CrN phase formation and nano-crystalline structures of
nitrided layer.

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(a)

(b)

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Fig.7. Worn surface topographiesof untreated (a) and nitrided CoCrMo alloy (b).

(a)

(b)

Fig.8 3D-profilemorphological photos of worn surface for untreated (a) and nitrided CoCrMo alloy (b).

4. CONCLUSION

(1) Gas nitriding process has been shown promise in producing harder and more wear resistant layer for
conventional CoCrMo alloy. A hard CrN phase formed on the nitriding layer, which is provided with the compact
nano-crystalline structure. The steady hardness value increases from 341HV for substrate sample to 601HV for
nitrided alloy. The tribological results compared untreated and nitrided forged CoCrMo have indicated a wear
reduction of about 50 percent.
(2) Under bovine serum lubrication, the nitrided CoCrMo sample shows a low friction coefficient. The abrasive
wear is the main mechanism for untreated and nitrided CoCrMo alloy. But, wide and deep scratching grooves and
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

lots of fatigue damage pits in partial plowing grooves are found on worn surface of untreated sample. Only slight
and shallow plowing grooves exist on the worn surface for nitrided sample. Clearly, the wear resistance of
CoCrMo alloy increases after nitrided treatment , which has been attributed to CrN formation andnano-crystalline
structures of nitrided layer.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the supports by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51275514) and
Tribology Science Fund State Key Laboratory of Tribology at Tsinghua University (SKLTKF11A03). We also
thank the support by the open project of the Key Laboratory of Medical Equipment in Jiangsu Province.

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REFERENCES

[1] Varano R,Bobyn J D, Medley J B, et al. Effect of microstructure on the dry sliding friction behavior of CoCrMo
alloys used in metal-on-metal hip implants. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research-Part B Applied Biomaterials,

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2006, 76(2): 281-286.

[2] Pramanik S, Agarwal A K, Rai K N. Chronology of total hip joint replacement and materials development. Trends

on

in Biomaterials and Artificial Organs, 2005, 19(1): 15-26.

[3] Okazaki Y, Gotoh E. Comparison of metal release from various metallic biomaterials in vitro. Biomaterials, 2005,

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26(1): 11-21.

[4] Kocijan A, Miloxev I, Pihlar B. Cobalt-based alloys for orthopaedic applications studied by electrochemical and
XPS analysis. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2004, 15(6): 643-650.

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[5] Serro A P, Gispert M P, Martins M C L, et al. Adsorption of albumin on prosthetic materials: Implication for
tribological behavior. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A, 2006, 78(3): 581-589.
[6] Milosev I, Strehblow H H, The composition of the surface passive film formed on CoCrMo alloy in simulated
physiological solution. Electrochimica Acta, 2003, 48(19): 2767-2774.

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[7] Orhan ztrk, Ugur Trkan, Eroglu A E. Metal ion release from nitrogen ion implanted CoCrMo orthopedic

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implant material. Surface & Coatings Technology, 2006, 200(20-21): 5687-5697.


[8] Goldberg J R, Gilbert J L. The electrochemical and mechanical behavior of passivated and TiN/AlN-coated

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CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V alloys. Biomaterials, 2004, 25 (5): 851-864.


[9] Ugur Trkan, Orhan ztrk, Eroglu A E, Metal ion release from TiN coated CoCrMo orthopedic implant material.

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Surface & Coatings Technology, 2006, 200 (20-21): 5020-5027.

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[10] Ikeda D, Ogawa M, Hara Y, et al. Effect of nitrogen plasma-based ion implantation on joint prosthetic material.

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Surface & Coatings Technology, 2002, 156 (1-3): 301-305.

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[11] Hsu H C, Lian S S. Wear properties of CoCrMoN plasma-melted surgical implant alloys.Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 2003, 138(1-3): 231-235.

[12] Liu J L, Zhu Y Y, Wang Q L, et al. Biotribological behavior of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

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composites containing bovine bone hydroxyapatite, J China Univ Mining & Technol, 2008, 18(4): 606-612.
[13] Mahdjoub B, Meunier C. A study of the corrosion behaviour and protective quality of sputtered chromium nitride
coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2000, 126(2-3): 199-209.
[14] Veprek S, Niederhofer A, Moto K, et al. Composition, nanostructure and origin of the ultrahardness in
nc-TiN/a-Si3N4/a- and nc-TiSi2 nanocomposites with HV=80 to 105 GPa. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2000,
133-134: 152-159.
[15] Kuruppu M L, Negrea G, Ivanov I P, et al. Monolithic and multilayer Cr/CrN, Cr/Cr2N, and Cr2N/CrN coatings
on hard and soft substrates.Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 1998, 16(3):
1949-1955.
[16] Sheeja D, Tay B K, Nung L N. Tribological characterization of surface modified UHMWPE against DLC-coated
CoCrMo. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2005, 190(2-3): 231-237.
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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Future Visions and Development Trends of Automotive TribologyResponding to


Global Green Energy Challenges (Keynote)
Simon C. Tung
Senior Consultant, USA
ABSTRACT

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Today we face the enormous green energy and environmental challenges to our economy and the global climate
change. Recently we have realized the potentially adverse effects of global greenhouse gas emissions and their
impact. Under these climate change impact, all global countries have launched more smart and green
technology initiatives. All smart green energy programs are rolling out to make significant progress toward our

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energy saving and adaptation of climate change goals through a continued process of energy efficiency
improvement, and development of renewable energy. Tribology intrinsically has a major role to play in the future
development of global industry as we always need to improve energy efficiency by reducing friction and wear.

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Global industry is also facing higher energy costs, tight legislation pressure, and increasing green environmental
awareness to meet the worlds demand for energy sustainability. There is a high potential for green energy
development with substantial economic and environmental payoffs. In this keynote presentation, I am going to

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provide my future perspectives in new automotive tribology frontier including a lot of exciting emerging areas
such as nanolubrication, automotive propulsion systems, powertrain tribology, 3D surface morphology, and even
energy efficient applications such as wind turbines, gears, bio-lubricants, energy storage system and even

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hydrogen technologies.In addition, this keynote address will provide a comprehensive overview of various
lubrication aspects of a typical powertrain system as well as the integration of these lubrication and surface
engineering concepts into a unified automotive powertrain system.

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In addition, this keynote presentation will focus on the current status and future development trends in automotive
lubricants including discussion of current and anticipated future requirements of automotive engine oil
specification, tribological benchtest and engine sequence test development. Responding to global energy

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sustainability and environmental opportunities, OEMs and lubricant formulation manufacturers will need to work
much more closely together to design the powertrain components and the energy-efficient lubricants at an early
stage to achieve optimal fuel economy while retaining engine durability.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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Chemical Surface Modification with Low Surface Free Energy Compounds to


Control Wettability, Adhesion and Frictional Properties (Keynote)
M. Psarski*, J. Grobelny, G. Celichowski, M. Cichomski
Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz,
Pomorska 163, 90-236 Lodz, Poland

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* mpsarski@uni.lodz.pl
ABSTRACT

A range of surface modification techniques is presented, aimed at control of surface physicochemical properties,
such as wettability, adhesion, and coefficient of friction. Wet chemical modification, vapor phase deposition and

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plasma polymerization were the techniques employed to modify surfaces of silicon, glass, polymers (epoxy resin,
polydimethylsiloxane) and metals (cobalt, aluminum, titanium) and utilizing organic precursors, such as alkyl and
fluoro alkyl silanes and fluorocarbons. The influence of precursor chemical structure (the chain length, the

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number of reactive atoms in the head group, the presence of fluorocarbon groups) on surface free energy,
adhesion and frictional properties (in nano- and microscale) was investigated. Modification of substrate surface
free energy was studied as a means to control wettability of hierarchical textured surfaces.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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Friction and Non-Wear the Paradigm of Modern Tribology (Invited)


KuzharovA.S. *, Kuzharov A.A., Nguyen Huynh, Ukrainskya N.V.
Department of Chemistry, Don State Technical University, Russia
* email: akuzharov@dstu.edu.ru
ABSTRACT

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The report presents the results of experimental studies of physical-chemical properties and tribological
characteristics of a wide range of experimental and of produced industry of liquid lubricants on aqueous and
organic base are designed to implement the "zero-wear" effect [1,2] when rubbed copper alloys on steel and in the
friction couples of ferrous metals.
Main attention is placed on lubricating compositions based on aqueous solutions of carbohydrates [3] and

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produced in the U.S.A, Western and Eastern Europe as well as in Southeast Asia remetallizers [4] to the motor
and transmission oils, manufacturers which are positioning their products in the segments of nanotechnology [5]
of the "zero-wear" effect in friction and green tribology [6].

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Found that advertising claims of manufacturers of such items, as well as optimistic expectations "zero-wear"
friction in experimental lubricants are implemented not always and not immediately. Output to regime of
''zero-wear'' friction, if it occurs, in principle, requires a sufficiently large, which measured in long time of

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functioning of tribosystem in strictly limited intervals of P, V, T [7].


Draw attention to the circumstance that along with undoubtedly a positive attitude when considering problem of
"zero-wear" friction with respect to environmental safety of exploitation of mobile coupling of machines and

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mechanism, cant be ignored taken into account a number of dangers conditioned by incomplete knowledge about
the processes accompanying frictional interaction. As of main proposed as the danger posed by complex
tribochemical reactions [8,9], always accompanying frictional interaction. The direction and character of such

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reactions are formed in this product uninterruptedly changed depending on the conditions of functioning even in
the same, including the initially clean on chemical composition and tribological system. Spectrum of products
such reactions, even if they have a positive effect on the tribological properties tribocoupling, so diverse and

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broad that exclude possibility of the appearance of potentially hazardous of compounds in process of exploitation
of machines and mechanisms in currently not possible.
In this regard, it is shown that the best approach in the design of friction units, and lubricants is copying or

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imitating by tribocoupling of biological object [10]. Truth, on the one hand, the lifetime of such facilities varies in
quite wide limits, in some cases impossible to solve specific technical problems, on the other hand , there are
problems of biological stability, and finally, the third , providing of continuous monitoring of the state of artificial

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biotribocoupling, adoption of timely decisions about the correction of their functional properties with regular
"nutrition" and tracking its effectiveness - it is not an easy mission, even during self-organization. Nevertheless,
biotribology [11] today one of the most sought after areas of science about friction and wear.
Be closely connected with latest remark and construction lubricants from renewable resources. It is shown that
this direction is widely developed in the green tribology, such as the production of rapeseed oil [12] and in the
ideology of friction of non-wear, where use of aqueous solutions of polyhydric alcohols or carbohydrates as
lubricants open attractive prospects.
In discussing of problem about the two trends in the development of the science of friction and wear of solids
revealed that tribology second half of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century allows us to formulate a
new paradigm of the essence and meaning of which is that the friction is not only dissipative process and not only
the energy loss and materials , but it is also self-organization processes leading to an increase in entropy of the
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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system, to the its ordering and transition to functioning with minimal friction and wear without appreciable sum
of the contacting surfaces. Conceptually, the idea "zero-wear" today is actually present in the system and friction
tribological knowledge without wear is no longer a pipe dream of modern engineering.
However, the report attempts to warn the tribological public from unreasonable optimism in the development and
exploitation of "zero-wear" friction units, as well as from the use of preparation which promise fantastic results.
Should always remember and be clearly understood that the conservation laws are not canceled no "zero -wear"
effect by friction, no green tribology. Can be much said about "zero-wear" or green tribology, which happens
much more often than it should be. Much more difficult, and this is not often, provide the functioning of

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tribocouplings with minimal loss of energy and material resources, without negatively impacting the
environment.
It is shown that is not always what is called "zero-wear" it really is "zero-wear" and green tribology not always

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environmentally friendly as we would like. The hardest, and in this sense the concept discussed in the report
"zero-wear" in modern tribology are achieved social implications of the latest use of tribology and tribotechnics
and chemmotology associated with improved quality of life, as each individual and society as such.
REFERENCES

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[1] .., .. ( ). -
41 12 1956 .

[2] .. . .

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..: - , 2004, 384 .

[3] Sanchez R, Stringari G B, Franco J M, Valencia C, Gallegos C. Use of chitin, chitosan and acylated derivatives as
thickener agents of vegetable oils for bio-lubricant applications. Carbohydrate Polym 85.- P. 705714 (2011).
[4]http://restorefrance.wix.com/art2glis#!__add-remet-moteur (access date: 28/11/2013)

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4/13/1995, Vol. 374 Issue 6523.- P. 607-616.

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[5] Bhushan, Bharat; Israelachvili, Jacob N. Nanotribology: friction, wear and lubrication at the atomic scale. Nature;
[6] M. Nosonovsky and B. Bhushan. Green Tribology: Biomimetics, Energy Conservation and Sustainability

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Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012 - 632 p.

[7] Kuzharov A. S., Kuzharov A. A., Nguyen Huynh, Nguyen Van Tuyen. Nanotribological Zero-Wear effect. - 5th

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World Tribology Congress (WTC-2013), Torino, September 8-13, 2013. ISBN 978-88-908185-09 (2013).

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[8] . . .: , 1987. - 582 C.


Elsevier, Technology & Engineering, 2003.- 382 p.

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[9]Zenon Pawlak.Tribochemistry of Lubricating Oils

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[10] Z.M. Jin, M. Stone, E. Ingham, J. Fisher. Biotribology. Mini-symposium: Biomechanics for the FRCS ORTH
exam. Current Orthopaedics (2006) 20.- P. 32-40.

[11] I. C. Gebeshuber, B. Y. Majlis, H. Stachelberger. Biomimetics in Tribology.Biological and Medical Physics,

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Biomedical Engineering, 2011.-P. 25-49.


[12] Liu Yankun, Wang Xiaoping, Luo Yuanfang, Jia Demin, 2008, Preparation of epoxy rape oil and applications in
PVCLIU, Applied Chemical Industry, 5.- P. 517-519

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Contact and Friction Analyses of Preloaded Four Cycles Ball-Screw (Invited)


Chin-Chung Wei1)*, Jen-Haur Horng1), Jen-Fin Lin2)
1) Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Formosa University
2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University
* Corresponding author email address: ccwei@nfu.edu.tw
ABSTRACT

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High speed transmission table is wildly used in industry and its demand is increased. Preloaded ball-screw device
is a major component in a transmission system. In order to bear applied load, preload and inertia force,
four-cycles ball-screw is necessary. The kinematic behavior and friction of ball and raceway are more complex
than double-cycles ball-screw. A new calculating concept is used to simplified complex calculation. Contact and

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friction were found out at each cycle and they are varied with operating conditions, such as applied axial load and
rotational speed. The study is helpful in realizing contact and friction behavior in a preloaded four-cycles
ball-screw.

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1 INTRODUCTION

The increasing demands in precision engineering applications for positioning systems have instigated the
investigation into ball screws. The reciprocating ball screw mechanism is a force and motion transfer device. The

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high transmission speed ball screw is a major component in rapid processing devices, and must be designed with
a high degree of positioning accuracy and stiffness by applying a higher preload.
Lin et al. [1,2] presented a theoretical study on the kinematics of the ball screw mechanism where a function was

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developed to understand the motion of the balls and their contact patterns with the contact elements. However, the
friction coefficients, normal forces and contact angles created at the ball-screw and ball-nut contact areas were
assumed to be equal. Also, the drag force produced by a ball moving in an oil lubricant was not considered in the

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force balance.
Kinematic analysis of the ball screw mechanism that considered variable contact angles and elastic deformations
was studied by Wei and Lin [3]. Their theoretical analysis was developed for a ball screw with a single nut and a

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single cycle of balls. Therefore, no preload effect on the mechanical efficiency was discussed in the study. An
analytical method developed by Takafumi, et al. [4] was used to determine the motion of the ball and the ball load
distribution, including the effect of the motion for a given ball screw geometry and its operating conditions. Wei

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et al. [5] presented an analytical model for a preloaded ball screw system with lubrication, and the numerical
results confirmed the mechanical efficiency of their experimental data. Contact and friction analyses of
double-cycle ball-screw mechanism are already well established[5]. Four-cycles ball-screw mechanism is more

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complex than double-cycles and wieldy used in industry. The study presents a well analyzing process and finds
out contact and friction behavior at ball and raceway contact areas of a four cycles preloaded ball-screw.
2 THEORETICAL MODEL
Four-cycles ball-screw mechanism is shown in Fig.1. Non-external load is applied in the ball-screw, as shown in
Fig.1(a), right hand side contact behavior is opposite to the left hand side due to the preload which is exerted
between the left and right hand sides. When an enough load, Fa, which is greater than the preload, is applied on
the nut, contact geometry is changed as shown in Fig.1(b). The difficult of the analysis is how to arrange load
bearing on each contact side. Each contact side has one pair balls, and these two contact side can also be
considered as two balls. Fist, assume load is average bearing on two balls of each contact side, respectively. Then
calculating contact geometry and kinematic behavior of each contact side, as shown in Fig.2. The analyzing
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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model is based on the single-nut double cycle ball-screw numerical calculating. Detail analyzing equations are
referred to the paper published at 2009 [5]. Lubricating condition is considered as EHL oil lubrication.

(a)

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(b)
Figure 1 Sketch of four-cycles ball-screw, (a) without external load, (b) with external load.

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Figure 2 Flowchart of calculating process.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Contact loads at contact area between ball and raceway are varied with axial load, as shown in Fig.3. Contact

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force of right contact side is greater than the left side, and they have the same tendency varying with the increase
of applied load at the same contact side. The variance of contact load affecting by the preload and axial load is
similar to the double-cycles ball-screw[5].
Rotational Speed 3000 rpm
Central Preload 120 kgf
QOL1
QIL1
QOL2
QIL2
QOR1
QIR1
QOR2
QIR2

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Contact Force (N)

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100

60

R2

R1

40

L2
L1

20

0
0

120

240

360

480

Load (kgf)

Figure 3 Contact forces VS axial load.

Friction forces are slightly increasing with the increase of contact forces as shown in Fig.4. The difference of
friction force at outer and inner contact area of each cycle is few. But friction force is increased with rotational
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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speeds proportionally, as shown in Fig.5. Average friction forces of right contact side are larger than the left side.
Owing to the contact geometry is different at these two contact side, friction forces are not increased with the
increase of contact forces. They are affected by contact angles and sliding speeds of contact areas.
1.00

Rotational Speed 3000 rpm


Central Preload 120 kgf
FOL1
FOR1
FIL1
FIR1
FOL2
FOR2
FIL2
FIR2

0.95

R2
L1

0.85
0.80
0.75

R1
0.70

L2

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Friction Force (N)

0.90

0.65
0.60
0

120

240

360

480

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Load (kgf)

Figure 4 Friction forces VS axial load.

1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

1000

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Friction Force (N)

1.6

Applied Load is 400 kgf


Preload is 120 kgf
L1
L2
R1
R2

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2.0

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

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Rotational Speed (rpm)

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Figure 5 Friction forces VS rotational speed.

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REFERENCES
Design, 116(1994) 849-855.

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[1]M. C. Lin, B. Ravani, S.A. Velinsky, Kinematics of the Ball Screw Mechanism, ASME Journal of Mechanical

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[2]M. C. Lin, B. Ravani, S.A. Velinsky, Design of the Ball Screw Mechanism for Optimal Efficiency, ASME Journal

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of Mechanical Design, 116(1994) 856-861.

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[3]C.C. Wei, J.F. Lin, Kinematic Analysis of the Ball Screw Mechanism Considering Variable Contact Angles and
Elastic Deformations, ASME, J. Mech. Design, 125(2003) 717-733.

[4]Y. Takafumi, T. Yasuyoshi, M. Susumu, Study on Load Distribution and Ball Motion of Ball Screw, J. Jpn. Soc.

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Tribol., 48(2003) 659-666.


[5]C.C. Wei, J.F. Lin, J.R. Horng, Analysis of a Ball Screw with a Preload and Lubrication,Tribology International,
42(2009) 1816-1831.

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Evaluation of Several Liquid Lubricants for Space Application Using a Vacuum


Four-ball Tribometer
Zhang Songwei 1), 2), Hu Litian 1) *, Feng Dapeng 1), Wang Haizhong 1)
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P.R. China

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* Corresponding author: lthu@licp.cas.cn


ABSTRACT

The friction and wear behavior of nine space lubricants was investigated under boundary lubrication conditions

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using a vacuum four-ball tribometer. Three of the lubricants were phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PP411,
PP8148, and PPI81410). Four were synthetic hydrocarbons (multialkylated cyclopentanes, MACs), and a
formulated version with PP8148 as an additive. The other two synthetic hydrocarbons were unformulated

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polyalphoefins (PAO40, and PAO10). An unformulated perfluoropolyether (Z25) and an unformulated silicone oil
(chlorinated-phenyl and trifluorinated-butyl with methyl terminated silicone oil, 115) were also evaluated. Test
conditions included: a pressure <5.010 -4 Pa and in air, a 400N load, a sliding velocity of 0.56 m/s (1450rpm) for

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30 min, and room temperature (~25 C). The wear condition was evaluated by WSD values which were
calculated by averaging wear scar diameters of the three lower balls.
The average friction coefficients of PP411 and Z25 decreased remarkably from air condition to high vacuum,

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which was opposite to what the other seven lubricants did. The most steady and lowest friction coefficients in air
and vacuum were obtained with PP8148, and 115 showed the highest and violent fluctuant friction coefficient
both in air and vacuum. The three unformulated synthetic hydrocarbons exhibited steady and low friction

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coefficients in air, but in vacuum, they showed transient high friction in the initial stage of the friction process.
The initial transient high friction could be eliminated by adding the oil-miscible ionic liquids PP8148 into the
synthetic hydrocarbons as additives. And the formulated MACs gave the relatively low friction coefficient both in

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air and in vacuum, but higher than Z25 in vacuum.


The WSD values: phosphonium-based ionic liquids < formulated MACs < synthetic hydrocarbons < 115 < Z25
(in air); PP8148 < formulated MACs < PP411, PAO40, Z25, PPI81410 < 115 < MACs < PAO10 (in vacuum).

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PP8148 showed lowest WSD value both in air and in vacuum. The WSD value of Z25 was smaller in vacuum
than that in air, which was opposite to the other eight lubricants. Because of the transient high friction in vacuum,
all of the three unformulated synthetic hydrocarbons gave rough wear scar surfaces with severe plastic

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deformation and adhesive wear. PP411 gave a rough worn surface with obvious signs of corrosive wear in
vacuum, while the other five lubricants showed relatively smooth wear scar surfaces in air and in vacuum.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Tribological Propertiesof Ni-WC Based Compositefor Friction PairsUnder


Oil-Free Condition in Nuclear Reactor
Bin Wu *, Hai-quan Zhang, Qing-feng Zan, Ji-guo Liu
Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
* Corresponding author: wu-bin@tsinghua.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

In the primary cooler loop of high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor, it has become a crucial technical
matter to explore materials for friction pairs serving under nuclear radiation and oil-free condition in order to
keep mechanical facilities free of replacement in their whole lifetime.

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Our primary research demonstrated that polymer and ceramic materials have significant deficiencies and limited
lifespans. In the present work, Ni-WC based composite was newly employed for this application, since it
possesses high wear resistance as well as low coefficient of thermal expansion. It was fabricated by sintering at

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1500C in hydrogen. The tribological performance of Ni-WC based composite at 200C was explored on an
Optimol SRV-IV ball-on-plate tester.
Compared to polymer and ceramic materials, the Ni-WC based composite could work for a long time, although

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its friction coefficient was still high and needed further improvement. The morphology of worn surface was
investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The surface elements of worn tracks and wear debris were also
analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results could provide practical support for the wider application

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of Ni-WC based composite in nuclear energy and aerospace.


1 INTRODUCTION
Oil-free lubrication is required in nuclear radioactive environment or at elevated temperature where use of oil and

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grease are limited, such as aerospace mechanisms and nuclear reactors. High temperature gas-cooled reactor pebble-bed module (HTR-PM) is an under-construction prototype reactor of high temperature gas-cooled nuclear
reactor (HTGR), one of the recommended Gen-IV reactors with inherent safety characteristics [1]. In comparison

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with traditional light water reactors, HTR-PM employs more mechanical facilities to handle the spherical nuclear
fuel. Many of the facilities have to serve under nuclear radiation and oil-free condition, especially in the primary
cooler loop over 200C. So it has become a crucial technical issue to explore Oil-free lubrication materials for

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friction pairs of these facilities. Oil-free lubrication materials with long life would keep the mechanical facilities
free of replacement in their lifetime, and make the reactor more economic.
Our primary research demonstrated that polymer and ceramic materials such as Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)

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and Si3N4 have significant deficiencies and limited lifespans. In the present work, Ni -WC based composite was
fabricated, and its tribological performance was investigated.
2 EXPERIMENTAL
The Ni-WC based composite was fabricated by powder metallurgy. Composition of the mixture is given in Table
1. The mixture was sintered at 1500C in hydrogen. The tribological performance was explored on an Optimol
SRV-IV ball-on-plate tester. The parameter of the friction test is shown in Table 2. The worn surface morphology
was investigated with SEM accompanied by electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis tool.
Table 1. Composition of Ni-WC based composite (wt%)
Ni

WC

Cr

11

88

68

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Table 2. Friction test parameters


Load

Stroke

Frequency

34 N

1 mm

10 Hz

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


3.1 Friction coefficient

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The friction coefficient variation of the composite with sliding duration at 200C is shown in Fig. 1. The stable
friction coefficient of about 0.63 was obtained after 400 s sliding, and lasted to 1600 s. Then the friction became
worse and the friction coefficient continued to increase till near 0.8 at 4200 s.

Fig. 1.Friction coefficient of the composite versus sliding duration under 34 N at 200C.

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3.2 Morphology of the worn surface

The worn surface morphology of the composite is shown in Fig. 2. The WC grains were scattered in the matrix.

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No obvious lubricating film had been generated. The EDX analysis result suggests that the worn surface mainly
includes elements of W, C, Ni and O, indicating that slight oxidation had taken place.

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Fig. 2.Friction coefficient of the composite versus sliding duration under 34 N at 200C.

4 CONCLUSION

The friction coefficient and worn surface of Ni-WC based composite was primarily explored. If the composite is

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introduced with solid lubricant materials [2], the tribological performance might be further improved for a wider
application in nuclear energy and aerospace.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51305226) and the National
Science and Technology Major Project of China (2012ZX06901-021).
REFERENCES
[1] Z. Zhang, et al, Current Status and Technical Description of Chinese 2 250 MWth HTR-PM Demonstration Plant,
Nucl. Eng. Des. 239 (2009) 12121219.
[2] M. Marquart, et al, Enhancing the Lifetime of MoS 2-lubricated Ball Bearings, Wear. 303 (2013) 169-177.
69

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Investigation of Characteristics of Soft Pad in Polishing Process


Hung-Jung Tsai 1) *, Jeng-Haur Horng 2), Chia-HaoChuang1), Wen-HsienKao3)
1) WuFeng University
2) National Formosa University
3) Institute of Mechatronoptic Systems, Chienkuo Technology University
* hjtsai5437@gmail.com

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ABSTRACT

Polishing is a primary technique for planarization of material surface in manufacture fabrication. Because the
polishing mechanism is inadequately understood and because higher levels of polishing performance are desired,
the studies of further experiments become more important. In this paper, the average lubrication equation by

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Haffs grain flow with roughness effects is presented. In experiments, a high precision polishing process test
bench with in-situ technology including shear and thermal technology was developed. The test bench adopted to
investigate the parameters of the polishing process with IC1000 pad. A rig can be used to acquire the signals of

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polishing simulation, the temperature and shear force are measured in polishing process. The effects of
operating parameters including particle size, applied load, and rotation speed in polishing process are well
illustrated. Both theoretical and experimental results increase the understanding of polishing process.

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1 INTRODUCTION

Polishing is the main technology for fine surface finish and planarization in manufacture fabrication. Due to the
rapid development of semiconductor, most of the researchers studied to achieve planarization for wafer in

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polishing process. There are complex parameters and control of polishing process at an empirical stage.
Therefore, many researchers studied to explore and investigate the polishing process for modeling or
experiment. [1]

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Nanz and Camilletti [2] conducted a survey and compared the physical effects of CMP models. Published CMP
models are based mainly on contact mechanics, slurry hydrodynamics, or lubrication theory. Haff [3] introduced a
microscopic model of grain flow in order to establish a relationship between the parameters that appear in the

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conservation laws. The author applied Haffs theory and established a CMP model including contact and partial
hydrodynamic lubrication [4]. In experimental studies, Liang et al. [5] discussed the wear behavior between the
polishing pad and wafer in real-time CMP experiments by polishing slurries with different additives. Under

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optical microscopy, they found that the polishing removal rate of wafer surface decreases with decreasing slurry
particle size. Kong et al. [6] proposed a method that integrates nonlinear Bayesian analysis and statistical
modeling to estimatepredict process state variables, and predict the performance measures, such as material

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removal rate and surface finish. Lu et al. used dual emission laser induced fluorescence to measure slurry film
thickness and friction force between wafer and pad [7]. Pads temperature rise was measured for low dielectric
constant material in CMP process and the acquired results provide a good index to end-point-detection for
mechanical polishing process. To improve the understanding of polishing process, the temperature and shear force
are discussed for IC1000 pad in the study.
2 MODEL AND EXPERIMENTS
2.1 Model

Haff [3] proposed a grain flow theory for the analysis of the behavior of granular material. The mean separation
(

) between neighboring particles is assumed much less than the particles diameter (

treated as constant throughout the gap. In addition to having bulk flow velocity (
70

), so bulk density (

) is

), each particle is free to move

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

within its cell at an average fluctuation velocity ( ), which is commonly referred to as the granular
pseudo-temperature. Due to particle collision using microscopic kinetic models, the generalized average
lubrication equation is expressions as [4]:

(1)
2.2 Experiment

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A precision polishing machine is established including the polishing head of the test rig. There are two T-type
thermocouples and load transducer to measure the temperature and shear force of the polishing interface. The
polishing pad used in the experiments is 304.8 mm Rodel IC1000. The size of

abrasives are discussed for

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100 and 200 mm. The applied load is between 1 to 3 PSI and the rotation speed is between 30 to 90 rpm.
3 RESULTS

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The theory model applies the average lubrication equation with partial hydrodynamic lubrication theory and
elastic micro-contact theory. The characteristics of soft pad are demonstrated including shear force, abrasive size
and roughness, with variation of load and relative rotational speed. In experiments, a precision polishing machine

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is used to simulate the IC1000 pad by a test rig and acquire the signals of polishing. The shear force and
temperature rise are measured in polishing process. The polishing temperature-rise increases with increasing
down force.In Fig. 1, The shear force with theoretical and experimental data at various applied load (i.e.

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v=30RPM =10 md=100nm). The trend agrees to both theoretical and experimental results. The
theoretical and experimental results increase the understanding of polishing process.

=10

Fig. 1. Comparison of shear force with theoretical and experimental data at various applied loads(
rpm=30rpmd=100nm).

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to express gratitude for the support by the National Science Council under Grant No.
NSC 102-2622-E-274 -001 -CC3.
REFERENCES
[1] S. R. Runnels, L. M. Eyman, Tribology Analysis of Chemical-mechanical Polishing, Journal of Electrochemical.
Society, 141 (1994) 1698-1701.
[2] Nanz,G.; Camilletti, L. E. Modeling of Chemical-Mechanical Polishing: A Review. IEEE Trans., Semiconductor
Manufacturing, 8 (1995) 382-389.
[3]Haff, P. K. Grain Flow as a Fluid-Mechanical Phenomenon. J. Fluid Mech. 134(1983) 401-430.
[4] H. J. Tsai, Y. R. Jeng, P. Y. Huang, An improved model considering elasticplastic contact and partial
71

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

hydrodynamic lubrication for Chemical Mechanical Polishing, Proc. IMechE Part J: J. Engineering Tribology, 222
(2008) 761-770.
[5] H. Liang, F. Kaufman, R. Sevilla, and S. Aniur, Wear Phenomena in Chemical Mechanical Polishing, Wear,
211(1997) 271-279.
[6] J. Lu, J. Coppeta, C. Rogers, L. Racz, A. Philipossian, M. Moinpour, F. Kaufman, The Effect of Wafer Shape on
Slurry Film Thickness and Friction Coefficients in Chemical Mechanical Planarization, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc.,
San Francisco, 613 (2000), E1.2.1.
[7] Kong, Z et al Process Performance Prediction for Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) by Integration of

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Nonlinear Bayesian Analysis and Statistical Modeling. IEEE Trans., Semiconductor Manufacturing, 23(2010) 316-327.

72

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Study on Tribological Properties and Wear Model of NBR under


Water Lubricated Condition
Conglin Dong1,2), Chengqing Yuan1,2)*, Xiuqin Bai 1, 2), Xinping Yan 1,2)
1) Reliability Engineering Institute, School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
* Corresponding author: ycq@whut.edu.cn +86-27-86554969

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1 INTRODUCTION

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2) Key Laboratory of Marine Power Engineering & Technology (Ministry of Transport),

The tribological property of NBR is a complex process which has not been extensively studied. Hence knowledge

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of the basic mechanism has remained obscure, though some relevant experimental observations have been
presented [1, 2]. However, the wear loss of rubber affected by the different kinds of factors simultaneously and it
is not easy to separate their effects experimentally. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the

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tribological property of NBR, and find the factors those affect its wear loss. Based on then, a comprehensive
empirical wear mass rate equation is established at last. To do so, NBR specimens were tested against
1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel using a pin on disc tribo-testerunder pure water conditions.
2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

All experiments were conducted using a CBZ-1 tribo-tester illustrated in Fig. 1. The sliding wear tests of the NBR
pin and 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel disc rubbing pairs were conducted under pure water conditions. During the

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tests, the lower pin specimen made of NBR was stationary (submerging in lubrication solution) while the upper
disc specimen of 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel was sliding on the surface of the pin specimen with a rotational
motion.

Plate
sample

Pure
Water

Pin
sample

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Load

Fig. 1.A schematic sketch of the CBZ-1 tribo-tester used in this study.

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3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION


3.1 Analysis of Friction Coefficient

(a)

(b)

Fig.2 (a) The speed characteristic curves of the NBR pins without aging
(b)The load characteristic curves of the NBR pins without aging.
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

The average friction coefficients between the NBR pins and 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel disc rubbing pairs were
shown in Fig. 2(a). It can been seen that the average friction coefficients decreased with an increase in the sliding
velocities under the same nominal pressure conditions. When the speeds were in 0~0.66 m/s, the average
coefficients decreased quickly, they were nearly stationary when the speeds was greater than 0.66.
It can been seen as shown in Fig. 2(b) that the average friction coefficients changed a little with an increase in the

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Shore Hardness A

sliding velocities under the same nominal pressure conditions. This can reflect that in the same condition, the load
has little effect on the coefficient between the rubbing pairs.

Fig. 3 Aging effects on the friction coefficients of the NBR pins.

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The average friction coefficients between the NBR pins with different aging times and 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel

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disc rubbing pairs were shown in Fig. 3. It is clear that the different accelerated aging times influenced the
tribological properties of the NBR pins obviously. In general, in the same sliding velocities under the same
nominal pressure conditions, the average friction coefficients decreased with the increase in the accelerated
aging times.
To explain the observed trend of the friction coefficients vs the accelerated aging times displayed in Fig. 3, the
sensitivity to the temperature for rubber material is taken into consideration. The high temperature affects the rate

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of the chemical reaction of the rubber material and changes its crosslinked structure observably. After accelerated
aging in high temperature for a long time to the rubber, it is likely to have a detrimental effect on its mechanical
properties. For reflecting the effect of aging time on NBR, the shore hardness of the NBR was choice to

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characterize one of mechanical properties. The trend of the shore hardness of NBR pins with different accelerated
aging times was viewed in the Fig. 3. It can be seen that the shore hardness of NBR pins increased with the
increase in the accelerated aging times. From this Fig, the change trend of the average friction coefficients

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between rubbing pairs was similar to the change trend of the shore hardness of NBR pins with the increase in the
accelerated aging times.
3.2 Analysis of Wear Mass Loss

Wear Mass Loss Rate (mg/h)

28000

1.2

24000

Friction Power RateW/h


1

20000

0.8

16000

0.6

12000

0.4

8000

0.2

4000

0
8

16

24

32

40

48
56
Load (N)

64

72

80

88

20000

Friction Power RateW/h

0.8

16000

0.6

12000

0.4

8000

0.2

4000

0
0

24000

Wear Mass Lossmg/h

96

0.22

0.44

0.66

0.88

1.1

1.32

1.54

1.76

1.98

2.2

Friction Power RateW/h

Wear Mass Lossmg

1.2

Friction Power RateW/h

1.4

Wear Mass Loss Rate (mg/h)

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The wear mass losses rate and fiction power rate were measured to analyze the wear rates of the NBR pins. The
worn mass loss rate was the average worn mass loss in every hour after 48h sliding wear testing. The fiction
power rate was the fiction power in every hour after 48h sliding wear testing.

0
2.42

Velocity (m/s)

(a)
(b)
Fig.4 (a) Load effects on the worn mass losses and friction power rates of the NBR without accelerated aging; (b) Speed
effects on the worn mass losses and friction power rates of the NBR without accelerated aging
74

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

The trend of the worn mass losses and friction power rates of the NBR without accelerated aging changed with
the load were shown in Fig. 4(a). It can be seen that the average worn mass loss rates of NBR increased with the
increase in the load. When the load was greater than 56N, the amplitude of incensement became slowly. With the
increase of load, the friction power rates increased in a linear trend. It is clear that the higher the load, the larger
the friction between the rubbing pairs, as a result, the material on the worn face of the NBR will be easier to be
worn out in the sliding wear process.
As shown in Fig. 4(b), the average worn mass loss rates of NBR without accelerate aging increased with the
increase in the sliding velocities under the same nominal pressure tested conditions. While, the friction power

1.2

90

16000

0.6

12000

0.4

8000

0.2

4000

80

70

60

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0.8

Friction Power RateW/h

20000

Shore Hardness A

Shore Hardness A

24000

Wear Mass Loss (mg/h)


Friction Power RateW/h

240

480

720

960

Aging Time (h)

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Wear Mass Loss Rate (mg/h)

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rates were increase in a linear trend.

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Fig.5 The trend of the wear mass losses rate and fiction power rates of the NBR pins
with different accelerated aging times

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The trend of the wear mass losses rate and fiction power rates of the NBR pins with different accelerated aging
times can be viewed in Fig. 5. It is clear that the wear mass loss rates of the aged NBR pins increased with the
aging times under the same load and velocity condition. When the aging time was longer than 720h, the
amplitude of incensement became slowly. While, the friction power rates were increase in a linear trend. As
presented in section 3.1, This may be because the aging processes promote the degradation of anti-fatigue and

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3.3 Analysis of Wear Mechanisms

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anti-tear properties of NBR, resulting in a higher wear rate than that of the specimens not subjected to the aging
processes. This can be proved with the shore hardness of NBR pins with accelerate aging indirectly [3, 4]. The
shore hardness of NBR pins increased with the increase in the accelerated aging times as shown in this Figure.

(a)Without testing

(b) After testing

Fig. 6 The untested (a) and worn surface topographies ((b) of the NBR pins

The examinations of the worn surfaces of the rubbing pairs after the tests revealed that there was hardlyany wear
on the tested surfaces of the disc. In contrast, significant wear occurred on the surfaces of the NBR pins after the
tested. Therefore, the worn surface topographies of the NBR pins were examined using a laser-interference
profilometer. Fig. 8 showed the surface topographies of the untested and one of the NBR pins after tested. It can
be seen that there were no obviousfurrow and material accumulation on the worn surface without accelerated
aging in Fig. 6(a). However, there are significant differences in Fig. 6(b). There were many deformed NBR
asperities accumulated with the rubber material and furrows distributing on the worn surfaces of the NBR pins
after testing.
75

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

(a)

(b)

Fig.7 The SEM images of the tested NBR pins

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In order to study the wear features and mechanisms, the worn surface topographies of the NBR pins after testing
were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As shown in the Fig.7 (a), there was a NBR asperities

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with curved feature. Moreover, there was obvious tearing phenomenon at the contact position between the contact
position and the worn surface. In the fig. 7 (b), part of the material had been peeled off from the surface and
formed a wear particle.

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4 THE MODEL OF WEAR RATE


4.1 Theory of Wear Rate

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After the phenomena mentioned above and integrated analysis, the wear mass rate of NBR rubber may be in
accordance with the power function in the increase of friction power rate, and the wear mass loss rate
can get from follow Equation.
A kW n

maybe

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(1)
where, A is the wear mass loss rate of NBR pins, its unit is mg/h. W is the friction power rate, its unit is W/h. k
and n are the coefficient and indexconstant, they are determined by the types of rubber.

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W fv Fv

(2)

From Equation 1 and Equation 2,

the load, its unit is N; v is the

can be described by follow Equation.

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F is

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where, f is the friction; is the coefficient between the rubbing pairs;


sliding velocity of the disc plate, its unit is Km/h.
A k n F nvn

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(3)

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A lot of experimental results and researches show that the coefficient between the rubber and smooth metal
surface under the water lubricated condition has a special relationship vs the velocity and the aging degree of
rubber. That is:
avb H c

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(4)
where, a, b and c are the constant. H is the characteristic parameter which is to characterize the mechanical
properties of NBR. This study chose the shore hardness of the NBR as the characteristic parameter. Hence,
A kavnb H nc F nv n kaH nc F nv

nb n

(5)

The constant ka is replaced by the constant p , the constant nc is replaced by the constant , the constant n is
replaced by the constant , The constant nb n is replaced by the constant . Thereupon,
A pH F v

(6)

4.2 The Effect of the Load to the Wear Rate

For getting the load index constant effect on the wear mass loss rate of NBR, the NBR pins without aging were
used in this wear testing. In order to avoid the impact of velocity, the velocity was set to a fixed value, and it was
0.77 m/s. The results were shown in Table 1.
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Table 1 The worn mass loss rates of NBR pins without aging
with different load in the same velocity condition (0.77 m/s)

Load (N)
Wear Mass Loss (mg)
Because

and

8
0.1854

24
0.5093

were the constant value,

40
0.7104

56
0.9578

72
1.0542

88
1.2396

could be replaced by the constant p1 . Therefore, the follow

pH v

empirical formula could describe the relationship between the load and the wear mass loss rate

A.

A p1F

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The data in Table 1 were made regression analysis using Matlab to obtain the constant and p1 . The value of p1
was 0.0382, the value of was 0.7876.
4.3 The Effect of the Velocity to the Wear Rate

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For getting the velocity index constant effect on the wear mass loss rate of NBR, the NBR pins without aging
were used in this wear testing. In order to avoid the impact of load, the load was set to a fixed value, and it was 40
N. The results were shown in Table 2.
Table 2. The worn mass loss rates of NBR pins without aging

0.11
0.2146

0.33
0.3729

0.55
0.4667

0.77
0.6271

1.1
0.7771

2.2
1.075

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Velocity (m/s)
Wear Mass Loss (mg/h)

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with different velocity in the same load condition (0.5 Mpa)

p
Because H and F were the constant value, pH F could be replaced by the constant 2 . Therefore, the

follow empirical formula could describe the relationship between the velocity and the wear mass loss rate A .

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A p2v

. The value of

was 0.7019, the value of was 0.5499.

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p2

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The data in Table 2 were made regression analysis using Matlab to obtain the constant and

4.4 The Effect of Aging to the Wear Rate

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For getting the aging index constant effect on the wear mass loss rate of NBR, the NBR pins with accelerate
aging were used in this testing. In order to avoid the impact of load and velocity, they were set to fixed values,

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they were 40N and 0.77 m/s respectively. The results were shown in Table 3.
Table 3 The worn mass loss rates of NBR pins with aging
with different shore hardness in the same load and velocity condition (40N, 0.77 m/s)
63

77.3

82.3

84.8

87.1

Wear Mass Lossmg

0.7188

0.8188

0.9375

0.9667

0.9938

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Shore Hardness (A)

pv F
Because v and F were the constant value,

could be replaced by the constant

p3

. Therefore, the

follow empirical formula could describe the relationship between the shore hardness and the wear mass rate A .
The data in Table 3 were made regression analysis using Matlab to obtain the constant and

p3

was 0.0106, the value of was 1.0133.

77

p3

. The value of

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

4.5 The Comprehensive Wear Model

p1 pH v

p2 = pH F
p3 = pv F

The values of

p1 , p2 , p3 , H , F ,

v had been got above, so three values of p can be obtained, they were

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6.625410-4, 5.770610-4 and 6.697910-4. The average value of them was choose as the p , it was
6.364610-4. Hence, the empirical formula, which describe the wear mass loss vs the shore hardness, velocity
and the load, was obtained as follow Equation.

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A 6.3646 104 H 1.0133 F 0.7876v0.5499


5 CONCLUSION

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The following conclusions are drawn as the outcomes of this study.


(a) The high temperature accelerate aging have a significant effect on the friction and wear prope rties of the NBR
specimens. The friction coefficients between the rubbing pairs increased with the increase of the aging times,

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while the wear mass losses increased too.


(b) The main wear mechanisms between the NBR pins and 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel rubbing pairs are severe
adhesion tearing wear under the pure water condition.
(c) A comprehensive empirical wear mass loss rate equation is established to describe the wear rule of the NBR,
the result is consistent with the experimental result basically.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

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This study is supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China (51139005), the Program
for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12-0910), the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities (2012-II-018 and 2012-YB-13) and the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to

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Universities (B08031).

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REFERENCES

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[1] D H Champ, E Southern, A C Thomas. Fracture mechanics applied to rubber abrasion. In Advances in Polymer

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Friction and Wear, ed. L. H. Lee. Plenum Press, New York, 1974, pp. 133140.
pp.367378

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[2] H S Avery. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wear of Materials, ASME, New York, 1981,

[3] C Q Yuan, J Li, X P Yan, et al. The use of the fractal description to characterize engineering surfaces and wear

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particles [J]. Wear, 2003, 255(1-6): 315-326.


[4] C Q Yuan, Z X Peng, X, C Zhou, X P Yan. The surface roughness evolutions of wear particles and wear
components under lubricated rolling wear condition [J]. Wear, 2005, 259(1-6): 512-518.

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Sliding Wear Behavior of Wrought Al-Si-Mg Alloy


Liu Fang1) *, Yu Fuxiao1), Zhao Dazhi1), Zuo Liang2)
1) Department of Metal Forming, School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University,
Shenyang 110819, Peoples Republic of China
2) Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University,
Shenyang 110819, Peoples Republic of China

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*Corresponding author email address: liufang@smm.neu.edu.cn


ABSTRACT

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The mechanical properties of the Mg bearing wrought Al-Si alloys can be made comparable or even superior to
that of the 6000 series alloys through traditional metallurgical process is attractive from the viewpoint of
industrial application of the Al-Si alloys. Wear and friction mechanism of wrought Al-Si alloy is different from

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that of cast Al-Si alloy. In present paper, the dry sliding wear behavior of Mg bearing wrought Al -Si alloys have
been investigated using a Pin-On-Disc machine. Various parameters have been studied such as alloy composition,
sliding speed, and normal pressure. Wear surface and wear debris were characterized by SEM/EDX microanalysis.

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The microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of the extruded profile were investigated aiming at
understanding the wear and friction mechanisms. The present results reveal an improvement in the mechanical
and tribological properties, obtained due to microstructure characterized by fine Si particles uniformly distributed

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in the Al matrix of fine equiaxed grains was promoted by hot extrusion. It also revealed that higher hardness and
the lower aspect ratio of eutectic Si particles contributed to the better wear resistance.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

The Effects of Environment on the Wear Behavior of Powder Metallurgical


Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo
J. Qiu 1, 2), Y. Liu 1) *, F. Meng 2), I. Baker 2) *
1) State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
2) Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover NH 03755-8000, USA

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* Y. Liu, yonliu@mail.csu.edu.cn; I. Baker, Ian.Baker@Dartmouth.edu


ABSTRACT

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The wear behavior of Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo prepared by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of alloy powders, which
mainly consists of phase and minor 2 dispersed among the grain boundaries, was studied using pin-on-disk
tribotests in four different environments: air, oxygen, 4% hydrogen in nitrogen, and argon. The disc material is a

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sinter-HIPed (Hot Isostatically Pressed) grade of zirconia that is partially stabilized to tetragonal zirconia with 2.8
mol% (4.8 wt. %) yttria. All tests were conducted on a new disk surface at room temperature for a total sliding
distance of 1 km with a normal load of 23 N and sliding speed of 1m/s. The scanning electron microscopy and

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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to exam the tips of the worn TiAl pins and the wear debris. The worn
tracks of the zirconia disk were examined using a 3D optical surface profiler to record the profile readings. The
lower wear rates of the pins in the oxygen-free environment indicate that this alloy is sensitive to the presence of
oxygen. However, the presence of water vapor and molecular hydrogen plays little role on the wear rate. The
friction coefficients were measured in the whole wear process. An approximate calculation was performed of the
contact flash temperatures resulting from the frictional heating. Interestingly, the contact flash temperatures

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during the wear process in the oxygen-free atmosphere are much higher than those in the oxygen-containing
atmosphere. But the TiAl has lower wear rate when the friction coefficient is higher. The XRD and EDS results
confirm that the abrasive particles largely consisted of the counterface material and the zirconia particles were

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found to be embedded in a tribolayer on the worn tips of the pins by the plastic deformation of the TiAl surface, if
the contact temperature is high enough. And zirconia disk had a stress- and temperature-induced phase
transformation from a tetragonal to a cubic phase during the wear tests, accompanied by surface uplifting,

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microcracking, and grain pullout. To some extent, the hard tribolayer with the zirconia particles protects the TiAl
pin from being worn by the hard zirconia disk. The high localized repetitive shear stress during the wear tests may
bring about amorphous TiAl in the wear debris. The main wear mechanisms of two-body and three-body abrasive

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wear, as well as plastic deformation and delamination are also analyzed in this work.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Deterministic Study of the Contact Between Compression Ring and Cross


Hatched Cylinder Liner
Binbin Zhang 1), N.Biboulet 2), Jing Wang 1) *, A.A.Lubrecht 2)
1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, R.R.C
2) Universitde Lyon, INSA de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5259, Villeurbanne F69621,France

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* wj20011226@163.com
ABSTRACT

In order to correctly predict the piston ring cylinder liner friction in the mixed lubrication re gime, it is important
to know the real area of contact and the mean pressure, as a function of the distance between the two surfaces.

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The classical paper by Greenwood and Williams provides this information using statistical tools. Many recent
papers have extended this approach, using numerical contact model and multi-scale contact model. The current
work uses a deterministic contact calculation, with Hertzian parameters close to that of the practical application.

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1 MEASUREMENT

The surface topography of a cross hatched cylinder liner was measured using interferometer and the 25 measured etches
were stitched together to obtain figure 1. It was measured on top dead center. The size of the displayed area is roughly 1.0

Fig. 1. Surface topography of cross hatched cylinder liner

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*0.8 mm.

Contact calculations were performed on the 15 disks for top dead center (TDC), midstoke (MDC) and bottom
dead center (BDC). The total contact force, as well as the real contact area was computed as a function of the
distance separating the two surfaces.
These calculations result in the figures 2, 3, 4 5, 6 and 7 showing the force and real area of contact as a function
of the distance. More precisely, the two graphs show the mean value and its standard deviation for the 15 different
positions of the cross hatched surface.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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Fig. 2. The relation between force and distance for TDC

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Fig. 3. The relation between force and distance for midstoke

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Fig. 4. The relation between force and distance for BDC

Fig. 5. The relation between real area of contact and distance for TDC

Fig. 6. The relation between real area of contact and distance for midstoke
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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Fig. 7. The relation between real area of contact and distance for BDC

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2 THEORY

The multigrid contact solver is an evolution of the dry contact solvers described in Lubrecht Ioannides [1] and in

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Venner Lubrecht [2]. The current code can read measured roughness topographies. Then the contact between the
smooth sphere and the rough surface was calculated for different distances, yielding the contact force and contact
area versus distance curves.

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Table 1 shows the influence of the number of points on the computational grid. It should be pointed out that for
level 9 the density of the computational grid, and that of the (roughness) measured grid, are roughly equal. From
this table it can be concluded that for level 10 the overall error is less than 4.44%. All calculations shown in the

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paper were performed on level 10, unless stated explicitly otherwise.


Table 1. The influence of the number of points on the computational grid under h0 = 0.95
Level

Load

7
8

11
12

9.402

2.498

7.337

2.497

6.497

2.498

6.103

2.500

5.899

2.501

5.784

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3 RESULT

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Contact area (%)

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From the above figures, we can make the conclusions that the real contact area of TDC is larger than the other two

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positions and the force of BDC is the smallest of the three positions. Later the total friction coefficient and the viscous and
dry contact contributions around TDC as a function of crank angle will be investigated.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

51275253.

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This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for supporting this work through grant

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REFERENCES
[1] A. A. Lubrecht , and E. Ioannides, A fast solution of the dry contact problem and the associated sub-surface stress
field, using multilevel techniques, Journal of tribology 113.1 (1991)128-133.
[2] C. H. Venner, and A. A. Lubrecht, Multilevel methods in lubrication, Vol. 37. Access Online via Elsevier, 2000.

83

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Downhole Mechanical Vibration Anti-Friction Technology Research


Xianzhong Yi, Wei Chang
School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
ayxz@yangtzeu.edu.cn,b451621881@qq.com
ABSTRACT

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With the oilfield exploitation into an advanced stage and the increasing levels of harvesting,an increasing number
of the horizontal wells,extended reach wells and other complex wells is an inevitable trend of
drilling.However,friction problem is the most prominent problem in the large displacement horizontal wells

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drilling.Drilling friction is the friction between the drill string and borehole wall in the process of drilling,mainly
composed of the drilling string axial frictional resistance and circumferential friction torque.Friction control
degree directly influences the extension of large displacement horizontal well length,if the drilling pressure

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imposed by the ground equipment,all used to overcome the friction between the tools and borehole wall, the wob
cannot be delivered to the drill bit,then the extension of the wellbore is automatically stopped.There are many
means to reduce friction and torque,such as improving the performance of the drilling fluid lubrication, friction

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and torque monitoring while drilling, borehole trajectory optimization,using specialized downhole tools to reduce
torque and so on.At present, many scholars at home and abroad for the analysis of the friction, torque mechanics
modeling have done a lot of work, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional models.In this case,this
article mainly introduces the downhole friction reasons and its harm,through analyzing the vibration
characteristics of a downhole drill string,proposes the methods of mechanical vibration to reduce
friction,expounds the principle of the method and its advantage in this field,and simply introduces the existing

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technology of hydraulic oscillator.By comparison with field drilling data of two wells,analyzing the feasibility of
mechanical vibration method in underground anti-friction and the technical efficiency for oil drilling industry.
Keyword Drilling, friction, torquemechanical vibrationanti-friction

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Effect of Sodium Leaching and Exchange on Tribochemical Wear of Soda Lime


Silicate Glass Surface in Humid Ambient
Hongtu He1, 2), Carlo G. Pantano2,3), Seong H. Kim2,3,4), Linmao Qian1)*
1) Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Materials (Ministry of Education),
Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, P.R. China 610031;
2) Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802;

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3) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802;
4) Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802

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*linmao@swjtu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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The tribochemical wear of multicomponent glass surface were investigated with a reciprocating ball-on-disk
tribometer. It is found that wear of glass surface is very sensitive to the environmental humidity conditions. In dry
conditions, glass surfaces were scratched due to mechanical effects only. By comparing with the wearless

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behavior in alcohol vapor at the same mechanical load conditions, it was validated that the wear of
multicomponent glass surfaces in humid ambient must be mechanochemical, not pure ly mechanical. Regardless
of the alkali ion content, the tribochemical wear of alkaline-earth borosilicate glass and alkali borosilicate glass
increases as relative humidity increases. In the case of soda lime silicate glass, the mechanochemical wear
decreased with increasing humidity. The alkali borosilicate glass and alkaline-earth borosilicate glass substrate
shows wear behavior consistent with the classic stress corrosion in all humidity conditions, while in the case of

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soda lime silicate glass, it becomes wear resistant in near saturation humidity (Fig.1). It is believed that these
differences in chemical reactivity with water under interfacial shear are responsible for the difference in wear
behavior between those glass substrates. Due to leaching of sodium ions, it is believed the formation of

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hydronium ions in soda lime silicate glass subsurface could make the glass surface more resistant to wear under
lateral shear. Hydronium ions could be formed in the sodium-leach sites in borosilicate glasses; but they will
interact with the borate ions, which are expected larger than non-bridging oxgens ions. Research results may help

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to optimizing developing, manufacturing and utilizing many functional and engineering glasses.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig.1 Optical profilometry images (up) and characteristic line profiles (down) of (a) soda lime silicate glass substrate
and (b) alkaline-earth borosilicate glass substrate (AF 45) and (c) alkali borosilicate glass substrate when scratching with
sodaium borosilicate ball at an applied load of 0.2 N after 400 cycles under 90% RH conditions.
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Tribological Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings with Various


Tungsten Filament Currents Sliding Against AISI 52100 Steel Ball and Al2O3
Ball
W.H. Kao 1), H.C. Huang 1), S. C. Yang2)and T. F. Mao3), S. H. Yao4)*
1) Institute of Mechatronoptic Systems, Chienkuo Technology University;

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2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chienkuo Technology University;


3) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chienkuo Technology University;
4) Chang Jung Christian University

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* Corresponding author: shyao@mail.cjcu.edu.tw

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ABSTRACT

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Diamond-like carbon coatings were deposited on AISI M2 disks used sputtering method with one Ti target, three
C targets, C2H2 and CH4 reactive gas. The various filament currents was using in the range of 917A to enhance

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the ionization rate of reactive gas. The tribological properties of the coatings were quantified using an
reciprocating sliding wear tester. In the current wear tests, the upper specimen was AISI 52100 or Al 2O3 ball
(10 mm), while the lower specimen was the variously-coated AISI M2 steel disks. The results show that the
tungsten filament current has a significant effect on the deposition rate, hardness and tribological properties of the
coatings. With the increase of the tungsten filament current, the deposition rate and hardness of the coating
increases, respectively. The wear tests demonstrated that the current of tungsten filament can improve tribological

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properties. The optimum coating for tribological properties against a AISI 52100 steel or a Al 2O3 ball was 17A
coating.
1 INTRODUCTION

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Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have emerged as attractive coatings for mechanical, chemical, electrical and
tribological properties[1,2]. Many studies have been reported on the preparation of DLC coatings. The hydrogenated

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a-C:H coatings prepared by the unbalanced magnetron sputtering system (UBM) was showed lower hardness and

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deposited rate cause by lack of more ionization rate of the hydrocarbon reaction gas in the deposit chamber. In this study,

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the DLC coatings were prepared used the UBM with a tungsten filament-assisted ionized reaction gas. The deposited rate,

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hardness and tribological properties of DLC coatings with various filament currents were investigated.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

2.1. Coating deposition

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The coatings were deposited on AISI M2 disks used UBM sputtering method with one Ti target (applied target
current: 2A), three C targets (applied target current: 2A), C2H2 (flow rate :3 sccm) and CH4 (flow rate :3 sccm)
reactive gas. A pure 0.1 m Ti layer was deposited on the surface of each substrate to form an interfacial layer.
The substrate was subjected to a pulse bias voltage of 60V and various filament currents was using in the range
of 917A. The chamber pressure was maintained at 1.5103 Torr and the reaction time was kept to 115
minutes.The 9, 11, 13 15 and 17 A of DLC coatings in the text are the filament currents during the deposition
process.
2.2. Wear test

The tribological properties of the coatings were quantified using an reciprocating sliding wear tester. The test
apparatus consists mainly of a stationary lower specimen supporter and a reciprocating upper specimen holder. In
the current wear tests, the upper specimen was AISI 52100 or Al2O3 ball (10 mm), while the lower specimen
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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was the variously-coated AISI M2 steel disks. The wear tests were performed using an applied load of 10 N, a
stroke length of 1 mm, and a reciprocating frequency of 50 Hz. Each test was performed for a total of 24 minutes
and was conducted at room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and under unlubricated conditions. The coefficient
of friction was recorded in computer during wear tests. Following each test, the maximum depth of the wear scar
on the coated disk was measured using an optical profilometer.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The Raman curves can be fitted with G-band and D-band components, and the intensity ratio of I(d)/I(g) of
different coatings have been calculated with the results as shown in Fig.1. With the increase of the current of the

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filament, the I(d)/I(g) ratio decreases. The 17A coating has the smallest I(d)/I(g) ratio with 1.23. The decreased in
I(d)/I(g) ratio due to the increase in sp3 component. Fig.1. illustrates the decreased in I(d)/I(g) ratio, the hardness
of the coatings increases. The 17A coating possesses the lowest I(d)/I(g) ratio and the highest hardness,

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respectively.
Fig.2 and 3 illustrate the influence of the tungsten filament current on the tribological properties of the DLC
coatings. Those present the coefficient of friction and wear depth for the five coatings sliding against 52100 steel

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or Al2O3 balls, respectively. Fig.2 and 3 are apparent that the friction coefficient and we ar depth decreases with
increasing filament current, respectively.

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Fig.1. The hardness and I(d)/I(g) ratio of DLC coatings

Fig.2 shows that all of coatings possess a low value of friction coefficient due to maintain a low and stable

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friction coefficient throughout the entire sliding test when sliding against AISI 52100 steel ball. However, as
sliding Al2O3 ball, the coatings exhibit two distinct wear behaviors. In the initial stages of the sliding test, the
friction coefficient maintains a low and stable value, as sliding continues, a second wear behavior is observed in

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which the friction coefficient has a high and fluctuating value. Therefore, the DLC coating/Al2O3 ball wear pairs
displayed higher friction coefficient than DLC coating/52100 steel wear pairs. Finally, the friction coefficient of
the uncoated disk maintained a high value (0.96 and 0.88 respectively against Al2O3 and AISI 52100 steel balls)

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throughout the entire test.

Fig.2.Coefficient of friction of DLC coatings

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Fig.3 Wear depth of DLC coatings


Fig.3 displays that all of the DLC coatings reduce the wear depth by a factor of more than 11 compared to that observed

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on an uncoated substrate as sliding against an AISI 52100 steel ball. On the other hand, when sliding against an Al2O3
ball, all of the DLC coatings reduce the wear depth by a factor of less than 2 compared to uncoated substrate. However,
for every coating sliding against Al2O3 ball, the depth of the wear scar exceeds the coating thickness, i.e. the wear scar

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penetrates the underlying substrate. The SEM observation of the wear track produced by a AISI 52100 ball sliding under
10N for 24 minutes is shown in Fig.4. The chemical element content of point A (center of wear track) was similar to point

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C (DLC coating) analysied by EDS. It is demonstrated that the coating was not broken yet after wear test for 24 minutes.
The chemical elements of point B (wear debris) were carbon and oxygen. The SEM image of the wear track produced by

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a Al2O3 ball sliding under 10N for 24 minutes is shown in Fig.5. The chemical element of point A (center of wear track)
were ferric oxide, it is demonstrated that the coating was broken. The marked C of Fig.4 and marked B of Fig.5 are virgin

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DLC coating,It is apparent C: 92 at%, Ti:4 at% and H:4 at%, respectively.

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Fig.4.Thewear track of 17A coating sliding against AISI52100 ball

Fig.5The wear track of 17A coating sliding against Al 2O3 ball


4. CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions can be drawn from the present experimental results:
(1)The deposition rate and hardness of the DLC coating increased as filament current increased.
(2)In sliding against an AISI 52100 steel ball, all of coatings reduce the wear depth by a factor of at least 11
compared to that observed on an uncoated substrate.
(3)The 17A coating displayed excellent tribological properties including the lowest friction coefficient and the
lowest wear depth.
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REFERENCES
X. Shia, L. Guo, Y. Bai, L. Qiao, Characterization of coating probe with Ti-DLC for electrical scanning probe
microscope, Appl. Surf. Sci., 257 (2011) 7238-7244.
Y.F. Zheng, X.L. Liu, H.F. Zhang, Properties of ZrZrCZrC/DLC gradient films on TiNi alloy by the PIIID technique

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combined with PECVD, Surf. Coat. Technol., 202 (2008) 3011-3016.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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Study of the Conductivity and Tribological Performance of Ionic Liquid and


Lithium Greases
Xiaoqiang Fan1, 2), Liping Wang1)*
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R.China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100039, P.R.China
*

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Corresponding author email addresses:lpwang@licp.cas.cn.

ABSTRACT

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The ionic liquids (ILs) lubricating greases were prepared using 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide as base oiland the polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) as thickener, respectively. Three kinds of lithium greases were also prepared using lithium ILs

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([Li(PAG)]X) as base oil and the PTFE as thickener. The 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate as
additive was added to the PAG grease which was prepared using the polyalkylene glycol monobutyl ether (PAG)
as base oil and the PTFE as thickener. The conductivities and tribological properties of the prepared lubricating

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greases were investigated in detail. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS) were employed to explore the the friction and wear mechanism. The results showed that the ILs and
lithium lubricating greases have conductivities and excellent tribological properties. Especially, the ILs greases

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have highest conductivity. The excellent tribological properties should be attributed to the formation of boundary
films consisting of both tribo-chemical reaction films and the physical absorption films, while high conductivities
should be attributed to intrinsic electric fields of the ILs.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Effect of Elastic Rubber on the Mechanical Scraping of Wax-Oil Deposit in Oil


and Gas Pipeline
*

G. B. Tan, S. H. Liu , D. G. Wang, S. W. Zhang


College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing,
Fuxue Road No.8, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China;

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* Corresponding author email address: liu_shu_hai@163.com


ABSTRACT

Effect of rubber material on deposit-scraping process at pure sliding contact has been experimentally investigated
based on combinations of optical microscopy and fluorescence observation. In this study, the deposit-scraping

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experiments are conducted for soft line contact. The results showed that the deposit-scraping change with increase
of elastic modules of rubber linked to the real contact ratio in soft interface.
1 INTRODUCTION

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The China has started the high pressure, high flow and large diameter main tubes of oil and gas in last decade, in
year of 2013 approximately over 0.11 million Km, which currently experienced the first pigging process and
in-line inspection (ILI). It is critical to clean pipelines and provide information regarding the condition of the

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pipeline such as metal loss of the pipe due to corrosion, deformation, cracks and the like. As indicated in Fig. 1,
pipeline pigging was a standard procedure in petroleum industry by PIG (pipeline pigging gauge) and ILI
facilities, which both should propelled by the fluid in pipeline [1].

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By pigging at frequent intervals, serious debris blockage (slug) in an oil pipeline can be reduced, and the
maximum thickness of wax-deposit in pigging that increase larger scraping frictions can be limited. To the
authors' knowledge [2-5], several attempts have been done for modeling the dynamics of the pigging performance

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but due to the complexity of PIG devices and the poor tribology at rough soft contact, etc., researchers have not
be successful in prediction and optimization to this wax-removal process.
2 PROBLEM FORMATIONS

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2.1 Soft tribology in pipeline cleaning

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Pipeline operators lack information about the actual conditions of the inner pipes. If wax deposition is present, it
must be removed periodically by different PIG devices in order to minimize the dangerous (see the review by Tan

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et al. [2-5]), as shown in Fig. 1(b). However, failure in predictions of pigging efficiency has been linked with little
understanding of tribological systems in rough soft contact, as presented in Fig. 2, in deposit-scraping process.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Fig. 1.Schematic presentation of the mechanical cleaning methods and PIG device under pure sliding conditions,

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showing the interaction of the elastic rubber scrapers surface with the rigid pipewall. (a) PIG device by fluid propelled,
(b) main construction of the mechanical PIG device using various types of wax-scraper.

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2.2 Rough soft contact of mechanical PIG devices

If the transportation in a pipeline is stopped due to a failure PIG operations or an emergency situation such as
severe offshore weather conditions, the solubility of wax further decrease and wax molecules precipitate out of

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liquid phase in a static condition. Therefore, the tribological systems and wax debris ahead of PIG should be
studied, aiming to wax-slug preventions, as shown in Fig. 3. Recent research carried out by the authors [5], has
examined the flow behaviors of model wax-debris at lubricated soft contact during pipeline pigging.

Fig. 2.Schematic presentation of the tribological system in wax-debris scraping process, showing the rough soft contact
between rubber and rigid pipewall. (a) main influencing factors to rubber tribology in pipeline pigging operations.(b)
tribological system of rough soft contact in debris scraping.
(W, normal squeezing load; v, moving speed of the PIG devices).
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2.3 Debris build-up ahead of PIG devices

Elastic rubber sealing-disc will influence the effectiveness of PIG in service, but may have been just considered in
the selection process. Initial results [5] suggested that wax-particles in multiphase flow passed through the rough
contact area, which determined by an inlet aggregation mechanism. However, what is the influence of elastic
rubber and its contact ratio?
3 EXPERIMENTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Experimental test rig

In this study, effect of rubber on the flow property of deposit-scraping at rough soft contact was studied. Pure

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sliding contact was produced between a sliding plate and stationary polyurethane (PU) elastomer, as indicated in
Fig. 4, using fluorescence observation and optical microscope [5-6], respectively. Views at line contact area were
captured, and analyzed by the post-processing of digital images. Experiments were conducted adopting mold

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wax-oil of two-phase flow [7-8], with respectively 90% silicon oil and 10% paraffin wax by weight content.

Fig. 3. Moving system and debris build-up in wax-debris scraping process [5]. (a) rubbing contact in pipeline pigging

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operations. (b) debris build-up phenomenon and failure with the debris-residual. (c) lubricated, compliant contact. (d)
the worn scraping cup).

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collected debris ahead of scraping-cup in the PIG devices. (e) tribo-pair in debris scraping. (R, radius of rubber surface in

Fig. 4.Schematic diagram of the experimental system and structure in wax-debris scraping process, showing the rough
soft contact in-situ studied by different microscopes.
3.2 Digital images in debris-scraping process

Typical digital optical image taken out at soft line contact were shown in Fig. 5(a), non contact area could be
observed with much brighter light of lines or grooves. As presented in Fig. 5(b), the white regions represented the
interfacial spaces or the potential percolation, and the black color indicated the nominal contact zones. The results
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showed that deposit scraping process would determine by types of rubber material linked to the different contact
ratios [5, 9].

Fig. 5.Digital images at soft line contact and after post-processed image. Material: PU (Youngs modules, E=1.66 MPa);
Rigid plate (Youngs modules, E=65 GPa). Normal load: 2.4N.

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3.3 Effect of contact ratio in deposit scraping

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The contact ratio is written as [9-10]


=Ar/A0

(1)

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where A0 is the nominal contact area and Ar is the real contact area of soft line contact in PIG devices.

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In addition, real contact ratio could be understood from Hertz contact theory, which presented the nonlinear
relationship with the force: =Ar/A0&W2/3. Previously, the results of Kricks studies present a linear relationship
under small loads from Persson contact theory [9]. It is not surprising that this relationship had been debated

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during the last few years. This induced an interesting query: what is the effect of rubber on the relation between
real contact ratio and deposit-scraping process at soft line contact?
4 CONCLUSIONS

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Investigation on the tribological properties of soft line contact in debris-scraping process required the satisfactory
method of observation to the vicinity of contact-area. It was found that deposit flow collected at inlet-region and
determined by real contact ratio of rubber cylinders, respectively. These findings could offer better understanding

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of the fundamental mechanisms of flow-assurance and PIG devices in oil industry.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51175514), the

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Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-13-1028), the Science Foundation of China
University of Petroleum-Beijing (Nos. 2462013YXBS008, KYJJ2012-04-17).

REFERENCES

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[1] S. Jonathan, Wax removal using pipeline pigs, PhD dissertation, Durham University, Durham, 2004.
[2] G.B. Tan, X.X. Zhu, S.M. Zhang, L.Y. Shi, Study progress in variable speed pig for natural gas pipeline (in
Chinese), Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation 30(2011) 411-416.
[3] G.B. Tan, S.M. Zhang, X.X. Zhu, L.Y. Shi, Q.B. Zhang, Research on bypass-valve and its resistance characteristic
of speed regulating PIG in gas pipeline, IEEE, third International Conference on Measuring Technology and
Mechatronics Automation (2011), Shanghai, China, 1114-1117.
[4] X.X. Zhu, S.M. Zhang, G.B. Tan, D.G. Wang, W.W. Wang, Experimental study on dynamics of rotatable
bypass-valve in speed control pig in gas pipeline, Measurement 47(2014) 686-692.
[5] G.B. Tan, D.G. Wang, S.H. Liu, S.W. Zhang, Probing tribological properties of waxy oil in pipeline pigging with
fluorescence technique, Tribolo Int 71(2014) 26-37.
[6] S.H. Qian, D. Guo, S.H. Liu, X.C. Lu, Experimental investigation of lubricant flow properties under micro oil
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supply condition, ASME J Tribol 134(2012) 041501.


[7] C.Y. Bai, J.J. Zhang, Effect of carbon number distribution of wax on the yield stress of waxy oil gels, Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry Research 52(2013) 2732-2739.
[8] G.B. Tan, S.H. Liu, D.G. Wang, S.W. Zhang, In situ observation of wax-in-oil flow in rough soft contact, Tribolo
Lett 52(2013) 93-103.
[9] B.A. Krick, J.R. Vail, B.N.J. Persson, et al, Optical in situ micro tribometer for analysis of real contact area for
contact mechanics, adhesion and sliding experiments, Tribol Lett, 45(2012) 185-194.
[10] H.P. Xiao, D. Guo, S.H. Liu, G.S. Pan, X.C. Lu, Contact ratio of rough surfaces with multiple asperities in mixed

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lubrication at high pressures, Appl Surf Sci 258(2012) 3888-3896.

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Dry Friction Force Induced Fractal Erosion of Safe Basin in a Softening Duffing
Oscillator
J H Yang*, H Zhu
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology,
Xuzhou 221116, PR China
Email address: jianhuayang@cumt.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

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The softening Duffing oscillator with dry friction force and harmonic excitation is widely used in the engineer
field. In this paper, the effect of the dry friction force on the fractal erosion of the safe basin is investigated in this
type of oscillator. At first, the necessary condition for the fractal erosion of the safe basin is derived by the

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Melnikov method. Then, according to the result, the predication of the chaos region for the response of the system
is obtained. Next, the numerical simulation of the safe basin is carried out to verify the analytical predication of
the chaos region. The boundary of the safe basin corroded in a fractal structure when the dry friction force varies

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form big to small gradually. Both the analytical and numerical results indicate that the small dry friction induces
chaos much more easily. Another interesting finding is the topology structure of the safe basin depends on the dry
friction force closely. For the small dry friction force, the analytical prediction of the bifurcation point for the
fractal erosion of the safe basin is in good agreement with the numerical verification. While for the big dry
friction force, the analytical result is smaller than the value of the numerical bifurcation point. However, it does
not influence the general rule of the dry friction force on the chaos region of the system. The theory investigations

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in this paper cohere with the former experimental results about chaos and fractal in the tribology systems.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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Tribological Study of Chloroform Vapor Treated PMMA for Microfluidic


Applications
*D. Sun 1), P. Lemoine 1), D. R. Gajula 1), M. Tweedy1), J. de Almeida 2), P. Maguire1)
1) Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre (NIBEC), University of Ulster, UK
2) National University of Ireland, Galway

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* Corresponding author email address d.sun@ulster.ac.uk


ABSTRACT

Chloroform vapor treatment is recently proposed for PMMA bonding in microfluidic device fabrication. In this
work, we presented a detailed tribological study on virgin and machined PMMA surfaces exposed to different

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chloroform treatment times. Results shows that the vapor treatment has no significant effect on roughness of the
virgin PMMA, however, machined surface roughness is first reduced then increased with vapor treatment time.
The machining process significantly increases the surface hydrophobicity, but the vapor treatment can effectively

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recover the surface hydrophilic property to its pre-machining state. The indentation hardness and modulus of
PMMA surfaces is reduced by the vapor treatment by 40% and 20% respectively, and the creep of untreated/
treated samples can be well described by the Burgess viscomechanical model. The research shows the PMMA

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mechanical properties is altered by vapor treatment and its surface energy is influenced by both surface chemistry
and morphology and these are the factors to be considered when optimizing the bonding process.
1 INTRODUCTION

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PMMA is a commonly used material for microfluidic devices for its chemical resistance, desirable optical
properties and low cost. Various solvent treatments and hot embossing conditions have been employed for
bonding and chloroform vapor treatment is only recently proposed as a quick and economic way of bonding such

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materials [1]. When microchannels are made in PMMA devices, the solvent vapor treatment can effectively
smooth the channel roughness [1-2]. However, information is sparse on the surface properties of vapor treated
machined PMMA, especially the effects of treatment time on the changing of PMMA tribology. In this work, a

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detailed tribology study of virgin and machined PMMA surfaces exposed to different chloroform treatment
duration has been carried out.
2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Fig. 1 shows the surface profile of virgin, machined and machined/chloroform treated PMMA surfaces. Ra of
virgin surface is in the region of 40-60 nm and it is not significantly influenced by the vapor treatment process.
The Ra of machined PMMA surface is about 6 um, and vapor treatment first reduce the machined surface

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roughness, with 8 min treatment giving the lowest Ra (3.5 um), then roughness increases to ~ 5.6um after 20 min
treatment. The contact angle results in Fig 2show that for virgin PMMA vapour treatment generally decreases
contact angle with increasing treatment time. The machining process increases the surface hydrophobicity
drastically and vapour treatment can recover the contact angle to its pre-machining state. However, no particular
trend can be found on the vapour treatment duration on machined samples. C-Cl, H-C-Cl peaks are evidenced in
the Raman spectroscopy, Fig 3, for the 4 min machined sample (24 hours after treatment). It is possible that the
chloroform molecules are trapped and/or have altered PMMA surface chemistry and the resulting contact angle
could be a function of both surface morphology and surface chemistry.

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Fig. 1.Surface profile of PMMA surfaces.

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Fig. 2. Contact angle measurements

Fig. 3. Raman spectroscopy of virgin and chloroform treated (4 min) PMMA.

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Dashed circles depict H-C-Cl and C-Cl peaks.

Fig. 4. Modulus (a) and indentation hardness (b) of PMMA under different treatment conditions.

Fig. 4 shows the average modulus (E) and hardness (H) obtained from nanoindentation tests. In order to follow
the influence of the indentation depth h on the measurements for PMMA, Continuous Stiffness Measurement was
operated with an AC load to give a 2 nm AC displacement amplitude at 45Hz. The vapour treatment reduces the
average E and H by ~ 20% and 40% respectively, for all treated samples. Creep curves (not shown here) of all
samples can be fitted to the Burges model that follows the equation:
h(t) = [a+b(1-e-ct)+dt]2/3 (1), a=3L/(4Em*R0.5), b=3L/(4Ev*R0.5), c= 1/v=Ev*/v and d=1/m=3L/(4 mR0.5),
where Ev*, v, v represent the elasto-plastic stiffness, viscosity and time constant of the network, and Em*, m,
m represent those of the more disentangled flowing elements [3].
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Table 1. Fitting parameters for creep tests


Virgin

4min

8min

12min

1.03E04

1.23E04

1.23E04

1.06E03

1.87E03

1.1.76E03

1.66E-02

1.41E-02

1.1.44E-02 1.41E-02 1.42E02

1.20E01

1.26E01

1.1.5E01

1.30E04
2.23E03

20min
1.37E04
2.28E03

1.56E011.67E01

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Table 1 gives typical fitting parameters extracted from the proposed model. In general, as treatment time
increases, a which corresponds to the instantaneous displacement, increases as the solvent reduces the
connectivity of the polymer covalent network, and increase of b corresponds to the increase of the primary creep

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signal. c decreases is associated to the increased time to response to creep, and greater d indicates the long
term flowing creep is faster ( m decreases) in samples with less rigid network [3].
CONCLUSIONS

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Virgin and machined PMMA samples were treated by chloroform vapor for different duration and the tribological
properties of the samples have been reported. Results show that the chloroform smoothes but weakens PMMA
surfaces. Cross-examination by creep modeling confirms solvent exposure increases the flow of the polymer

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chains. The materials surface energy is influenced by both surface chemistry and morphology and these fact ors
should be carefully considered when optimizing the bonding process.
REFERENCES

[1] I. Ogilvie et al., Reduction of surface roughness for optical quality microfluidic devices in PMMA and COC. J.
Micromech. Microeng, 20 (2010) 065016.

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[2] D. De Marco et al., Solvent vapor treatment controls surface wettability in PMMA femtosecond-laser-ablated
microchannels. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 14 (2013) 171-176.

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[3]P. Lemoine, et al., Rheological analysis of creep in hydrogenated amorphous carbon films. Thin Solid Films 514

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(2006) 223-230.

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Wear Behavior of MoS2 Film under Vacuum and Nitrogen


Hao Li 1, 2), Guangan Zhang 2), Liping Wang 1) *
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science,
Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China.
* Corresponding author email address: lpwang@licp.cas.cn

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ABSTRACT

MoS2 film has been widely used in aerospace for its excellent wear behavior in vacuum; However, it is
surprising and interesting to find that the friction coefficient of the MoS2 sliding under vacuum is higher than that
under nitrogen and the friction coefficient curves in vacuum has a higher degree of oscillation than that in

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nitrogen; Whats more the bearing test operate in nitrogen shows two times longer life compared to the film test
in vacuum. To decipher the main factors that influence the wear behavior of MoS2 siling under vacuum, the wear
scars are carefully examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM), and there is no significant transfer of

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MoS2 on the tribo-pair sliding under vacuum. It is supposed that the little MoS2 transfer to the tribo-pair result in
high friction coefficient and the high friction force lead to high wear rate in vacuum!

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Effects of Braking Conditions on Friction Catastrophe Behaviors in Braking


Progress
Jiusheng Bao 1, 2)*, Jinge Liu1) *, Yan Yin1), Dongyang Hu1)
1) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology,
Xuzhou, 221116, China
2) State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China

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* Corresponding author email address: cumtbjs@126.com; 15136244908@163.com


ABSTRACT

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Based on previous researches of the authors on the phenomena and mechanisms of Friction Catastrophe (FC) in
braking process, the characterizing methods and parameters of FC were proposed. The influence of brake pressure,

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initial braking speed and other braking conditions on the FC was investigated by tribological experiments. Several
conclusions were obtained as follows: 1) Those parameters including: catastrophe intensity, catastrophe duration
and catastrophe starting time can be used for characterizing FC in the process of braking, which reflects

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respectively the damping degree, damping scale and critical time for friction coefficient in the process of FC. On
account of short catastrophe duration, the catastrophe starting time is more practically valuable. 2) With the
increase of initial braking speed and brake pressure, the FC starting time becomes shorter while the FC intensity
grows bigger, which means that the FC is more prone to occurring in a braking with high speed and heavy load.
And the damages caused by FC on braking tribological performance are also more severe. 3) By comparison, the
influence of initial braking speed on the FC starting time is more obvious. While the influence of brake pressure

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on the FC intensity is more intense. It is believed that the results lay theoretical and experiment al foundations for
further quantitative studies on the behaviors and influencing factors of the FC.
Keywords: Friction Catastrophe, Characterizing parameters, Braking conditions, Frictionmaterial

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1 INTRODUCTION

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The friction brake is an important safety guarantee of mechanical equipments. The frictional performance of the
brake is directly related to its braking performance, which has important influences on the working reliability and

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running safety of mechanical systems. Any anomalous frictional change of the brake often directly leads to
serious braking accidents. Earlier, the authors had found an abnormal tribological phenomenon that the friction
coefficient of friction brake may dropped sharply when it is subjected to some extreme brake conditions. It was

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then named "Friction Catastrophe, FC" and the mechanisms were studied [1]. Moreover, the catastrophe theory
was utilized to establish a model for describing it [2-3]. Based on the previous researches, in this paper, the FC
behaviors were scientifically characterized. Moreover, the influence of braking conditions on the FC behaviors
was also investigated.
2 CHARACTERIZING METHOD FOR THE FC
In order to describe quantitatively the FC phenomenon in the process of emergency braking, the method and
parameters characterizing FC was presented: FC intensity, FC duration, FC starting time. The schematic diagram
for characterization is shown in Figure 1.

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Fig.1. Schematic diagram of the FC characterization

1) FC intensity

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FC intensity (%) refers to the relative variation of friction coefficient in the process of catastrophe, which is
represented by E.

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(1)

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Where, 1 and 2 are the friction coefficients before and after FC, respectively.

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2) FC duration
FC duration refers to the time length of the FC process, which is represented by t.
(2)

Where, tcr and tf (Unit: s) are the start and end time of FC, respectively.
3) FC starting time

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It is difficult to observe and control the actual FC because of short FC duration. However, the starting time can be
taken as a critical sign of the FC. Therefore, in the following the time characteristics of the FC were mainly
token by the starting time tcr.

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3 INFLUENCE OF BRAKING CONDITIONS ON THE FC BEHAVIORS

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The FC in braking is a sudden, destructive and uncontrollable process, only through reasonable control of brake
conditions can the FC be possibly avoided. Therefore, the influence of braking conditions on the FC behaviors

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was explored by means of experiments.


3.1 Influence of Initial Braking Speed on the FC
Figure 2 gives the changing curves of the FC starting time and intensity as the initial braking speed increases

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under a brake pressure of 1.18 MPa. It is seen that a larger initial braking speed will cause a smaller FC starting
time, which means that the FC occurs more easily. And the FC intensity becomes larger with the increasing of
initial braking speed.

Fig. 2 The FC behaviors varying with the initial braking speed


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3.2 Influence of Braking Pressure on the FC

Figure 3 gives the curves of the FC starting time and intensity varying with the increase of brake pressure when

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the initial braking speed is 10 m/s. It is found that the FC starting time decreases while the FC intensity rises wit h
the increasing of brake pressure.

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Fig. 3 The FC behaviors varying with the braking pressure


5 CONCLUSIONS

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1) The parameters including: catastrophe intensity, catastrophe duration and catastrophe starting time can be used

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for characterizing the FC in braking.


2) With the increasing of initial braking speed and brake pressure, the FC starting time becomes shorter while the
FC intensity grows bigger.
3) By comparison, the influence of initial braking speed on the FC starting time is more obvious while the
influence of brake pressure on the FC intensity is more intense.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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This study was financially supported by the Natural Science Funds of China (Grant No. 51205395), the Open
Funds of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission (Grant No. SKLMT-KFKT-201204).

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REFERENCES

[1] Z.C. Zhu, J.S. Bao, Y. Yin, G.A. Chen, Frictional catastrophe behaviors and mechanisms of brake shoe for mine

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hoisters during repetitious emergency braking, Ind. Lubr.and Tribol. 65(2013) 245-250.

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[2]J.S. Bao, Y. Yin, Y.H. Lu, D.Y. Hu, L.J. Lu, A cusp catastrophe model for the friction catastrophe of mine brake

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material in continuous repeated brakings, Proc. IMechE, Part J: J. Eng. Tribol. 227(2013) 1150 - 1156.

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[3]J.S. Bao, Z.C. Zhu, Y. Yin, G.A. Chen, Catastrophe model for the friction coefficient of mine hoisters brake shoe

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during emergency braking, J. Comput.Theor. Nanosci. 6(2009) 1622-1625.

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Surface Chemical Modification of UHMWPE Microparticles to Improve the


Mechanical andTribological Properties of UHMWPE/Carbon Fabric/Phenolic
Laminate Composite in Water Environment
Ning Liu1,2), Jianzhang Wang 1) *, Fengyuan Yan 1) *
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China

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1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,


2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China

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Corresponding authorsE-mail: wjzsci@yahoo.cn (J. Wang); fyyan@licp.cas.cn (F. Yan).


ABSTRACT

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In recent years, polymers and their composites have been the promising candidates for the friction units in marine
system, due to the combination of self-lubrication and excellent anti-corrosion properties [1]. However, for large
scale and heavy-duty friction units, such as plain bearings used in ship rudders, hoisting machines, valves and

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guide units of hydraulic turbines apparatus, the traditional polymers and their composites cannot satisfy the
requirement of high strength and workability. Therefore, fabrics reinforced thermosetting polymer composites
with higher strength and stiffness, are intended for these heavily loaded friction units [2].
For materials serving in water environment, especially the fiber reinforced composites, water degradation can
cause swelling and plasticisation of the matrix and the debonding at the filler/matrix interface, which may
deteriorate the mechanical and tribological properties[3]. Since it has been widely accepted that the quality of

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interface between the filler and matrix is crucial for the mechanical properties, an appropriately modified
interface can significantly resist the water attack and posses the environmental stability.
In this paper, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) microparticles were introduced into carbon

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fabric/phenolic resin laminate composite to improve its tribological behaviors in water environment. In addition,
in consideration of the chemical inertness of UHMWPE, the microparticles we re treated by chromic acid to
generate hydroxyl groups to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and fillers. The interlaminar

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shear strengths (ILSS) and tribological behaviors in water environment of the composites filled with untreated
and treated UHMWPE microparticles were investigated comparatively.
The results showed that the introduction of UHMWPE microparticles, significantly stabilized and lowered the

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friction coefficient of carbon fabric/phenolic laminate composite sliding against stainless steel under water
lubrication (Fig. 1(a)). Meanwhile, the wear rate of the composite with UHMWPE, especially at the mass fraction
of 2.5%, was greatly reduced, even to one half of that of the basal one (Fig. 1(b)).

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Fig. 1 The friction coefficients and wear rates of carbon fabric/phnolic laminate composites

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filled with UHMWPE microparticles at different mass fractions under water lubrication

The chromic acid treatment on UHMWPE microparticles greatly improved the interfacial bond between the filler

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and matrix. As shown in Fig. 2, unlike the composite with the pristine UHMWPE, in which the carbon fiber
exhibited clean surface without adhesion, the composite with treated UHMWPE showed that the carbon fiber was
closely wound around by the entangled UHMWPE chains, indicating the better interface. Since the quality of

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interface between matrix and fillers greatly determines the water entering, the water absorption of the composite
with treatment on UHMWPE dramatically dropped to 0.334%, as compared to 0.922% for the composite with
pristine UHMWPE.

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Fig. 2 SEM images of the fracture morphologies of the composites


with pristine UHMWPE ((A), (a)) and treated UHMWPE ((B), (b))

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As an indirect reflection of the interfacial bonding between matrix and fillers, ILSS of the laminate composite

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with the treated UHMWPE was increased about 67%. After immersion in water for 48 hours, ILSS of the
composite with treated UHMWPE was hardly affected, however, the composite with pristine UHMWPE suffered
a degradation of ILSS about 18%.

Fig. 3 The wear rates of the composites with pristine (Composite A) and treated UHMWPE (Composite B)
before and after immersion in water for 48 hours
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The wear rates of the laminate composites with pristine and treated UHMWPE under water lubrication before and
after immersion under water lubrication are shown in Fig.3. Before immersion, Compsoite B exhibited much
lower wear rate than Composite A. After immersion, the wear rate of Composite A was increased by 26%, while
the wear rate of Composite B was hardly affected. This can be explained from SEM images of the worn surfaces
(Fig. 4) that the increased adhesion between matrix and fillers is beneficial to an enhanced wear resistance.

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Besides, the weak interfaces were more susceptible to the water attack, which led to the cracks on the surface, the
deterioration of structure integrity of the composite and the larger wear loss.

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Fig. 4 SEM images of the worn surface of the composites with pristine ((A), (a)) and treated UHMWPE ((B), (b)) under
water lubrication before ((A), (B)) and after immersion ((a), (b)) in water for 48 hours
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

The research is financially supported by National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant No.

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2014CB643302).
REFERENCES

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[1] A.V Anisimov, V.E. Bakhareva, and G.I. Nikolaev, Antifriction carbon plastics in machine building. J. Frict. Wear
28(6) (2007) 541-545.

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79(5) (2006) 695-706.

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[2] B.M. Ginzburg, D.G. Tochilnikov. Polymeric materials for water-lubricated plain bearings. Russ. J. Appl. Chem.

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[3] A Kootsookos, A.P. Mouritz. Seawater durability of glass- and carbon-polymer composites.Compos. Sci. Technol.

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64(10-11) (2004) 1503-1511.

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Electromagnetism Induction Phenomena of Pin-Disc Friction Pair in DC Steady


Magnetic Field and Influence for Friction and Wear Properties
HAN Hongbiao1), ZHANG Yongzhen 2) *, DU Sanming 2)
1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China
2) School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China

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* yzzhang@haust.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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The electromagnetic effects induced in the relative movement of pin-disc friction pair under DC steady magnetic
field and their influence for friction and wear properties are analyzed. While the pin and the disc doing the
relative movement, the magnetic flux density on the disc changes periodically that causes the dynamic

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magnetization. The repeated movement of magnetic domain walls promotes the movement and accumulation of
the dislocations. The eddy current is induced by the disc cutting the magnetic field lines in rotation motion. The
friction force increases for the induction moment of eddy current. The heat generated by the eddy current

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increases the temperature and atomic activity of friction surface, reduces the activation energy for wear and
diffusion, and promotes the oxidation of the surface. The electromagnetic attraction between the pin and disc
increases the normal load between the friction pairs and attracts wear debris to make as a third body lubrication.
Thus the friction and wear properties of materials are affected by the magnetic field.
Pin-Disc Friction Pair Electromagnetism Induction

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Keywords: Magnetic Field

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Friction and Wear

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

A Transient Dynamics Study of the Saturated Creep Force-Induced


Self-Excited Vibration of a Wheelset-Track System
W.J. Qian *, G.X. Chen, H.J. Yang
Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
* qwjst@163.com

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ABSTRACT

Two dynamic models of a wheelset-track system on a tight curved track and on a straight track are established. In
the models, it is assumed that creep forces between wheels and rails are saturated, that is, approximately equal to
the normal forces multiplied by the dynamic coefficients of friction. The motion stability and transient dynamics

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of friction-induced self-excited vibration of the wheelset-track system are analyzed by using ABAQUS package.
Dynamic vibrations of the rails and time histories of the contact normal forces are obtained due to self-excited
vibration of the wheel-track system. Results show that there is a serious fluctuation of the contact normal force

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between the wheel and rail. And the fluctuation frequency of the normal contact force falls into a range of 60-500
Hz, which corresponds to the frequency range of rail corrugation. This phenomenon indicates that the self-excited
vibration of the wheelset-track system may be a main cause resulting in rail corrugation occurrence. Parameter

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sensitivity analysis shows that the stiffness and damping of the rail fastener have important influences on the
oscillation amplitude of the normal contact force. Bringing the friction coefficient below a certain level and
increasing the damping of the rail fastener can suppress the rail corrugation.

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Keywords:Railway wheelset-track; Self-excited vibration; Rail corrugation; Saturated creep force; Transient dynamics.

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Research on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Graphite/Antimony


Composites for Mechanical Seal
Wang Qili1)*, He Min2), He Ya qun1), Hu Yafei1), Liu Qi3)
1) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining & Technology(CUMT), Xuzhou, China
2) School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xuzhou Institute of Technology, Xuzhou, China

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3) School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, CUMT, Xuzhou, China


ABSTRACT

Under the condition of 20MPa and 950, by means of the mechanical pressure infiltration method that the
molten antimony was forced into the pores of the porous graphite, the graphite / antimony composites were

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prepared to compare tribological properties with the three selected similar materials from German, USA and
Japan, which represent the international advanced level. The microstructure of graphite / antimony composites
was analyzed by optical microscope and SEM. The tribological properties were also measured by friction and

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wear behavior experiment. It was obtained that the density of homemade graphite / antimony composites was
2.40g/cm3, the shore hardness (Hs) was 102.5, the compression strength was 285MPa and the flexural strength
was 90MPa. The homogeneous distribution of metal phase promoted to form an optimal network structure in

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graphite/antimony composites, and which is helpful to form a stable lubricating film and reduce the wear amount.
The friction coefficients range from 0.12 to 0.14, which is lower than the value of selected samples. The results
shown that the physical properties and the tribological properties of the homemade graphite/antimony composites

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have take lead in the world.


Keywords: graphite/antimony composites; impregnation; microstructure; friction and wear
1. INTRODUCTION

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In the coal pulverizing system in thermal power plants, the Mill, as the rotating mechanical equipment under fast
speed and overloading environment, is easy to cause pulverized coal leakage, which will pollute environment
when they are floating in air as fine particles. Also, they can be easily breathed into the respiratory tracts of the

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workers, which will do harm to the health of human being. The Mill in thermal power plant is treated as one of
the places which are easily to exceed the standard in PM2.5 monitoring system. Therefore, solving the pulverized
coal leakage is of great importance to promote environment protection as well as green production. Graphite

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materials are of heat resistance, wear resistance, low friction coefficient and thermal expansion coefficient as well
as sound physical and stable chemical properties, which are all widely applied in mechanical area. However, the
graphite materials belong to porous materials, so there are a lot of micro-pores in blanks, which reduce the

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antioxidant activity and mechanical strength, so people usually use impregnation technology to fill the graphite
pores. Typically, the impregnated resin, copper, aluminum, silver, babbittmetal and other materials are used to fill
the pores in graphite so as to make the pore structure dense, improving the density, intensity, antioxidant activity,
friction wear and other performances, which scores some achievements [1-7]. One of the important applications is
the rotator sealing of Mill, which is used to seal the pulverized coal and hard particles between rollers and the
outer covers. In the early stage, the vacuum-pressure impregnating resin method is applied to densify the graphite
materials. Put the blanks roasted into the impregnating tanks, first vacuumize (the vacuum degree is larger than
0.08MPa), and then impregnate the liquid resin to the pores of graphite under certain temperature (50-60) and
pressure (0.8MPa). The flexural strength and compression strength after impregnation are increased, but their
increase of hardness is relatively small. The general performance of the resin impregnated is improved and the
working life of sealing materials in Mill will between 5000-8000 hours [8].
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In recent years, graphite/antimony composites, as the main sailing material in the Mill of thermal power plant,
have been widely applied. MPS antimony graphite sealing ring of Babcock in Germany has excellent
self-lubricating performance, friction wear performance and high-temperature stability; compared with the
impregnated resin materials, all the parameters and indexes have seen a large increase, as shown in Table 1, which
can solve the sealing leakage in medium speed Mill [8, 9]. However, it is very difficult for the vacuum-pressure
impregnating method to make antimony/graphite composites, because the melting point of antimony is high
(631) and the impregnating temperature is usually between 800-1000, the surface tension of antimony in
molten state is large, the pores of porous graphite matrix are micro size and the impregnation resistance,

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especially under the situation of high temperature, the mobility of molten antimony under vacuum and negative
pressure is the bottleneck problem hard to solve. It can be directly reflected that the impregnated depth of graphite
materials is not enough and most impregnation is surrounded or just on the surface of the blanks, in which the

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metal phase is not evenly distributed and the friction coefficient is volatile.
Table 1 Comparison of material characteristics and operating life of sealing rings on mills
Compressio

Flexural

Shore

Materials

density
g/cm3

n
strength/MP
a

strength/MP
a

hardness/Hs

graphite/resin
graphite/

1.90
2.30

150
190

55
80

Friction

Operating

coefficie
nt

life/h

0.25
0.15

8000
20000

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Bulk

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70
90

antimony

Germany is one of the earliest countries to start the research of graphite/antimony composites and the density of
their antimony/graphite composites can reach 2.3g/cm3, Shore hardness, 100, flexural strength, 70MPA and the

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working life can reach 25000-30000 hours. No matter in mechanical performance or in friction wear performance,
German products take the lead in the world [9, 10]. At the same time, Japan and America have also conducted
relevant research work and made a series of achievements. Their graphite/antimony composites are close to

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German products in some performance, which represents the world advanced level of graphite/antimony
composites at present. China has also launched some relevant research work in improving the sealing materials of
graphite/antimony composites domestically; although some achievements have been made, we still lag behind the

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advanced international level in terms of performance and working life. The author adopts mechani c compression
molding method and high-pressure impregnation method to improve the raw material formulations, to produce
the graphite/antimony composites, to measure the mechanical performance and friction wear performance, to

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analyze its micro-structure and to compare with the graphite/antimony composites with international advanced
level, so as to improve the quality of Chinese antimony graphite products.
2. EXPERIMENTS
Firstly, prepare the antimony/graphite materials: the raw materials should be coke particles and the proportion of
aggregate grain size distribution is: 50% 200-400 mesh; 30% 400-600 mesh; 15% 600-800 mesh; and 5%
ultra-fine powders less than 1000 mesh. The medium temperature coal tar pitch is used as binders, which are
ground to and added to aggregate grains: according to the quality proportion, the pitch content added should be
26%, and then put into the rollers to knead for 4 hours. After the full mixture of aggregate grains and the binders,
heat the mixture to 150-170 for 1 hour, keep it under the pressure of 35MPa for 5 minutes and make the
graphite blanks. Heat the metallicantimony in graphite crucible until it reaches the molten situation; put the
graphite blanks into the impregnating tank, heat it to 950 until the graphite blanks begin to absorb heat and the
micro pores open and expand, and pour the molten antimony into impregnating tank. After being vacuumized,
high pressures gases are used to compress, so the strong pressure forces the molten antimony to penetrate into the
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micro-porous structure of the graphite blanks. It is need to keep the impregnating pressure for 5 minutes at
20MPa; then open the impregnating tank and separate the impregnated graphite and molten antimony before the
molten antimony begins to solidify. Isolate the air from the impregnated antimony/graphite composites until it is
cooled to the room temperature and then conduct the follow-up processing and treatment.
Comparative analysis of antimony/graphite composites between homemade samples and the samples of a (from
Germany), b (from Japan), c (from America) is developed in terms of mechanical performance measurement,
micro-structure analysis and friction & wear properties test. The universal material testing machine WJ-10B is
used to test the physical properties of each sample; PG51 metallographic microscope is used to shoot the

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friction and wear performance of graphite/antimony composites under dry friction.


3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 The physical properties of the materials

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micro-structure of the materials; Quanta250 scanning electron microscope(SEM) and AN10000 Energy Disperse
Spectroscopy(EDS) are used to shoot the porous structures of the materials so as to analyze its major components
and distribution; MW-1 friction-abrasion testing machine is used to conduct wear test in order to measure the

Flexural
Strength/M

Shore

g/cm3

strength/MP
a

Pa

hardness/Hs

2.35

300

91

b
c

2.32
2.35

265
275

82
88

2.40

285

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expansion

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Table 2 Physical properties of graphite / antimony composites

Coefficient/10-6/

Porosit
y
%

104.5

3.6

0.68

85
93.5

5.2
4.8

0.63
0.91

102.5

4.5

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It can be seen from Table 2 that the volume density of the 4 samples is very close; the differences of flexural

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strength and Shore hardness parameters are quite obvious. The comprehensive mechanical performance of sample
a is the best, and except density which is a little bit lower than sample d, the rest parameters are all the best
among all the samples, especially from the perspective of sealing condition of the Mill, the high strength and the

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low expansion coefficient are the optimal: the compression strength of sample a reaches 300MPA, Shore hardness
is 104.5Hsand the thermal expansion coefficient is 3.610-6/. The density, strength and hardness of sample
b is the smallest one among the four samples, which are the shortages as the sealing materials for machines, but

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the open porosity is the smallest among the four, which means good dense situation. The open porosity of sample
c is larger than sample a and sample b, but the density of sample c is larger than sample b, equal to sample a and
lower than sample d, which indicates that large size aggregate grain particles or the impregnated metal phase in
the matrix have a large proportion, increasing the volume density. The comprehensive indexes of sample d are
only next to sample a: it has the largest volume density among the four, which tells a large metal phase proportion
and the strength, hardness, expansion coefficient and the open porosity are all better than sample b and c.
3.2 The micro-structure and components of the materials

Fig.1 shows the optical micrographs of the samples, from which we can observe the size composition and the
distribution of the materials as well as the distribution of antimony. The white bright material in the Figure is the
impregnated metallicantimony, and the common characteristics of the four samples are the evenly distributed
antimony, but four samples also show different distribution characteristics. Sample a has relatively large and
coarse particles, and the large particles do not gather and are evenly distributed, so the metal phase of antimony is

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evenly distributed and shown as thin and long shape; small particle size aggregate grain and the binders can wrap
the large and coarse aggregate grains well, leaving no obvious open pores.

Fig.1 Optical micrographs of the graphite / antimony composites

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In sample b, the metal phase of antimony is soundly and evenly distributed; there is less antimony in large size
particles and there is no large and coarse particle to be found in matrix, which indicates that there is less large
particle size aggregate grain in aggregate grain distribution; fines and ultra fine powders are the main contents,

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which influence its hardness and density; the roasting and impregnating effect is sound with less pores and holes
that are not impregnated, so the porosity is low, same with the data in Table 2. An obvious characteristic of
sample c is: there is certain amount of large and coarse aggregate grains, and there are many holes between the

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aggregate grains; the particle size of the metal phase for antimony is larger than sample a and b. This is because
that the capillary diameter in the porous structure for the blanks before impregnating is relatively large, so the
capillary diameter is the same with the molten antimony after their holes are filled up. In sample d, it also

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contains certain amount of large and coarse aggregate particles and the pores without impregnation are less than
sample c; metallic antimony is evenly distributed; it becomes more dense, which forms a relatively obvious net
structure, indicating that the long-distance connection of sample d is the best of all, which is conducive to
promote the molten antimony to penetrate into the porous structure, so the impregnation amount is obviously
higher that the other 3 samples. Therefore, it raises the volume density and hardness of the materials, same with
the data in Table 2; the volume density of sample d is the largest and its Shore hardness is also better than sample
b and c.
In Fig.2, the SEM morphologies show the micro porous structure, distribution of metallic antimony and the
geometrical morphology of the sample. It can be seen that sample a and c have a large amount of bulk metals and
form local accumulation, which indicates that the pore channel in these areas have a good connection before
impregnation; at the same time, it can be clearly seen that there are large and coarse aggregate grain particles and
some holes that are not impregnated. In sample b, there is almost no similar bulk aggregate grain particle; no
matter for the matrix or the impregnated metal phase, they all have small particle size and less open pores and the
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matrixes are very smooth. In sample d, the distribution of metallic antimony is more even and almost fill the
whole section, which indicates that the porous structure after roasting forms percolation network structure with
long-distance connection and the molten antimony has a sound penetration during the impregnation; there are less
large size bulk metals; the metallic antimony is shown in long and thin shape, which is conducive to maintain
each physical properties of different position on the same contact area stable. Therefore, sample d has the best

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structure from this point of view.

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Fig.2 SEM morphologies of surfaces of the graphite / antimony composites

Main elements

Sb Si

Sb Si Al

c
d

Sb Si
Sb Si

Minor elements

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Table 3 Component elements of graphite / antimony composites

Fe K Cu Mg S
S Al Fe K
S Al Mg Fe

Sb :78%;Si:13.7%;S:4.2%;Fe:1.5%
Sb :72%;Si:8.9%;Al:8.1%;S:5.1%;Mg:1%K:1.6%
Cu:1.1%Fe:1.1%
Sb :72%;Si:13.4%;Al:5.74%;S:6.51%;K:2.34%
Sb :87%;Si:4.9%;Al:3.2%;S:2.5%;Mg:1.0%;Fe:1.6%

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Fe S

Relative content of elements

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In order to study the main components and distribution of the materials, one can get the main components of
every sample by EDS analysis, as shown in Table 3, and the distribution of each element is shown in Fig.3. It can
be seen that the components of elements in every sample are close, mainly including Sb and Si, and the secondary
components are S, Al, Fe; less Mg is tested in sample b and sample d; and there are also less Cu and K in small
quantity in sample b. The relevant content of antimony in sample d is the largest, reaching 87%, which increases
its volume density; compared with sample a, the matrix material of sample d contains more holes without
impregnation (the open porosity is 0.8%, larger than 0.68% in sample a); the dense situation is not as good as
sample a, which influences its strength and hardness parameters, a little bit lower than sample a. Sample a and
sample c are tested to have more Si, which is conducive to promote the graphitization process of carbon and
solidify the solution strengthening of the matrix, increasing the wear resistance of the materials. The research
results [9] have shown that Cu, K and Mg do not have an obvious promoting role to impregnated
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antimony/graphite composites. In addition, because it is low in content and often regarded as impurities, they are
not meant to be impregnated.

Fig.3 Distribution of the elements in graphite / antimony composites from EDS analysis under the condition of high

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voltage is 20.0KV, work distance is 20.60mm and pulse is 5.63kcps.

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Fig.3 clearly reflects the main components of every sample and their distribution in micro structure: matrix C is
the main component of the material, which covers the whole section; the black area is the holes that are not

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impregnated. In sample a and sample d, the even distribution of antimony is better than sample b and c; sample c
has many holes without impregnation and they have a clear outline. In sample b, the elements are mainly
composed of matrix C, and the impregnated metal phase is relatively less; there are fewer holes without

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impregnation; the surface is flat without the clear level and outline as in sample c; although sample b is tested
with many types of elements, some elements as Cu, K, Mg and Fe are so few in content that they cannot be
directly shown in Fig. 3 (b).
3.3 The friction and wear performance of the materials

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High strength, low expansion coefficient and automatic lubrication are the outstanding characteristics of
mechanical carbon/graphite materials, which will display good wear resistance and low friction coefficient [11-16]
under the condition of dry friction, water lubrication and steam lubrication. Many scholars have carried out
in-depth research on the tribological properties of carbon/graphite, carbon/carbon and graphite/alloy materials
under different friction pairs and different rotating speed, and rich achievements have been resulted. The
antimony graphite for the rotary seals in Mill is working under the condition of total dry friction, forming the
friction pairs with the millstones of Mill. In order to compare the friction and wear performance of each sample, a
friction and wear experiment is carried out on the universal material testing machine. The experiment conditions
are as follows: the specification of the sample is 410mm, the 45# steel test ring (the surface roughness is Ra
0.52-0.70um and hardness is 40-45HRC), the rotary speed is 200r/min, the friction torque is 170-210 N.mm, the
load is 100N, the testing temperature () is 207-217.8, time is 30 min, record every 5 second, the sampling time
is 5-1805 seconds, the weight of the samples is measured by the electronic balance with 0.01mg precision.
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Table 3 Results of the wear test of the samples

Weight of samples /g

Weight loss

Before test

After test

Absolute /g

Relative /%

Max.

Min.

Ave.

a
b

0.27135
0.27268

0.27125
0.27256

0.00010
0.00012

0.0369
0.0401

0.185
0.162

0.137
0.129

0.143
0.135

c
d

0.27332
0.28865

0.27318
0.28862

0.00014
0.00003

0.0512
0.0104

0.177
0.153

0.142
0.119

0.148
0.126

Sample

Friction coefficient

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It can be known from Table 4 that the maximum friction coefficient is 0.185 and the minimum value is 0.119;
the mean friction coefficient ranges from 0.12 to 0.15; the absolute wear mass loss and the friction coefficient of
sample d is the smallest; the absolute wear mass loss and the friction coefficient is the largest. These are all

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related to the porous structure of every sample: the porous structure of sample d has a sound compactness and
fewer holes, which are easy to form stable lubrication films, and the friction coefficient is only next to sample d;
the porous structure of sample c is relatively worse, which has many large size particles and certain amount of

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holes without impregnation, therefore it is not conducive to form a stable lubrication film with a large wear mass
loss and large friction coefficient; the structure compactness of sample d is good, the porous distribution is
relatively even, and the impregnated antimony is evenly distributed with less wear mass loss, which is easy to

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form relatively stable lubrication films, therefore the friction coefficient is low.
For graphite materials, the density, hardness, compression strength and the particle diameters all can exert
influence on its friction and wear performance, so the key issue is that whether the stable lubrication films can be
formed during the wearing process and form film lubrication [22-25]. In the initial stage, the seals of Mill are
totally under dry friction and the combining capacity of the plane layers in the graphitic crystalline; the graphite is
easy to slide along the crystal facet under a relatively shear stress, so the graphite with exfoliation has strong

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absorption capacity which will be absorbed to the grinding surface to form the graphite films. There are micro
pores between the metal phase and the matrix materials and physical absorption will appear under Van der Waals
force to absorb every gas molecule (e.g. water molecule); the vapor under natural condition will reduce the C-C

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bond of the frictional surface, which will form a layer of graphite water film---the transferring film is formed to
make the graphite self-lubricating. On the other hand, in antimony/graphite composites, the thin film is formed by
graphite film, water thin films and metal oxide film, which makes friction between the antimony/graphite

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composites and the grinding pairs conducted between lubricating layers, forming this boundary
friction---reducing the adhesive wear of antimony phase and friction pair of 45# steel ring as well as reducin g
the friction coefficient. If there are large diameter sized particles, there will be a large amount of wear mass loss

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in the wearing process and even are dropped off, which will destroy the already formed lubrication film, so there
is a quick data fluctuation of the friction coefficient [9, 26].

Fig.4 Friction coefficients of the graphite / antimony composites against the 45# steel test ring
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It can be seen from Fig.4 that in the initial stage of wear, the weight loss is large and the friction coefficie nt is
high. The friction coefficients of the four samples are 0.42, 0.27, 0.29 and 0.27 higher than their mean value
respectively. This is because that at the initial stage of wearing, the lubricating films quickly form a stage, in
which the downward gravity of the friction coefficient reflects the speed of film forming process---the friction
coefficients of every sample tends to be stable at 200s, forming the lubrication film. 5-200s is the film fast
forming stage; 200-1000s is the stable wearing stage, in which the friction coefficient is stable with little
changes--- at the stable film lubrication stage. After 1000s, the friction coefficient appears subtle rising tendency,
which is because that with the deepening wearing process, the friction surface temperature rises, which causes

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water evaporation and the lubrication film is absorbed and destroyed. Once the stable lubricating state is
destroyed, the system will reconstruct new lubrication film---only the reconstruction speed of the lubrication
films is larger than the wearing and absorption speed can it maintain the film lubrication of the friction surface.

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The impregnated metallic antimony has high melting point and high hardness, which will increase the wear
resistance of the materials and delay the absorption speed, which is conducive to the reconstruction and the
maintenance of the lubrication films under high temperature, giving full play to the sound wear resistance of

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lubricating performance of the antimony/graphite composites under high temperature . In Fig.5, after 1000s, the
friction coefficients of every sample do not witness a large rise, which indicates that the speed of fast lubrication
film is much faster than absorption and destroy speed, but the whole process still maintains the stable wearing

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conditions of film lubrication.


Fig.5 shows the SEM morphologies after wearing and it can be seen that except in sample c, which has some
scratches and separate grooves, the surface is rather smooth, which indicates that a relatively sound lubrication
film is formed during the wearing process, and the local holes without impregnation and sharp metallic antimony
particles before wearing have been grinded with no large bulks of particles dropping off. Except the different
distribution of the metallic antimony, there is a strong agreement in the surface characteristics in every sample

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after wearing.

Fig.5 SEM morphologies of surfaces of the graphite / antimony composites under dry sliding friction
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4. CONCLUSIONS

Through impregnating the metallic antimony, the strength, hardness and wear resistance of porous graphite
materials have been greatly improved, representing an ideal mechanical sealing material under high temperature
and heavy load conditions in place of impregnated resin sealing materials. For a long time, the antimony/graphite
materials made by the enterprises represented by Germany, U.S. and Japan take lead in the world, and the same
products in other countries still lag behind in terms of mechanical performance and friction and wear performance.
The antimony/graphite composites made by the author has reached the international advanced level ---the density
is 2.40 g/cm3, the compression strength is 285MPa, the flexural strength is 90MPa, the Shore hardness is 102.5

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Hs and the friction coefficient ranges from 0.12 to 0.14.


The results of EDS show that the components and structure of graphite/antimony composites are basically the
same except the matrix carbon, and the main components are antimony, Si, sulfur as well as other secondary

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components like Fe, Al and K. The relative content of antimony is 72-87%, which greatly increase the density and
wear resistance of the materials. The analysis of microstructure shows that the metal phase of antimony is evenly
distributed in porous materials, and basically forms the network structure with long-distance connection. The

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antimony/graphite composites made by the author has the largest amount of impregnation with dense structure,
but there are a few large size aggregate grain particles, forming a few holes without impregnation. In the initial
stage of friction and wear experiment, the lubrication film is quickly formed, and it begins to absorb with the

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rising of temperature on the friction surface. But the sound wear resistance of the antimony delays the absorption
speed, so the reconstruction speed of lubrication film is much faster than its destroying speed, reforming the
stable film lubrication state.
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors acknowledge the financial support by the Natural Science Foundation of China for Innovative
Research Group No.51221462 ,the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China

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(No.1302035C),the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No.BK2013222), the Major
scientific and technological support for innovation projects of Jiangsu Province of China (No.BY2011122).

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REFERENCES

[1] Etter T. Physical properties of graphite/aluminium composites produced by gas pressure infiltration method, Carbon,

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2003(41):1018.

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[2] Lin Q. L.,Zheng R. G., Tian P. H. Preparation and characterization of BMI resin/graphite oxide nanocomposites,

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Polymer Testing, 29(2010): 537-43.

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[3] Cunningham N, Lefevre M. Dodelet J. P., et al.Structural and mechanical characterization of as-compacted powder
mixtures of graphite and phenolic resin, Carbon, 43(2005):3054-3066.

[4] Etter T. Strength and fracture toughness of interpenetrating graphite/aluminium composites produced by the indirect

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squeeze casting process, Materials Science and Engineering, 38(2004):62-64.


[5] Khanra, G. P., Girikumar S., Gangadhar D., et al.Studies on the effect of graphite content on hardness and electrical
resistivity of silver-graphite composites. Materials Science Forum, Advances in Metallic Materials and Manufacturing
Processes for Strategic Sectors, 2012: 326-331.
[6] Lungu C.P., Iwasaki K. Influence of surface morphology on the tribological properties of silver- graphite overlays,
Vacuum, 66(2002): 385-90.
[7] Afonin, M.P., Boiko A.V. Effect of structural anisotropy on contact properties in a silver-graphite composite.
Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, 44(2005):101-105.
[8] Hu Y. F., Zhang Y. J., Sheng Y. S. Comparison and selection for the materials performance of carbon seal rings
used in medium speed coal mills, Electric power. 39(2006):91-93.
[9] Hu Y. F., Wang Q. L., Liu Q., et al. Research on forming rule of lubricant film and friction wearing of graphite
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composite materials, Journal of China University of Mining & Technology,39(2010):223-226.


[10] Hu Y. F., Liu Q., Jiang W. W., et al. Study of friction and wear properties on three kinds of antimony impregnated
graphite. Journal of China coal society, 36 (2011):351-354.
[11] Chang H. W., Rusank R. M. Correlation of wear with oxidation of carbon-carbon composites[J],Wear,
80(1982):7-14.
[12] Fiter E., Manocha L. M. Carbon reinforcements and carbon/carbon composites. Springer, Berlin (2012):276-277.
[13] Yi M. Z., Ge Y. C., Huang B. Y. Characteristics of wear surface morphology and wear mechanism of C/C
composite with different matrix carbon. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 16(2006):929-936.
[14] Yi M. Z., Ge Y. C., Feng Y. L., et al. Comparative Study on the Friction and Wear Behaviors of C/C Composites

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and High-Strength Graphite at Elevated Temperature, Tribology,24(2004):235-239.

[15] Khatri O. P., Biswas S. K. Boundary lubrication capabilities of alkyls lane monolayer self-assembled on aluminum
as investigated using FTIR spectroscopy and nanotribometry,Surface Science,600(2006):43994404.

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[16] Morina A., Nevill A. Understanding the composition and low friction tribofilm formation/removal in boundary
lubrication, Tribology, 40(2007): 1696-1704.

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[17] Jia J. H., Chen J. M., Zhou H. D., et al.Friction and wear properties of bronze-graphite composite under water
lubrication, Tribology International, 37(2004):423-429.

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[18] Goto, Hozumi,Uchijo, et al.Effects of environment on friction and wear of Al-Si alloy impregnated graphite
composite, Tribology Transactions, 48(2005):548-557.

[19] Goto, Hozumi,Suciu, et al.Tribological characteristics of the aluminum-silicon alloy impregnated graphite

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composite under insufficiently lubricated reciprocating sliding conditions. Proceedings of the ASME/STLE
International Joint Tribology Conference, Fukuoka (2009):71-73.

[20] Goyal R.K., Yadav M. Study on wear and friction behavior of graphite flake-filled PTFE compositesJournal of
Applied Polymer Science, 127(2013):3186-3191.

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[21] Prasad B.K. Sliding wear response of spheroidal graphite cast iron as influenced by applied pressure, sliding speed

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and test environment. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 47(2008):495-508.


[22] Pakston R.R. The production of self-lubricative carbon produce used in machine. America, Pure Carbon Co. 1999.

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[23] Hirani H., Goilkar S.S. Formation of transfer layer and its effect on friction and wear of carbon/graphite face seal
under dry, water and steam environments, Wear, 266 (2009) :11411154.

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[24] Akhlaghi F., Zare-Bidaki A. Influence of graphite content on the dry sliding and oil impregnated sliding wear

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behavior of Al 2024-graphite composites produced by in situ powder metallurgy method, Wear,266 (2009):37-45.

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[25] Roea M., Torrance A.A. The surface failure and wear of graphite seals, Tribology International, 41 (2008):

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1002-1008

[26] Wang, Q. L., Hu Y. F.,He M. Effect of filler on the self-lubrication performance of graphite antimony composites,

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Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 18(2008): 441-443.

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Study on Quantitative Structure-Tribo-ability Relationship about the Antiwear


Properties of alkane and alcohol Lubricant Base Oils
Tingting WANG, Xinlei GAO*, Zhan WANG
Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
*Corresponding author. E-mail: gaoxl0131@163.com

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ABSTRACT

Study on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship(QSAR) is a method to describe the relationship between


the property and the structure of compounds by mathematical models. By now the method was used widely in the
fields such as pharmacology, environmental science, material science and so on. However, few researches about

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QSAR in tribology were reported.


In our work, quantitative structure-activity relationship was studied about the antiwear properties of 20 alkanes
and 24 alcohols lubricant base oils. Reasonable QSAR models were obtained and the tribological mechanism was

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discussed. The QSTR models have an acceptable predictive ability, and can be used to design and synthesize new
lubricant base oils.
The structures of all the 44 compounds were generated by ChemBioOffice 2008 software package. Molecular

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energies were minimized and their structural parameters were calculated by Hartree-Fock ab initio quantum
chemistry method. The quantitative structure-tribo-ability relationship between the antiwear-scar-scale and
quantum chemistry structural parameters of the series of alkanes and alcohols was analyzed by multiple linear

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regression (MLR) method using SPSS 20 statistical software package respectively.


The MLR models of the two series were both obtained. The results show that:The models have good correlation.
The total energy and the dipole are the main quantum chemistry structural parameters contributing to the antiwear

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properties.

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Effect of Sliding Speed and Humidity on the Tribochemical Wear of Si/SiO2 Pair
Lei Chen1), Seong H. Kim2), Linmao Qian1)*
1)Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education),
Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
2)Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
*linmao@swjtu.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

Silicon is widely used as a structural material in micro/nano-electromechanical systems (M/NEMS). The failure

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induced by tribochemical reaction of Si/Si or Si/SiO2 pair has largely limited the durability and reliability of
Si-M/NEMS devices. It was reported that the adsorbed water layer thickness played a key role in the
tribochemical wear of silicon. In nanoscale, the variation of sliding speed or relative humidity can induce the

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change of water meniscus. However, the dependence of tribochemical wear of silicon on the sliding speed and
humidity has not been well addressed. Here, we report the chemical wear of single crystalline silicon in humid air
under the contact pressure lower than the yield stress of silicon material. When rubbed with a SiO2 microsphere,

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the tribochemical wear of single crystalline silicon decreased logarithmically to stable level with the increase of
sliding speed. Furthermore, as the relative humidity increased, the wear of Si substrate increased firstly when the
adsorbed water layer was formed with ice-like structure under the RH below 30%. With the further increase of
relative humidity, the wear rate of Si substrate would keep a steady constant, which suggested that the liquid -like
water formed under RH above 30% had almost no contribution to the tribochemical wear of Si/SiO2 pair. The
observed wear variation behaviors implied that chemical reactions forming a water bridge between hydroxyl

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groups of two sliding interfaces can take place at the sliding interface of Si/SiO2 and their dominance depends on
the humidity and sliding speed.

(a)

(b)

Fig.1 The wear depth on silicon surface as a function of sliding speed (a) and relative humidity (b) after 100 sliding cycles.
The tip is SiO2 microsphere, Normal load Fn is 3N, the humidity in (a) is 65%, the sliding speed in (b) is 0.8 m/s.

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Multilevel Methods in Tribology: From Film Thickness Prediction to Surface


Engineering, Material Design, and Computational Diagnostics (Keynote)
Cornelis H. Venner *, Hugo Boffy,Ellen van Emden
University of Twente, Faculty of Engineering Technology
* c.h.venner@utwente.nl

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ABSTRACT

Multilevel/Multigrid methods have led to very efficient computational tools for the analysis of
Elasto-Hydrodynamically Lubricated contacts. In this paper some achievements in film thickness predictions for
steady and dynamic conditions and resulting fundamental insights are shown. Todays challenges are the

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optimization of contact behavior on an increasingly small sub-contact (subsurface) scale. Multilevel techniques
are again the answer to face these challenges. In this paper some new developments towards applications for local
scale heterogeneous material design and computational diagnostics are shown.

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1 INTRODUCTION
Accurate prediction of film thickness in standard oil lubricated (single) EHL point contacts is possible already
since the early eighties. An example of film thickness versus speed behavior is shown in Figure 1. However, in

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view of the demands of increased efficiency (sustainable energy) nowadays contacts have to operate reliably
under increasingly severe conditions of higher loads and temperatures with smaller films and less lubricant.
Accurate prediction requires taking into account increasingly small scale phenomena in surface topology and

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subsurface material properties in the design process as well as variations in operating conditions and supply.
Advanced (efficient) numerical computational algorithms are a prerequisite for such studies. In the past decades
Multilevel techniques [1] have greatly enhanced the capabilities of numerical simulations for EHL contacts Some

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results are shown in this paper. Such algorithms can also successfully be used to face todays challenges: To allow
analysis of the effect of material heterogeneity on a local scale on stresses and contact performance. This is
illustrated in the present paper. Also, multilevel algorithms have interesting prospects for computational

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diagnostics based on image analysis.

Fig. 1. Central film thickness in oil lubricated EHL circular contact as function of speed.
Measured and computed results.

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Fig. 2. Computed interferograms of the film thickness in a circular EHL contact with transverse waviness

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in pure rolling (left) and for pure squeeze (impact). M=200 L=10. /a=0.25.
2 DYNAMIC FILM THICKNESS PREDICTION

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The efficiency of Multilevel algorithms allows detailed study of dynamic effects due to surface features,
squeeze conditions, or load variations in time, see Figure 2. Deformation of waviness was shown to be
determined by a single non-dimensional parameter: The ratio of wavelength to inlet length [2]. This enabled the

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development of a simple method for the prediction of in-contact roughness deformation in surface engineering.

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Fig. 3. Von Mises Stress in 3D granular material with interstitial matter subjected to a Hertzian pressure.
3 HETEROGENEOUS MATERIAL DESIGN

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Material heterogeneity may have a significant effect on the contact pressure and performance of EHL contacts. It
is highly relevant to predict e.g fatigue life for (new) composite materials. Effects may also show in the film
thickness at low levels. Numerical simulation of strongly heterogeneous materials due to surface loading requires

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fast solution methods for the 3D (elastic) problem. A multilevel algorithm was developed which allows solution
of such problems in 3D for strongly heterogeneous materials allowing many million unknowns, so as to simulate
variations in the material topology on a very small local, see figure 3.
4 MULTILEVEL IMAGE SEGMENTATION

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In medicine CT-scan images are used for diagnostic purposes. The analysis of images and the detection of specific
phenomena in images is a computationally challenging task in many fields in science. Such techniques can also
be beneficial in tribology, e.g. for wear monitoring , and to translate material (imaging) data to input for stress
calculations in computational diagnostics. Some preliminary results of the application of a Multilevel image
segmentation algorithm [3] are shown in Figure 4.

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Fig. 4. Segmentation results for two tribological images: A surface damage image (top) and a classic EHL film
image. The images show the effect of parameter settings on the segmentation result.

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5 CONCLUSION

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The efficiency of Multilevel algorithms has greatly advanced the capability lubricated performance in many ways.
Future challenges require new highly efficient algorithms, e.g. for simulation of (composite) heterogeneous

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materials. Multilevel techniques are well suited for this task and provide challenging opportunities for the
development of computational diagnostic tools.
REFERENCES

[1] Venner, C.H., Lubrecht, A.A., Multilevel Methods in Lubrication, Elsevier Tribology Series, Ed. D. Dowson et al,
V. 37, Elsevier, Netherlands.

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[2] Hooke, C.J. and Venner, C.H., Surface Roughness Attenuation in Line and Point Contacts, Proc. ImechE, J. of Eng.

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Tribology, V. 214, pp. 439-444.

[5] Ingles, T., De Sterck, H., Sanders, G., Djambazian, H., Sladek, R., Sundarajan, S., Hudson, T., Multilevel

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Space-Time Aggregation for Bright Field Cell Microscopy Segmentation and Tracking, Int. J. of Biomedical Imaging,

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V2010.

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Effect of Surface Topography on EHD and Mixed Lubrication Film Formation


(Keynote)
Ivan Krupka
Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
ABSTRACT

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Surface topography is one of key parameters that significantly influence the tribological behavior of lubricated
contacts under both elastohydrodynamic and mixed lubrication regime. The positive or negative effects of

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roughness features on lubricant film formation are mainly connected with their size, shape, orientation and
position within the contact. Moreover, their behavior is very sensitive to the operational conditions, especially
under rolling-sliding motion. Despite the great achievements in the understanding of rough surfaces behavior in

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the last several decades, the ability to accurately predict and measure lubricant film changes caused by surface
features still represents a challenge. This speech provides an overview of recent achievements and further
perspectives in this field.

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Squeeze Film Lubrication: Effects of a Soft Textured Layer (Keynote)


Kristian Tnder, Bjrn Haugen
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
ABSTRACT

A squeeze pad having a textured elastic layer is studied. The background is the previous studies by Tnder and

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co-workers, indicating that such a layer might provide a protective cushion for bearings and other tribo-devices at
shut down and under uneven running conditions.
The model adopted is a one-dimensional squeeze-pad. The elastic layer has a texture pattern in the form of

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parallel ridges and furrows. The initial profile in the main (x) direction is sinusoidal. The analysis is based on the
Reynolds equation, and the deformation of the profile is on a distributed spring model with a limited neighbor
interaction.

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cushioning and reduced friction during severe operation.

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The interaction of deformation and fluid pressure is treated by a finite element formulation and a converging
iteration scheme between the fluid and the elastic material.
The results seems to indicate a positive effect of both elastic material and texturing with respect to fluid film

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A Lubrication Theory for Anisotropic Slips and Flow Rheology (Invited)


Hsiang Chin Jao, Wang Long Li *
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
*li.dragonpuff@gmail.com, wlli@mail.ncku.edu.tw
ABSTRACT

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A lubrication theory considering the effects of anisotropic slips (novel development of surface treatment) and
flow rheology (oil additives) is proposed. A modified Reynolds equation is then derived by applying the rheology
model and Navier-slip boundary conditions on lubricating surfaces with orthogonal principal slip lengths. The
related Poiseuille and Couette flow rate correctors are proposed to include the effects of anisotropic slip and flow
rheology. A finite element solver is utilized to solve the modified Reynolds equation and discuss the effects of

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anisotropic slips and flow rheology on the performance of journal bearings. Some combinations of slip length (10
cases)are discussed to reveal isotropic, anisotropic slip effects. The flow rheology (shear thinning, Newtonian,
and shear thickening fluid)and slenderness ratios (dominate flow concept) are also considered to discuss on the

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performance of the journal bearings, i.e. dimensionless load capacities, COF ratios, and cavitation inceptions.
The concept of contours of constant load by manipulating the flow index and slip lengths is also proposed. The
choice of COF ratio <1 is benefit for bearing performance.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to express their appreciation to the National Science Council of Taiwan (Contract No.
NSC102-2622-E-150-002-CC2, NSC 102-2221-E-006-044-MY3, NSC 100-2628-E-006 -022-MY3) for financial

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support.

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CanaLiquid Drop Lubricate? (Invited)


GUO F. 1)*, Zang S. 1), GUO L. 2), WONG P.L. 2)
1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao, 266033, China
2) Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue,
Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
* Corresponding author email address: mefguo@gmail.com

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ABSTRACT

Using an optical slider-bearing test rig, the present study delivers some preliminary results of lubricating film

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generation when only a few droplets of lubricant are supplied. With the slider-on-disc contact, a droplet of
lubricant can be spread on the running track by the rotating disc, and continuous lubrication is then generated. It
was found that the film thickness increases with increasing speeds at first and then remains nearly constant, and a

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larger droplet volume produces higher film thickness. The interferograms showed when only a small quantity of
lubricant supplied, the contact was not completely supported by lubricant film, and some air/lubricant mixture
film appears and may bear some load. The present work demonstrates that limited lubricant supply can provid

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sufficient lubrication.
1 INTRODUCTION
Environmental concerns and non-renewability of petroleum-based oils greatly necessitate minimizing lubricant
consumption. In most cases, tribo-pairs are separated by a very thin lubricant film, and therefore the quantity of
lubricant confined between the bounding surfaces to lubricate is very small. Both theoretical analyses and lab
experiments have shown that even under starved lubricant feeding a thin lubricant layer can still be built up [1].

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On the other hand, flooding lubricant cannot always augment the lubricating film as expected. In fact, engineering
practices have shown that limited lubricant feeding presents desirable lubrication, for example the air/oil
lubrication in high speed bearing. Recently, it has been conceptually proposed that instead of thin lubricating

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layer lubricant droplets might be used in the lubrication of micro-devices by purposely designed interface
properties, indicating far less lubricant consumption if feasible[2]. To minimizing the quantity of lubricant
feeding or to know how little lubricant a tribo-pair really needs, more fundamental study is needed. In the present

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work, with an optical slider- bearing test rig, the film formation of liquid droplets was observed experimentally,
and it was found that one liquid droplet can lubricate the contact.
2 APPARATUS AND SPECIMENS

An optical slider-bearing test rig [3] was used in the present study as shown in Fig. 1. The lubricated contact
consists of a stationary steel slider and a rotating transparent disc. The slider was made of ANSI52100 steel, and

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its surface was polished to high-precision finish. The surface size was 4mm4mm. The disc was of BK7 glass and
its working surface was coated with bi-layer films (Cr film at the bottom and SiO 2 layer on the top) to facilitate
interferometry measurement of the lubricating film.

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Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the slider-bearing test rig

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In the experiments, the slider-on-disc contact was not in fully flooded lubrication and only limited lubricant was
supplied. A lubricant droplet, with a volume ranging from 1 l to 4 l, was place between the slider and the disc.
After the disc running for some time, the lubricant droplet spread uniformly on the disc surface in a circular track.

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Fig. 2 illustrates a droplet of 1l volume and the lubricant track.

(a) 1l liquid drop

(b) Liquid track

Fig.2 Lubricant feeding and its spreading on the disc surface

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Film thickness h0, m

3 RESULTS

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0.1

10
Speed ud, mm/s

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Fig. 3 Film thickness vs. speed for different lubricant volumes, PAO8, load = 4N, = 1:1905

Fig.4 Interferograms of a slider-on-disc contact lubricated by a small quantity of lubricant


at different speeds, PAO8, load = 4N
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Figure 3 presents the measured curves of film thickness vs. speed for different droplet volumes. For comparison,
the result under full lubricant supply is also given. It can be seen that a low speed presents very similar film
thickness for different lubricant quantities. And with increasing speed, the film thickness increases and a larger
droplet generates higher film thickness. However, when the speed reaches some critical values, the film thickness
remains nearly unchanged for those three lubricant volumes. On the other hand, under full lubricant supply, the
film thickness increases all the time with increasing speeds as shown in Fig. 3. The film thickness variations can
be interpreted by Fig. 4, where interferograms of the slider-on-disc contact are given. In limited lubricant supply
(lubricant track in Fig. 2 (b)), at a low speed interferograms present full film in the contact, therefore no film

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thickness difference appears for different droplet volumes as shown in Fig. 3. However, at high speed, a small
droplet does not give complete films, and some fraction film (lubricant/air mixture) appears and may bear part of
the load. This is more clarified by results with PB450 as shown in Fig. 5. If the load was totally born by the liquid

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film, then the film thickness will decrease with the increase in fraction film. However, the results in Figs. 3, 4 and
5 do not show this.
Experiments showed that when the droplet entered into the wedged gap and could sustain the slider with a

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lubricating film of around 30 nm in thickness.

Fig.5 Interferograms of a lubricated slider-on-disc contact at different speeds but the same film thickness (h0 = 1.0 m),
PB450, load = 4N, droplet volume = 2 l

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4 CONCLUSIONS

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The present work present preliminary results indicating limited lubricant supply can provide
sufficient lubrication. More work is needed to clarify the experiment findings .

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This work is fully financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51275252)

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REFERENCES

[1] B. Damiens, C. H. Venner, Cann P. M. E., Lubrecht A. A., Starved lubrication of elliptical EHD contacts, J.

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Tribolo.,126(2004) 105-111.

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[2] K. Hiratsuka, A. Bohno, H. Endo, Water droplet lubrication between hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, J.

Physics, 89 (2007) 012012.

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[3] F. Guo, P.L. Wong, Z. Fu, C. Ma, Interferometry measurement of lubricating film in slider-on-disc contacts,
Tribolo Letts, 39 (2010) 71-79.

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Evidence and Effect of Boundary Slippage in Elastohydrodynamic Lubricated


Contacts (Invited)
WONG P L 1), FU Z 2), LI X M 1), GUO F 1)
1) Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong,
Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P R China
2) Railway Tracks and Transportation Department, Shenzhen University
11 Fu Shun Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, P. R. China

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ABSTRACT

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3) School of mechanical engineering, Qingdao technological university,

The film thickness and film shape of non-conformal lubricated contacts under relatively mild conditions, such as

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pure rolling, can be well predicted by the classical EHL theory. However, for severe running such as pure sliding
conditions, anomalous EHL phenomena were reported and attributed to the effects of non-Newtonian rheology,
heat and boundary slippage. To validate, numerical work which incorporated different effects was conducted and,

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however, they all produced comparable results to experimental findings.


The paper presents a series of recent studies on the anomalous film shape of lubricated point contacts. The
rheological, thermal and boundary slip effects are differentiated. The major focus is on the boundary slippage,
which is motivated by the idea that the lubricity of a full film lubricated contact can be further enhanced by
allowing sliding of the lubricant on the solid surface. The no-slip boundary condition has been widely adopted in
lubrication analyses. It is not unreasonable because the current industrial lubricants or engine oils are so well

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formulated such that boundary protective film can be readily formed in-situ on the surface of engines or
engineering components under the actual running conditions, which are generally quite severe. However, because
of the advancement of material research, new engineering materials, mostly composite or ceramic types, have

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been developed. The adhesiveness or stickiness of the ordinary formulated oils to the new engineering materials
cannot be expected to compare with that to the most common engineering material - steel. For example,
diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have poor wetting properties compared with steel. Recently, more attention

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[1-6] has been paid to the effect of differently wetted surfaces on boundary slip and ultimately the reduction in
friction.
Kalin et al. [7] confirmed that the Stribeck curve for a lubricated ball-on-flat contact can be shifted downwards

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slightly when one or both steel bearing surfaces are coated with DLC. Steel was considered as fully wetted, while
DLC coating was considered as non-fully wetted. The study showed a lower coefficient of friction in both mixed
and EHL regimes for the steel/DLC or DLC/DLC contacts as compared to the steel/steel counterpart. The
downshift of the friction coefficient curve was attributed to the oil slip at the solid-liquid interface due to the
non-fully wetting properties of DLC coating. All the tests of Kalin et al. [7] were performed with a ball -on-flat
reciprocating action of a constant load. The EHL sliding contacts probably experienced significant temperature
increase, which in turn affected the friction through its effect on the lubrication film. The phenomena reported by
Kalin et al. [7] are possibly attributed to thermal effect.
Kaneta et al. [8, 9] obtained dimpled EHL film shapes, rather than the well-known shape of flat central plateau
with a constriction at the outlet, in the experimental studies of EHL contacts under pure sliding conditions. This
Kaneta dimple film can be attributed the boundary slip effect, simply because Ehret et al. [10] provided similar
numerical results using plug flow (boundary slip) model. However, the thermal EHL analysis of Yang et al. [11]
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also generates a very good fit to the Kaneta dimple. If thermal and boundary slippage would affect the EHL film
shape, it is thus not difficult to image that they can also vary the magnitude of friction at the contact.
In order to elucidate the boundary slip effect, experimental work was thus carried out for an isothermal study. The
range of speeds was selected to cover both EHL and hydrodynamic lubrication (HL) regimes. Evidence of
boundary slippage in EHL contacts was obtained and its effects on film thickness and friction were summarized.
Finally, the novel method to quantify the slippage was proposed [12].
REFERENCE
R. Pit, H. Hervet, L. Leger, Friction and slip of a simple liquid at a solid surface, Tribo. Lett., 7, 2006, 147-152.

[2]

H. A. Spikes, The half-wetted bearing. Part 1: extended Reynolds equation, Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs. J of Engg.

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[1]

Tribo., 217, 2003, 1-14.


[3]

H. A. Spikes, The half-wetted bearing. Part 2: potential application in low load contacts, Proc. Instn. Mech.

[4]

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Engrs. J. of Engg. Tribo., 217, 2003, 15-26.

R. F. Salant, A. E. Fortier, Numerical analysis of a slider bearing with a heterogeneous slip/no-slip surface,

[5]

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STLE Tribo. Trans., 47, 2004, 328-334.

F. Guo, P. L. Wong, Theoretical prediction of hydrodynamic effect by tailored boundary slippage, Proc. Instn.

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Mech. Engrs. J. of Engg. Tribo., 220, 2006, 43-48.


[6]

S. Jahanmir, A. Z. Hunsberger, H. Heshmat, Load Capacity and durability of H-DLC coated hydrodynamic
thrust bearings, Trans. ASME J. Tribo., 133, 3, 2011, 0313011-0313019.

M. Kalin, I. Velkavrh, J. Vizintin, The Stribeck curve and lubrication design for non-fully wetted surfaces, Wear,

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[7]

267, 2009, 1232-1240.


[8]

M. Kaneta, H. Nishikawa, K. Kameishi, T. Sakai, Effect of elastic moduli of contact surface in


elastohydrodynamic lubrication, Trans. ASME J. Tribo., 114, 1992, 75-80.
M. Kaneta, H. Nishikawa, T. Sakai, K. Matsuda, Abnormal phenomena appearing in EHL contact, Trans.

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ASME J. Tribo., 118, 1996, 886-892.

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[9]

[10] P. Ehret, D. Dowson, M. Taylor, On lubricant transport conditions in elastohydrodynamic conjunctions, Proc. R.

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Soc. Lond., A 454, 1998, 763-787.

[11] P. Yang, S. Qu, M. Kaneta, H. Nishikawa, Formation of steady dimples in point TEHL contact, Trans. ASME J.

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Tribo., 123, 2001, 42-49.

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[12] F. Guo, X. M. Li and P. L. Wong, A novel approach to measure slip-length of thin lubricant films under high

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pressure, presented at the 37th Leeds/Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Leeds, England, September 2010, and also

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Tribo. Int., 46, 1, 2012, 22-29.

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Real-time Forecast Methods of Oil Contaminant Based on On-line Oil


Monitoring
Xiaojian Xu1), Kun Yang1), Jiangbin Zhao1)*, Xin Zhang2), Xinping Yan1)
1) Reliability Engineering Institute, School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
2) Luoyang Dagong Lube Detection Technology CO., LTD

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* zhaojiangbin@whut.edu.cn
1 INTRODUCTION

Monitoring and controlling oil contaminant plays an important role in lubrication management for mechanical

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equipments. 75%~90% system faults are caused by contamination particles in oil. Among the oil contaminants,
solid particle is the most harmful one that is the main cause of the mechanical components wear-out failure.
Therefore, it is necessary to control the oil quality by forecasting the trend of the oil contaminant for a period in

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the future with the forecasting model based on the solid particle data collected by the on-line oil monitoring
system and the favorable lubrication management can be achieved to prolong the service life of the mechanical
system.

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In recent years, as an important part of the Prognostic and Health Management (PHM) system, the trend
prediction of the equipments performance parameters has attracted broader attention. Currently in the forecasting
process, most predictions adopt single-step forecasting [1,2] which involve the problems as over-short prediction

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step size, the ignorance of the effects of new data for the prediction results and etc. As a result, ARMA [3,4]model
and wavelet neural network [5,6]were discussed in this paper; a multistep prediction for >4m solid particle of the
600MW turboset lubricating oil was conducted by introducing the sliding window which provides a basis for the

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lubrication management and the prediction accuracy was analyzed.


2 FORECASTING OBJECT SELECTION
Viscosity, temperature, moisture and the number of >4m,>6m,>14m,>21m solid particles of the lubricating

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oil in oil system were collected by on-line oil monitoring system as Fig.1 shows.

Fig.1 monitoring interface of on-line oil monitoring system


Since small-sized particles are the root cause of the mechanical wear, >4m solid particles in the lubricating oil
were selected as the research object and 150 particle number samples from August 10 th,2013 to August

12th ,2013(each sample was collected every 30 minutes) were collected. The top 100 samples were used as
training samples and the last 50 ones were used as test samples. Fig.2 shows the true value of >4m solid
particles. In Fig.2 the number of the solid particles increases sharply because of the increase of the turboset load
which causes the small-sized particles number growing. Since the filter is installed on the turboset to filter the
certain sized particles, the number of the particles decreases and becomes steady gradually after a period.
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2600
Traning Samples

Test Samples

2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800

20

40

60
80
100
Sampling Numbers per 30min

120

140

160

3 ESTABLISHMENT OF FORECASTING MODEL FOR SOLID PARTICLES

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3.1 Solid particles number forecasting with ARMA model

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Fig.2 true number of >4m solid particle

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4m solid particle number per 100ml

2400

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By analyzing the solid particle number after difference, the autocorrelation function and the partial
autocorrelation function extend a tailing trend so ARMA (p,q) should be chosen as the forecasting model. The

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optimum value of p,q is determined to be [7,1] according to the Akaike information criterion(AIC).
In ARMA model, the top 100 samples representing the former 50 hours particles number were used to forecast the
following 0.5 hour particle number and the oldest value was replaced by the new predicted data iteratively until
the prediction length L was satisfied.
Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is selected as the index evaluating the forecasting accuracy of the
model. MAPE is given as (1):
N

x fi xai

i 1

x ai

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1
N

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MAPE

100%
(1)

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Where xfi is the predicted value, xai is the true value.


The fitting error of ARMA model is 6.34%. The predicted errors after 6 steps forecasting and 50 steps forecasting
are 1.52% and 19.4% respectively.

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Fig. 3(a)(b) shows the fitting figure and prediction figure of >4m solid particles after 50 steps predicti on.
As Fig.3 shows, ARMA model can fit the training samples very well and the prediction accuracy is very high for
short-term forecasting. However, for long-term forecasting, the predicted error increases obviously and the

predicted value presents divergent state so ARMA model is adjusted to the short-term forecasting.
1600

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2600

4m solid particles number per 100ml

4m solid particle number per 100ml

2400

true value
fitted value

2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000

1400

true value
predicted value

1200

1000

800

600

400

800
600

200
0

10

20

30
40
50
60
70
Sampling Numbers per 30min

80

90

100

(a)

10

15
20
25
30
35
Sampling Number per 30min

40

45

50

(b)

Fig.3 Fitting figure and prediction figure of ARMA(7,1)model: (a)fitting figure; (b)prediction figure
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3.2 Solid particles number forecasting with wavelet neural network model

Because of the shortage of ARMA model in long-term forecasting, wavelet neural network is explored in the
following. Sliding window was used to limit the sample size for predicting and achieve the replacement between
old and new data to involve the effect of new data on forecasting.
The forecasting with wavelet neural network can be divided into two processes: model training and model testing.
The principle of training sample generation and testing sample prediction is given as (2):

(2)

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a1 , a2 , awidth awidth +1
a2 , a3 , awidth +1 awidth +2

aN , aN+1 , awidth +N1 awidth +N


aN+1 , a N+2 , awidth +N awidth +N+1

aN+L+1 , aN+L+2 , awidth +N+L a width +N+L+1

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Where width is the length of sliding window, N is the number of training samples and L is the prediction length.
In the model the number of input nodes equals with the length of the sliding window, the number of output nodes

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is 1. The number of hidden nodes is ascertained to be 10 which has the best prediction result after testing
repeatedly in Matlab. The impact of the sliding window length on the prediction accuracy is shown as Fig.4.
It can be seen from Fig.4 that the fitting error and predicted error are smallest when the length of sliding window

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is 5. It can be explained as: over-short sliding window cannot totally reflect the relationship between the predicted
samples and the predicted result with too little data; if the window is over long, the new predicted data will be
overwhelmed by the old data so that the impact of the new data on the predicted result is reduced.
18

fitting error
prediction error

16
14

10

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MAPE %

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4

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2
0

6
7
sliding window length

10

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Fig.4 impact of the sliding window length on the prediction accuracy

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Fig.5 indicates the fitting and predicted result for the 25 hours in the future (L =50) when the sliding window
length is 5. According to formula (1) the fitting error and the predicted error are 4.18% and 7.94% respectively;
however, the predicted error is 5.02% when L is 6. Fig.5 shows that compared with ARMA model, wavelet neural

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network has higher accuracy for a relatively long time forecasting and the final predicted result presents a
convergent state. But the prediction accuracy is far belowthat of ARMA model. As a result, wavelet neural
network is more appropriated for the relatively long time prediction for the solid particles.
2600

1500

true value
fitting value

2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200

1300

1200

1100

1000

900

1000
800

true value
predicting value

1400

4m solid particle number(per 100ml)

4m solid particle number (per 100ml)

2400

10

20

30

40
50
60
70
sampling number (per 30min)

80

90

100

(a)

800

10

15

20
25
30
35
sampling number (per 30min)

40

45

50

(b)

Fig.5 fitting figure and predicting figure of wavelet neural network: (a) fitting figure; (b) predicting figure
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According to ISO 4406 standard, it can be concluded that the actual and predicted oil contaminants involved in
this paper are all in 17 degree (>4m particle number (640,1300)) or 18 degree(>4m solid particle
number(640,1300)) which shows the oil is clean. In the 50 predicted results, the misclassified number is 5. The
prediction accuracy reaches 90%.
4 CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the application area of ARMA model and wavelet neural network model for prediction were
discussed. It can be concluded that ARMA model is more appropriated to short-time prediction while wavelet
neural network has higher prediction accuracy for long-term prediction. In the future research, the combination of

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the two models should be considered to promote the prediction accuracy of the solid particles which will offer a
more accurate and timely basis for the friction and wear fault diagnosis.
REFERENCE

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[1] Wu Dinghai, Zhang Peilin, Ren Guoquan, Fan Hongbo. Study on Combined Forecasts of Oil Contamination[J].
Chinese Hydraulics & Pneumatics. 4(2006)30-32.

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[2]Xu Chao, Zhang Peilin, Ren Guoquan, Wu Dinghai. Engine Fault Prediction Based on Oil Spectrum Data
LSSVR-AR Model [J]. Transaction of CSICE. 2(2012)160-164.

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[3] Li Lingling, Wang Minghui, Zhu Fenfen, Wang Chenshan. Wind Power Forecasting Based on Time Series and
Neural Network. Proceedings of ISCSCT 2009, 293-297.

[4] Jiang Lin, Xian Weiming, Long Bing, Wang Houjun. Analysis of Data-Driven Prediction Algorithms for

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Lithium-Ion Batteries Remaining Useful Life[J]. Advanced Material Research. 7(2013) 390-395.
[5] Garba Inoussa, Hui Peng,Jun Wu. Nonlinear time series modeling and prediction using functional weights wavelet
neural network-based state-dependent ar model [J]. Neurocomputing. 86(2012) 59-74.
[6] Pan Yumin, Deng Yonghong, Zhang Quanzhu, Xue Pengqian. Dynamic prediction of gas emission based on

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wavelet neural network toolbox [J]. Journel of Coal Science & Engineering. 19(2013): 174-181.

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The Exploration of the Planarization of GaN Based on H2O2 Polishing System


Jie Wang1), Yan Zhou2), Hongkai Li1), Jie Cheng1), Xinchun Lu1)*
1) State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
2) Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/nano Manufacturing, Research Institute of TsinghuaUniversity in Shenzhen,
Shenzhen 518057, China
* xclu@tsinghua.edu.cn wangjie_thu@vip.163.com

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ABSTRACT

GaN, serving as a new semiconductive material, is widely used in optoelectronics and microelectronics. Because
of its high hardness and chemical stability, the planarization of its flat has become an international problem. This
paper proposes an experimental method on chemical mechanical polishing of GaN using H 202 which is a strong

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oxidant, adding several catalysts and UV to optimize the experimental environment. Select the appropriate PH
value, polishing time, rotational speed, pressure, flux and polishing pad to optimize the polishing process. As a
result, the removal rate is improved to 146nm/h and the surface roughness is below 3nm. It is proved that the

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polishing system based on H202 can realize the planarization of GaN efficiently.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Performance Study of Phosphate Ionic Liquids as Additive for Lubricant Oil


with Different Polarity during Steel-on-Aluminum Contact
Dan Qiao, Haizhong Wang, Dapeng Feng *
State key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China

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* E-mail: dpfeng@licp.cas.cn; Tel: +86-931-4968075; Fax: +86-931-8277088.


ABSTRACT

Tribological performance of lubricants depends on many aspects, such as additives added to base oil, thermal

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stability of the oil, their ability to form ordered adsorbed layers and the tribocorrosion processes, which take place
at the interface1. Althoughfriction can be affected by various factors, the parameters which play the more
influential effects in lubrication are oil viscosity and polarity of the molecules 2, which should be carefully

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controlled. In the present study, three lubricants, polyalphaolefin (for short PAO), ester oil (for short EO) and
ionic liquids 1-methy-3-hexylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (for short LP106) are selected as base oils with
different polarity and same viscosity which is aimed to study tribological properties ofbutylammonium

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dibutylphosphate (BA-DBP) and tetrabutylammonium dibutylphosphate (TBA-DBP) ionic liquids as anti-wear


additives for steel/aluminum contact in the above three lubricant oils. Results indicate that polarity of the base oil
influences their tribological performance and oil sample with higher polarity shows better lubricating property

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because of strong binding force between oil sample and metallic substrates 2. And XPS analysis results illustrate
that the same additive in different polarity lubricants gives the same tribological mechanism.
Keywords: anti-wear additive, ionic liquids, polarity, tribological mechanism

Figure 1 Evolution of friction coefficients with time (a), wear volumes (b) and corresponding wear volume

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decrements (c) of the aluminum discs that lubricated with different lubricants under variable-frequency
experimental condition (10-30Hz, 50N, 1mm; the black bars in (b) mean the wear volumes of base oil and the red
bars in (b) mean the wear volumes of base oil with additive BA-DBP).
REFERENCES
[1] Jimnez, A.E., Bermdez, M.D.: Ionic liquids as lubricants for steel-aluminum contacts at low and elevated
temperatures. Tribol.Lett.26, 53-60 (2006).
[2] Ku, B.C., Han, Y.C., Lee, J.E., Lee, J.K., Park, S.H., Hwang, Y.J.: Tribological effects of fullerene (C60)
nanoparticles added in mineral lubricants according to its viscosity. Int. J. Precision Eng. Manuf. 11, 607-611 (2010).

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Contact Angle Hysteresis Effect on Hydrodynamic Lubrication


L. Guo 1) *, P.L. Wong 1), F. Guo2)
1) Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
2) Mechanical Engineering Department, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
* liangguo3-c@my.cityu.edu.hk
ABSTRACT

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Boundary effect on lubrication has become a hot topic. Besides the academic interest, it is also practically
significant simply based on the idea that lowering the affinity at the liquid/solid interface would reduce the

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friction of a lubricated contact. Traditionally, the affinity between a liquid and a solid surface is reflected by the
contact angle, and a large contact angle may lead to boundary slippage. Experimental results described in this
paper proved that it is the contact angle hysteresis, not the contact angle reflects the adhesion force between the

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molecules of the liquid and the solid surface and affects the hydrodynamic lubrication. The paper aims to
elucidate the relation of contact angle hysteresis and lubrication through experimental and theoretical studies.
1 INTRODUCTION

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With the development of surface science, the effect of interface affinity on lubrication arouses the interest of
scholars. Traditionally, contact angle is used to reflect the interface affinity, and it is believed that the higher
contact angle the lower adhesion force between the molecular of the liquid and the solid surface. However,
inconsistent experimental results have been published in which contact angle is used as the parameter to reflect
the adhesion force [1-6].
Besides, the aforementioned work on the interface affinity effect on lubrication is mainly based on the friction

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data, and only a few studies provide film thickness measurement. To make good use of the interface affinity effect
and thus enhance the efficiency of lubricating systems, it is necessary to make it clear which parameter is
responsible for the lubrication. Therefore, the mechanism of the interface affinity affecting the hydrodynamic

In

2 EXPERIMENTS

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lubrication is researched in this paper. And our experiments illustrated that it is the contact angle hysteresis, not
the contact angle reflects the adhesion force between the molecules of the liquid and the solid surface and finally
affects the hydrodynamic lubrication.

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2.1 Experiment apparatus

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The research was carried out using our self-developed fixed-incline slider test rig [7], which can provide film

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thickness and friction force data.


2.2 Sliders and lubricants
Three sliders of the same size (49 mm2) were used in the experiments, the steel slider, the steel slider with EGC
coating and the steel slider with smart phone coating. Thelubricants used were glycerol and PAO400/40. To
illustrate the difference in interface affinity of the sliders, the contact angle and contact angle hysteresis of the
sliding surface of the sliders were measured using the lubricants. The results are shown in Table 1.

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Table 1. Contact angle and contact angle hysteresis


Slider

Lubricant

Contact

Contact angle

angle ()

hysteresis ()

Steel

Glycerol

45.0

46.7

EGC

Glycerol

89.2

22.8

Steel

PAO400/40

39.0

33.2

Phone-coating

PAO400/40

69.8

32.6

EGC

PAO400/40

73.9

23.0

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2.3 Experiment results


A constant inclined anglewas adopted in the experiments. The film thickness was measured under different disc
speeds. The results are shown from Fig.1toFig. 3.

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Steel
EGC

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2
0

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15

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Film thickness (um)

20

25

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Speed (mm/s)

Fig. 1 Change in film thickness with speed


(4 N load, Glycerol)

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Film thickness (um)

Steel
Phone coating

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Fig. 2 Change in film thickness with speed


(4 N load, PAO400/40)

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Speed (mm/s)

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Film thickness (um)

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6
4

EGC
Steel

2
0
5

10

15
Speed (mm/s)

20

25

Fig. 3 Change in film thickness with speed (4 N load, PAO400/40)

2.4 Discussion and conclusions


Figs. 1 and 3 describe the relation between lubricant film thickness and the speed of the disc. Totally, the lubricant
film thickness increases with speed, as illustrated by the classical hydrodynamic lubrication theory. However, the
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slider with EGC coating provides much thinnerfilm than the one with the original surface for running under
exactly the same condition. This difference can be attributed to the different contact angle or contact angle
hysteresis. However, Fig. 2 shows the same film thickness for steel and phone coating, although the contact angle
difference provided by the two surfaces is big enough. Referring to Table 1, it is clear that the same film thickness
corresponded well with the almost equal contact angle hysteresis. And the film thickness difference provided by
Figs. 1 and 3 can also be explained well by the different contact angle hysteresis. It is proven that the
hydrodynamic effect is governed by the contact angle hysteresis, but not the contact angle.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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The work described in this paper was fully supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Project No.
CityU123411) and Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 51275252). The authors would also like to
thank City University of Hong Kong for providing a studentship for the first author. Thanks are also extended to

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Dr. X. Zhou of SKF for preparing the EGC coated sliders for the project.
REFERENCES

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[1] Bongaerts, J.H.H., Fourtouni, K. and Stokes, J.R., Soft-tribology: Lubrication in a compliant PDMS- PDMS
contact. Tribology International, 2007. 40(10-12): 1531-1542.
Wall. Journal of Tribology, 2007. 129(3): 611-620.

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[2] Choo, J.H., Glovnea, R.P., Forrest, A.K. and Spikes, H.A., A Low Friction Bearing Based on Liquid Slip at the
[3] Hild, W., Opitz, A., Schaefer, J.A. and Scherge, M., The effect of wetting on the micro hydrodynamics of surfaces

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lubricated with water and oil. Wear, 2003. 254(9): 871-875.

[4] Kalin, M., Velkavrh, I. and Vizintin, J., The Stribeck curve and lubrication design for non-fully wetted surfaces.
Wear, 2009. 267(5-8): 1232-1240.

[5] Lee, S. and Spencer, N.D., Materials science- Sweet, hairy, soft and slippery. Science, 2008. 319(5863): 575-576.

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Engineering Tribology, 2003. 217(1): 1-14.

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[6] Spikes, H.A., The half-wetting bearing. Part 1: extended Reynolds equation. IMechE, Part J: Journal of
[7] Guo, F.,Wong, P.L., Fu, Z. and Ma, C., Interferometry measurement of lubricating films in slider-on-disc contacts.

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Tribology Letters, 2010. 39(1): 71-79.

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Journal Bearing Optimization for Ice Using Artificial Intrlligences Strategies


and CFD Simulations
L. Gorasso,L. Wang
Harbin Institute of Technology, n92 West Dazhi Street, 150001, Harbin, China
* Corresponding author: luca.gorasso@gmail.com

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ABSTRACT

The design of hydrodynamic journal bearings is a multivariable-multiobjective problem. In order to minimize


several objectives, this work sets out to devise a method to find the optimal set of decision variables used for
minimization technique called the Artificial Bee Colony algorithm (ABC). The tool used to calculate the

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performance of the bearing is the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) while a CFD approach is adopted to calculate
a thermal solution of the fluid film around the bearing. The results show that it is possible to optimize the choice
of the journal bearings design parameters in a fast and reliable way by taking into account all the performances of

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the bearing as well as some manufacturing aspects. The data obtained also shows how it is possible to unbalance
the optimal design search using weights that give preference to some objectives rather than to others. Furthermore,
the CFD simulation shows the thermal behaviour of the lubricant in a journal bearing for different inlet

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conditions.
1 INTRODUCTION
In the automotive sector, as well as in many other industrial sectors, the current trend is to substitute sliding

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bearings with rolling bearings. Nevertheless, sliding bearings, and in particular journal bearings, are passive
systems (without moving parts) and are able to overcome a wide range of forces under extreme conditions with
remarkable damping properties and negligible friction. From the manufacturing point of view, hydrodynamic

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journal bearings (HJB) are simple, cheap, easy to build and assemble as well as maintenance free.
Often the design of HJB is based on Raimondi-Boyd diagrams [1]. The dimensions are chosen from a table in
which the objective of the designer is the minimization of the maximum temperature while the free variable is the

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clearance of the bearing.


This approach is not sufficient to ensure the best solution in every case. The variables that determine the shape of
the journal bearing are diameter of the journal, clearance, length-to-diameter ratio and inlet hole geometry. While

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the performances are power loss, mass flow, temperature rise, maximum pressure and minimum oil film thickness.
The performances have to be minimized, with the exception of the film thickness, which has to be maximized.
This work presents a simplified approach to optimize the choice of the decision variables while minimizing an

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objective function which aggregates the performance of the bearing.


ABC search algorithm, ANN and CFD tools are used because they are easy to manage and integrate by
unconfident operators. Furthermore, they can be found as open source code online.
2 OPTIMIZATIONPROCEDURE
2.1 Decision variables
The optimizations goal is to find the optimal combination of decision variables in order to minimize the objective

functions. Within this research, the decision variables are the internal diameter of the journal (D), clearance (C),
the length to diameter ratio (), the diameter of the inlet channel (din) and the position of the inlet channel (in).
This last one is described as the inclination of the inlet channel axis in respect to the coordinate axis z, displayed
in Fig. 1. Dynamic viscosity is not included in the list of decision variables. In the past, several other studies have
introduced viscosity as a variable that can be controlled by the designer. However, in modern ICEs, the dynamic
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viscosity has a standard value according to the oil grade (SAE, ISO classifications. The designer has to adapt the
bearing geometry in order to work with a predetermined lubricant. In some cases, other features, such as
oil-dynamic systems, share the lubricant with bearings, also in these cases the designer has to accommodate the
choice of standard lubricants.
2.2 Stage division
As presented in [2], the stiffness matrix shows that some decision variables have a negligible effect on the
performance vector, e.g. the inlet diameter has little effect of the friction coefficient and, consequently, on power
loss, while the same variable has a considerable effect on the maximum temperature. The solution adopted in [2]

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is to minimize the redundancy and reduce the number of decision variables. It seems more reasonable to split the
optimization process into two stages, devise different objectives and use different performance functions in order
to maintain the same number of decision variables. In the first stage of the optimization, the objective (objI) is

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minimized using the ABC algorithm combined with ANN function. In the second stage, objII, is the function to be
minimized using ABC and CFD approach.
2.3 Search space

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Every decision variable has a range of possible solutions and is treated as a discrete variable. The minimum
diameter is calculated with Von-Mises criteria according to the data. The maximum is the minimum diameter plus
an extra 20% (Dmin = 35 mm and Dmax = 42 mm). Literature and practise suggest that, for every millimetre of D, a

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reliable lubrication regime can be achieved with the addition of a micron of clearance. Hence, an HJB with a 30
mm diameter needs a clearance of 30 m. The researchs results show that, for every optimized bearing, there is a
possibility that the rule is slightly different. Nevertheless, this empirical law is used to fix the average clearance
and then add and subtract the 35% of the average value. The length to diameter ratio has a minimum value of 0.3
and a maximum of 0.9. The inlet diameter has a minimum value of 5 mm and a maximum of 9 mm. The lubricant
supply channel is a cylindrical hole that must be drilled in the upper bearing housing. Theoretically, the possible

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angular position is from -90to 90, but the bearing housing must be able to accommodate the supply hole so the
arc must be reduced from -65to 65(Fig. 1).
The space for the first stage is a three dimensional space, while is two dimensional in the second stage.

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in
din

Shaft

Bearing

Supply channel

Theoretical inlet
angular position

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Inlet channel

Upper bearing housing


Lower bearing housing

Fig.1. Journal bearing mounted in its support. On the right, the theoretical possible position for the inlet channel is shown
3 HJB PERFORMANCES

3.1 Principal performances


The principal performances of journal bearings are power loss ( Pl), lubricant mass flow (Q), temperature rise (T),
maximum pressure (Pmax) and minimum lubricant film thickness (hmin).
Numerous approaches have been developed to calculate these above-mentioned performances, with the most
rigorous being the combined solution of the Reynolds equation coupled with the first law of thermodynamics and
a dynamic viscosity equation. Nevertheless, this approach requires considerable programming skills and a long
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calculation time. On the other hand, the approximated solutions [3-4], although they have a short calculation time,
are not enough precise and often variables, like inlet diameter and position, are not taken into account.
A fast and accurate technique to calculate HJB performances has been developed in this work. The basis of this
efficient tool is an Artificial Neural Network trained with the solution of the Reynolds equation. In order to train
the network, only a few thousand examples are required, while the optimization process requires hundreds of
thousands of cases to be calculated, thus, an enormous amount of calculation time can be saved using this
approach.
The ANN is made of a network of neurons where each neuron is a single numerical operator which multiplies the

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input for a weight as well as adds a value called bias to the result. With a long enough chain of neurons it is
possible to transform any numerical input into a result output. If neurons are organized into layers, where, within
these groups of neurons, each neuron is interconnected to every neuron in the successive layer, the result would

2
1 N
( yreal (i) - ypredicted (i))
N i=1

(1)

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err =

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be a net able to predict new outputs, but only after a proper training session.
The modification of the weight and bias matrix is based on the mean square route error between the predicted and
the expected results as shown in formula (1):

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Where y is the output, iis the index for the number of examples and N is the overall quantity of examples.
The three dimensional space is divided homogeneously and each variable range has been split in 12. The
examples are then 12 3=1728. The network is not unique, and, in fact, it is actually more convenient to have 5
networks for each calculated performance for a single performance instead of one big network. The training

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process results easier, faster and more accurate.


3.2 Thermal performances
The temperature rise, T, which has been described in the previous chapter, is a performance that measures the

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difference between the inlet and the approximated average temperature. In order to improve the precision of the
optimization process, CFD simulations have been performed. Commercial codes (Fluent ) can easily solve the
full thermal-fluid-dynamic problem, including the variation of the viscosity with the temperature. From the

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solution, it is possible to extract two pieces of data: Tmax and Tave. The first is the maximum temperature within
the fluid film which is usually registered in the region between the inlet channel and the location of the cavitation.
The second is the average temperature of the non-cavitated fluid.

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Simulations were carried out with Ansys Fluent while the mesh software used was Ansys Gambit. The model is
made of a toroid with external diameter D, where the internal diameter is D-C and the length is L=D*. The radial
dimensions are a thousands times smaller than the bearing length which leads to a mesh with a large number of
cells (about 400000). The film thickness division is 20 while the average cell dimension is 0.35 mm. The inlet
channel is a cylinder with diameter equal to din, and is divided with a Cooper strategy with cell dimensions of
0.35 mm. The cells are progressively reduced in their height from 1 mm to 1 m. The inlet is a pressure inlet
type boundary with a total gauge pressure of 140 KPa, while the outlet is a pressure outlet boundary with a
gauge total pressure of 0 Pa. The journal is a moving wall and the bearing is a non-moving wall. Formula (2)
describes the dynamic viscosity of the lubricant function of the temperature:

m = m0 exp (-b (Tcell -Tin ))


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In the above, is the dynamic viscosity, 0 is the dynamic viscosity at the inlet temperature, is the thermal
expansion factor, Tcell is the cell temperature and Tin the inlet temperature. Three User Defined Functions (UDF)
have been written to iterate the viscosity field, calculate the equilibrium position and to get the required results
(more data for the study case is in appendix A).
4 OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS

objI =

Pl ( k ) - Pl min
Pl max - Pl min

wP +

Q ( k ) - Qmin
Qmax - Qmin

wQ +
(3)

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DT ( k ) P ( k )

h
+
+ max
+ lim w pen
Plim
hmin ( k )
DTlim

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The conception of the objective functions is, arguably, the most creative part of this research. Throughout the first
stage, the main objective is to devise a function that aggregates the all five performances mentioned in chapter 3.1
into a non-dimensional and weighted form as presented in equation (3):

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Here, Plmin and Plmax are respectively the minimum and the maximum power loss in the first search step of the
ABC algorithm while Qmin and Qmax are the minimum and the maximum mass flow. Within this formula, all of

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the performances are taken into account and, in accordance with weight, each one plays a role. The first two terms
are conflicting aims, while the third term (penalties term) is designed to insert the influence of three main
technological aspects into the objective: lubricant degradation, material of the journal and metal working
precision.
The degradation speed is driven by the temperature rise, so, the wider the gap is between the inlet and outlet
temperature the faster the degradation process is. Therefore, the goal of the optimization is to minimize this gap

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and penalize the solutions where temperature is higher then the imposed limit of 9 C. Modern journal bearings
for ICE are made of various alloys of aluminium, copper (bronze) and other white metals. Usually the alloy is
softer then the shaft steel and the strength limit is set according to the journal material. In this work, the limit is 28

hlim = 3+ Razs + Razj

(4)

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MPa. The limit film thickness not only has to avoid contact between the journal and the shaft but also must ensure
a certain distance between them in order to prevent dangerous or unreliable lubrication regimes. For these reasons,
the minimum film thickness is calculated using the following formula:

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Where Rasz is the maximum roughness of the shaft and Rajz is the maximum roughness of the journal. 3 m is the
minimum acceptable distance between the highest asperities.
It is interesting to note that the first two terms in equation (3) represent a relative value while the penalties term is
made of fractions with an imposed limit. This permits the penalties to have a value greater then 1. The objective
function, conceived in this form, does not formally ensure the respect of the limits, nevertheless, it is useful in
order to consider all those design solutions which are slightly outside of the search boundaries.
The weights are represented by P, Q , pen and the correlation among them is as follows:

wP + wQ + w pen =1

(4)

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In this work, pen is fixed and different optimization processes were carried out to show the influence that weight
has on the optimization.
Inlet

Outlet

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Outlet

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Fig.2. Inlet and outlet scheme. On the left, thermal field in Kelvin and pressure field in the journal.

The heat is generated by the bearing friction and is mainly produced at the end of the films convergent zone. The

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closer the inlet channel is to the warm zone, the lower the average temperature is, which creates a higher
maximum temperature because the bearing cannot exchange heat when the outside bearing house is already warm.
However, the farther the channel is from the warm zone and the lower the maximum temperature is, more fresh

objII =

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lubricant is forced to cool the warm zone. If there is a trade off between the two thermal performances listed in
chapter 3.2 then the aggregation form for the optimizations second stage objective is as follows:
Tmax ( k ) Tave ( k )

max {Tmax Tave }

(5)

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For both formulations (3) and (5), k represents a possible solution to the problem.
5 OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS MINIMIZATION
Swarm intelligence is a branch of research that models the population of interacting agents, or swarms, that are

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able to self-organize. An ant colony, a flock of birds or an immune system are all typical examples of a working
swarm system. Bees thronging around their hive is another example of swarm intelligence. The Artificial Bee
Colony Algorithm is an optimization algorithm that is based on the intelligent behaviour of a honeybee swarm.

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The parameters considered in ABC are the size of the colony, number of cycles and limit of times a source can be
revisited. In ABC, bees are sent to find optimum food sources, which are objective functions solutions. These
same bees are then sent back to the hive where they communicate the quality of the solution to the other bees not

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already involved in the search. Once this passing of information is complete, the bees can return to the food
source or can scout out new food sources nearby the old ones position that has a better value of the objective.
Table 1. Optimization of journal bearing with different techniques
Weights

Decision Variables

Performance

pen

[-]

[-]

[-]

[m]

[m]

[-]

[W]

[%]

[m3/s]

[%]

Reference Design

0.0400

40

0.50

76

6.10E-06

6.9

17.4

5.1

Ghorbanian

0.3500

42

0.30

43

-43.16

3.20E-06

-47.54

10.0

57.0

1.8

Hirani

0.3500

35

0.60

62

-18.42

4.75E-06

-22.13

7.2

17.7

4.7

Optimal design (objI)

0.40

0.40

0.20

0.0350

30

0.57

61

-19.74

3.72E-06

-39.02

8.7

19.4

4.3

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Pl

Pmax

hmin

[K] [MPa] [m]

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Table 2. Comparison of the optimization process using different weights


Weights
P

Decision Variables
pen

Performance

Pl

Q
3

Pmax

hmin

[-]

[-]

[m]

[m]

[-]

[W]

[%]

[m /s]

[%]

[K]

[MPa]

[m]

0.7

0.1

0.2

0.0350

30

0.47

56

-26.3

4.30E-06

-29.51

9.45

24.7

3.6

0.55

0.25

0.2

0.0350

30

0.52

58

-23.7

4.05E-06

-33.61

9.10

22.3

3.9

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.0350

30

0.57

61

-19.7

3.72E-06

-39.02

8.70

19.4

4.3

0.25

0.55

0.2

0.0350

30

0.62

64

-15.8

3.65E-06

-40.16

8.55

18.5

5.6

0.1

0.7

0.2

0.0350

30

0.67

67

-11.8

3.33E-06

-45.41

8.45

17.3

6.4

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[-]

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There is a natural derivative of this search. Like in nature where bees find the most profitable food source (the
nearest and the biggest), ABC finds the optimal solution, but only if the objective is well designed. The optimal

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point can be a minimum or a maximum of a function and the given score must be higher for those solutions that
are nearest to the optimal point, as presented in objective objI in (3).
6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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In table 1, the results of the optimization process are presented. The present work technique is compared with two
existing methods presented in [2] and [6]. The reference design is calculated using the Raimondi -Boyd diagrams,
causing this solution to be very cautions in terms of penalties. Indeed, the maximum pressure and the minimum

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film thickness are no closer to the limits.


The first technique [2] has the aim to minimize the dimensional power loss and mass flow using the Genetic
Algorithms implemented in Matlab . The results are a decrease in both the objectives: mass flow is reduced by

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the 47.5% and power loss by -43.1%. Nevertheless, the minimum film thickness is reduced to 1.8 m, while the
maximum pressure rises at 57 MPa and the temperature rise is 10 C. All of these performances surpass the
search limits.

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The second technique, using the GA technique, aims to minimize two objectives. . The first objective is a
non-dimensional form formula that aggregates power loss and mass flow, while the second is same as the
penalties term in equation 3, and has no possibility to unbalance the search space. This technique permits a

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passable optimization of journal bearings, but does not provide an ideal reduction of the mass flow. The present
work optimizes the bearing parameters by reducing the mass flow and the power loss by respectively 39% and
19.7%. The penalties terms are under the prescribed limits.

Table 3. Optimization process carried out for different dynamic viscosities.

Dynamic Viscosity

Decision Variables

Performance

Pl

Pmax

hmin

[Pas]

[m]

[m]

[-]

[W]

[m3/s]

[K]

[MPa]

[m]

0.005

0.0400

30

0.70

41

6.10E-06

3.7

12.0

3.2

0.01

0.0370

30

0.62

49

4.70E-06

5.6

15.9

3.7

0.02

0.0350

30

0.57

61

3.72E-06

8.7

19.4

4.3

0.04

0.0350

40

0.62

92

5.40E-06

8.6

15.7

7.4

0.08

0.0350

45

0.53

130

5.20E-06

12.3

19.0

9.0

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In table 2, it is possible to observe how weight plays a key role in the optimization process. Setting P to 0.7
leads to an extreme power loss reduction of -26.3% while the mass flow is greatly reduced when Q is 0.7
(-45.4%). Reducing power loss is more difficult then reducing mass flow because the bearing is acting both like a
pump as well as pushing the lubricant from the sides of the bearing housing. The power loss is controlled mainly
by the area of the shaft and the viscosity which, so far, has been consistently fixed to 0.02 Pas.
Increasing Q decreases the temperature rise and the maximum pressure while increasing the minimum film
thickness. Is interesting to note that, in order to decrease the pressure gradient, the algorithm tends not to modify
the diameter and the clearance, but to modify the length of the bearing which generates the side flow. Then, the

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longest bearings need less eccentricity to produce a pressure profile that can sustain the same amount of force.
In table 3, the variation of the density is presented. Looking at the results, it is clear that, if the dynamic viscosity
is used as a decision variable, the optimization process will be ruled by this parameter. The power loss is 41 W

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with 0=0.005 Pas and is more than the double of the previous, 130 W, with 0=0.08 Pas.

Fig.3. The plot showsobjII.

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The CFD result (Temperature) of three significant points of the grid are shownin figure 3, the thermal objective has been

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both calculated and minimized. The plot in the centre represents the value of objII, which has a minimum for d in=8 mm

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and in=-44. Three significant temperature contours are also presented. The first a, with din=8 mm and in=65, is the
inlet supply hole closest to the warm zone and with the biggest diameter. The second b is the optimal case while the

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third has an inlet diameter of 4 mm and in=-44. In the last plot, it is possible to note that the average temperature is

higher than the others. Moreover, the biggest hole, b, is more efficient in terms of the supply of fresh oil. From looking

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at the thermal plots, it is also evident that a supply hole that is too close to the warm zone can impede the effecti ve
circulation of the lubricant.
7 CONCLUSIONS
Within this paper a new algorithm to devise and optimize hydrodynamic journal bearings has been proposed and tested
on a study case. The results have been compared with the other existing techniques used in the past to optimize HJB.
Some conclusions are:

Dynamic viscosity can not be used as a decision variable.


Optimized journal bearings have higher (about 10%) then those designed with Raimondi-Boyd charts but have a
lower clearance. The ratio between diameter and clearance is 0.85e-3.
With the use of well designed and weighted objectives it is possible to modify the search space in order to
prioritize the optimization of one performance in respect to the others.
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The optimization has been divided into two stages with different objective functions to analyse the different
influence of the decision variables on the result.
The inclusion of technological aspects in the optimization is crucial to devise a manufacturable bearing.
Future work will aim at verifying the CFD simulation with experimental measurements and prove some
assumptions e.g. cavitation has no effect on the optimization.
Furthermore, the algorithm will be tested on different bearing shapes and scales (industrial bearings or light
automotive) with different lubricants.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Grant from: The working Behaviour and the Lubricant Mechanism of High-Quality Synthetic Lubricants in
Aero-power Transmission Systems (2013CB632305).
APPENDIX A

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For the study case presented in this paper, the force acting on the bearing is F=2570 N, the rotational speed is
2340 rpm, the thermal expansion factor is fixed for all the different dynamic viscosities to =0.034 K-1, cavitation
pressure 3000 Pa, gravity influence included, ambient pressure 101325 Pa, ambient temperature 20 C and the

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inlet temperature is 302 K. The simulations have been validated by the study presented in [1-3].
For the optimization techniques used in this research, the number of employed bees is 100, the limit is 200 e the
maximum number of cycles is 50. The GA uses 100 subjects for a maximum number of 50 generations, a

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crossover factor of 0.85 and mutation factor of 0.02.

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Fig.4. Optimized and default HJB

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REFERENCES

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[1] K.P. Gertzos, P.G. Nikolakopoulos, C.A. Papadopoulos, CFD Analysis of Journal Bearing Hydrodynamic

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Lubrication by Bingham Lubricant. Tribology International, 41 (2008), 1190-1204.


[2] H. Hirani, N.P. Suh, Journal Bearing Design Using Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm and Axiomatic Design

Approaches, Tribology International, 38 (2005), 481-491.

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[3] Jun Sun, Gui Changlin, Hydrodynamic Lubrication Analysis of Journal Bearing Considering Misalignment Caused
by Shaft Deformation, Tribology International, 37 (2004), 841-848.
[4] H. Hirani, T. V. V. L. N. Rao, K. Athre and S. Biswast, Rapid Performance Evaluation of Journal Bearings, Tribology
International, 30 (1997), 825-834.
[5] D. Karaboga, B. Basturk, A Power And Efficient Algorithm for Numerical Function Optimization: Artificial Bee
Colony (ABC) Algorithm, J. Glob. Optimization, 39 (2007), 459-471.
[6] J. Ghorbanian, M. Ahmadi, R. Soltani, Design Predictive Tool and Optimization of Journal Bearing Using Neural
Network Model and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm, Scientia Iranica, 18 (2011) 5, 1095-1105.

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Lubrication Analysis of Rolling Bearing with Considering Oil Layer


Distribution
Wang Wenzhong*, Qian Lu, Zhang Shengguang, Zhao Ziqiang
School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
* Corresponding author: wangwzhong@bit.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

The lubrication analysis is conducted for rolling bearing with considering the inlet starvation and oil layer change
on the raceway due to centrifugal effect. The load and speed for each ball contacting with inner ring is obtained
by dynamic analysis of rolling bearing. The inlet oil supply condition which may bring about starvation and local

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cavitation phenomenon is considered by defining the inlet lubricant thickness distribution. The outlet oil layer
thickness of each ball is modified based on oil layer model and then set as the inlet oil thickness of next contact.
The FFT-based technique is employed to speed up the surface deformation calculation. A unique solution scheme

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is constructed to solve full film region, cavitation region and contact region simultaneously. Numerical examples
are analyzed and the results show that the lubrication performance of rolling bearing greatly affect by oil
distribution.

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1 INTRODUCTION

Efficient lubrication plays an important role for rolling bearing performance and life. The EHL theory under
fully-flooded condition is well developed. In real applications, however, the amount of lubricant at the inlet is

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often insufficient to establish fully flooded condition. Lubricant may only partially fill the gap somewhere in EHL
region and the pressure at the location is equal to the ambient pressure. The starved lubrication has been analyzed
by a number of authors, such as Wijnant [1]. Wang et al. [2] proposed a deterministic starved mixed lubrication

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2.1 Starved lubrication model

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model by combining the recent significant developments of the unified modeling in mixed lubrication by Hu and
Zhu with the mass-conservative algorithm.
2 MATHEMATICAL MODELS

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The starved lubrication problem is modeled by introducing fractional film content variable into Reynolds
equation.

P
x

X Y

P ( H ) ( H ) (1)

X
T
Y

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With complementarity conditions

P( X , Y , t )(1 ( X , Y , t )) 0

P( X , Y , t ) 0 and 0 ( X , Y , t ) 1

(2).

2.2 Oil layer flow model

Based on the flow continuity of the lubricant, the layer thickness distribution model on free raceway surface can
be modeled as follows [3].

1
h

Qs h 3 f s f n
C
2 h (3)
3
s
s
ds

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

For rolling bearing 7014, the dynamic analysis is conducted to obtain the load and velocity for each ball
contacting with raceway. When the radial load is 1000N, the load distribution is shown in Fig. 1. As only radial
load is applied, there is loaded region and unloaded region. Then, the lubrication analysis is conducted with
considering the oil inlet layer thickness. At the beginning, evenly distributed oil layer of 10 m is assumed on the
raceway. As shown in Fig.2, for the first overrolling on the raceway, due to the inlet thickness of 10m, fully
flooded condition can be reached; at the outlet, the oil layer thickness becomes thin, about 1m due to the
overrolling of ball. According to the present condition (10000rpm), after t=3.45x10-3s, next ball-raceway contact

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will occur. During this period, the oil layer thickness on raceway may be changed due to the centrifugal effect and
surface tension.
Used the outlet thickness of the first rolling as the input to the established oil layer flow model, the inlet oil layer

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thickness for next overrolling is obtained. The second ball-raceway contact is shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen, the
second ball-raceway contact is starved at the inlet. Following this procedure, several sequent ball-raceway
contacts are obtained and shown in Fig.2 ~ 4. It can be observed, after the first rolling, the oil layer on free

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surface of raceway will be changed from evenly distribution of 10m to unevenly distribution and the thickness
significantly decrease, resulting in starved lubrication for following contacts. Considering the centrifugal effect
and surface tension, the oil layers before each contact are shown in Fig.5. The lubricant will be pushed to the
sides and accumulated.
300

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Load between ball and inner raceway

250

Fi

F,N

200

150

100

Load distribution

30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Position angle,deg

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50

Fig. 1 Schematic figure of rolling bearing and load distribution under radial load of 1000rpm
2.0

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0.20

Load: 4N
0.15

h, m

Y=y/b

1.0

0.10

0.5

0.05

-1

-2

-3
-4-3-2-10123
X=x/a

0.0

0.00
-4 -3 -2 -1

X=x/a

Fig. 2 The first overrolling over raceway


2.0

1.0

Load: 146N
2

0.7

h, m

0.9
0.8

1.5

0.6
1.0

0.5
0.4

-1

0.3

0.5

Pressure, /GPa

Y=y/b

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Pressure, /GPa

1.5

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0.2

-2

0.1
-3
-4-3-2-10123
X=x/a

0.0

0.0
-4 -3 -2 -1

X=x/a

Fig. 3 The second overrolling over raceway


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2.0

1.0

Load: 263N
2

0.8

1.5

0.7

Y=y/b

h, m

0.9

0.6
1.0

0.5
0.4

-1

0.3

0.5

Pressure, /GPa

0.2

-2

0.1
-3
-4-3-2-10123
X=x/a

0.0

0.0
-4 -3 -2 -1

X=x/a

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2.5
2.0

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1.5

0.5
-3

-2

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First rolling
Second rolling
Third rolling
Fourth rolling
Fifth rolling

1.0

-1

Y=y/b

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m

Outlet thickness, /m

Fig. 4 The third overrolling over raceway

Fig. 5 the outlet oil layer thickness after sequent overrollings

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4 CONCLUSIONS

Combining the starved lubrication model and oil layer flow model on free surface, the lubrication analysis for
rolling bearing is conducted. With evenly distributed oil layer, the lubrication status will change from
fully-flooded condition to starved situation due to the overrolling of rolling element over the oil layer. The

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distorted oil layer distribution cannot be recovered due to the centrifugal effect and surface tension, and short
interval between sequent overrolling.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This work was supported by 973 program (2011CB706602) and NSFC (51275045).

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REFERENCES

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[1] Wijnant, Y. H. Contact dynamics in the field of elastohydrdynamic lubrication. Ph.D. thesis, University of Twente,

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Enschede, the Netherlands. (1998).

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[2] Wang W Z, Li S S, Shen D, et al. A mixed lubrication model with consideration of starvation and interasperity
cavitations. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J-Journal of Engineering Tribology, 2012,

226(J12): 1023-1038.

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[3] Van Zoelen M T. Thin layer flow in rolling element bearings [M]. University of Twente, 2009.

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Influence of Surface Waviness on the Thermal EHL of Cam-tappet Pair


Wei Wu 1), Jing Wang 1) *, C.H. Venner2), A.A.Lubrecht 3)
1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, R.R.C
2) University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
3) Universitde Lyon, INSA de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5259, Villeurbanne F69621,France
* wj20011226@163.com
ABSTRACT

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A high-order polynomial gas distribution cam mechanism is optimized by considering the plentitude coefficient
and the wear at the peach point. Then the thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication of the cam-tappet pair is
investigated theoretically. The surface waviness of the cam is included into the mathmetical model an d the effect
of the wavelenght of the waviness is investigated.

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1 OPTIMIZATION

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In this work, a five-order polynomial gas distribution cam mechanism is optimized. For the sake of enhancing
the efficiency of gas inlet and outlet, the mathematical model that takes the plentitude

2 0

h d

20 hmax

(1)

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coefficient as the first target function is established.

where hmax is the maximum lift of the cam. For a five-order polynomial, it becomes

C
C
1
C
C
C0 p q r s
C0
1 p 1 q 1 r 1 s

(2)

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The second target is wear of cam profile, represented by the perpendicular acceleration at peach point. Therefore,

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the target function is the weighted combination of the plentitude coefficient and the perpendicular acceleration:

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h pC p 2 02

(3)

, w1 and w2 are weights of the first and the second target function.

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where

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min f x w1 w2 h

2 KINEMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE CAM-TAPPET PAIR

R (m)

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In one revolution of the cam, the variation of the cam curvature, the velocity of the tappet are shown in figures 1
and 2. The radius of the basic circle of the cam R0 = 52mmthe angular velocity of the cam shaft n = 1080r/min,
the tappet velocity v0T at the end of the buffer section is 0.12m/s.
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00

60

120 180 240 300


o
Rotation angle( )

360

Fig. 1 Variation of the cam curvature

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3

v (m/s)

0
0

60

120 180 240 300


o
Rotation angle( )

360

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Fig. 2 Variation of the tappet velocity


3 NUMERICAL METHOD

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The same numerical method used in [1] is emloyed in this project, in which the multigrid (MG) techniqu
essentially follows the work of Venner and Lubrecht [2] with modifications to account for the variations of
viscosity and density across the film.

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4 RESULTS

the cam there exists harnomic waviness

2.0x x0 a t
La

(4)

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sa x, t Aa cos

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Figures 3-6 show the variations of the central pressure, central and minimum film thickness, maximum
temperature and traction coefficient in one revolution of the cam-tappet pair. It is assumed that on the surface of

Fig. 3 Variation of central pressure in one revolution

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where the waviness amplitude Aa =0.2 m, the wavelength La = 60 m. Waviness with longer wavelength is
studies as well. It is found that the shorter wavelength causes drastic variations of the oil film characteristics.

Fig. 4 Variation of film thickness in one revolution

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Fig. 5 Variation of maximum temperature in one revolution

Fig. 6 Variation of traction coefficient in one revolution


3 CONCLUSIONS

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It is found that strong and intense fluctuation of oil film pressure, film thickness, temperature rise and traction
coefficient are created during one working cycle.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for supporting this work through

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grant 51275253.
REFERENCES

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[1]J.Wang, C.H. Venner, A.A. Lubrecht, Influence of Surface Waviness on the Thermal Elastohydrodynamic
Lubrication of an Eccentric-Tappet Pair, ASME Journal of Tribology, 2013,135(2), 021001

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[2] C. H. Venner, A. A. Lubrecht, Multilevel Methods in Lubrication, Elsevier, 2000.

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Static Performance of a Multileaf Foil Bearing Considering Area Contact


Zhu Jianjun1), 2), Du Jianjun1), 2) *, Li Bing1), Liu Dun3)
1) Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
2) Shenzhen Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
3) School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
* jjdu@hit.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

For multileaf foil bearings, most analytical models were based on the assumption of line contact between adjacent
foils. In this study, the area contact is considered to build the elastohydrodynamic model, and an algorithm is
developed to determine the area contact condition. The results show that the area contact does occur and expands

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gradually, which make the film thickness distribution smooth and are beneficial to increase the load capacity. The
later formed contact area bears greater load capacity instead of that early formed, and the load capacity is mainly
provided by the pressure on the foils with more area contact.

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1 INTRODUCTION

The multileaf foil bearing is a self-acting gas bearing with a new type structure and was developed by Garrett Co.
Ltd under the support of NASA funding. As a key component of high rotating speed machinery, it shows the

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characteristics of wide operating temperature range, low power consumption and good adaptability. So far it has
been successfully applied to oil-free rotating machineries such as environmental control system, spacecraft power
cycle pumps and small turbine generators [1, 2].

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In this paper, an elastohydrodynamic model is built up considering the foil area contact condition. In this model,
the cantilevered curved beam model and Castigliano theorem are used to calculate the foil deflection coupling
with the 2D compressible Reynolds equation. The constraint expressions of foil deflection are derived and a set of

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algorithm is developed to determine the foil contact condition. The influence of surface contact on bearing
characteristics such as foil deflection, film thickness, nodal forces, load carrying capacity and frictional torque are
analyzed, which can provide guidelines for the design and optimization of the future prototype.

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2.1 Foil bearing geometry

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2 THEORETICAL MODEL AND ANALYSIS

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Foil

Journal

Generating
''
circle O

Rb

R
Rg

Rs

D
B

Bearing
housing

Fig.1 Multileaffoil bearing geometry


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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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As shown in Fig.1, the configuration of the multileaf foil bearing consists of a hollow housing, in which eight thin,
compliant foils wrap around the journal and form the supporting structure to provide damping and stiffness.
2.2 Area contact analysis

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(a) Line contact of foils

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The surface contact analysis between adjacent foils is the precondition for the force situation of foils, which forms
the foundation of the calculation of foil deformations.

(b) Area contact of foils

Fig.2 Contact conditions between foils

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Fig.3 gives the variations of nodal forces at the end region of foil 1 and foil 4 with the eccentricity ratio ranging

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from 0 to 4.9 when the rotational speed is 50000 rpm.

(a) Nodal contact force of foil 1

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology

(b) Nodal contact force of foil 4

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Fig.3 Nodal contact force on the end region of foil 1 and foil 4
( nr = 50000 r/min)

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

4 CONCLUSIONS

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The simulation results show that with the increase of eccentricity ratio and rotational speed, the surface contact
between foils does occur and the contact area expands gradually. The foil surface contact flattens up the film
thickness distribution at the end of bottom foils by increasing the supporting stiffness and restricting the foil

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deflection, which is beneficial to increase the load carrying capacity. The later contact nodes in surface contact
condition suffer more acting forces instead of the previous contact node and experience a t rend of firstly
increasing and then decreasing.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This project was supported by Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Foundation (Grant No.
CXB201105100074A and JC201105160518A).

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REFERENCES

[1] Heuer DF, Collins RA. Dynamic and environmental evaluation of compliant foil gas lubricated bearings. USA: Air

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Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory; 1973.

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[2] Arakere NK, Nelson HD. An analysis of gas-lubricated foil journal bearings. Tribol Trans 1992; 35(1): 1-10.

157

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Simulation Analysis on Drag Reduction Performance of Shell Surfaces with


Antifouling Ability
Xuan Zhang1), Chengwang Lei1,2),Xiuqin Bai1) *, Chengqing Yuan1), Xinping Yan1)
1) Reliability Engineering Institute, School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
2) School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

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*Corresponding author: xqbai@whut.edu.cn


1 INTRODUCTION

Shipping is the most important transportation mode of the modern logistics. During the period ship is sailing at

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sea, biofouling will significantly increase the resistance of ship which causes unnecessary extra energy
consumption. So it is of great engineering significance to take some antifouling measures (coating or films) on the
surface of hull. For a better design, we also need to ensure that no additional resistance causing by coating surface.

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Bionic engineering has important applications in this field. The shell Dosinia japonica has no marine fouling
organisms appeared on its surfaces[1-2]. So it was selected as the biomimetic object in our study.
2METHOLOGY

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In this paper, we take antifouling shell Dosinia japonica which is very common on the beach as our bionic object.
Aiming to investigate the drag reduction performance of shell rough surface, three different geometries of shell
surface texture are simplified as V, L and U riblets .And the mathematical model is restricted to the flow near the

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turbulent boundary layer. The flow equations are the steady state Navier-Stokes equations with boundary
conditions: velocity inlet and outflow on the streamwise and symmetry on the spanwise direction. Our turbulence
model is SST-k- model. The field calculation of three different riblets with the same geometric feature size is

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performed via CFD simulation. The flow field structure above the grooved surface, shear stress and vorticity are
analyzed. Moreover, how the flow is influenced by different shapes of riblets is discussed. Three kinds of riblet s
have the same geometric features, groove spacing s: 0.05~0.1 mm, grooved height h: 0.05~0.1 mm. Research

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conclusion can provide theoretical basis for optimal groove surface design of the hull.
3 RESULTS
Three kinds of the grooved surface with the same geometric size all have the drag reduction effect, in which L-

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shaped riblet surface has the best drag reduction effect, but the u-shaped riblet surface has greater engineering
application potential.
Figure1 shows the comparation between SST-k- model simulation result and the Bechert's experiment result.

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In Bechert's V-shape micro-textures experiment[3], the h/s=1,and the maximum drag reduction 8%. In our SST-k simulation, the maximum drag reduction is obtained when the s+=18.46. The tendency of drag reduction
variation along with the change of s + are basically agree with the Bechert's V -shape micro-textures experimental
results, just the maximum amount of drag reduction corresponding to s+ are different. From the comparision
results in the figure 2, we can see that the SST-k- model simulation results keep in good agreement with
Bechert's experiment. So we can conclude that SST-k- model is able to simulate the turbulent boundary layer
flow over rough surface accurately.

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Fig.1 Relation between drag reduction ratio and non-dimension micro-textures spacing size

X-directional velocity distribution diagram are shown in Table 1.The results show that low velocity fluid existed

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in the riblet valley while the external high-speed fluid flow above the low velocity fluid zone. Thus, a
drag-reducing effect is achieved by preventing high-speed fluid flow through the wall directly resulting in losing
of much energy. Fig2 X -velocity profiles show that the variation of the velocity gradient near the micro-textures

X velocity

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X velocity

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tip is much bigger than micro-textures valley. In all cases velocity profiles averaged over the micro-textures tips
and over the valley overlap further away from micro-textures turbulent boundary layer which shows that
micro-textures do not affect the main flow region.

(U shape riblet)

X velocity

X velocity

(L shape riblet)

(flat surface)

Table 1 Results of micro-textures velocity fieldanalysis

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(V shape riblet)

Fig.2 X Velocity profile near riblet structure


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4 OUTLOOK

This paper has discussed the drag reduction performance of antifouling shell surface. The research results can be
a theoretical reference to the hull coating design of antifouling and drag reduction.
REFERENCES
[1] SCARDINO A J, HARVEY E, de NYS R. Testing adhesion point theory: diatom adhesion on microtextured
polyimide biomimics[J]. Biofouling, 22(2006): 5560.
[2]BAI X Q, XIE G T, FAN H. et al, Study on biomimetic preparation of shell surface microstructure for ship
antifouling[J]. Wear, 306(2013):285-295.

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[3] Bechert D W, Bruce M, Hage W, et al. Experiments on drag reducing surfaces and their optimization with an

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adjustable geometry [J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1997, 338(5):59-87.

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Study of the Rheological Behaviors of Liquid Crystals under Shear and Electric
Field and the Applications
Xiangjun Zhang *, Xiaoxi Qiao, Songpeng Zhang
Tsinghua University
*xjzhang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

Liquid crystals (LCs) are fluids in which molecules are arranged in a certain order. The director of ne matic LC
can be influenced by various external fields, such as boundary conditions, electric fields, magnetic fields and
shear flows, and then deviates from its initial direction. The rheological behaviors of 5CB LC under the coupling

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effect of shear and electric field are investigated by theoretical and experimental study. Computational equations
of the Gibbs free energy system are established by adopting the continuum theory of LCs which contains
anchoring energy, elastic free energy, dielectric free energy and flow energy. Then the molecular orientation angle

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distribution and apparent viscosity of LC under the coupling effect are obtained by minimizing the Gibbs free
energy, revealing the microscopic mechanism of rheological behaviors and influence rules of coupling effect from
the molecular model. Meanwhile the calculated results are verified by rheological test. Comparative Analysis of

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the errors and reasons of theoretical and experimental results, which demonstrates that anchoring effect plays an
important role in the molecular orientation and viscosity of LC. Both the theoretical and experimental results
indicate that LCs have electro-viscous effect and behavior like non- Newtonian liquids under electric field. The

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viscosities of LCs are determined by the coupling and competition action of shear and electric field, which can
reach 4 times of its original value under electric field. This property of controllable viscosity is important in
tribology, which can self-adaptively satisfy the requirement of viscosities for different working conditions as a

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smart lubrication under certain condition. The nematic LC coating is a also prospective technique to measure
wall shear stress (WSS) due to its global measurement capability, high resolution and non-intrusive nature. The
measurement WSS still remains a challenge in many fields such as fluid hydrodynamics, microfluidics, or

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biomechanics. Our work focuses on the measurement of WSS by using nematic LC coating through both optical
and electrical signals based on the theoretical and experimental researches about its rheological behaviors.
Quantitative models are built to describe the relationship between the variations of director orientation and the

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WSS based on the curvature elasticity theory of LC. Then an experiment setup is built to verify this model using
5 CB and 7 CB through the optical method. There is good consistence between the theoretical model and
experiment results. Finally, the WSS measuring limits and influencing factors are discussed such as the thi ckness

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of the LC layer, the elastic coefficient of the molecule and measurement resolution.

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Static and Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of a Circumferential Distributed


Bump-type Gas Foil Thrust Bearing with the Effect of Journal Tilting
Liangjun Liu, Kai Feng*
School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
* Kaifeng_hnu@126.com

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ABSTRACT

Gas foil bearings are compliant self-acting hydrodynamic fluid film bearings, usually using the ambient gas as a
lubricant. Compared with traditional rolling bearings and sliding bearings, gas foil bearings offer several
outstanding advantages such as excellent stability, extremely low friction during steady running, and operation at

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high speeds and temperatures etc. Thus, gas foil bearings have a bright application prospect in oil-free
turbo-machinerysuch as aircraft air cycle machines, compressors andgas turbines.
With the development of large-scale and high-speed turbo-machinery, the axial force produced by the pressure

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difference between the turbine and compressor sides has sharplyincreased and can no longer be ignored. The
thrust disk of the rotor is not only used to sustain the axial force, but alsodetermines the position and maintains
the attitude of the rotor. Furthermore, owing to the existence of installation error and unbalanced load during

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operation, the tilting of the thrust disk is difficult to avoid, thus posing a significant impact on the performance of
the gas foil thrust bearing.
The compliant surface of the gas foil thrust bearing analyzed in this paper was composed of a top foil and a bump

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foil.The top foil acts as a smooth bearing surface with a role to generate the lubrication gas film and rests on
thecorrugated bump foil with flexibility whose bumps are circumferentialdistributed. This study is intended to
theoretically analyze the performance of the gas foil thrust bearing which is mainly determined by hydrodynamic

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effects and the compliance of the bearing surface. A Link-Spring structure model introducedpreviously by the
author was used to calculate the equivalent vertical stiffness of the bump foil. The top foil is described as a finite
element shell model degenerated from3D solid. Membrane and bending effects of the top foil are considered in

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the model to calculate deflection under the pressure of the gas film between the bearing surface and the surface of
the rotor.
Due to the strong coupling effect that exists between the fluid film and the compliant structure, this analysis is

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based on finite difference method and Newton-Raphson method to solve the Reynolds equation in cylindrical
coordinates coupled with structural deformation equation.This study mainly consists of three parts. Firstly, the
static characteristics of gas foil thrust bearing were studied and the theoretical analysis results show a satisfying

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agreement with experimental ones. Furthermore, a perturbation method was used to obtain the linearized
equations for the pressure components of dynamicforce coefficients and then the dynamic characteristics were
obtained. At last, the static and dynamic characteristics of gas foil thrust bearing under tilting condition of the
thrust disk were analyzed.
Keywords: Gas foil thrust bearing; hydrodynamic lubrication; Perturbation method; Journal tilting
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China
(14JJ5003) and Research Foundation of Science and Technology Agency of Hunan Province, China
(2013WK2014).

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APPENDIX

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Fig.1.The fundamental structure of a circumferentialdistributed bump-type gas foil thrust bearing.

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Fig. 2. Pressure distribution over the 6 pad thrust pad.

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Fluctuation and Self-diffusion of Granules on Dense Granular Flow Lubbication


Fanjing Meng*, Kun Liu, Wei Wang, Xiaojun Liu
Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
* Corresponding author email address: mengfanjing0901@126.com
ABSTRACT

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The distribution of average velocities, fluctuation velocities, regional definition and granular self-diffusion
characters of granules on dense granular flow lubrication are discussed. In order to study the above contents,
using computer established a discrete element model with an average solid fraction of 0.80. The theoretical results
show that the average velocities decrease with the height and are larger for the case with larger lower friction pair
velocities, the average velocities in y direction are close to 0 because there is no bulk motion in y direction. The

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flows with greater lower friction pair velocities induce relatively greater fluctuation velocities in the x and y
directions, the fluctuation velocities increase with the height and are larger with the case closing to the upper
friction pair. The flows consist of a solid-like region in the lower test region, a fluid-like region in the upper

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test region and an oscillating region in the middle of the channel. By tracking the movements of granules
continually, the variations for the mean-square self-diffusion relative displacements with square time are plotted,
and the mean self-diffusion relative coefficients are determined. As the fluctuation and self-diffusion analysis

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directly reflect the macroscopic properties of granules and provide bases and references for researching the flow
mechanisms on dense granular flow lubrication.
1 INTRODUCTION

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The integrated high-performance worm gear motor requires working under high temperature and high velocity.
However, the liquid lubricant basically loses lubrication function under high temperature [1]. In order to solve
this problem, the new design methods in the field of lubrication should meet this strict control requirement. Hence,

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Heshmat [2] firstly proposes an effective solution according to the granular flow lubrication experiment for thrust
bearings. He finds that granular flow lubrication can produce a pressure curve liking to the fluid dynamics, he call
it as fluid-like dynamics lubrication pressure curve, and he also founds experience fluid-like dynamics theory

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model. The experiment research of Heshmat [2] offers first-hand experiment data for the realization of granular
flow lubrication.
The lubrication interface in granular flow lubrication is constituted by discrete granule matters. Due to the

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complexity and discreteness of granular system, hence, some problems can not be solved by experiments. Basing
on this, many scholars carry out a serious of theoretical and numerical research works on granular flow
lubrication [3-8].

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But, the research of granular flow lubrication is very lack till now. Basing on this reason, we carry out the
research works as follows.
2 THE GRANULAR LUBRICATION MODEL
The software PFC2D is used to implement the numerical simulations in this research. In order to research the
macro flows of granules on dense granular flow lubrication, Hertz-Mindlin numerical model,with 1200 spherical
granules between the upper and lower friction pairs, are carried out in a periodic box as shown in Fig. 1.Initial,
the average solid fraction of the granular collections is 0.80.The dimension in the xdirection and the dimension in
they direction are 1.7 mm and 0.85 mm, respectively. The boundary in the xdirection is periodic for asthat
granules exit from one sideand reappearon the other side with the same locations and velocities.Granules with the
diameter of 27m~41m are used in the periodic space.The lower friction pair is consisted by a linear wall and
driven at a constant velocityu along the xdirection. The upper friction pair is consisted by 50 spherical granules
164

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

with the diameter of 34 m,all the center of granules are situated at the same ycoordinate,the 50 spherical granules
are exerted restrictions in the xdirection and the turning direction, allowing micro move along the ydirection.Then,
a constant pressure Pexerts in the upper friction pair along the ydirection.
Upper
friction pair

Lower
friction pair

Fig. 1 Dense granular flow lubrication model

bo
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gy

Granule
lubrication medium

on

Tr
i

As shown in Fig. 1, the materials of upper friction pair, lower friction pair and granule lubrication medium are
1Cr18Ni9Ti, 45# steel and SiC, respectively. The frictional coefficients of upper friction pair, lower friction pair
and granule lubrication medium are 0, 0.5, 0.25. The pressure, P is 2.5 Mpa. All of the materials and properties

siu
m

are selected by trial.


3 PARAMETER SPECIFICATION
To observe the flow status of granules on the dense granular flow lubrication, the granular lubrication medium

Sy
m
po

section is divided into 10 regions along the y direction. Thus, there are 120 granules in each region. Uijxdenotes
the velocity in xdirectionof the ith(i=1-120) granule at the jth(j=1-N) time step, Uijydenotes thevelocity in
ydirection of the ith(i=1-120) granule at the jth(j=1-N) time step.

na
l

The average velocity in x directionand the average velocity in y directionfor each region can be expressed as

(1)

In

te

rn
a

tio

120 N

x
U ij

i 1 j 1
x
U

120 N

120 N
y

U ij

i 1 j 1
y
U

120 N

U U x 2 U y 2

(2)

hi

na

The average velocity for each region is given by

The fluctuation velocities in two directions, (D(Uijx))1/2 and (D(Uijy))1/2 for each region are defined by the mean

7t
h

square root of deviations of the velocities in x direction, Uijxand the velocity in ydirection, Uijyfrom the average
velocity in xdirection, <U x>and the average velocity inydirection, <U y>, they can be expressed as [9]

( D(U ijx ))1 / 2

y 1/ 2
( D(U ij ))

120 N

x
x
2
(U ij U )

i 1 j 1

120 N
120 N

y
y
2
(U ij U )

i 1 j 1

120 N

The fluctuation velocity can be calculated from


165

(3)

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

D(U ijx ) D(U ijy )

(4)

The self-diffusion relative displacement in xdirection, xiN and the self-diffusion relative displacement in y
direction, y iNfor the ith granule at the Nth time step can be expressed as
N
N
0

xi xi xi
N
N
0

yi yi yi

(5)

bo
lo
gy

where xiNis the displacement in x direction for the ith granule at the Nth time step, xi0is the displacement in
xdirection for the ith granule at the initial time step, yi Nis the displacement in y direction for the ith granule at the
Nth time step, yi0is the displacement in ydirection for the ith granule at the initial time step.

on

(6)

siu
m

N
xi
N
i 1
x

m
N

y
y N i 1

Tr
i

Supposedly, there are m granules in a region. Then the mean self-diffusion relative displacement in xdirection,
xN and the mean self-diffusion relative displacement in ydirection, yN, for the region at the Nth time step are
given by

Sy
m
po

The mean self-diffusion relative coefficient in xdirection, D xxand the mean self-diffusion relative coefficient iny
direction, D yy, for the region at the Nth time step are given by [10]

rn
a

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

(12)

tio

na
l

x N x N
Dxx

2t 2

N
N
D y y
yy

2t 2

4.1 Average velocities and fluctuation velocities

te

Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the distributions of the average velocities in x direction, distributions of the average

hi

na

In

velocities in ydirection and the distributions of average velocities [calculated from Eq. (1) and Eq. (2)]. The
simulations in this study are done for an average solid fraction of 0.80. The lower friction pair velocitiesuof 2.5,
4.5, 7.5 m/s are chosen for the three simulations. The lower friction pair velocity direction is from left to right and

7t
h

the lower friction pair frictional coefficient is 0.5. As expected, because there is no bulk motion in ydirection, thus
the average velocities in ydirection are close to 0. The average velocities in xdirection and the average velocities
all decrease with the height and are larger for the case with larger lower friction pair velocities.
Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show the distributions of the fluctuation velocities in xdirection, distributions of the
fluctuation velocities in ydirection and distributions of the fluctuation velocities [calculated from Eq. (3) and Eq.
(4)]. The fluctuation velocities in xdirection are obviously greater than the fluctuation velocities in y direction.
The flows with greater lower friction pair velocities induce relatively greater fluctuation velocities in the xand
ydirections. The fluctuation velocities increase with the height and are larger with the case closing to the upper
friction pair.

166

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology

<Uxx> u=2.5m/s
<Ux> u=4.5m/s
<Uy> u=7.5m/s
<Uy> u=2.5m/s
<U > u=4.5m/s
<Uy> u=7.5m/s

5.5

<U> u=2.5m/s
<U> u=4.5m/s
<U> u=7.5m/s

Average Velocities, <U> (m/s)

4.5
4

3.5

2.5

1.5

-1
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.5

0.9

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Channel Height, y (mm)

Channel Height, y (mm)

(a) (b)

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Average Velocities, <Ux> ,<Uy> (m/s)

(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Fig.2. (a) The distributions of average velocities in xand ydirections, <Ux>and <Uy>, respectively.

Tr
i

(b) The distributions of overall average velocities, <U>.

In short, the average velocities and the fluctuation velocities in xdirection play much important role to influence

u=2.5m/s
u=4.5m/s
u=7.5m/s
u=2.5m/s
u=4.5m/s
u=7.5m/s

siu
m

D(Uijx)
D(Uijxx)
D(Uij )
D(Uijy)
D(Uijy)
D(Uijy)

Sy
m
po

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

na
l

Square Fluctuation Velocities, D(U ijx)


and D(Uijy)(m2/s2)

4
3.5

on

the granular flows, than does the average velocities and the fluctuation velocities in ydirection.

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.7

0.8

0.9

tio

Channel Height, y (mm)

In
na
hi
C
7t
h

T22 u=2.5m/s
T u=4.5m/s
T2 u=7.5m/s

4.5

te

Square Fluctuation Velocities, T2(m2/s2)

rn
a

(a)

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Channel Height, y (mm)

(b)

Fig.3. (a) The distributions of square fluctuation velocities in xand ydirections, D(Uijx) and D(Uijy) , respectively. (b) The
distributions of overall square fluctuation velocities, T2.

Figures 4(a) and 4(b) show the macro flows of granular materials for upper friction pair frictional coefficients
varying form 0 to 0.25. Figure 4(c) shows the distributions of the fluctuation velocities along the height with the
upper friction pair frictional coefficients of 0 and 0.25. As shown in Fig. 4(c), the fluctuation velocities increase
with the height from bottom to top for the upper friction pair frictional coefficient, 0. In contrast, as shown in Fig.
4(c), the fluctuation velocities decrease with the height from bottom to top for the upper friction pair frictional
coefficient, 0.25. For upper friction pair frictional coefficient, 0, the fluctuation velocity is about 1.78m/s closing
167

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

to the upper friction pair, the macro granular flows is the best as shown in Fig. 4(a). For upper friction pair
frictional coefficient, 0.25, the fluctuation velocities decrease to 0 closing to upper friction pair, the macro

(a)

bo
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gy

granular flows is the worst as shown in Fig. 4(b).

(b)

Tr
i

Square Fluctuation Velocities, T2(m2/s2)

3.5

The upper plate frictional coefficient is 0


The upper plate frictional coefficient is 0.25

on

2.5

siu
m

1.5

0.5

0
0

0.1

0.2

Sy
m
po

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Channel Height, y (mm)

0.7

0.8

0.9

(c)

na
l

Fig.4. (a) The granular flow figure for the upper friction pair frictional coefficient, 0. (b) The granular flow figure for the

tio

upper friction pair frictional coefficient, 0.25. (c) Distributions of the fluctuation velocities

In short, the fluctuation velocities closing to upper friction pair play important role for the macro granular flows,

te

rn
a

the larger fluctuation velocities closing to upper friction pair will produce better macro granular flows.
4.2 Defination of regional types
The granular flows on granular lubrication can be seen as sheared granular flows. The sheared granular flows

hi

na

In

show obviously spatially heterogeneous characters [8, 9], the definition of regional types for sheared system have
not solved by now. The sheared granular flows with smaller than average solid fraction, 0.58 can be referred as
sparse sheared granular flows. Zhang et al [11] research the sheared granular flows for an average solid fraction

7t
h

of 0.57, they also define the sheared parallel plates region as two regions. Because of the high shear rate, there is
a so-called fluid-like region in the upper half of the channel. The sheared rate is lower in the lower half of the
channel, which is called the solid-like region. Hsiau et al [9] divides the channel into three regions according to
the ratio of velocity in x direction to lower friction pair velocity, which is different from Zhang [11]. The region
with velocity in xdirection greater than 95% of the lower friction pair velocity is called the uniform region,
where there is almost no shear. The region with velocity in x direction ranging between 85% and 95% of the
lower friction pair velocity is called the low-shear region. The remaining region with velocity inxdirection
smaller than 85% of the lower friction pair velocity is defined as the high-shear region, where the shear rate is
high.
The sheared granular flows with greater than average solid fraction, 0.78 can be referred as dense sheared
granular flows. Fig. 5 shows the shear rate, d<U>/dyvaried along the height. By now, there is no report about the
researching of flows, sheared properties and regional defining method for dense sheared granular flows. We
comprehensively consult the regional defining method of Zhang [11]and Hsiau [9], and divide the channel into
168

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

three regions as shown in Fig. 5. The lower region with velocity inxdirection greater than 75% of the lower
friction pair velocity is called the solid-like region, where the average velocity is higher and the shear rate is
smaller. The upper region with shear rate greater than 0.171/s is called the fluid-like region, where the average
velocity is smaller and the shear rate is higher. As the influence of external conditions, the intermediate region can
be partly transformed into solid-like region or fluid-like region, thus, we define this region as oscillating
region. The following analysis adopts this defining method.
Solid-like region

Fluid-like region

0.45
u=2.5 m/s
u=4.5 m/s
u=7.5 m/s

bo
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0.35

Oscillating region

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

on

Channel Height, y (mm)

Tr
i

Shear Rate, d<U>/dy(1/s)

0.4

siu
m

Fig.5. The shear rate, d<U>/dy plot against channel height, y.


0.45

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15

na
l

Shear Rate, d<U>/dy (1/s)

Sy
m
po

u=2.5 m/s
u=4.5 m/s
u=7.5 m/s

0.4

0.1

tio

0.05

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

rn
a

Square Fluctuation Velocities, T2(m2/s2)

te

Fig. 6. The square fluctuation velocity plot against the shear rate

na

In

Figure. 6 shows the fluctuation velocity [calculated from Fig. 9] plotted against the shear rate, d<U>/dy. As
shown in Fig. 6, the variation tendency of the curves are basically identical for the three simulations, the shear
rate increases with the fluctuation velocity and is greater for the case with greater fluctuation velocity in the

7t
h

hi

solid-like and fluid-like region, but the shear rate shocks up and down in the oscillating region. The
variation tendencies of the three curves are basically alike, indicating the strong dependence of the fluctuation
velocity on the shear rate.
The relationship between the fluctuation velocity and shear rate for sparse sheared granular flows is different
from dense granular flows. From the analysis of Campbell [12], the fluctuation velocity has the second -order
polynomial dependence on the shear rate for the sparse sheared granular flows. Hsiau et al [9]considers the
influence of the gravitational force and the anisotropy distribution of fluctuations, and finds that for the sparse
sheared granular flows, the results deviate from Campbell [12], hence, the dependence of fluctuation velocity on
shear rate is not exactly the second-order polynomial.
In short, although the relationships between the fluctuation velocity and shear rate for sparse sheared granular
flows are different from dense sheared granular flows, but they have a common character. The common character
is the strong dependence of the fluctuation velocity on the shear rate.
4.3 Granular self-diffusion
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Figure 7 shows the time histories of the mean-square self-diffusion relative displacements in x direction, xNxN
and the mean-square self-diffusion relative displacements in y direction, yNyN for the solid-like, fluid-like
and oscillating region [calculated from Eq. (5) and Eq. (6)]. As shown in Fig. 8, the mean-square self-diffusion
relative displacements in x direction increase linearly with square time, t2. The mean-square self-diffusion relative
displacements in y directionalso increase linearly with square time, t2, but the mean-square self-diffusion relative
displacements in y direction are very small. The mean-square self-diffusion relative displacement in x direction is
greater for the solid-like region, and smaller for the fluid-like region, which are different form sparse sheared
granular flows.

bo
lo
gy

The granular self-diffusion characters for sparse sheared granular flows are different from dense sheared granular
flows. The differences can be mainly summarized as the next two points. Firstly, for sparse sheared granular flows,
the mean-square self-diffusion relative displacements increase linearly with time, t, not square time, t2; secondly,

Tr
i

the mean-square self-diffusion relative displacements in ydirection are also very large [9,12].
1.8

siu
m

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

0.02

0.04

Sy
m
po

xNxN and yNyN (mm2)

1.4

on

solid-like region xNNxNN


fluid-like region x Nx N
oscillating region x x
solid-like region yNNyNN
fluid-like region y Ny N
oscillating region y y

1.6

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

Square time, t2 (ms2)

na
l

Fig.7. The mean-square self-diffusion relative displacements in x direction, xNxN and the mean-square self-diffusion

tio

relative displacements in ydirection, yNyN plot against square time, t2

Figure 8 shows the mean self-diffusion relative coefficients in x direction, D xx at the solid-like, fluid-like and

te

rn
a

oscillating region versus the channel height [calculated from Eq. (5) and Eq. (7)]. The mean-square
self-diffusion displacements in y direction are almost 0 as shown in Fig. 7, thus, the mean self-diffusion relative
coefficients in ydirection, Dyy can be neglected. From Fig. 8, we can see that the mean self-diffusion relative

25

The Mean Self-Diffusion Relative


Coefficient Dxx (mm2/ms2)

7t
h

hi

na

In

coefficient in x direction increases with the lower friction pair velocity and is greater for the case with greater
lower friction pair velocity. The mean self-diffusion relative coefficient in x direction decreases with the height
and is greater in the solid-like region, smaller in the fluid-like region.
u=2.5 m/s
u=4.5 m/s
u=7.5 m/s

solid-like region

20

15

10

oscillating region
5

fluid-like region
0
0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Channel Height, y (mm)

Fig.8. The mean self-diffusion relative coefficients in xdirection, Dxx at the solid-like, fluid-like and oscillating
region versus the channel height, y
5 CONCLUSIONS
170

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

The distribution of average velocities, fluctuation velocities, regional definition and granular self-diffusion
characters of granules on dense granular flow lubrication are discussed. In order to study the above contents,
using computer established a discrete element model with an average solid fraction of 0.80. As the fluctuation and
self-diffusion analysis directly reflect the macroscopic properties of granules and provide bases and references for
researching the flow mechanisms on dense granular flow lubrication.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51375132, 51175136
and 51005067).

[1] W. Wang, X.J. Liu, and M.H. Jiao,

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REFERENCES

Influences of Several Slider Parameters on Particles Flow Lubrication

Characteristics, Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 45(2009) 101-107

Tr
i

[2] H. Heshmat, J.F. Walton, The Quasi Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Powder Lubrication: Part II. Lubricant Film
Pressure Profile, Journal of Propulsion and Power. 8(1992) 449-456

on

[3] W. Wang, X.J. Liu, and K. Liu, Micro Damages and Mechanism of a Powder Layer under Particulate Lubrication,
Tribology, 32(2012) 258-263

siu
m

[4] F. J. Meng, K. Liu, and W. Wang, Contact Force Distribution and Anisotropic Analysis in Dense Granular Flow
Between the Shearing Parallel Plates, Appl. Math. Mech. 34(2013), 714-724

[5] C.F. Higgs, J. Tichy, Effect of Particle and Surface Properties on Granular Lubrication Flow, Journal of

Sy
m
po

Engineering Tribology, 222(2008) 703-713

[6] W. Wang, X.J. Liu, and T. Xie, Effects of Sliding Velocity and Normal Load on Tribological Characteristics in
Powder Lubrication, Tribology Letters. 43(2011) 213-219.

[7] P.C. Johnson, Frictional Collisional Constitutive Relations for Granularmaterials, with Application to Plane
Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 176(1987) 67-93.

na
l

Shearing,

tio

[8] L.S. Lu, and S.S. Hsiau, DEM Simulations of Particle Mixing in a Sheared Granular Flow, Particuology. 6(2008)
445-454
Rheology. 43(1999) 1049-1066

rn
a

[9] S.S. Hsiau, and Y.M. Shieh, Fluctuations and Self-Diffusion of Sheared Granular Material Flows, Journal of

te

[10] C.C. Liao, S.S. Hsiau, and W.J. Yu, The Influence of Driving Conditions on Flow Behavior in Sheared Granular

In

flows, International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 46(2012) 22-31

na

[11] Y. Zhang , C.S. Campbell,The Interface between Fluid-Like and Solid-Like Behavior in Two Dimensional

hi

Granular Flows, J. Fluid. Mech. 237(1992) 541-568

7t
h

[12] C.S. Campbell, Rapid Granular Flows, Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech. 22(1990) 57-92

171

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Lubrication Analysis of Rough Surface with the Consideration of Inclusions


Shengguang Zhang, Wenzhong Wang *, Ziqiang Zhao
School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
* Corresponding author: wangwzhong@bit.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

This study investigates the influence of inclusions and roughness on EHL behavior. The film thickness and

bo
lo
gy

pressure are obtained from EHL model based on the unified Reynolds equation approach. The effect of inclusion
is considered by equivalent inclusion method. The results show that the influence of roughness is greater than
inclusions, but the stiff inclusions may further result in high pressure and von-Mises stress.
1 INTRODUCTION

Tr
i

Inclusions in material can affect the performance and life of machine part, especially near the surface. Because of
the existence of inclusions, the residual displacements on the surface and stress concentrations occur. The residual

siu
m

on

displacements have an influence on the lubricant film thickness of two surfaces, while stress concentrations have
an influence on the fatigue life of machine parts.
Over the past decades, the numerical model for lubrication problems has been developed well. Hu and Zhu [1]

Sy
m
po

have developed a unified solution approach based on the semi-system method and the reduce Reynolds equation.
The method can solve the lubrication problems from boundary lubrication to fluid lubrication robustly. The
inclusion problem for dry contact is also researched by some researchers. Zhou et al. [2] presented a solution of
contact problem for multiple 3D arbitrarily shaped inhomogeneous inclusions in a half space based on Chus
solution and equivalent inclusion method (EIM) [3]. Liu et al. [4] has derived the analytical influence coefficient
of the eigenstress and residual displacements caused by uniform eigenstrain in half space. The analytical

tio

na
l

influence coefficient enables the numerical method to be used more conveniently.


The lubrication problems and inclusion problems were separately studied well by formers. However, the
influence of inclusions on lubrication is researched few. In this paper the influence of inclusions on lubrication is

te

rn
a

investigated for a smooth or roughness surfaces.


2 THEORETICAL MODEL
The current model is composed of two sub-models: the lubrication model is used to calculate film pressure and

na

In

thickness; the inclusion model is used to calculate the residual displacements and stresses. The lubrication model
is to solve the Reynolds equation:

hi

h3 p h3 p
( h) ( h)

(1)


ve
x 12 x y 12 y
x
t

7t
h

The Barus pressure-viscosity and Dowson-Higgison pressure-density relationship are used to calculate viscosity
and density . h is the film thickness:

h( x, y) h0 hg ( x, y) ( x, y) u e ( x, y) u ed ( x, y)

(2)

whereh 0 is the normal approach; hg is geometry clearance; is the roughness; ue is the elastic deformation and u ed
is the residual displacement caused by inclusions.
According to EIM, the inclusions can be regard as the homogeneous inclusions plus an unknown eigenstrain *.
The residual displacement is [4]:
u ed

1
U3s * dx'
2

(3)

The Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM) [2] is used to obtain the eigenstrain *.
172

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

3 RESULTS

In the present study, a rigid ball slides on a static Gaussian rough surface with the rms=0.1m. The speed of ball
is 0.2m/s. The load is W=80N. The half space has Youngs modulus E m=210GPa and Poissons ratio m=0.28. The
inclusion has different Youngs modulus E i=2E m and the same Poissons ratio i= m. Correspondingly, the Hertz
radius a=150m, and the maximum Hertz contact pressure p H=1.69GPa. The side of cubic inclusion used in the
following is 0.5a, and the top of the inclusion is in the depth h*=0.5a. For spherical inclusions, totally 2080
inclusions are randomly distributed underneath the surface. The radius of sphere inclusion ranges from 0 to 0.15a.
5

bo
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The volume ratio of inclusions is 10.61%.


Rough-No inclusion
Rough-Cubic inclusion
Rough-Random inclusions
Smooth-No inclusions
Smooth-Cubic inclusion

p/pH

Tr
i

0
-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Sy
m
po

x/a

siu
m

on

Fig. 1. The profile of pressure at y=0


0.0030

Smooth-No inclusions
Smooth-Cubic inclusion
Rough-Cubic inclusion
Smooth-Random inclusions

tio

h/a

0.0020

na
l

0.0025

0.0015

rn
a

0.0010

0.0000
-1.2

-0.8

-0.4

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

x/a
Fig. 2. The profile of film thickness at y=0

hi

na

In

te

0.0005

7t
h

Fig. 1 shows the pressure distribution of different surfaces and inclusions. For the smooth surface, an obvious
increase of pressure on the region of inclusion is observed. The pressure spike of EHL is not obvious because of
the existence of inclusion. For the rough surface, the pressure is much higher than the smooth surface. With the
consideration of inclusions the pressure has further increase. The pressure with random inclusions has a higher
pressure distribution, because some of inclusions are near the surface.
Fig. 2.is the corresponding film thickness. The inclusions have some influence on the film thickness but not much
for both smooth and rough surface.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

1.5

z/a

2.0
2.5
3.0

0.000
273.0
546.0
819.0
1092
1365
1638
1911
2184
2457
2730

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

0.0

0.000
290.0
580.0
870.0
1160
1450
1740
2030
2320
2610
2880

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

3.5

3.5

3.5

4.0
-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

4.0
-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

4.0
-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

x/a

x/a

0.0

0.000
300.0
600.0
900.0
1200
1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

z/a

1.0

0.0

z/a

0.000
109.5
219.0
328.5
438.0
547.5
657.0
766.5
876.0
985.5
1095

0.5

z/a

0.0

2.5
3.0
3.5

x/a

4.0
-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

x/a

Fig. 3. The von-Mises stresses in the subsurface (y=0).

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Fig. 3 shows the von-Mises stresses in the subsurface (y=0). The rough surface results in much higher stresses
near the surface. The inclusions make the stress a little higher but weaker than the roughness.
4 CONCLUSION

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This paper studied the influence of inclusions on the EHL behavior for rough and smooth surface. The influence
of inclusions is less than the roughness.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This work was supported by 973 program (2011CB706602) and NSFC (51275045).

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REFERENCES

[1] Y.Z. Hu, D. Zhu, A Full Numerical Solution to the Mixed Lubrication in Point Contacts, ASME J Tribol. 122 (2000)
19.

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[2] K. Zhou, W. Chen, L.M. Keer, et al., Multiple 3D Inhomogeneous Inclusions in a Half Space under Contact
Loading, Mechanics of Materials. 43 (2011) 444457.

[3] J.D. Eshelby, The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems, Proc. R. Soc.
London A. 241(1957) 376396.

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[4] S.B. Liu, X.Q. Jin, Z.J. Wang, et al. , Analytical Solution for Elastic Fields Caused by Eigenstrains in a Half-Space

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and Numerical Complementation Based on FFT, Int. J. Plasticity. 35 (2012) 135154.

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Effect of Surface Velocity Directions on Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Film


Shape
J. Zhang1), F. Guo1) *, M. Kaneta2), M. Omasta2), I. Krupa2), M. Hartl2)
1) School of mechanical engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, R.R.C Province, P. R.
2) Faculty of Mechancial Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno 61669, Czech Republic

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*Correspondence author: mefguo@gmail.com


ABSTRACT

Film thickness prediction plays an important role in evaluating the performance and durability of machi ne
elements under elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL).Some of the mechanical structure of the motion

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relationship is changing and the relative movement between two solid contact angle under different conditions are
different. In the point contact EHL of former research, whether two surface velocity direction or reverse are in the
same direction. In actual, the project need or the existence of the positioning error, usually at an angle of the two

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surface velocity, this makes the relations between the two roller on the surface of the complex, lubrication
performance is difficult to analyze. This article puts forward a unique solution, for both surface speed for any
direction of thermal EHL problem, and establishes the mathematical model for thermal EHL.

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1 INTRODUCTION

EHL lubrication does not always occur under two surfaces moving in the same directions. e. g. Hypoid gears;
Experiments studies have been presented to show EHL behaviours when contact surfaces moving at the same

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speed but in different directions; Thermal effect may be responsible for the above observations
Theoretical EHL analyses is needed to understand more details.
2 MODEL AND EQUATIONS

Fig.1 EHL Model with orthogonal sliding and entrainment rolling

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The Reynolds equation is: h 3 p h 3 p 12 x*h 12 *y h


x
y
e x y e y

The film thickness equation reads:


h x, y h00

x cos y sin

2 Rx

x sin y cos
2 Ry

2
E

px, y

x x2 y y2

dxdy

Energy Eq. for the lubricant film:


T
T
v

u
x
y x

udz

u 2 v 2
p
T
2T T p
u
v *
k 2
y
T x
z z
z
z

vdz

Energy Eqs.for the solids:


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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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T
T
2T
ka 2
va
ca a ua
y
za
x

2
c u T v T k T
b
b
b
b
b
x

y
z b2

At the solid-liquid interfaces, the heat flux fullfiled:


T x, yin , za T0 , T x, y,d T0

T xin , y, z b T0 , T x, y, d T0

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3 RESULTS
Contact

Steel-glass

Oil

FVA3

Reduced radius
Load (Gpa)

0.0127 m
0.50
0.2

Angle d, deg.

0-120

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Entrainment speed, m/s

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Table 1 Input parameter

Ambient temperature, C

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Fig.2 Film profiles along Y = 0 Pressure profiles along Y = 0


0.6

= 0, 30,60, 90, 120 degs.

Pressure p, GPa

0.4

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Film thickness h, m

= 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, degs.

-1.0

0.4

0.2

0.0
-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

-1

y/a

y/a

1.3

Temperature T

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Fig.3 Film profiles alongX = 0 Pressure profiles along X = 0


= 0, 30,60, 90, 120 degs.

1.2

1.1

1.0
-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

x/a

Fig.4 Temperature of the mid-film along Y = 0

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014
1.5
1.0
1.2
0.90
0.70

1.6

0.90

0.80

1.0
0.60
0.70
0.40

0.20

0.80

0.80

0.80

1 1.3 1.0

1.0
0.60
0.70
0.40
0.90

0.90
0.70

0.30

0.30

y/a 0

1.0 0.70 0.50


1.1 0.900.60

0.80

1.0 0.70 0.50


1.0
1.1 0.900.60
0.70 0.90 1.1 1.4

0.20

0.80
1.0
0.70 0.90 1.2

-1

-1

0
x/a

-1

Angle = 0

x/a
Angle = 30 degs
1.3 1.1
0.80 1.1
1.4
1.0
0.40 0.60
0.90
0.90
0.30 0.70
0.80
0.20
0.70

0.80 1.1 1.4


1.0
0.60
0.40 0.70
0.10
0.50

0.30

y/a

y/a 0

0.20

0
0.40

-1

0.40

0.80 0.50
0.90 0.60
1.4 1.0 0.70

0.70

0.80 0.60
1.2 0.90
0.70
1.5 1.4 1.1

0.90
0.60 0.80 1.0 1.3

-1

-1

0
x/a

-1

0
x/a

Angle = 60 degs Angle = 90 degs

0.80 1.1
1.4
0.40 0.60
0.90
0.30 0.70

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-1

0.60

0.60 0.80

0.80

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y/a 0

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0.20

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y/a 0

0.40

-1

0.80 0.50
0.90 0.60
1.4 1.0 0.70

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-1

0
x/a

1.5

Angle = 120 degs

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Fig.5 The film thickness contour maps

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with different surface velocity

= 120 degs.

= 135 degs

by courtesy of Dr. Omasta


Fig.6 The result compared with experimental measurement

4. CONCLUSION

The results show that surface velocity directions produces significant change of pressure, film thickness and
temperature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through grant No. 51305221 and the
Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (LH12172).

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REFERENCES
[1]B. R. Hoehn, K. Michaelis,J.Mayer,A.Weigl. Influence of Surface Velocity Diretions on Lubrication Film
Formation in EHL Point Contacts.Tribology international, 2012, 47:9 ~ 15.
[2] P. Yang, S. Wen.A Generalized Reynolds Equation for non-Newtonian Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication.

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ASME Journal of Tribology, 1990, 112 (4): 631 ~ 636.

178

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

An Optimized Wedge Calibration Method for Friction Force in Atomic Force


Microscopy
Yating Huang 1) *, Zesheng Li 1), Weiqi Wang 2), Dan Guo2)
1) School of Material and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048
2) State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084

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* Corresponding author email address: huangyating@th.btbu.edu.cn


ABSTRACT

A simple, yet accurate method for friction force calibration in atomic force microscopy (AFM) is presented. The
optimized wedge method is based on Ogletrees wedge method. By oblique scanning along the slope of a standard

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grating, different tilt angle will be achieved. So a commercially available, standard grating is used instead of the
custom designed slope processed by focused iron beam (FIB), which could be easily damaged and difficult to
prepare. The results are 20% more accurate than vertical scanning.

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1 INTRODUCTION

A great deal of attention has been focused on using Atomic force microscope (AFM) to measure nano-scale
friction properties [1]. The quantitative determination of lateral forces requires the calibration of AFM cantilevers

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to converts a lateral voltage signal to a friction force [2].


The most common methods are axial sliding method by Ruan and Bhushan [3] and wedge method by Ogletree et
al. [4]. Others may either require particular setup, parameters or environment, or be only applicable to special

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probes [2]. The axial sliding procedures rely on accurate estimates of cantilever geometry, dimensions and
material properties which are all error sources [5]. The wedge method [4] and the improved procedures [6] obtain
quantification of friction forces on a universal standard specimen using a direct method which has been proved to

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have less error sources and higher accuracy [7]. Smaller tilt angle and longer slope provide more valid data and
higher accuracy [8]. But the tilt angles and the slope length are constants for each specimen. Though the slope
could be custom made by FIB milling, the cost of money and time is higher, and the slope could be easily

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damaged.
The optimized wedge method utilizes the standard Si gratings, which is commercially available and reusable, to
obtain different tilt angles by changing the scan path. The procedures, test results and errors are discussed.

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2 CALIBRATION DETAILS

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Fig.1 depicts the scan trace and the related tilt angle. Since AB is the gradient direction of the slope, 0 is equal
to the given standard specimen angle. The scan path AC is inclined and the tilt angle p is obviously no more

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than 0. (AB<AC, sin0 = AM/AB & sinp = AM/AC, so 0>p) In fact, it can be any value in the section of [0,

0
p
0
Fig. 1 Scan trace and the related tilt angle. Path AB is vertical to base line BC, while AC is inclined. Plane n and p
are normal to the slope and the bottom surface. AM is normal to the bottom surface.

179

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

0). Though the scan angle should be kept as 90in lateral mode, the sample can be easily rotated to a designed
angle to realize the oblique scan.
Diagrams in Fig.2 show the forces acting on the end of the tip while scanning up or down a slope following an
inclined trace AC. Since the cantilever is normal to plane p, the horizontal tractive force T is parallel to CM,
which is the intersection of plane p and the bottom. Load L is vertical. Friction F is along the trace AC.
Therefore, all the forces are in plane p. In plane, the model is just the same as Ogletrees [4]. This conclusion
can be generalized to the model with adhesion force. For the adhesion force is normal to the slope and also in
plane p. All of the principles and equations can be shared in the condition of just change the tilt angle, and

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which is easy to get from the height retrace during the scan. It should be mentioned that even in the normal scan,
the sample position should be verified in the height retrace to avoid angle error.

Fig. 2. Forces exerted on the surface by AFM tip during the oblique scan. Plane p is normal to the slope and the
bottom.Subscript +and - means up and down.

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Friction between silicon tips on Si standard grating was measured with the new method. The results of the normal
and oblique scan are compared in Table 1. During the oblique scan, smaller tilt angle and more data are got. The

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accuracy is improved about 20%. The error increases when the tilt angle is 5.5, which is attributed to the
uncertainty in the measurement, such as surface roughness and zero drift, would overcome the change of offset
value (~0) of the loop.
Table 1. Comparison of normal and oblique scan
5.5

24.5

37.1

52.8

0.0860.02

0.2620.06

0.2990.02

0.3170.12

3.301.06

10.970.62

14.984.25

9.492.52

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The tilt angle is . The friction coefficient is . The constant (N/V) converts a voltage output to a friction
force.
4 CONCLUSIONS

Custom designed tilt angles are obtained by changing the scan path on a standard silicon grating. All the
calibration models can be generalized to this new method. Smaller tilt angle and more data are got in the oblique

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scan. When the tilt angle is 24.5 in the experiment, the accuracy are improved about 20% than the normal scan.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51205006) and the
Tribology Science Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tribology.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Bhushan, Springer Handbook of Nano-technology, 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2010.
[2] M. L. B. Palacio, B. Bhushan, Normal and Lateral Force Calibration Techniques for AFM Cantilevers, Critical Rev.
in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 35(2010) 73-104.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

[3] J. Ruan, and B. Bhushan, Atomic-scale friction measurements using friction force microscopy: Part I-General
principles and new measurement techniques, ASME J. Tribol. 116(1994a), 378388.
[4] D. F. Ogletree, R. W. Carpick, and M. Salmeron, Calibration of frictional forces in atomic force microscopy, Rev.
Sci. Instrum., 67(1996), 32983306.
[5] E. Tocha, H. Schonherr, and G. J. Vancso, Quantitative nanotribology by AFM: a novel universal calibration
platform, Langmuir, 22(2006), 23402350.
[6] M. Varenberg, I. Etsion, and G. Halperin, An improved wedge calibration method for lateral force in atomic force
microscopy, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74(2003), 33623367.
[7] J. Yu, L. Qian,An improved calibration method for friction force in Atomic Force Microscopy, Tribology, 7(2007),

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472-476. (in chinese)

[8] T. Chen, X. Zhang, Y. Meng, Improved wedge method of the AFM friction force calibration, China Surf. Eng.,

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24(2011), 70-75. (in chinese).

181

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Friction Between Rotating Band and Gun Barrel During Engraving Process
Bin Wu, Jing Zheng, Qing-tao Tian, Zhi-qiang Zou, Xiao-lei Chen, Kai-shuan Zhang
New Star Research Institute of Applied Technology in Hefei, 230031, Anhui Province, P R China
* Corresponding author email address: mewubin@tom.com
ABSTRACT

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As it is known, ballistics can be broadly divided into interior ballistics, intermediate ballistics, exterior ballistics,
and terminal ballistics. The engraving process of projectile is one of the basic research aspects of the interior
ballistics and has not been thoroughly understood until now, which involves the system composed of gun barrel,
projectile and propellant. Investigation of the mechanism of the engraving process is of great importance for the
optimal design, manufacturing and use of gun and projectile. In our present study, a short rifled gun barrel and

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projectiles with copper or nylon rotating band are prepared. Quasi-static and dynamic push tests are performed on
the CSS-88500 Electronic Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and a specially designed gas gun-based dynamic
impact test rig. The quasi-static experimental results showed that the extruded materials accumulates at the end of

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the band and has not departed from the band base. However, the dynamic experimental results showed no clear
accumulation, which is close to the recovered rotating band after firing. Large deformation and severe friction
between rotating band and gun bore has occurred during engraving process.

182

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Shaft Pumping by Llaser


Structured Texture on the Shaft Surface with Rotary Lip Seals
GUO Fei, JIA XiaoHong *, WANG YuMing
State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
*Corresponding author (email: jiaxh@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn)

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ABSTRACT

Radial lip seals are widely used in rotating machinery to prevent leakage and exclude contamination. In all

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successful lip seals, leakage is prevented by a reverse pumping action. This pumping action is determined by the
seal system that is composed of the lubricant medium, the sealing lip surface and shaft surface. The previous
study mainly focuses on the influence of the sealing lip surface microtopography on the pumping action, while

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the study about the effect of shaft surface is few. Surfacing texture, as a surface modified technology, has been the
focus of research interest in improving tribological performances of mechanical kinematic pairs. On the basis of
elastohydrodynamic model, the present study numerically analyzes the effect of various microdimple texture

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shapes, namely, circular, square, oriented isosceles triangular, on the pumping rate and friction torque of radial lip
seals, and determines the microdimple texture shape that can produce positive pumping rate. The area ratio, depth
and shape dimension of a single texture are the most important geometric parameters which influence the
tribological performance. According to the selected texture shape, parameter analysis is conducted to determine
the optimal combination for the above three parameters. According the optimize results, manufacture a shaft with
the area ratio of 20%, texture depth of 3 m and the shape dimension of 2 on its surface is used for the bench test

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to verify the simulated method.

183

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Spreading of a Micro Oil Droplet Around an EHL Contact


LI X M, WANG S P, GUO F *
School of mechanical engineering, Qingdao technological university,
11 Fu Shun Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, P. R. China
*Correspondence author: mefguo@gmail.com
ABSTRACT

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In oil-air lubrication, the oil is fed by small oil droplets, which reduces oil consumption significantly. To reveal
this lubrication mechanism, the behaviour of a micro oil droplet approaching to an EHL contact was observed. It
was found that when a droplet approached to the EHL contact region, it could be broken and some part spread
toward the EHL contact automatically and the contact region was eventually fully filled. The experimental results

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showed that the spreading distance and spreading time depended on the size of the droplet. Some parameters such
as loading, viscosity and surface energy also had influences on the spreading behaviour. Actually, this spreading
layer is important for the formation of a lubrication film and its shape controls the boundary conditi ons of

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oil-supplying. This work provides a new experimental methodology for the study of oil-air lubrication.

184

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Thermal-oxidative Degradation and Kinetic Study of Polyolefin Base Fluid


Mianran Chao1, 2), Weimin Li1), Xiaobo Wang1)*
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou 730000, PR China
2) Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
wangxb@licp.cas.cn

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ABSTRACT

The influence of octyled/butyled diphenlylamine (L57) on the thermal and thermal-oxidative degradation of
PAO10 was studied using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis under air atmosphere. Kinetic parameters
about the thermal oxidative and degradation of lubricants, which was an indication of the thermal oxidative

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stability, were evaluated using the FlynnWallOzawa and KissingerAkahiraSunose (KAS) methods. Pressure
drop test (PDT) and hot oil oxidation test (HOOT) were also used to study its antioxidant performance in PAO10.
The results showed that the addition of L57 could enhance the thermal-oxidative stability of PAO10 and improve

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the activation energy of thermal-oxidative degradation especially at the initial stage of degradation. Meanwhile, a
good corresponding relationship was found between the model-free (non-isothermal) methods and the traditional
test methods.

185

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Friction and Wear Behavior of Nomex Fabric/Phenolic Composite Under


Different WorkingEnvironments
Guina Ren 1,2), Zhaozhu Zhang 1) , Xiaotao Zhu1,2), Xuehu Men1) , Weimin Liu 1)
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianshui Road 18th, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
Corresponding author. Tel/fax: +86 931 4968098.

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E-mail address: zzzhang@licp.cas.cn(Z. Z.), xhmen@licp.cas.cn (X. H. Men)


ABSTRACT

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To evaluate the friction and tribology behavior of Nomex fabric/phenolic composite under different working
environments, Nomex fabric/phenolic composite was tested in Xuanwu-III pin-on-disk tribometer under different
wear conditions. Repetitive test results revealed that the antiwear property was closely related to the working

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environment and the applied load. Under ambient condition, Nomex fabric/phenolic composite exhibited
upstanding antiwear property but high friction coefficient. Under water-bathed working condition, the antiwear
property of Nomex fabric/phenolic composite was weakened in a great extent compare to that under ambient

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condition. Meanwhile, the friction coefficient of Nomex fabric/phenolic composite was much lower under
water-bathed working condition than that under ambient condition. Under oil lubricated condition, the friction
and wear property of Nomex fabric/phenolic composite depends on the oil used and the applied load. The wear

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mechanism of Nomex fabric/phenolic composite tested under different conditions was discussed based on the
characterizations.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Research on the Friction and Wear Properties of the Contact Strip under Sliding
Speed of 300 km/h with Electric Current
Hongjuan Yang*, Guangxiong Chen,Weiji Qian, Yan Hu
State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong
University, Chengdu 610031, China

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ABSTRACT

The friction and wear properties of a contact strip in a contact strip rubbing against a contact wire were studied. A
series of experimental tests on the vibration between the contact strip and contact wire were conducted on a
high-speed block-on-ring tester under electric current of 250 A, sliding speed of 300 km/h and normal loads of

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40-120 N. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM) were used to observe morphology
of the worn surfaces. Experimental results indicate that friction coefficient decreases with increasing normal load.
The effect of normal load on wear rate of the contact strip under sliding speed of 300 km/h is very week. Arc

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Keywords: Friction; Wear; Electrical contact; Contact strip

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discharge energy increases with increasing vibration acceleration. Suppressing vibration is a practical way to
decrease arc erosion wear of the contact strip. The conductivity of the contact strip becomes worse and worse
with increasing vibration acceleration.

187

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Dental Erosion and Prevention (Keynote)


Z.R. Zhou*, J. Zheng
Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials,
Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
* zrzhou@swjtu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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With dietary changes in modern society, there has been a worldwide increase in theconsumption of soft drinks,
fruit juices, and sport drinks. Thus, exposure of teeth to an acid environmentis becomingcommonplace, and
erosion has gradually become a main cause for toothwear. Knowledge of dental erosionand prevention could
provide valuableinsights into the study of toothwear, the development of improved dental materials, and oral

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treatments. In this paper, therefore, the erosion behavior and preventive methods of human tooth enamel
werestudied in vitro in this paper. Particular attention was paid to the erosive damage and repair of the
tribological properties of enamel.

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Results showed that dental erosion caused the dissolution of enamel rods, and then a honeycomb-like structure
appeared on the surface of enamel, resulting in an obvious decrease in the nanomechanical and microtribological
properties of enamel. Both the friction coefficient and wear loss of eroded enamel showed a strong dependence on

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erosion time. Furthermore, erosion properties of enamel were closely associated with its location. Erosive
substance loss increased from the outer to the interior enamel. Compared with the outer enamel, the influence of
erosion on subsequent friction and wear behaviors appeared more significant in the interior enamel.

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There existed a competitive mechanism between the mechanical action and the chemical action when enamel
wear occurred in the citric acid solution.Undera low normal loading level, the surface softening of enamel caused
by erosion dissolution played a significant role in its wear behaviour, and the wear mechanism of enamel was

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dominant by adhesion delamination. With the load increasing, brittle fracture by the loading force aggravated, and
obvious flake delamination happened. Enamel wear tended to be characterized mainly by mechanical removal.
Obviously, the effect of erosion on the wear behaviour of enamel was more obvious under a low load than under a

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high load.
The nanomechanical and microtribological properties of the acid-eroded enamel surface could be enhanced
byremineralization to some degree. A layer of mineral deposits was formed on the acid-eroded enamel surface

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after in vitro remineralization in artifical saliva. Compared with the original enamel surface, this layer had a
similar chemical composition, but a significantly different crystal orientation. The nanomechanical and
microtribological properties of the acid-eroded enamel surface were significantly enhanced byremineralization.

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However, the loss of hardness and Youngs modulus and the decrease of wear-resistance of enamel surface by
acid erosion could not be totally recoveredafterin vitro remineralization. Moreover, casein
phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) was found to have the potential in the
remineralization repair of tooth erosion. Tooth damage caused by acid erosioncould be repaired by
remineralization in CPP-ACP solution, but the repair effect, especially onthe nanomechanical and anti-wear
properties of the acid-eroded enamel, was limited.
Mineralization modification of acidic mediums seemed to be a useful method to decrease the erosive damage of
human teeth caused by acid-attack. Compared with the the enamel surface after 10 min erosion in citric acid
solution, surface hardness and Youngs modulus of enamel were obviously higher after 10 min erosion in citric
acid solution modified with calcium ion. Moreover, the friction coefficient and wear loss were much lower for the
enamel surface after 10 min erosion in citric acid solution modified with calcium ion. Obviously, mineralization
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process of acidic mediums could prevent dental erosion and then decrease the effect of erosion on the anti -wear
propertieies of teeth.
Fluorine treatment could pretect human teeth from acid-erosion, and could, to some extent, repair the eroded
enamel surface by recovering the decreased mechanical properties and wear resistance. Compared with the
fluoride treatment used after tooth erosion, the fluoride treatment used before tooth erosion is more effective to
protect tooth from acid-erosion.
Laser treatment was capable to inhibit tooth erosion, and could reduce the decreaseinsurface hardness caused
byacid-attack. However, laser treatment could result in a significant decrease in the wear resistance of human

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tooth, which was much severer than that by tooth erosion.

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The Influence of Surface and Interface Layers on the Tribological Interactions


Between Human Tissue and Products (Invited)
Xiangqiong Zeng1)* and Emile van der Heide1), 2)
1) Laboratory for Surface Technology and Tribology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
2) TNO, The Netherlands

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Corresponding author: x.zeng@utwente.nl


ABSTRACT

Tribology of human tissue, with respect to the contact of products and devices with the human body, gains much
interest recently in the tribological field. This relatively new part of tribology is connected to tissue engineering,

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biomechanics, biomaterials and surface technology. Surface and interface layers play a paramount role on the
tribological interactions of human tissue and various kinds of products. Optimized surfaces considering comfort,
health, and personal care, will largely contribute to the improvement of the quality of life and reduction of

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healthcare costs. This is illustrated by two parts: 1) the interactions between skin and products and 2) the
interactions between international human tissue and products. The first part demonstrates the influence of skin
surface layers and product surface textures on tactile friction [1], and the influence on the generation of a new

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tribo-mechanical skin equivalent that takes into account the skin surface layer characteristics [2]. The second part
discusses the boundary lubrication of joint implants by using surface coatings and emulsions, respectively [3],
and the impact of bio-generated interface layers on the tribological behavior of scaffolds for articular cartilage

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regeneration [4-5].
REFERENCES

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[1] E. van der Heide, X. Zeng, M. A. Masen, Skin tribology: Science friction?, Friction, 2013, 1(2): 130-142.

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[2] M. Morales Hurtado, X. Zeng and E. van der Heide, The human skin and hydration, Hydrated Materials Applications in Biomedicine and the Environment, Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. ISBN 9789814463225, available

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on 28 February 2014.

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[3] J. Yan, X. Zeng, T. Ren and E. van der Heide, Boundary lubrication of stainless steel and CoCrMo alloy materials
based on three ester-based additives, Tribology International, accepted.

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[4] X. Zeng, C. Zhang, Cell adhesion and proliferation on polymeric biomaterials for tissue engineering, Cell

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Proliferation: Process, Regulation and Disorders, 2013, pp133-148, ISBN 978-1-62417-402-5.

[5] W.J. Hendrikson, X. Zeng, J. Rouwkema, C.A. van Blitterswijk, E. van der Heide, L. Moroni, Biological and

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tribological comparison between PEOT/PBT, PCL and PLDLLA RP plotted scaffolds, Netherlands society for
Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, 22nd Annual Meeting, November 28-29, 2013.

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Effect of Microseparation on Contact Mechanics in Metal-on-Metal Hip Joints:


Finite Element Analysis (Invited)
Feng Liu, Sophie Williams, John Fisher
Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
INTRODUCTION

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Edge loading due to microseparation of hip joint replacement leads to elevated wear, which may contribute to
some early failures of the implants. Laboratory hip simulator studies have shown substantially increased wear
associated with microseparation [Al-Hajjar et al, 2013]. This study has focused on a contact mechanics analysis
on the effects of the microseparation displacement, cup inclination, and cup rim radius on the contact stress and

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strain in metal-on-metal (MoM) hip implants using finite element methods.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A generic 36 mm diameter MoM hip implant, made of Cobalt Chrome alloys, with a uniform cup wall thickness

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of 9 mm, bearing radial clearance of 25 m, and cup coverage angle of 160, was analysed using an
elastic-perfectly plastic material model with yield strength of 840 MPa, Youngs modulus of 230 GPa and
Poissons ratio of 0.3. A half FE contact model of the joint with its symmetry about the medial-lateral plane was

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generated with first-order hexahedral elements (C3D8 in ABAQUS), for which both the cup and head versions
were not included. The mesh convergence was investigated and element size of 0.06 mm was used for contact
regions.

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Edge loading was modelled as static contact between the head and cup rim due to a lateral translation of the head
with a vertical loading force at the head centre. The contact solution for each magnitude of the load in the range
of 0.5~3KN was individually carried out without considering a loading history. Three sets of conditions were

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RESULTS& DISCUSSION

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studied: 1) cup with a rim radius of 2mm at a fixed inclination of 45 under the varying translational
displacements of the head, 0.1~2 mm; 2) cup with a varying cup rim radii, 0.5, 2 and 4 mm, at a fixed inclination
of 45; 3) cup with a rim radius of 2mm under the varied cup inclinations, 25~65.

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The maximum contact pressure and maximum plastic strain were found to: (1) increase with the increasing
microseparation displacement (Fig. 1); (2) slightly decrease with the increasing cup inclination; (3) decrease with

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the increasing rim radius.

Fig. 1 Cup rim radius 2mm and inclination of 45


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A relatively low displacement (<0.5mm) can lead to a contact stress that can cause material yield. This is likely to
result in increased wear. Increasing the cup inclination only generated a small variation in contact stress compared
with the effect of displacement and the cup rim. A sharp rim should be avoided to reduce both contact stress and
strain.
Further work and dynamic analysis is needed to determine the exact magnitude of the loading condition and the
time duration for which this acts on the rim of the cup
REFERENCE

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Al-Hajjar M. et al, J Biomed Mater Res Appl Biomater 2013;101B:213-222.

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From Pattern of Reaction Force of Gecko Moving on Various Inclined Surface to


Developing Three-dimensional Obstacle-free Robot (Invited)
Z D Dai*, Z Y Wang, A H Ji
Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
29 Yudao Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China

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*Author for correspondence (e-mail: zddai@nuaa.edu.cn)

SUMMARY

Geckos are skillful climbers and able to negotiate even difficult terrain like steep slopes and overhanging inclines
without loosing their foothold. In order to do so, geckos can adapt their locomotor patternaccordingly. We will

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present adaptations found in the locomotor pattern when geckos are challenged to across a platform of different
incline and discuss our findings in the light of optimizing climbing robots. We trained individuals of the Gekko
gecko (G. gecko) to movealong a force measurement array platform, which can be tilted to simulate different

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inclines. We filmed the animals behavior using a high-speed video camera and recorded simultaneously the
reaction forces involved. The results showed that the geckos decrease velocity sharply to adapt to an increase of
sloping angle, especially when the surfaces were tilted into an overhanging position. Velocity was significantly

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affected by stride frequency on low-angled slopes and by stride length on high-angled slopes; moreover,G. geckos
can subtly control the body bending and the position of supporting feet to ensure contact angle between foot and
substrateless than critical safety contact angle between foot and substrate (23.5) and weaken the burden of

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adhesion for the feet. Finally, we establishbending model and calculated the bending impulse moment to
revealinterrelation between bending in body plane and deformation cause by gravity in sagittal plane.
Keywords: locomotor pattern, adjustment tactic, adjustment of posture, slope, Gekko gecko

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Biomechanics and Biotribology Modelling of Nature Hip


Junyan Li1) *, Todd Stewart1), Ruth K. Wilcox1), Zhongmin Jin1, 2), John Fisher1)
1) Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, China
* Corresponding author email address: mnlj@leeds.ac.uk; ljyjerry@gmail.com
ABSTRACT

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The function, pathology of degeneration of the hip is closely linked with joint loading, geometry and soft tissue
property. In this study, the whole hip modeling process involving biomechanics and biotribology is presented
based on our recent research.
1 INTRODUCTION

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The hip bears as high as several times body weight during daily activities. The function, pathology of
degeneration of the hip is closely linked with joint loading, geometry and soft tissue property. Knowing all these
factors is important to provide better intervention and rehabilitation strategies.

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The joint cartilage mainly comprises a solid matrix with fluid trapped inside. This unique structure has been well
recognized to be greatly responsible for the function and degeneration of the tissue. However, it is difficult to
incorporate this biphasic cartilage structure on a whole joint level due to convergence difficulties in simulation.

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On the other hand, joint geometry and loading also have a great effect on the joint health. Different modeling
strategies should be adopted depending on the purposes of research. For example, generic hip geometry and load
are suitable for a general understanding on joint function and for parametric studies on other joint parameters,

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while subject-specific load and geometry are needed for investigations on specific cohort.
The aim of this study is to describe the whole modeling process to predict hip mechanics including biomechanics
through rigid-body dynamics (RBD) musculoskeletal modeling, biotribology using a novel biphasic modeling

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approach cartilage that is validated and able to overcome the commonly existed convergence diffi culties in
previous biphasic whole joint models [1], and the combinations of these two domains to enable a wide range of
clinical applications.

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2.1 Biomechanics

The gait kinematics were measured and adopted as input for the RBD musculoskeletal model for 45 patients that

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were categorized into three cohorts: normal people, total hip replacement (THR) patients and leg length inequality
(LLI) patients. Joint forces were calculated through inverse dynamics.
2.2 Biotribology

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A generic human hip with spherical geometry was developed to investigate the general time-dependent and
dynamic response of the joint. The cartilage was modeled as biphasic. The contact-dependent fluid flow between
the articulating surfaces was accounted for. A number of loading conditions including a static load over 4000 s
and eight activity loads were evaluated.
For validation, FE model with subject-specific geometry was developed for a porcine hip in hemiarthroplasty.
Results were compared to experiment on the same specimen.
The biomechanics and biotribology approaches were then combined to predict the abnormality in contact
mechanics of the non-operated healthy hips of the THR and LLI patients.

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Fig. 1.A RBD model; B generic human hip model; C subject-specific porcine hip model for validation.
3 RESULTS

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Hip joint forces for three different cohorts are shown in Fig. 2. Hip forces differed markedly across cohorts. But
small variation within each cohort was observed.

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Fig. 2.Hip joint force for three different cohorts.

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As shown in Fig. 3, fluid supported most of the load over a prolonged loading period of 4000 s in the generic
whole joint model.

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Fig. 3.Fluid support ratio over a prolonged loading period.


Gait analysis of hip biotribology, as an example of activity studies, is presented in Fig. 4. Again, high fluid
support ratio was found.

Fig. 4. An example of gait of investigations activities


As shown in Fig. 5, the subject-specific model had comparable results to experiment and demonstrated an
2.4 MPa

irregular shape in contact area.

0 MPa

400 N

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Fig. 5. Subject-specific modeling and validation

For the bombined biomechanics and biotribology, substantial variation in hip biotribology was detected for

Fig. 6. Results of combined biomechanics and biotribology

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4 DISCUSSION

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different cohorts of people (Fig. 6).

This study demonstrates the excellent function of human hips under a variety of circumstances.

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RBD musculoskeletal modeling is an efficient technique to predict joint biomechanics, but is not suitable for
biotribological investigations.
The novel biphasic whole joint modeling methodology developed was validated and able to overcome, for the

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first time, the convergence issue that commonly existed in previous models. The biphasic model is suitable for a
variety of circumstances including loads of physiological magnitude, prolonged loading period, dynamic loads
and subject-specific modeling.
The concept of combining biomechanics and biotribology allows a multitude of clinical applications, and serves
as a non-invasive and effective method to comprehensively predict joint mechanics.
The novel methodology opens a multitude of opportunities for future investigations on clinical problems and

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potential interventions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research was supported by EPSRC, Wellcome Trust, EPSRC WT 088908/z/09/z and NIHR LMBRU Leeds

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Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit.

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REFERENCES

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[1] Li, J et al. J Biomech, 46: 1641-1647, 2013

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Excellent Biological Lubricant: Brasenia Schreberi Mucilage


Ye Yang, Pengxiao Liu, Yuhong Liu, Zhe Chen, JianbinLuo*
State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
* Corresponding author: luojb@tsinghua.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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In the present work, an excellent biological lubricant extracted from an aquatic plant called Brasenia schreberi
(B.S.), which is from Nymphaeaceaeand family,is reported. With a rotary cylinder-on-ring tribometer, the
lubrication properties of B.S. mucilage between quartz surfaces are investigated under different rotational velocity,

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and an ultra-low friction coefficient between 0.004 and 0.006 is obtained. It is observed that the ultra-low friction
coefficient is independent on the rotational speed, when it is below 100rpm. With SEM images, it is found that the
mucilage surrounding B.S. is comprised of polysaccharide gel with layered structure which is called nanosheets

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in the following paper. Moreover, it is deduced that the ultra-low friction is closely related to the absorption layer
between the quartz surface and B.S mucilage using hydrogen bond. The ultra-low friction state only occurs when
the adsorption layer formed stably between the quartz surface and B.S mucilage. It is also found that

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superlubricity is closely dependent upon the particular structure of B.S mucilage and water molecules in the
mucilage. According to these results, a possible lubrication mechanism has been revealed, which is attributed to
the adsorption layer of polysaccharide on the quartz surface and the formation of hydration layers between

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surfaces of these polymer nanosheets with plenty of bonded water molecules.

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Multi-objective Optimization of Finishing Boring Ti6Al4V with Taguchi-Grey


Method
S. J. Hwanga1), Y. L. Hwangb1), C. H. Chenc2)
1) Department of Mechanical Design Engineering
2) Department of Mechanical Manufacture Engineering,
hwang6@nfu.edu.tw, hwang@nfu.edu.tw, hchen@nfu.edu.tw
ABSTRACT

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National Formosa University

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The aim of this work is to develop a study of Taguchi-grey optimization method for the best roundness value, the
best surface roughness value, the largest material removal rate and the least power consumption in terms of

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cutting parameters when the finishing boring of Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. The machining parameters evaluated are
feed rate, redial depth of cut, cutting speed, concentration of lubricant and temperature of lubricant each series of
cutting experiments are performed.The experiments are planned using Taguchis L27 orthogonal array.A grey

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relational grade obtained from grey relational analysis is used to determine the optimal process parameters. The
significance of the process parameters on overall quality characteristics of the finishing boring process has been
evaluated quantitatively by the analysis of variance method.Optimal results have been verified through

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confirmation experiments, which indicate that the multi-performance characteristics of the finishing boring
Ti6Al4V can be improved effectively through this approach.
Keywords: Taguchi-Grey method, Boring, Surface Roughness, S/N Ratio, ANOVA.

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Mechanical Properties and Tribological Behavior of Retrieved UHMWPE Tibial


Insert in Total Knee Replacement After Implantation 30 Months
Xueqin Kang 1),2), Shirong Ge2)*, Xiaofeng Dai 1)
1

School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology,
Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
2

School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology,

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Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China


ABSTRACT

This study was performed to investigate the performance changing of an ultra high molecular weight

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polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial insert, which was removed from a 56 years old male patient after 30 months of
service. The tibial insert was investigated by using a contact angle micrometer, UMT-2 friction tester and
MicroXAM three-dimensional profilometer to characterize the wet ability, ball indentation hardness, creep

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resistance, friction and wear performance. Scanning electric microscope (SEM) was employed to describe the
morphology of the sample surface of unused and retrieved UHMWPE after friction and wear test. Surface
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to calculate the surface crystallinity of UHMWPE. Results

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showed that the contact angle of retrieved UHMWPE with bovine calf serum was obviously decreased about 15%
compared with unused UHMWPE. The surface crystallinity of retrieved UHMWPE increased 9.6% compared
with unused UHMWPE. All of these induced the ball indentation hardness and creep resistance decreased 18%

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and 31%, the wear loss of retrieved UHMWPE increased 24% compared with unused UHMWPE.
1 INTRODUCTION
Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been used as a load bearing and articulating counter

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face in total knee replacement (TKR) for over forty years 1. However, wear debris generation of UHMWPE
materials after their implantation in the human body has been proven to induce osteolysis and aseptic loosening,
which is the main cause of long-term failure of TKR composed of UHMWPE and hard patella balls 2-4. The

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relationships between the mechanical behavior of UHMWPE and the long-term clinical performance of TKR
component bearings remain poorly understand, therefore the reliable prediction of the wear performance of
UHMWPE in human body has been a challenge for artificial joint materials study 5. After implantation, the

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UHMWPE material will bear the multi-directional sliding friction and dynamic load in body fluid immersion, this
is a black box of biotribology of joint implants in physiological environment results in the reduction of the wear
resistance of UHMWPE liners associated with mechanical failure 6-8 and chemical degradation 9-11. For this reason,

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previous studies focused their attention on the degradation mechanism of UHMWPE 12-14, the accelerated aging
for degradation simulation 15-19, the correlation between the mechanical behavior of polymeric biomaterials and
the wear performance in a knee simulator validation 20-24.
To gain more insight into this subject, the present study is aimed at comparing the friction and wear behavior of
retrieved and unused UHMWPE meniscus, using the UMT-2 friction tester under bovine calf serum solution as
lubricant. Furthermore, we aimed at investigating if and how the crystallinity of UHM WPE can influence the
wear performances. The wear behavior of retrieved and unused UHMWPE was comparatively evaluated by
friction coefficient and volume measurements, while friction and wear appearance was performed at microcosmic
level. At this regard, scanning electric microscope (SEM) and surface differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)
were used in order to monitor and friction mechanism and crystallinity across the tibial insert samples.
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2 EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Retrieved specimens

In 2009, a 56 years old male patient received a fixed bearing for the treatment of severe osteoarthritis of the left
knee. Two years and six months postoperatively, the patient returned to the clinic because of infection. The failed
knee replacement was replaced with the new implant UHMWPE tibial insert and tibial tray. The femoral
component and tibial tray were made of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy and tibial was made
from highly cross-linked UHMWPE (GUR 1050) was surgical grade consolidated by compression molding and
-sterilized (30kGy).
2.2 Wetting Measures

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Contact angle measurements were carried out according to the sessile drop technique and performed by the
contact angle micrometer (JC2000B).

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In order to measure the contact angle, bovine calf serum at 20 temperature was employed to deposit a 0.05 ml
drop on the UHMWPE surface. The bovine calf serum drop was deposited accurately with a micro-syringe on the

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sample surface. Each sample was tested ten times and then averaged. The contact angle was indicated as Fig.1.

Fig.1 Liquids on solid polymer at the different contact angle

As known, the contact angle relative to the non-wetting case is/2 and to the wetting case is /2 25. Bovine
calf serum is commonly used as a lubricant in wear measurements to simulate a knee synovial liquid environment
26-27

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2.3 Ball indentation hardness test
In order to properly obtain the hardness of the UHMWPE, the experiment tested the ball indentation hardness of

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the UHMWPE. The UMT-2 friction tester (CETR, USA) was used to test the hardness and the test took the
standard of ISO 2039-73 as a reference 28. The indenter comprised a Co-Cr-Mo alloy ball and the diameter of the
ball was 5 mm. The initial load was 9.8 N and the test load was 49N. Each sample was tested ten times and then

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averaged. Measured depths of impression and the ball indentation hardness could be calculated using the
following equation:

Pmax
Dhmax

(1)

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Where Pmax is the test load, in Newton, on the indenter, D is the diameter of the ball indenter, in millimeter, and
hmax is the reduced depth of impression, in millimeter.
2.4 Indentation creep property test
The creep property of materials, to some extent, can be reflected by indentation creep

29-30

. So, the experiment

tested the indentation creep property of the UHMWPE. The indenter comprised a Co-Cr-Mo alloy ball and the
diameter of the ball was 5 mm. The constant load applied to the sample was 49 N for a period of 3 600 s. In the
process of ball indentation, when the load was increased to 49 N, the indentation depth was set as 0 and the depth
was noted. Each sample was tested seven times and then averaged
2.5Wear test
Wear test of UHMWPE insert was carried on the UMT-2 friction tester by using Co-Cr-Mo alloy ball sliding on
the UHMWPE sample with the reciprocating amplitude of 10 mm and velocity of 2 mm/s. The Co-Cr-Mo alloy
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ball with the diameter of 5 mm and the surface roughness of 0.01-0.03m was mounted on the holder connected
to three-dimensional force sensor. The applied normal load was 19.8 N. Wear test was run in the lubrication of
bovine calf serum diluted fluid for the duration of 7 200 s. The bovine diluted fluid composed of 25% (volume
percent) bovine calf serum. The temperature of lubricant was 371. Before and after wear test, each specimen
was cleaned in an acetone-filled ultrasonic bath and dried. The wear volume was taken as the wear parameter in
this study to eliminate the fluid absorption effect, which was done on MicroXAM three -dimensional profilometer.
Each sample was tested seven times and then averaged. The worn surface of UHM WPE sample was observed
with scanning electric microscope (SEM).
2.6 Surface differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

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DSC was conducted on retrieved and unused tibial components to characterize the degree of crystallinity of the
implants to complement mechanical testing results. The crystallinity measurements were performed using a

3.1 Wetting property of UHMWPE tibial insert

Each sample was tested five times and then

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theoretical heat of fusion for perfectly crystalline polyethylene.


averaged.
3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

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DSC-100 microcomputer differential scanning calorimeter. Three 20-30 mg samples were taken from the
surface of the components and heated from 30 to 250 at a rate of 10/min in nitrogen. The degree of
crystallinity was calculated by dividing the change in enthalpy for the sample by 289.5 J/g, which is the

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Fig.2 (a-b) shows micro-photos of the wet angle of bovine calf serum on unused and retrieved UHMWE surface.
From fig.3 we can see that the contact angle of unused and retrieved UHMWPE is 1054and 914, separately.

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Results suggest that the contact angle of UHMWPE in a biological environment, where biological liquids (bovine
calf serum) are in contact with retrieved UHMWPE, will be reduced about 15% compared with unused
UHMWPE.
b

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Fig.2 Micro-photos of wet angle for unused (a) and retrieved (b) UHMWPE with bovine calf serum

Contact angle/

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120

80

40

Retrieved

Unused

0
UHMWPE sample

Fig.3 Contact angle values for unused and retrieved UHMWPE with bovine calf serum

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3.2 Indentation hardness and creep property of UHMWPE tibial insert

Fig.4 shows the ball indentation hardness of retrieved UHMWPE is 24.81.2 MPa, decreasing the ball
indentation hardness of unused UHMWPE (which is 30.31.5 MPa) by 18%. It is found that the hardness of the
UHMWPE decreases a large degree when implanted in vivo for 30 months.
Fig.5 shows the ball indentation depth changing with time. It can be seen from Fig.5 that the indentation depth of
unused and retrieved UHMWPE increases drastically in the first 500 seconds of the test and then the in dentation
depth increases slowly. Fig.6 shows that the indentation depth of retrieved UHMWPE is 1173m but unused
UHMWPE is 812m. So, the implanted time can decrease the UHMWPE creep resistance.

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35

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25

on

20
15
Unused

Retrieved

10

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Identation hardness/MPa

30

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5
0

UHMWPE sample

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Fig.4 Ball indentation hardness of unused and retrieved UHMWPE sample

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120

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Retrieved UHMWPE

Unused UHMWPE

40

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h/um

80

1000

2000

3000

4000

t/S

Fig.5 The variation of indentation depth of UHMWPE with the indentation time

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80

40

Unused

Retrieved

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Identation depth/um

120

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UHMWPE sample

Fig.6 Ball indentation depth of unused and retrieved UHMWPE sample

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3.3 Friction and wear behavior of UHMWPE tibial insert

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Fig.7 shows the results of friction test. It can be seen from Fig.7 (a) that friction coefficient of unused UHMWPE
is higher at the beginning 1 200 s of the test and then reaches equilibrium at 0.30. The friction coefficient of

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retrieved UHMWPE is relatively stable during the test. It can be seen from Tab.1 that the balance friction
coefficient of unused UHMWPE is 0.2990.012 and the retrieved UHMWPE is 0.1630.009. So, the retrieved
UHMWPE has a low friction coefficient. The worn volume of retrieved UHMWPE is 0.3250.014mm 3 and
unused UHMWPE worn volume is 0.2630.011mm 3. It can be seen that the wear loss of retrieved UHMWPE
increases 24% compared with unused UHMWPE.

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0.20

0.18
0.16

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0.30

0.14

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0.35

2000

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0.12
0.10

4000

6000

8000

2000

4000
t/S

t/S

(a)

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0.25

6000

8000

(b)

Fig.7 The friction coefficient of (a) unused UHMWPE and (b) retrieved UHMWPE
Tab.1 Friction coefficient and wear volume of unused and retrieved UHMWPE
UHMWPE sample

Average friction coefficient

Wear volume/mm3

Unused

0.2990.012

0.2630.011

Retrieved

0.1630.009

0.3250.014

3.4 Crystallinity of UHMWPE tibial insert

Fig.8 shows the average degree of crystallinity at the surface of unused and retrieved UHMWPE tibial insert is
521% and 573%, respectively. It can be seen that the surface crystallinity of retrieved UHMWPE increases 9.6%
compared with unused UHMWPE.

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40
Unused

Retrieved

20

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Crystallinity/%

60

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UHMWPE sample

Fig.8 Degree of crystallinity determined at the unused and retrieved UHMWPE surface

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4. DISCUSSION

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The experimental results in this paper indicate that in vivo time has significant influence on the friction and wear
behavior of UHMWPE against Co-Cr-Mo alloy under reciprocating sliding. It is found that the UHMWPE tibial
insert implanted in vivo for 30 months exhibits lower coefficient of friction and higher wear loss, comparing to
unused UHMWPE. Such behavior is resulted from the reduction of mechanical property of UHMWPE. For
example, the UHMWPE sample implanted in vivo for 30 months has the lower ball indentation hardness and
creep resistance compared with unused UHMWPE sample.

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The experimental results of ball indentation hardness test and creep resistance property test suggest that the
contact stiffness, creep resistance of UHMWPE display strong crystallinity dependence. It is found that ball
indentation hardness and creep resistance of UHMWPE have reverse variation trend as a function of crystallinity.

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According to many previous studies of degradation in UHMWPE that the strength of the polymer decreased with
implanted time. 17 Hardness and creep resistance has tightness relation to polymer strength, at the same load the
deformation of UHMWPE increases with the strength decreasing that is the hardness and creep resistance

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decrease. So, the ball indentation hardness and creep resistance of retrieved UHMWPE decrease 18% and 31% to
unused UHMWPE and induce worse tribological performance of UHMWPE implanted in vivo for 30 months
compared with unused UHMWPE. These findings support the hypothesis that the biodegradati on of the

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UHMWPE did occur in physiological environments and affected the mechanical properties and tribological
behavior of UHMWPE as implanted components of artificial joints.
All samples we examined show evidence that crystallinity of UHMWPE has significant effect on contact angle
and mechanical properties. In this work the UHMWPE samples come from retrieved tibial insert implanted in
vivo for 30 months with compression, tension and shear load that were necessary condition for mechanical
degradation. Therefore, the variations in crystallinity of UHMWPE samples are primarily associated with the
chemical action of body fluid and suffered force showing different degradation mechanism from that in air or
oxygen atmosphere.
The friction coefficient of retrieved UNMWPE tibial insert significantly decreases 45% and the wear rate
increases 24% compared with unused UHMWPE. It is noted that the friction coefficient and wear rates of
UHMWPE tibial insert ties to crystallinity. The increasing in crystallinity by 9.6% results in a very high wear rate
increase 24%, which implies that the crystallinity is an important chemical structure influencing the wear
behavior of UHMWPE components.
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As a kind of semi-crystallinity polymer with linear chains adopting complicated phases within crystalline
domains, crystallinity of UHMWPE has significant influence on the mechanical properties like hardness and
creep resistance, which makes change in the friction and wear behavior of the material according to the
commonly recognized Achards law in tribology. The previous studies showed that crystal plasticity in UHMWPE
played the role in achieving high toughness, internal cavity, although augmenting the toughness, greatly reduces
the strength of the polymer 32. The fracture toughness of PTFE (a kind of material similar to UHMWPE) exhibited
a decrease relation with increases crystallinity33. The increasing surface crystallinity attributes to a decrease in the
ball indentation hardness and creep resistance, consequently results in a decrease in friction coefficient and

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increase in wear rate of UHMWPE. The wet ability of retrieved UHMWPE in a biological environment will be
increased compared with unused UHMWPE and this increases the lubricating property of UHMWPE and further
decreases the friction coefficient of retrieved UHMWPE samples.

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The pictures displayed in Fig.9 show the evidence of severe deterioration on the rubbing surface of retrieved
UHMWPE samples. It can be noticed that the surface topography on worn surface of UHMWPE samples changes
from smooth to rough, which implies the significant weakening in wear resistance resulting in the increase of

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wear volume. The flake-like debris appeared on the worn surface of retrieved UHMWPE samples reflects the
adhesive wear mechanism that is not obviously shown on the worn surface of unused UHMWPE sample
(Fig.9a-b). This suggests a change in wear mechanism of UHMWPE occurred during the implanted time in vivo.

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Fig.9 SEM pictures of the worn surfaces for unused UHMWPE in (a) low magnification, (b) high magnification and
retrieved UHMWPE in (a) low magnification, (b) high magnification
5. CONCLUSIONS

The article studied unused and retrieved UHMWPE, implanted in vivo for 30 months. Then, the properties of
unused and retrieved UHMWPE were tested. The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study.
(1) The contact angle of retrieved UHMWPE (implanted in vivo for 30 months) with bovine calf serum is
obviously decreased about 15% compared with unused UHMWPE. This indicated that the wet ability of retrieved
UHMWPE will be increased compared with unused UHMWPE.
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(2) The ball indentation hardness and depth of retrieved UHMWPE decreases 18% and increases 31%, separately,
compared with unused UHMWPE. So, the implanted time could decrease the hardness and creep resistance of
UHMWPE.
(3) The balance friction coefficient of samples implanted in vivo for 30 months decreases 45%, but wear volume
increases 24% compared with unused UHMWPE tibial insert and this indicated that implanted time can decrease
friction and wear ability of UHMWPE tibial insert.
(4) The crystallinity of samples implanted in vivo for 30 months increases 9.6% compared with unused
UHMWPE tibial insert and this induced mechanical change of UHMWPE tibial insert

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In the future, significant efforts are still needed to further developments in biodegradation mechanism of
UHMWPE component as joint implants. A full scale test will be useful for the accurate evaluation of degradation
and wear behavior of UHMWPE materials in clinical usage.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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The study reported in this article was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(2013XK07).
REFERENCES

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[1] Santavirta S., Konttinen Y. T., Lappalainen R., Curr Orthop, 12(1998) 51-57
[2] Pokorny D., Slouf M., Vesely F., Acta Chir. Orthop, 77(2010) 87-92

[3] Shepard M. F., Lieberman J. R., Kabo J.M., J. Arthroplasty, 14(1999) 860-866

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po

[4] Ingham E., Fisher J., P. I. Mech. Eng. H., 214(2000) 21-37

[5] Ge S. R., Kang X. Q., Zhao Y. J., Wear, 271(2011) 2354-2363

[6] Edidin A. A., Rimnac C. M., Goldberg V. M., Wear, 250(2001) 152-158
[7] Hara H., Kaku N., Tsumura H., J. Orthop. Sci, 13(2008) 366-370

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l

[8] Lee K. Y., Kin S. Y., Shin D., Biomaterials, 17(1996) 873-878

tio

[10] Knahr K., pospischill M., Kottig P., J. Bone Joint Surg., 89B(2007) 1036-1041
[11] Kurtz S. M., Hozack W. j., Purtill J. J., Clin. Orthop.Relat. R, 453(2006) 47-57

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a

[12] Fouad H., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 118(2010) 17-24


[13] Jacob R. J., Pienkowski D., Lee K. Y., J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 56(2001) 168-176

te

[14] Willie B. M., Bloebaum R. D., Ashrafi S., Biomaterials, 27(2006) 2275-2284

In

[15] Al-Maadeed M. A., Al-Quadawi I. Y., Madi N., Appl. Sur. Sci., 252(2006) 3316-3322

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[16] Bracco P., brunella V., Luda M. P., Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 91(2006) 3057-3064

hi

[17] Edidin A. A., Jewett C. W., Kalinowski A., Biomaterials, 21(2000) 1451-1460
[18] Kurtz S. M., Siskey R. L., Dumbleton J., J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 90B(2009) 368-372

[19] Kurtz S. M., Pruitt L. A., Crane D. J., J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 46(1999) 112-120

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[20] Micheli B. R., Wannomae K. K., Lozynsky A. J., J. Arthop., 27(2012) 95-104
[21] Utzschneider S., harasser N., Schroeder C., Clinical Biomechanics, 24(2009) 583-588
[22] Flannery M., McGloughlin T., Jones E., Wear, 265(2008) 999-1008
[23] Johnson T. S., Laurent M. P., Yao J. Q., Wear, 255(2003) 1107-1112
[24] Benson L. G., DesJardins J. D., Harman M. K., Mech. Eng. Part H, 216(2002) 409-418
[25] Torrisi L., Gentile C., Visco A. M., Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 158(2003) 731-741
[26] Barbour P. S. M., Stone M. H., Fischer J., Biomaterials, 20(1999) 2101-2106
[27] Sawae Y., Murakami T., Chen J., Wear, 216(1998) 213-219
[28] Cao S. F., Liu H. T., Ge S. R., Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 30(2011) 347-355
[29] Wang S. B., Ge S. R., Huang C. H., J. Mech. Strength, 2(2007) 579-583
[30] Weppelmann E. R., Field J. S., Swain M. V., J. Mater. Res., 8(1993) 830-840
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[31] Wunderlich B., Cormier C. M., J. Polymer Sci. Part A-2, 5(1967) 987-988
[32] Galeski A., Prog. Polym. Sci., 28(2003):1643-1699

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[33] Brown E. N., Rae P. J., Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 26(2006):1338-1343

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Contact Mechanics of Modular Metal-on-Polyethylene Total Hip Replacement


under Microseparation Conditions
Xijin Hua 1) *, Zhongmin Jin 2), John Fisher 1)
1) School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China

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* x.hua@leeds.ac.uk
ABSTRACT

Microseparation can negatively impact the biomechanics and long-term performance of hip replacements.
Although microseparation has been widely investigated for hard-on-hard articulations, limited work has been

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conducted for hard-on-soft combinations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contact mechanics
of a modular metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) total hip replacement under microseparation conditions. The results
showed that lateral microseparation caused loading of the head on the rim of the cup, which produced substantial

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increases in the maximum von Mises stress in the polyethylene liner and the maximum contact pressure on the
bearing surface, as well as the maximum equivalent plastic strain in the polyethylene liner. The study has
indicated that correct positioning the components to avoid edge loading is likely to be important clinically.

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1 INTRODUCTION

Edge loading is an adverse factor that can negatively affect the biomechanics and long-term performance of total
hip replacement (THR). Edge loading is normally caused by the translational or rotational malposition of

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components which may result in dynamic microseparation [1].


Recent studies have shown that in vivo microseparation could occur between the femoral head and acetabular cup
during gait [2]. For metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) hip prostheses, average separation of the head and the cup

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during the swing phase of walking has been reported to be 2 mm. This microseparation can lead to contact
between the femoral head and the superior rim of the acetabular cup, producing concentrated stress in the
components and hence causing damage and edge wear of the cup, and in hard on hard bearing strip wear on the

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head [2, 3].


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cup angles and microseparation on the contact mechanics of
a current MoP modular THR.

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2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

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A three-dimensional anatomic finite element model, consisting of a hemi-pelvic bone and a modular total hip system, was

developed. The total hip system was composed of metal shell, polyethylene liner and metallic femoral head, with

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diameters of 36.6 mm and 36 mm for the polyethylene liner and femoralhead respectively. All the materials in the model
were modelled as linear elastic except the polyethylene liner, which was modelled as non-linear elastic-plastic. A vertical
loading of 2500 N was applied in the model through the centre of the femoral head. Different head lateral microseparation
distances of 0 um, 100 m, 150 m, 200 m 300 m, 500 m, 800 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 2000mand different cup
inclination angles of 35, 45, 55and 65were considered. The finite element analysis was performed using ABAQUS
(Version 6.9-EF1, Abaqus Inc.).
3 RESULTS

For all cup inclination angles considered, the maximum von Mises stress in the polyethylene liner and contact
stress on the articulating surface were increased markedly by approximately 88% to 160%, 135% to 256%
respectively when the microseparation distances increased to 2000 m from standard conditions (Fig. 1).
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Plastic deformations in the polyethylene liner were observed under both standard conditions and microseparation
conditions. The maximum equivalent plastic strain in the polyethylene liner under microseparation conditions
(with distances of 2000 m) was predicted to be approximately six times that under standard conditions (Fig. 2).
(a)

25
20
15

35 degree
45 degree
55 degree
65 degree

10

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Max von Mises stress (MPa)

30

0
0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

Microseparation distance (Microns)

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(b)

50

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40
30

35 degree
45 degree
55 degree
65 degree

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Max contact pressure (MPa)

60

20
10

400

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0
800

1200

1600

2000

Microseparation distance (Microns)

Fig. 1. The variation of the maximum stress (MPa) of the liner against cup inclination angles and microseparation
distances: (a) maximum von Mises stress (MPa) in the liner, (b) the maximum contact pressure (MPa) on the articulating

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60
50

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Max equivalent plastic strain (10-3)

surface.

40

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30

35 degree
45 degree
55 degree
65 degree

20
10
0
0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

Microseparation distance (Microns)

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Fig. 2.The variation of the maximum equivalent plastic strain in the liner against cup inclination angles and
microseparation distances.

4 DISCUSSION

Studies have shown that edge loading and resulting edge wear is common in MoP THR and it is associated with
several different mechanisms [3, 4]. The present study suggested that microseparation would cause edge loading
in MoP THR. For hard-on-hard articulations, the increased stress concentration associated with edge loading
increase wear on the head and the cup. By contrast, the limited experimental work to date with ceramic on
polyethylene bearings, does not indicate an increase in surface wear [3, 4]. However, this study shows an
elevation of contact stresses and von Mises stresses in the polyethylene liner, which cause plastic deformation and
potentially could contribute to fatigue damage of the polyethylene liner. Therefore, clinically it is important to
avoid conditions that may lead to edge loading, which means reducing the variation of rotational and translational
positioning of the head and cup [1].
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the University of Leeds, the Wellcome Trust and EPSRC (Grant no:
WT088908/Z/09/Z) and the NIHR LMBRU.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Fisher, Bioengineering reasons for the failure of metal-on-metal hip prostheses: an engineers perspective. J Bone
Joint Surg Br. 93(2011) 100-104.
[2] J. Nevelos, E. Ingham, C. Doyle, et al., Microseparation of the centres of alumina-alumina artificial hip joints
during simulator testing produces clinically relevant wear and patterns. J Arthroplasty. 15 (2000) 793-795.

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[3] S. Williams, M. Butterfield, T. Stewart, et al., Wear and deformation of ceramic-on-polyethylene total hip
replacements with joint laxity and swing phase microseparation. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H J. Eng. Med. 217 (2003)
147-153.

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[4] W.H. Harris, Edge loading has a paradoxical effect on wear in metal-on-polyethylene total hip arthroplasties. Clin

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Orthop Relat Res. 470 (2012) 3077-3082.

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Investigation on the Articular Cartilage Frictional Properties Affected by the


Sliding Velocity
QIAN Shanhua1)*, GE Shirong2), LIU Liguo1), NI Zifeng1)
1) School of Mechanical Engineer, JiangnanUniversity, Wuxi 214122, China
2) School of Mechatronic Engineering, ChinaUniversity of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
* Corresponding author: qianjnwx@126.com

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ABSTRACT

By means of the investigation on the articular cartilage frictional properties affected by the three sliding velocity
rates, the injury mechanism of the natural cartilage by the abnormal sliding was discussed. Based on the pairs
between nature bovine cartilage and glass plate, the frictional experiment about the natural cartilages at three

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sliding condition was performed on the UMT multi-functional rig, and the corresponding finite element model
was established. The results showed that contact deformation and coefficient of friction underwent a nonlinear
increase with the sliding length. At the center point of natural cartilage surface, the strain measured from the

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experiment was within 0.5% of the finite element precision. With the sameslidingstroke, more sliding velocity
resulted in higher contact stress and pore pressure, but the sliding velocity produced the remarkable difference
with liquid flow between the horizontal and vertical direction. The fluid flow of the horizontal direction

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functioned as a positive relation with the sliding velocity while that of the vertical direction as a negative relation.
These results could be helpful to deeply understand the injury mechanism of cartilage matrix by the abnormal
sliding.
Key words:natural cartilage; finite element; abnormal sliding; coefficient of friction; fluid load

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1 INTRODUCTION

Brisk walkingand walkingare favor sports out of door, but this case that extremely fast walking will cause damage

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to the cartilage tissue is not yet clear. In the paper, based on the typical frictional pairs of natural cartilages against
glass plate, the frictional properties of natural cartilages were investigated at three sliding condition was
performed using the UMT multi-functional rig, and the corresponding finite element model was established. The

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injury mechanism of the natural cartilage by the abnormal sliding was discussed.
2 MATERIAL ANS METHOD
Articular cartilage specimens were removed from the articulating surfaces of a 24 month-old mature bovine

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femora using a surgical hand corer and surgical saw. These femora surfaces were cut into the cylindrical samples
of 7.8 mm 3.3 mm, each sample consisted of the pure cartilage layer with an average thickness of 1.3 mm,
and the retained bone layer of about 2.0 mm in thickness. The exterior load applied was 4.6 kg, and the

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corresponding average stress was about 1 MPa. Three sliding velocities were 0.5, 1 and 2 mm/s corresponding to
the sliding stroke of 10 mm, and sliding length was 200 mm. Detailed descriptions of the test rig were obtained
from the literature [1]. The finite element model with the relative motion between natural cartilage and glass pl ate
was established, and comparative schematics were showed in Figure 1. With regard to the finite model, those
descriptions in detail were found in the reference [2, 3].

Fig.1 Contact schematics of cartilage against glass


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3 RESULTS

Figure 2 showed that variation in mechanical parameters with length under three sliding velocities. Contact
displacement and coefficient of friction functioned as a nonlinear increase with length, and were markedly
affected by sliding velocities. Higher sliding velocities resulted in more contact displacement and coefficient of
friction. Comparative results about contact strain between experimental and finite simulation were shown in

W=4.59 kg

6
5
4
3
2

50

100

150

200

150

200

150

200

length /mm

0.4

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Contact
displacement /mm Contact load
/load

Figure 3. These indicated the strain measured from the experiment was within 0.5% of the finite element
precision, showing the finite model could comply with the
experimental
test results.
0.5 mm/s
1mm/s
2 mm/s

0.3
0.2
0.1
0

50

100

length /mm

0.10
0.05

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Coefficient
of friction

0.15

0.00
0

50

100

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length /mm

Fig.2 Variation in mechanical parameters of with length under three sliding velocities
0.200

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W = 4.59 kg
0.175

Contact strain

0.150

a
b

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0.125

0.100

a 0.5 mm/s Experimental results


c 1 mm/s Experimental results
e 2 mm/s Experimental results

0.075

0.050
0

50

b 0.5 mm/s Fitted results


d 1 mm/s Fitted results
f 2 mm/s Fitted results

100

150

200

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Length /mm

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Fig.3 Variation in contact strain with length under different sliding velocities

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Ratio of contact stress Pore pressure


to pore pressure
MPa

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1 mm/s

2 mm/s

3
0

50

100

150

200

150

200

Length /mm

6
4
2
0

50

100

Length /mm
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.125

0.25

0.5

16

32

64

128

Length /mm

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0.5 mm/s

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Contact stress
/MPa

W= 4.59 kg

0.5 mm/s

W= 4.59 kg

X-fluid velocity /mm

X-fluid velocity /mm/s

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Fig.4 Variation in contact stress, pore pressure and their ratio with length under three sliding velocities
20.0u

0.0

1 mm/s

2 mm/s

20.0u
10.0u
0.0

-10.0u

-20.0u

-20.0u

50

100

150

200

95

100

105

0.04
0.02
0.00

-0.02

110

115

120

125

120

125

Length /mm

0.06

0.06

X-displacement /mm

X-disolacment /mm

Length /mm

0.04
0.02
0.00

-0.02

-0.04

-0.04

-0.06
0

50

100

150

200

-0.06
95

Length /mm

100

105

110

115

Length /mm

Fig.5 Variation in fluid horizontal velocity and displacement with length under three sliding velocity
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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Figure 4 showed that variation in contact stress, pore pressure and their ratio with length under three sliding
velocities. These results indicated that sliding velocity played an obvious role on the pore pressure and their ratio.
Higher sliding velocity resulted in that larger pore pressure. The sliding velocity produced the remarkable
difference with liquid flow between the horizontal and vertical direction as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. The
fluid flow of the horizontal direction functioned as a positive relation with the sliding velocity while that of the
vertical direction as a negative relation. For the fluid velocity, the difference between the horizontal and vertical
occurred evidently in numerical value. These simulated results helpful to deeply understand the injury mechanism
of cartilage matrix by the abnormal sliding.
0.5 mm/s

2 mm/s

2.0u

Y-fluid velocity /mm

250.0u

150.0u
100.0u

0.0

-1.0u

50.0u
0.0
1

16

32

64

128

Length /mm

-2.0u
95

100

105

110

115

120

125

120

125

Length /mm

-0.15

Y-displacement /mm

0.0

-0.1

-0.20

-0.2

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200.0u

-0.25

-0.3
0

50

100

150

200

95

Length /mm

100

105

110

115

Length /mm

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Y-fluid velocity /mm/s

1 mm/s

W= 4.59 kg

300.0u

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Fig.6 Variation in fluid vertical velocity and displacement with length under sliding velocities
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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The author wishes to thank the support from National Nature Science Foundation of China (50535050, 51205168)
and the Tribology Science Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tribology(SKLTKF12B09).
REFERENCES
slope[C].Physics Procedia, 2012, 33: 85-95

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[1] S.H. Qian, S.R. Ge, H.Y. Zhang.Investigation of contact and friction behavior of natural cartilage by glass

University of Leeds, Leeds, 2006

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[2] S.S. Pawaskar. Contact mechanics modelling of articular cartilage and applications. Master of Science Thesis,

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[3] S.S. Pawaskar, Z.M. Jin, J. Fisher. Modelling of fluid support inside articular cartilage durin g sliding
[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 2007, 221(3):

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165174.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Effect of Eroded Time on the Microtribological Behaviour of Deciduous Enamel


L. Zheng, Z.R. Zhou, L.M. Qian, J. Zheng*
Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Materials of Ministry of Education,
Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
* Corresponding author email address: zhengj168@163.com
ABSTRACT

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In this paper, the effect of eroded time on the microtribological behaviour of human deciduous enamel was
investigated in vitro by a series of micro-testing equipment. The results show that the growth of erosion damage
on the anti-wear properties of primary tooth was obvious time-dependent. It suggested that the eroed time should
be shortened as far as possible for the purpose of protecting primary tooth.

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1 INTRODUCTION

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Mineral-rich enamel, the outermost layer of the dental crown, is the most highly calcified and hardest tissue of the
body. However, once the pH value of oral environment is less than 5.5, demineralization will occur on the surface

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of enamel. With a worldwide increase in the consumption of acid drinks, the prevalence and severity of primary
teeth exposed to an acid environment are rising, and so more and more children become dental erosion
patients[1,2,3,4].

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The eroded enamel is much easier to be worn than normal enamel. Once the erosion damage of enamel occurs, it
must be curbed in time. If not, it eventually leads to serious dental illnesses, such as hemodia, tooth loss and so on.
As the first deputy human teeth, the health of primary tooth was is vitally important to the normal development of

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jaw and permanent teeth. Hence, study on the erosion of deciduous enamel is necessary. At present, a few studies
have been carried out to understand the process of deciduous enamel erosion.
Some textbook believes that the acid-etching time of primary tooth should be prolonged than permanent teeth in

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clinically dealing with composite resin restoration. In fact, comparing with permanent teeth enamel, primary tooth
enamel contains more organic ingredients and less mineral. Therefore, primary tooth may be inferior to
permanent teeth as for the resistance to acid, theoretically. In general, the lesion of erosion is related to erosion

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time. So, erosion time should have more significant influence on primary tooth than permanent teeth.
In this paper, the microtribological behaviour of acid-eroded deciduous enamel after erosion treatment of
different time has been investigated in vitro using nanoscratch tester. The morphology surfaces of acid-eroded

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deciduous enamel were analyzed by means of laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Specimen preparation

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The enamel specimens were prepared from naturally shed primary molars without caries. As shown in Fig.1, each
tooth was embedded into a steel mold with self-setting plastic(10 10 20 mm) to obtain an deciduous enamel
specimen with the exposed occlusal surface. Mounted specimens were ground and polished with diamond paste
under water cooling. Merely only 0.1mm of each specimen was polished off to obtain a surface similar to the
original occlusal surface.

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of deciduous enamel specimen


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2.2 Erosion tests

To investigate the effect of erosion time on the deciduous enamel lesions, in vitro erosion tests of different time
were carried out in sequence for each specimen. Firstly, deciduous enamel specimen was first exposed for 1 min
to 50 ml 0.001 M citric acid solution (37 , pH=3.2) agitated slowly by a magnetic stirrer. And then,
nano-scratch tests and morphology examination were done on the surface of eroded deciduous enamel,
respectively. Next, the above specimens will continue to be immersed to citric acid solution for 2 mins. In this
way, the deciduous enamel specimen eroded for 3 mins was obtained. According to this method, the deciduous
enamel specimen eroded for 5 mins and 10 mins were obtained orderly.
2.3 Nano-scratch tests

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After erosion, the deciduous enamel specimen was taken out promptly, and carefully washed with deionised water
to remove any residual acid on its surface. Immediately after, nano-scratch tests were conducted using a

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nanoscratch tester (NST) (CSM Corp., Switzerland) under the normal loads of 10, 20, and 40 mN. A
spherical Brinell diamond tip was used and its radius was 5 m. The scratch length was 200 m, and the
scratching speed was 200 m/min. Finally, the morphology pictures were measured by LCSM.

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS


3.1 Surface morphology

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The LCSM micrographs of deciduous enamel specimens eroded for 1 min, 3mins, 5 mins and 10 mins are shown

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in Fig.2. The original deciduous enamel surface appeared relatively compact (Fig. 2a). After 1 min erosion, minor
unevenness may be measured (Fig. 2b). An honeycomb-like structure was observed on the deciduous enamel
surface eroded for 3 mins (Fig. 2c). With the extension of time for acid erosion, the honeycomb-like structure

(a) (b)

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resulted from enamel demineralization appeared more and more apparent (Fig. 2e). It can be inferred from the
LCSM images that the deciduous enamel surface has been damaged slightly after 1 min erosion. When the
erosion time is up to 3 mins, the enamel damage will be very serious.

(b) (d)

(e)
Fig. 2. Three-dimensional LCSM micrographs of eroded deciduous enamel surface:(a) untreated; (b) eroded for 1 min; (c)
eroded for 3 min; (d) eroded for 5 min; (e) eroded for 10 min.
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3.2 Microtribologicalbehaviour

The relationship of friction coefficient vs erosion time under different normal loads is shown in Fig. 3. Obviously,
the coefficient of friction increased with the normal load for the five surfaces. The friction coefficient of the
eroded deciduous surface was getting higher and higher with the increase of erosion time. There has been a
significant change in the coefficient of friction even if the erosion time was only 1min under larger load. After 3
mins erosion, the increase of the coefficient of friction became obvious even under smaller load .
0.20

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0.15

0.10

0.05

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Coefficient of friction

10 mN
20 mN
40 mN

10

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Eroded time/min

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0.00

Fig.3. Variation of mean friction coefficient with erosion time under different normal loads.
4. CONCLUSIONS

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0.001 M citric acid solution, a commonconcentration of organic acid in acidic soft drink,has great potential to
result in afailure deciduousenamel surfaceeven within a shorter period of erosion time. The friction coefficient of
eroded deciduousenamel surface increased obviously with the increase of erosion time. Therefore, the drinking
time of acidic drinks should be shortened as far as possible for children.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 51305366 and 51222511).

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REFERENCES

[1]Z.R.Zhou, J.Zheng, Tribology of dental materials:

a review, J.Phys. D: Appl.Phys. 41(11)(2008)22, 113001.

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[2]Kitchens M, Owens BM. Effect of carbonated beverages, coffee, sports and high energy drinks, and bottled water on

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the in vitro erosion characteristics of dental enamel. Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry. 2007;31:153-9.

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[3] Yan-Fang Ren D. Dental Erosion:Etiology, Diagnosis and Prevention. 2011.

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[4] A. Lussi, T. Jaeggi, C. Gerber, B. Megert, Effect of amine/sodium fluoride rinsing on toothbrush abrasion

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of softened enamel in situ, Caries Res. 38 (2004) 567571.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Tactile Perception of Fabrics with Artificial Finger Comparison with Human


Sensitivity
W. Tang*, S. Chen, S.Ge
Institute of Tribology and Reliability Engineering
China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China

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* tangwei@cumt.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

The assessment of fabric quality is highly relied on human tactile sensing which in many cases is not reliable.
There is no approach to measure it directly. Tactile sensing is an important aspect of the human interactions with

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the environment. The tactile perception of textures mediated by skin vibrations is highly depe ndent on the friction
properties of the surface.In this paper, a comprehensive sensory evaluation method for assessing fabric is
proposed.Tactile perception of various fabrics was studied associated with human sensing. Tenfabrics which are

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common used as clothing materials were chosen as the test materials. Humansensing experiments were takenwith
ten volunteers by classifying the texture into five comfortable grades using their index fingers scanning the fabric
surfaces. The fabrics were sorted into five classes according to the comfortable grades.The vibrations and

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coefficient of friction(COF) between the skin and fabric were measured using an artificial finger and a tribometer
when finger scans across various fabrics. Two parameters were extracted from the vibrating data: spectral
centroid (SC) and peek-average (PA). It is found that SC, PA, and COF are related with fineness and roughness of

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fabric texture respectively. The higher the SC, the more fineness and comfortable the fabric is felt.When the value
of PA is around 2018-2028, the tactile perception of fabric is more smooth and comfortable.When the value of
COF is around 0.10~0.25, the fabric will show a higher comfortable grades. It suggests that the combination of

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SC, PA, and COF can be used to quantify the comfort ofthe fabrics which is more reliable than the assessment of
human tactile sensing.

217

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Wearand Creep Assessmentof Tibial Knee Replacements Basedon Three


Dimensional Coordinate Methodology
Wei Jiang1) *; Zhongmin Jin1)2), Claire Brockett 2), Ruth Wilcox 2), JohnFisher 2)
1) School of Mechanical Engingeering, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
2) School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China, 710049

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* W.Jiang@leeds.ac.uk
ABSTRACT

Total knee replacement is a common surgical procedure in orthopedics. Wear of polyethylene bearing component
is a major problem in total knee replacement, and studies have shown that about 16% of knees fail because of

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wear. Wear assessment of the polyethylene knee inserts has been an essential subject for improving the longevity.
Wear measurement methodologies become critically important if differentiations with respect to materials and
design are sought when geometry change is small, which can consist of both wear and creep. The coordinate

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measuring machine (CMM) has been proved to be an accurate technique for volumetric assessment. The aim of
this study was to develop a novel methodology based on three dimensional (3-D) geometry to determine
volumetric material loss of tibial knee inserts and validate its effectiveness on the basis of physical volume

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removal and theoretical creep deformation tests.


Methods: The surface coordinates of tibial knee inserts were acquired using CMM, using a CAD model for
accurate coordinate capture. Both initial surface coordinates and gold standard gravimetric measurement were

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adopted as pre-wear data for later validation. From the captured 3-D coordinates, a three-dimensional surface was
established. The undeformed region was identified automatically using a MATLAB (Version 7.11, Mathworks Inc,
USA) program, which was used as reference for volume loss assessment in the conditions where no pre-wear data

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was provided. A 2nd order polynomial curve surface fittingalgorithm was used to generate the original 3-D surface
based on this undeformed region.
Physical volume removal and artificial creep deformation tests were run to validate the methodology by

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comparing with the pre-wear data. A 24 mm diameter ball-ended cutter was used to remove physical materials on
the left condyle of tibial knee inserts with maximum wear depths from 0.1 mm to 1 mm. Artificial creep
deformation tests were simulated on the PFC Sigma total knee replacement under 2600 N load with 5 mm offset

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in the medial direction using 3-D finite element (FE) models. Both creep recovery and relaxation behavior were
considered in the 3-D FE models. The wear and creep volume of the tibial knee inserts were calculated using the
presented methodology based on the coordinates captured by the CMM respectively.

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Results: The influence of the CMM scan interval from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm was first investigated and the results
showed that, with the increasing interval of the CMM scan, the volume difference increased while the time taken
decreased. As a result, the scan interval with 0.2 mm was adopted in this study to balance accuracy and time costs.
The gold standard gravimetric measurement was chosen as reference for validation of the 3-D curve surface
fitting method in physical volume removal tests. The wear volume generated by the ball-ended cutter ranged from
0.9 mm3 to 19.3 mm3, the validation results indicated that the methodology is accurate for assessment of wear
volume, with concordance correlations coefficients (CCC) of 0.9998 and 0.9960 with and without initial surface
coordinates respectively. The corresponding wear volume assessed by the presented methodology ranged from 1.0
mm3 to 19.5 mm3 and 0.8 mm3 to 18.2 mm3respectively. From the 3-D FE models, theoretical creep volume was
determined for validation of the methodology in artificial creep deformation tests. The creep volume generated
range from 37.3 mm 3 to 60.4 mm3 when the creep deformation time increased from 100 to 3000 mins. The CCC
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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was 0.9940 and 0.8494 with and without initial surface geometry of the tibial knee inserts provided and the
corresponding estimated creep volume ranged from 37.9mm 3 to 61.4 mm3 and 39.5 mm3 to 69.7 mm3
respectively.
Discussion: Initial geometric measurement of specimens or design drawings would be ideal as a reference for
volumetric wear assessment, however, these are not always available. This study presented a CMM-based
methodology to determine volumetric material loss based on 3-D curve surface fitting and the validation results
indicated that the methodology is adequate for both laboratory and clinically retrieved tibial knee inserts where no
pre-wear data, CAD models or original design drawings are available. The creep volume was overestimated with

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the increase of the creep deformation time, because as the undeformed region decreases, there is left less
reference for the generation of the original surface. Further studies indicated that at least 50% undeformed region
of each condyle was required for accurate volumetric assessment, as proved in physical volume removal tests.

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There were some limitations in this study, such as the uncertainly in the actual machining tolerance and plastic
deformations generated during physical volume removal tests. However the general high levels of agreement
indicate that this method is appropriate to measure clinically relevant levels of wear.

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Significance: The presented CMM-based methodology can be used for both wear and creep volumetric
assessment and can also be appliedto thebiotribological study of other polyethylene components, since wear and
damage can be assessed visually and volumetrically.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Effect of Centrifugation Treatment on the Lubricating Properties of Human


Whole Saliva
Y.F. Zhang, J. Zheng*, L. Zheng, L.C. Hua, Z.R. Zhou
Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials,
Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, China

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* zhengj168@163.com
ABSTRACT

An important function of human saliva is to serve as oral lubricant during mastication process and then effectively
reduce tooth wear. At present, many studies on dental tribology use centrifuged human saliva as a substitute for

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human whole saliva. However, the difference in lubricating properties between human whole saliva and
centrifuged saliva remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of centrifugation
treatment on the lubricating properties of human whole saliva. In this paper, the lubricating effects of both human

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whole saliva and centrifuged saliva on human tooth enamel were comparatively studied in vitro using a
reciprocating horizontal tribometer. The mechanical properties of salivary pellicle were examined by
nanoindentation technique. Results showed that both the friction coefficient and wear volume of tooth enamel

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surface were lower under the lubrication of centrifuged saliva than under the lubrication of human whole saliva.
Obvious ploughing and delamination traces appeared on the worn surface of enamel under the lubrication of
human whole saliva, while only some slight scratches were observed on the worn surface of enamel under the

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lubrication of centrifuged saliva. Further microscopic and nanoindentation examinations showed that under the
lubrication of human whole saliva, the salivary pellicle formed on the enamel surface was uneven, and its
mechanical properties were inhomogeneous. But a smooth and homogeneous salivary pellicle was obtained upon

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the enamel surface under the lubrication of centrifuged saliva. In summary, centrifuged saliva exhibited better
lubricating effect on human tooth enamel compared with human whole saliva. Centrifugation treatment not only
will not impair the lubricating properties of human saliva but also would help minimize the effect of cell and food

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debris. In term of lubricating effect, centrifuged saliva could be used as a substitute for human whole saliva for in
vitro studies.

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Effects of Bio-mass Fuel Soot Particlesand TiF3 Catalystonthe Tribological


Propertiesof Enging Lubricating Oils
Enzhu Hu 1), Xianguo Hu 1)*, Tianxia Liu 1), Yufu Xu 1), Karl D Dearn 2)
1) Institute of Tribology, Hefei University and Technology, Hefei, 230009, PR China
2) School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston,
Birmingham, B15, 2TT, Unite Kingdom

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*Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 551 62901359.


E-mail address: xghu@hfut.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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As a promising alternative engine fuel, the biomass fuel by pyrolysis process may produce soot particles (BS)
because of incomplete combustion inside diesel engine. The effects of BS on the tribological properties of liquid
paraffin (LP) and fully formulated engine oil (CD SAE 15W-40) were investigated via an end-face tribometer and

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a four ball tribometer under different rubbing conditions. The role of TiF3 catalyst (0.5wt%) on the tribological
behaviors of BS-contaminated engine lubricating oils was also investigated. The morphologies of rubbing traces,
composition and structure of BS were also investigated with SEM/EDS and Raman Spectroscopy. The results

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indicated that the low contents (1wt% and 3.0wt%) of BS contributed to increase the antiwear and antifriction
properties of lubricating oils. The TiF3 catalyst (0.5wt%) material has an important role in the strengthening
antiwear and antifriction properties of BS-contaminated lubricating oils. The wear and friction mechanisms were

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attributed to the boundary lubrication film including carbon, titanium and fluorine active elements.
1 INTRODUCTION
Biomass fast pyrolysis fuel is a renewable, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable fuel alternative that has

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attracted significant attention[1]. Biomass fuels are used in an engine, as a by-product, the generated soot cannot
be eliminated easily. Bio-fuel soot contaminated lubricating oil maybe lead to increased wear in critical
components as well as the shortening of oil life and increased frequency of oil changes. Thus, the importance of

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research the tribological impact of bio-fuel soot contamination within the lubricating oil is highlighted.
Solid fluorine catalysts have been shown to reduce the wear effect of bio-fuel soot contaminated lubricating oils.
However, studies on the use of metal fluorides in bio-fuel soot-contaminated lubricants are limited.

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A series of tribological experiments and systematic approach were conducted to establish basic wear data and
subsequent methods for optimizing the formulation of engine oil with soot.
2 EXPERIMENTAL

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2.1 Materials

The composition of the crude biomass fuel were aldehyde, ketone, ester, alcohol, sugar, phenol, O-methyl phenol,
furan, et al. BS was obtained from combustion of emulsified biomass fuel. The other reagents were analytical
grade (such as acetone and ethanol).
2.2 Methods
Tribological tests were conducted on the four-ball tribometer and end-face tribometer at room temperature.
Optical microscopy, SEM/EDS, a surface roughness measurement system and Raman spectroscopy were used to
investigate the morphology and surface roughness and element contents.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Antiwear Property

Figure 1 shows that low contents BS particles and TiF 3 make an important contribution to antiwear of lubricants.
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0.6

0.6

LP

CD SAE 15W-40

0.4
0.3
0.2

0.4
0.3
0.2

0.0

BS
5
+0 %B
1%
.5
S
BS %
T
+
3% 0.5 iF3
BS %
T
+
5% 0.5 iF3
BS %
+0 TiF
.5
% 3
Ti
F3

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0%

BS

0%

+0
.

5%

3%

0%

0%
BS

0.0

BS

0.1

BS

0.1

Ti
F3
1%
BS
3%
1%
BS
BS
5%
+
3% 0.
BS
BS 5%
Ti
5% +0.
F3
5
BS %
+0 TiF
.5
% 3
Ti
F3

AWSD (mm)

0.5

1%

AWSD (mm)

0.5

Figure 1 Variations of AWSDs lubricated with LP and CD SAE 15W-40 containing different BS contents
with and without TiF3

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3.2 Friction Reduction

Figure 2 shows that low contents BS particles and TiF3 play a significant role in friction reducing of lubricants.
0.12

0wt% BS
1wt% BS
3wt% BS
5wt% BS
0wt%+0.5wt% TiF3
1wt%+0.5wt% TiF3

(a)

0.06

0.03

0.00

10

15

20

Time (min)

1% BS

3% BS

25

0.06

0.03

30

(b)

CD SAE15W-40+0.5% TiF3
5% BS

3% BS+0.5% TiF3

0.00

CD SAE15W-40

0.09

1% BS+0.5% TiF3

5% BS+0.5% TiF3

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Friction coefficent

5wt%+0.5wt% TiF3

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Friction coefficient

3wt%+0.5wt% TiF3

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0.12

10

15

20

25

30

Time (min)

Figure 2 Variations of friction coefficient of oil samples containing different BS contents with and without TiF 3

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3.3 Surface Analysis

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The SEM/EDS was used to investigate the morphologies of wear zones and element contents.Figure 3 shows that
the EDS analysis of wear zones lubricated with LP and CD SAE 15W-40. The results indicated that the BS and

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TiF3 particles both took part in formation of a boundary lubrication film.


O

Fe
Mn

C O Mn Si S
Fe

Si

Initial
LP
LP+3wt% BS
LP+3wt% BS+0.5wt% TiF3

CD SAE 15W-40+3wt% BS
CD SAE 15W-40+3wt% BS+0.5% TiF3

Ti

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CD SAE 15W-40

Intensity(a.u.)

Intensity(a.u.)

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0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

10

Energy(KeV)

Energy(KeV)

Figure 3 EDS analysis of wear zones lubricated LP and CD SAE 15W-40

4 CONCLUSIONS

The low contents (1wt% and 3wt%) BS Particles and TiF3 catalyst material can enhance antiwear and antifriction
properties of LP and CD SAE15W-40.
The antiwear and antifriction mechanisms were attributed to BS particles and titanium and fluorine elements take
part in the formation of a boundary lubrication film.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51275143) and EPSRC
project (grant no. EP/F061692/1) are also gratefully acknowledged.
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REFERENCE
[1] M.S. Michio Ikura, Ed Hogan, Emulsifcation of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel, Biomass Bioenerg. 24

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(2003) 221-232.

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Role of Friction on Tactile Perception During Surface Exploration


Using a Biomimetic Tactile Sensor
S. Chen, W. Tang, S. Ge *
Institute of Tribology and Reliability Engineering
China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 China
* gesr@cumt.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

The tactile perception is a complex process that relies on personal experience, surface topography and the method

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we scanning the surface. Friction plays an important role on tactile perception, which is mediated by skin
vibrations induced by the tangential force between skin and surface. To establish the relationship between tactile
perception and frictions, the skin vibrations and tangential force were studied during the surface exploration. A

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biomimetic tactile sensor was mounted on a tribometer to get the vibration and friction signals when the sensor
scanning the surface of metal samples. The power spectrum map of vibration signals is obtained by periodgram
method to compare with that of friction signals. The highest peek of power spectra for both vibration and friction

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signals show up at the same positions on the map. The results suggested that the friction is a significant
determinant of tactile perception, so the tactile perception can be infected by the factors that have effects on
friction, such as roughness, velocity, normal load, etc.. The effect of the roughness, velocity and normal load on
tactile perception was studied by comparing the characteristic parameters of vibration signals on metal samples
with different roughness under various speed and normal load. Spectral centroid (SC) and power (P) of vibration
signals were extracted as characteristic parameters. It is found that along with the increasing roughness, the values

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of SC increase, but the values of P go up first and then have a slightly decrease. When the scanning velocity
increases, both the values of SC and P show distinct increase. As the normal load changes, the values of SC or P
dont change much.

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A Mechanical Wear Model of Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Replacements in Mixed


Lubrication Conditions
L. Gao*, R.W. Hewson
Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, LONDON SW7 2AZ, UK
* leiming.gao@imperial.ac.uk

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ABSTRACT

With the increasing focus on wear debris from metal-on-metal (MOM) hip joints and its effects on the body this
work examines the predicted levels of wear from the bearing surface when operating in the mixed lubrication
regime in order to better understand where the wear arises and under what conditions is wear most significant.

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Wear is one of the main reasons to the failure of MOM hip prostheses. Most wear models in the previous studies
on hip implants assumed that the two bearing surfaces are in dry contact, i.e. without the presence of lubrication.
However, lubrication plays an important role in both mechanical wear (abrasion) and chemical wear (corrosion),

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which occur synergistically. This study is to develop a mechanical wear model of MOM hip joints based on
mixed (elastohydrodynamic and boundary) lubrication, as a first step to a further development of a complete wear
model of both abrasion and tribocorrosion.

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In the elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime, the non-Newtonian synovial fluid flow is governed by the
Reynolds equation and solved together with the elastic deformation of bearing surfaces, and wear is simulated
when the predicted film thickness is less than the root mean square roughness of the bearing surfaces. In the

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boundary lubrication regime contact mechanics is employed to calculate the contact stress. The calculated fluid
pressure/contact stress is then applied in an Archard based wear formula. The wear predictions of MOM hip joints
for a range of physiological gait cycles, joint dimensions and clearances are predicted and presented to provide a

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guide for when wear is expected to be the lowest.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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Biotribological Analysis for Fretting Wear at the Stem-bone Cement Interface


Lanfeng Zhang 1), Shirong Ge 1)*, Hongtao Liu 2), Hanshu Yang 1)
1) School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology
Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China, 221116
2) School of Material Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology
Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China, 221116

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* Corresponding author email address: cmeecumt@gmail.com


ABSTRACT

Background: The clinical reports that debonding of the stem-cement interface occurs inevitably in patients body
under physiological loading which induced the interface fretting wear. The body protein fluid is subsequently

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pumped into this interface, serving as the lubricant. As the portion of interface area realized debonding, the
influence of protein adsorption onto or not onto the stem surface should be well taken into consideration in vitro
fretting wear study.

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Materials and methods: The biotribological properties at the stem-bone cement interface were investigated
through a series of fretting frictional tests with polish Ti6Al4V stem and smooth bone cement, lubricated by 25%
calf serum media at body temperature, respectively. The surface characterization of the stem and bone cement

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were evaluated sequentially through scanning electron microscope and ultrahighprecision three-dimensional
shape morphology instrument.
Results: The maximum of the wear loss between stem and bone cement for displacement 50 m and contact

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load 80N could reach 2.210-5mm3/N. The slight fatigue scratches, which were surrounded by the protein film
to protect interface, were detected within the contact area for the Ti6Al4V stems lubricated by 25% calf serum,.
The adhesionarea and sliding area of the bone cement fatigue contact area appeargruel and black oxidative

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respectively in the case of the 25% calf serum, while the two areas show that there is less wear debris and
significant oxidation scratches respectively in dry friction test. Different wear shapes of the bone cement and stem
were detected. Additionally, a wear scar was present within the cement contact area.

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Conclusions: The thermoplastic effect and minimal torque damage onto the bone cement surface affected thermal
agitation at the stem-cement interface under oscillatory fretting fatigue mechanism, which made part contact area
realize deformation and displacement. Wear debris at the stem-bone cement surface was often crushed into many

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small ones and generated different shapes. Generation of wedging effect that stemmed from calf serum fluid,
which was pumped into small cracks, contributed to the increase of the interface fretting wear loss.
Keywords: stem-bone cement; fretting wear; Biotribological

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On the Lubricity of Bio-oil from Homogeneous Catalytic Esterification


Yufu Xu1) *, Xiaojing Zheng2), Qiongjie Wang1), Xianguo Hu1), Wendong Li1)
1) Institute of Tribology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
2) School of Arts and Media, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
* Corresponding author, email: xuyufu@hfut.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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The lubricities of the bio-oil and refined bio-oil from homogeneous catalytic esterification (HCE) were evaluated
by a high-frequency reciprocating test rig (HFRR). The experimental results showed that both of the average
friction coefficients and wear scar diameters decreased significantly after HCE. One of the major reasons is the

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decrease of the water content in the oil, because the existence of water can destroy the successive oil film on the
rubbing surfaces. Another main reason is the refined bio-oil has less acidic and more esters, because the acidic
components easy lead to the metal corrosion and accelerate wear, while esters contribute to the formation of the

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more stable adsorbed oil films on the surfaces.


1 INTRODUCTION
It is proved that the lubricity of the fuels has a direct effect on the dynamic performance, reliability and service

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life of the engines [1]. Therefore, the lubricity is very important for a vehicle fuel.
Using fast pyrolysis technology to produce liquid fuel, known as bio-oil (BO), is considered as one of the most
potential methods [2]. Unfortunately, crude bio-oil has high acidity, which leads to the corrosion to metal
materials and affects its lubricities [3]. Accordingly, the crude bio-oil must be upgraded.
There have been many technologies to enhance the performances of the crude bio-oil. Catalytic esterification is a
useful method to reduce the corrosion of the bio-oil. However, to the best of our knowledge, the homogeneous

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catalytic esterification of bio-oil and its corresponding lubrication properties are still unknown.
In the present paper, concentrated sulfuric acid was used as a homogeneous catalyst for upgrading of bio-oil
under vacuum distillation. The tribological behaviors of the upgraded bio-oil were investigated on a high

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frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). The lubrication mechanisms were discussed as well.
2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.1 Lubrication properties

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Variation of friction coefficient of different oils with time was shown in Fig. 1. It could be seen from the figure
that the RBOwc always had the highest friction coefficient while the RBO hce had the lowest friction coefficient
during the friction process. In addition, at the running-in stage about first 1500s, both of the RBO wc and BO had a

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big wave at the friction coefficient; however, the RBO hce maintained a relative stable friction coefficient during
the whole friction process. This may because the existed water in the oils destroyed the integrity of lubricating oil
film, and the lowest friction coefficient of RBO hce was ascribed to its the least water content.

Friction Coefficient

0.5

0.4

BO

RBOwc

RBOhce

0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0

b
a

c
1000

2000

Time (s)

3000

4000

Fig. 1. Variation of friction coefficient of (a) BO, (b) RBOwc, and (c) RBOhce with time
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2.2 Analysis of worn surfaces

Fig. 2.showed the SEM images of worn surfaces of test disk lubricated with different oils. As can be noted in the
figure that the worn surfaces lubricated by BO had a vague rubbed boundary, and the main wear focused on the
center area with the width of about 150 m. The main wear area enlarged significantly when lubricated by
RBOwc, while the wear area decreased clearly when lubricated by RBOhce.
(a)

100m

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(b)

100m

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(c)

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Fig. 2. SEM images of worn surface of test disk lubricated with (a) BO, (b) RBO wc, and (c) RBOhce
2.3 Frictional mechanisms

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The lubricating mechanisms of different bio-oils can be summarized by the schematic explanation in Fig. 3. The
friction and wear behaviors of the bio-oils on HFRR tester were ascribed to multiple actions of protective films
and breaking factors. The protective films included tribo-oxide film and adsorbed oil film on the worn surfaces.
The breaking factors comprised acids and phenols, and water cluster in the bio-oils, which can result in corrosion
of the metal surfaces and destroy the oxidation layer and bring about discontinuous adsorbed oil films. After

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refining, the RBOwc produced more phenols and water, causing the severe corrosive wear and deteriorating its
lubricity; while more esters and alkanes in RBOhce helped forming an outstanding antifriction and antiwear
lubricating layer. This is the sources responsible for the differences of their lubricities.
(a)

Reciprocating sliding

Test disk

(b)
Reciprocating sliding
Ball

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Test disk

(c)

Reciprocating sliding
Ball
Test disk

Acids or phenols

Esters or alkanes

Other organic molecules


Tribo-oxide film

Water cluster
Corrosive wear

Fig. 3. Schematic explanation of lubricating mechanisms of (a)BO, (b)RBOwc, and (c) RBOhce.

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3 CONCLUSIONS

The lubricating mechanisms of the bio-oils are ascribed to the combined actions of protective films and breaking
factors. Compared with BO, the abundant phenols and water in RBO wc caused the serious corrosion on the metal
surfaces and accelerated the wear of the protective film and disk substrate, while plenty of esters and alkanes in
RBOhce contributed to forming a superior boundary lubricating layer to reduce the friction and wear.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The financial support from the National High Technology Research and De velopment Program of China
(2012AA051803), National Natural Science Foundation of China (51275143), Anhui Provincial Natural Science

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Foundation (11040606Q37, 1408085ME90)


REFERENCES

[1] E. Sukjit, K.D. Dearn, Enhancing the lubricity of an environmentally friendly Swedish diesel fuel MK1, Wear 271

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(2011) 1772-1777.

[2] M. Tymchyshyn, Z.S. Yuan, C.B. Xu, Direct conversion of glycerol into bio-oil via hydrotreatment using supported

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metal catalysts, Fuel 112 (2013) 193-202.

[3] Y.F. Xu, H.Q. Yu, X.Y. Wei, Z. Cui, X.G. Hu, T. Xue, D.Y. Zhang, Friction and wear behaviors of a cylinder

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liner-piston ring with emulsified bio-oil as fuel, Tribol. T. 56 (2013) 359-365.

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Experimental Advances in Superlubricity (Keynote)


ZHENG Quanshui, LIU Ze, WANG Wen
Tsinghua University, China
ABSTRACT

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Superlubricity is a state that two contacting surfaces exhibit no resistance to sliding, and was theoretically shown
to be possible between two completely clean crystalline solid surfaces. However, experimental observations of
superlubricity had been limited in nanoscale and high vacuum for twenty years since the proposal of
superlubricity in 1991, and it was even doubted to be impractical for larger scale and in ambient condiction. In the
last a few years advances have been achieved in experimental observation of superlubricity in micro- to
centimeter range and in ambient environment. Here we report some further understandings why such applicable

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superlubricity occurs.

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Tuning Friction with Interfacial Responsive Soft Matters (Invited)


Feng Zhou
State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Fax: 0086-931-4968163; Tel: 0086-931-4968166; E-mail: zhouf@licp.cas.cn
ABSTRACT

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Tissues, organs and cartilage etc are constituent of soft matters that usually provide extremely low friction. For
example, the vitreous body of eyes, the organs of human body and synovial joints, such as hip, knee and finger
joints[1]. The efficiency is attributed to the complex structure of self-adaptive cartilage[2] combined with
synergetic effects of self-assembled structure of biological additives such as phospholipids, hyaluronan, lubricins

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and bottle-brushes like glycoproteins, which immobilize onto surfaces of cartilage and combine large amounts of
water molecules to aid lubrication[3-6]. Over the last decades, some artificial methods have been employed to
mimic the excellent biolubrication based on soft matters. Water-soluble polymers and polymer brushes grafted

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from flat surfaces are mostly studied two types of soft matters to reduce friction in aqueous medium. Klein et al
reported that hydrophilic molecular brushes resulted superior lubrication in aqueous medium[7-8]. The water
lubrication of brush-like poly (L-lysine)-graft-poly (ethylene glycol)(PLL-g-PEG) was reported by Spencer[9-12].

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An extremely low friction coefficient, as low as 0.0004 under pressures as high as 7.5 MPa was found with poly
(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) brushes (PMPC), due to the strong hydration of the
phosphorylcholine units in the polymer[13]. The lubricating mechanism of concentrated polymer brushes was

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investigated in different solvents by Tsujii [14] using AFM. Both boundary lubrication and hydrodynamic
lubrication was proposed. On the other hand, one typical advantage of soft matters is that they can easily change
the conformation, which is supposed to change their frictional property. In this presentation, I will report several

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enabled examples of tuning the friction with responsive soft matters.


As the first example, we present a paradigm that dramatically tunes friction from superior lubrication ( ~10-3) to
ultra-high friction ( >1) using responsive polyelectrolyte brushes. The tunable friction is based on counterions

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driven interactions in polyelectrolyte brushes that can be simply achieved by exchanging the counterions. We
systematically investigated the effects of opposite counterions of different types on the friction properties of
polyanionic, polycationic and polyzwitterionic brushes. For cationic brushes with quaternary ammonium groups,

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the friction coefficient was progressively tuned from ~10-3 to ~100 according to the counterions series: Cl -<
ClO4-< PF 6-< TFSI-. The friction of anionic brushes can be tuned by oppositely charged surfactants (tetra-alkyl
ammonium) with different length of hydrophobic tails, multivalent metal ions and protons. The friction increase

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of cationic brushes is due to the dehydration and the collapse of polyelectrolyte chains induced by ion-pairing
interactions. For anionic brushes, the friction increased with the length of hydrophobic tails of surfactants, which
resulted from hydrophobicity induced electrostatic interaction among surfactants and polymer chains. The anionic
brushes with the carboxylate and the sulfonate side groups revealed different friction responses, which is owing to
the carboxylate groups get stronger specific interaction with the quaternary ammonium, so with the multivalent
metal ions as well. The mechanism of tuning friction were finally concluded, that is, highly hydrated and swelling
polymer brushes show superior lubrication, partially collapsed polymer chains have moderate lubrication, while
completely dehydrated and collapsed conformation loses lubricating capability. In light of these results, the
hydrophilic polymer brushes modified DLC film may have potential applications in biomedical field.

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Figure 1 Tuning friction coefficient with conformational change of surface grafted polymer brushes triggered by ionic
pairing interaction
REFERENCES
[13] McCutchen CW. Wear 1962, 5:1-17.

[14] Greene GW, Banquy X, Lee DW, Lowrey DD, Yu J, Israelachvili JN. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011,

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108:5255-5259.
[15] Gale LR, Chen Y, Hills BA, Crawford R. Acta Orthop 2007, 78:309-314.

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[16] Gleghorn JP, Jones ARC, Flannery CR, Bonassar LJ. J Orthop Res 2009, 27:771-777.

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[17] Klein J. Science. 2009, 323:47-48.

[18] Coles JM, Chang DP, Zauscher S. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2010, 15:406-416.
[19] Raviv U, Giasson S, Kampf N, Gohy J-F, Jerome R, Klein J. Nature 2003, 425:163-165.

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[20] Drobek T, Spencer ND. Langmuir 2007, 24:1484-1488.

[21] Hartung W, Drobek T, Lee S, Zrcher S, Spencer ND. Tribol Lett 2008, 31:119-128.
[22] Hartung W, Rossi A, Lee S, Spencer ND. Tribol Lett 2009, 34:201-210.
[23] Lee S, Zurcher S, Dorcier A, Luengo GS, Spencer ND. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2009, 1:1938-1945.

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[24] Perry SS, Yan X, Limpoco FT, Lee S, Muller M, Spencer ND. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2009, 1:1224-1230.
[25] Chen M, Briscoe WH, Armes SP, Klein J. Science 2009, 323:1698-1701.

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[26] Nomura A, Okayasu K, Ohno K, Fukuda T, Tsujii Y. Macromolecules 2011, 44:5013-5019.

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[27] Wei QB, Cai MR, Zhou F, Liu WM. Dramatically Tuning Friction Using Responsive Polyelectrolyte Brushes,
Macromolecules, 2013 accepted.

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[28] Wu Y, Cai MR, Pei XW, Liang YM, ZhouF,Macromol. Rapid Commun.2013,34,1785-1790.

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[29] Liu GQ,Wang XL,Zhou F,Liu WM,ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces,2013,5, 10842-10852.

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Friction-Induced Nanofabrication on GaAs Surface (Invited)


Linmao Qian*, Chenfei Song, Peng Tang, Bingjun Yu
Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education),
Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
*linmao@swjtu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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Due to its direct bandgap and high electron mobility, gallium arsenide (GaAs) has become one of the most widely
used compound semiconductor materials. The controlled fabrication of the patterned GaAs substrate is a
significant issue of concern.By using a diamond probe, the groove can be formed on GaAs surface when the
contact pressure is close to the pressure for the initial yield of GaAs (4.9 GPa). After etching in H2SO4 aqueous

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solution for several minutes, protuberance piles up gradually from the groove area. The height of the hillock-like
structures can reach to 70 nm. Based on XPS analysis, the structural deformation is the main reason for the
masking effect on the wear area. Raman detection indicates a compressive stress in the fabrication area. The

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dense structure can delay the diffusion of the etchant to internal GaAs substrate, which reduces the etching rate of
the scratched area. Therefore, nanopatterning of GaAs can be achieved by the friction-induced selective etching.
It was also noted that the grooves can be directly fabricated under an ultralow contact pressure by sliding a SiO2

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probe in humid air. Since the contact pressure (lower than 0.85 GPa) is much lower than the critical pressure for
the initial yield (4.9 GPa), the tribochemical reaction should account for the removal of GaAs. Further analysis
suggests that the fabrication relies on the tribochemistry with the participation of vapor in humid air. It is

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speculated that the formation and breakage of Si-O-GaAs bonding bridges cause the removal of GaAs material
during sliding process. As a low destructive and conductivity-independent method, it will open up new
opportunities to fabricate defect-free and well-ordered nucleation positions for quantum dots on GaAs surface.

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Experimental Research of Adhesive Behaviours of Mushroom-Shaped Fibrillar


Gecko-Inspired Functional Surface (Invited)
Tao Da-Shuai1), Tian Yu1) *, Chen Kai-kai1), Meng Yong-gang1), Zhang Xiang-jun1), Dan Sameoto2)
1) State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

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* Corresponding author email address: tianyu@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn


ABSTRACT

Gecko has gained excellent ability of running on walls or even cells by controlling strong attachment in gripping
direction and easy detachment in releasing direction. Various of gecko-inspired functional surfaces have been

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developed to mimic gecko`s incredible climbing ability. The characterization of frictional and adhesive properties
of gecko-inspired functional surfaces is a significant taskfor gecko-inspired devices` design and application. The
sample used in this paper is mushroom-shaped fibrillar gecko-inspired surface made of polyurethane(PU) and its

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adhesive behaviors with silicon wafer are studied experimentally systematically. Experimental results show that
when the contact surfaces are not completely parallel, adhesive force has a relationship of power function with
pre-load, dwelling time, detaching velocity in the process of vertical detachment; the adhesive force will decrease

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significantly when the dragging distance is larger than 0.1mm which is five times the distance between two fibers
in the process of loading-dragging-detaching. Those results will be instructive for the design of mushroom-shaped
fibril gecko-inspired surface and its application to some degree.

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Carbon Nanocomposite Films with Super-Elasticity, High Hardnessand Ultralow Friction in Air
Zhongyue Cao 1, 2), Bin Zhang 1), Aimin Liang1), Fuguo Wang1), Yan Zhou1), Junyan Zhang 1) *
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China

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* Correspondence to: s717097522@126.com; zhangjunyan@licp.cas.cn


ABSTRACT

We report that the hydrogenated carbon film with nanocomposite structure, which contains some nano -graphite

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fragment and hexagonal diamond nanoparticles embedded in amorphous carbon network, exhibit high hardness,
super-elasticity and ultra-low friction and wear in ambient air. The excellent friction behaviors in humid
environments are attributed to the pressure-induced structural transformation from nanocomposite structure to

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curved graphite planes structure under sliding contact during friction and wear tests, resulting in the formation of
onion carbon layer.

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Friction-Induced Micro/Nanofabrication at Large Scale


Bingjun Yu, Linmao Qian *
Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
* linmao@swjtu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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A novel multi-probe micro-fabrication apparatus was built based on the friction-induced fabrication method. The
main parts of the apparatus include actuating device, loading system and control system. With a motorized
X/Y-axis linear stage, the maximum fabrication area of 50 mm 50 mm can be achieved, and the maximum
sliding speed can be as high as 10 mm/s. The multi-probe array can be realized by locating spherical steel or

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diamond balls into the designed indents holes. The cantilever was designed as a structure of deformable
parallelogram with two beams, by which the fabrication force can be precisely controlled. With the home-made
multi-probe instrument, micro/nanofabrication at large scale can be realized without any masks or exposure.

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Combining the friction-induced scanning with succedent selective etching in KOH solution, various structures,
such as linear array, intersecting parallel, surface mesas and special letters, can be produced on monocrystalline
silicon surface (Fig. 1). The fabrication by friction-induced selective etching can also be performed on gallium

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arsenide (GaAs) surface. The presented study may encourage the development of micro/nanofabrication
technology, and shed new light on the texture engineering with low-cost and high efficiency.

(a)

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Fig. 1 Surface patterns fabricated on monocrystalline surface. (a) Line array with the line span of 80 m; (b) ring structure
with the radius of 170 m.

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Keywords:Friction-induced selective etching, silicon, multi-probe, micro/nanofabrication at large scale

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Carbon-Based Solid/Liquid Nanocomposite Lubricating Film in High-Vacuum


Condition
Lili Zhang 1) 2), Jibin Pu 1), Liping Wang 1) *, Qunji Xue 1)
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

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* lpwang@licp.cas.cn
ABSTRACT

It is currently a challenge for space tribology to develop a long life time and high bearing capacity lubricant

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meeting the requirements of space applications. Herein, two kinds of nanofluids, IL/graphene and IL/carbon
nanotubes with the concentration of 0.075 mg/mL were prepared. For tribology applications in space, wettability
characteristics, additive dispersibility and thermogravimetric characteristics of these compounds were

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investigated. The tribological behavior of composite coatings DLC/IL/graphene and DLC/IL/carbon nanotubes
were investigated under a wide spectrum of conditions, from boundary and mixed lubrication under high vacuum
condition, and were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and

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high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM) after friction tests. The results showed ionic liquids
with nanoparticles have low friction and low wear rate under high vacuum condition. Two nanoparticles exhibit
different properties comparable to pure IL. Tubular MWNTs can roll under sliding conditions, so MWNTs have

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more of a tendency to reduce of friction coefficient at low load. Graphene still keeping plane structure under high
load, their friction reducing and antiwear action is not affected. Future work should mix two nanoparticles in ionic
liquid, prepare DLC/IL/(graphene carbon nanotube) composite coatings with the goal of a better

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friction-reduction and wear-resistance properties in space applications.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Velocity Dependence of Nano-Scale Friction on Graphene


Zhuoqiong Wang, Yitian Peng*
School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
*wanghuaig@126.com
ABSTRACT

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Friction forces between a silicon tip and graphene/ SiO 2 substrate were measured using atomic force microscope
(AFM), exploring the velocity dependence of friction forces on the atomic scale. Our experimental result reveals
a roughly logarithmic increase of the nano-scale friction of graphene with the sliding velocity up to a critical
velocity(v<0.4m/s), and a plateau of the friction when the sliding velocity exceeds the critical velocity
v>0.4m/s. The nanoscale friction of SiO2 substrate is found to increase with the sliding velocity between

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0.0510m/s. However, this trend with velocity is changed when the relative humidity increases.
1 INTRODUCTION
Graphene has attracted wide attention due to its unique single atomic crystal structure and its multitude of

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excellent mechanical, thermal and electrical properties [1]. And the research on the nano-scale friction
characteristics of graphene is of great significance for its role as the building block of the most common
macroscopic solid lubricant graphite.

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Gnecco et al. [2] have shown that Nano-scale friction increases logarithmically with the sliding velocity (<1m
s), whereas a lot of other results have revealed diametrically opposite conclusions [3]. However, little studies
have been done on the velocity dependent nano-scale friction of graphene.

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2.1 Sample Preparation

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2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

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The objective of this work was to investigate the dependence of the nano-friction of graphene/ SiO2 on sliding
velocity under different humidity conditions. And some hypotheses were developed to explain the experimental
results.

A flat piece of Si (100) wafer with a layer of SiO2 (300 nm), measured over an area of 500500nm2, was used as

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the substrate. Dispersible graphene was purchased from XF NANO, prepared through the complete reduction of
graphene oxide, which was prepared by the modified Hummers method.
2.2 Experimental Details

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The friction measurements were performed using atomic force microscope (AFM) with a silicon probe tip in
ambient conditions with relative humidity of 30% and 55%, respectively. First, the lateral sensitivities under
different humidity conditions were obtained by scanning a grating with the improved Ogletree wedge calibration

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method, so that the lateral voltage signals could be converted into lateral force signals. Then, the nano-scale
friction forces of graphene and SiO2 substrate were measured under different normal loads between -6.5nN
6.5nN and sliding velocities between 0.0510m/s, respectively.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1 shows the average friction forces measured on graphene and SiO2 substrate under various normal loads
with the sliding velocity kept at 1 m/s. It can be seen obviously that the friction increases with the increasing
normal load both for graphene and SiO2, but the friction coefficient not maintains as a constant. The result in
figure 1 also reveals a greater friction force under 55% relative humidity than under 30% relative humidity, which
can be attributed to a stronger capillary effect due to the presence of a meniscus of adsorbed water molecules
under a higher relative humidity condition.
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SiO2
graphene

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SiO2
graphene

friction force(nN)

graphene

3.3
3.0

2.7
2.4

-8

-4

4.5

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graphene

4.0
3.5

3.0
-4

-8

-4

0
4
normal load(nN)

-4

-2

-2

0
2
4
normal load(nN)

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friction force(nN)

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Fig.1. Friction force of graphene and SiO2 substrate versus normal load recorded at1 m/s sliding velocity and 25C. Top:
RH=30%; bottom: RH=55%.

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Figure 2 presents the influence of sliding velocity on the nano-friction of graphene and SiO2 substrate. The
friction experimental result on graphene under 30% humidity conditions shows that the velocity range can be

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divided into two regions: when the sliding velocity is relatively low (<0.4m/s), the nano-scale friction of
graphene increases rough logarithmically with the sliding velocity; but a plateau of the friction force is observed
when the sliding velocity exceeds the critical velocity (0.4m/s). The nanoscale friction force of SiO2 substrate is

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found to increase with the increasing sliding velocity between 0.0510m/s. A logarithmic dependence of the
nano-scale friction revealed at low velocities can be attributed to a thermally activated stick-slip behavior on the
atomic scale. And the existence of the critical velocity for the nano-scale friction of graphene coincides with the
conclusion proposed by Riedo et al [4], considering the thermally activated hopping of the contact atoms.
As shown in figure 2, a peak of nano-friction can be observed both on graphene and SiO2 substrate under 55%
humidity conditions, which is ascribed to the hydrophilism of samples. The friction on hydrophilic samples

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increases due to the formation of capillary menisci in the contact areas, which cannot build up if the velocity
increases. Although the pristine graphene is hydrophobic, defects will appear during the preparation process of
oxidation and reduction reaction, which can change some properties of graphene.

friction force(nN)

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graphene

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friction force(nN)

graphene
SiO2

graphene
SiO2

2.0
-2

graphene

4.0

10
3.6
3.2

-3

-2

-1

-3

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-2

-1
0
1
ln[v/(m/s)]

-3

-2

-1

ln[v/(m/s)]

Fig.2. Friction force of graphene and SiO2 substrate versus sliding velocity recorded at0nN normal load and 25C. Top:
RH=30%; bottom: RH=55%.

REFERENCES
[1] A. K. Geim, et al. Graphene: Status and Prospects, J. Science. 324 (2009), 1530-1534.
[2] Gnecco EBennewitz RGyalog Tet a1Velocity dependence of atomic friction, JPhy. Rev. Lett.
84(2000)1172-1175.
[3] Sophie Bistac, Marjorie Schmitt, et al.Nano-scale friction of polystyrene in air and in vacuum, J.Polymer. 49 (2008)
37803784.
[4] E. Riedo, E. Gnecco, et al. Interaction Potential and Hopping Dynamics Governing Sliding Friction, J. Phy. Rev.
Lett. 91, 084502 (2003).
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Humidity Dependence of the Nanowear on Monocrystalline Silicon Against SiO2


Microsphere
X.D. Wang, L. Chen, L.M. Qian *
Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education),
Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China

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* linmao@swjtu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

Monocrystalline silicon has been widely used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) because of its
excellent mechanical and physical behaviors. The wear failure of silicon in humid air and water has become a

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major concern in MEMS service. Using an atomic force microscopy, the nanowear tests of Si(100) -SiOx (silicon
with native oxide layer) against SiO2 microsphere were performed in the humid air and in water. During the tests,
the relative humidity (RH) varied between 0% and 90%, the deionized (DI) water was used as a water

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environment, the corresponding DMT contact pressure was 1.14-1.20 GPa. The experimental results indicated
that RH played an important role in the wear behavior of Si(100)-SiOx/SiO2 pair. The nanowear of Si(100)-SiOx
surface would become serious before 50% RH. After that, the wear of Si(100) -SiOx surface would be weakened

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with the increase of RH value. In the low RH conditions (RH < 50%), it was demonstrated that the serious we ar
was induced by the tribochemical reactions between Si(100)-SiOx and SiO2. In high RH (RH > 50%) and in water,
the slight wear of Si(100)-SiOx was relative with the native oxide layer due to the wear of Si(100)-H (silicon

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without native oxide layer) was serious in water. Further experimental results indicated that the nanowear of
Si(100)-SiOx was weakened due to the native oxide layer partly prevented OH- from etching the silicon
substrate in high RH conditions and in water. The results may help us understand the nanowear mechanism of

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silicon in humid atmosphere.


Keywords: Humidity, Nanowear of silicon, Tribochemical reaction, Etching reaction, Atomic force microscopy

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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Effects of the Nano-Diamond Additives on the Tribological Performance


Improvement of Lubricating Grease
Guan-Lin Chen, Ping-Hsueh Tsai, Hsiao-Yeh Chu *
Kun Shan University
* hsiaoyeh@mail.ksu.edu.tw

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ABSTRACT

Ball screw is a very important element in precision machine industry. It has the characteristics of low friction
coefficient, long life, and high positioning accuracy and as well as converting rotational motion to linear motion.
Therefore, the lubricant used in the ball screw should be low friction and wear.

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In this paper, the ultra-dispersed nano-diamond (UDD) is used to serve as an extreme pressure additive in the
grease applied to the ball screw. The optimum selection of the UDD added to the grease E provided by the
cooperated company is the UDD with a mean particle diameter of 200 nm, concentration of 100 ppm dispersed in

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Keywords: Tribology, four-ball test, ball screw, grease life test

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the OLA dispersant from the four-ball extreme pressure test results. The grease life test showed such grease E
with 0.001 c.c. of UDD added has a longer life of 2100 seconds as compared to that of the life of grease E, which
is only 1450 seconds under the test pressure of 2934 N

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Ultra-long Nano Grooves Fabricated by SiO2 Microwire Assisted Laser


Near-field Irradiation on (Ti,Al,Si)N
D Liu*, J Liu, H Wang, K Su, L Liu, T Shao
State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
*E-mail:ldm@tsinghua.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

Based on SiO2microwire enhanced laser near-field irradiation, an ultra-long (5mm) nano-groove structure was
manufactured by one laser pulse. Characters of the grooves depend on laser fluence. The lower fluence leads to
smaller groove width. The minimum width of the grooves is 143nm at 156.25mj/cm 2 laser, and its long-width

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ratio is 30000:1. As the fluence increasing, the groove width becomes large and sub pattern appears around the
main groove. This is ascribed to fluence induced size effect and near-field enhancement. Only one-dimension
bowl-like structures were observed due to the dominate role of the temperature-gradient-induced thermocapillary

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force. Simulations were also carried out, which agreed well with experiments. The approach provides potential
applications in nanostructure device fabrication.

1 INTRODUCTION

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Since the more and more important roles of nano-fabrications in the industrial applications, numerous
technologies have been developed, such as ion beam etching[1], electron beam photolithography[2],
nanoimprinting[3] and chemical etching. The recent inventions of near-field effects have drawn considerable

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attention from groups[4-6]. Many groups attempted the effects toproduce nano-structures through surface pattern
designs[7]. Zhou et al. obtained nanoscale holes with the feature size from 200 to 300 nm by particle -assisted
near-field enhancement on glass substrate [8].Hong et al. created sub-50 nm size structures using femtosecond

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laser (400 nm, 100 fs) irradiation through a near-field scanning optical microscope[9].Single-pulse 248 nm KrF
laser irradiation was applied to fabricate silicon nanobumps on Si wafer[10, 11]. Zhou et al. reported that using an
optical fiber as a focusing unit to etch parallel micro-grooves with 2 to 6 m on silicon surface[12].Near-field

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technologies suffer from complex systems, limited samples and low efficiency. Thus, developing a low-cost and
fast speed laser processing is required in micro- and nano-fabricationapplications.Sidopping transition-metal
nitrides and related alloys, like TiN, TiAlN, and (Ti,Al,Si)N are hard materials widely used for cutting tools and

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wear-resistant coatings[13, 14].Grooves on (Ti,Al,Si)N surface can effectively reduce the thin films' internal
stress, which is useful for thin films' mechanical properties.
In this work, ultra-long (5mm) nano-groove structures on (Ti,Al,Si)N are fabricatedbased on the SiO2microwires

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enhanced laser near-field irradiation. The laser fluence effects on (Ti,Al,Si)N are investigated systematically, and
simulation results also present to understand fabrication mechanisms.
2 EXPERIMENTS
ANd: YAG solid state laser with its laser beam diameter of 7 mm is used in our experiment as a light source,
which delivers 8 ns pulses at repetitive rates from 1 to 10 Hz. The laser irradiation on (Ti,Al,Si)N is conducted at
a laser wavelengths of 532 nm. A quartz optical fiber is used to fabricate SiO 2microwires as optical units. The
original diameter of the quartz fiber is 125 m, with the refractive index of 1.588. The quartz fiber is cleaned first
with sulfuric acid in an ultrasonic bath to remove its plastic covers. Then it is immersed in hydrofluoric acid
solution (47 %) for 50 min, sequentially rinsed in DI water. Finally, the uniformSiO2wires with the diameter of
2m is obtained and characterized by a high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM, FEI Quanta 200
FEG, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA)(Fig. 1).
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Fig. 2 illustrates a diagram of the laser etching experiment with the SiO 2microwire enhanced irradiation to
fabricate a groove on (Ti,Al,Si)N. The microwire is placed on (Ti,Al,Si)N surface directly to keep a gap between
the microwire and the sample at nanometer scales. The laser is incident perpendicularly on the sample through the
microwire. Each sample is treated using a single laser pulse. After laser irradiation, a groove is fabricated on the
surface. Different laser intensities set as 156.25, 312.5, 468.75, 625.0 mJ/cm 2 (laser output energy:100, 200, 300,

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400mJ) are used to study laser fluence effects. The groove structures are characterized by both SEM and atomic
force microscopy (AFM, Dimension V, Bruker AXS, Malvern, USA).

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Fig. 1.SEM image of SiO2 microwires

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Fig. 2.Diagram of the laser etching system based on SiO2 microwires enhanced irradiation

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Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), a general class of grid-based differential time-domain numerical


modeling method, is used to simulated optical field and estimate the groove characters. Its version number is 8.0.
The electric field vector components in a volume of space are solved at a given instant in time; then the magnetic

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field vector components in the same spatial volume are solved at the next instant in time; and the process is
repeated until the desired transient or steady-state electromagnetic field behavior is fully evolved. The simulations
are compared to the experimental results.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 3 shows the surface topographies of the ultra-long groove homogeneous on (Ti,Al,Si)N, that are patterned by
short-pulse laser irradiations. The laser fluence incident onto the sample is adjusted at468.75 mJ/cm2. After the
laser illumination, no change is found on the surface except areas under the SiO2 microwire, even at the region
next to the microwire. From the SEM image, the microwireis completely removed from the substrate and
anultra-long (5 mm) groove is created at the original position of the microwire. The groove is featured by
one-dimension bowl-like structure, as can be seen in Fig. 3(c). The structure means that molten materials
bombasts out from middle part of the grooves, and no material concentration lies at the groove bottom. This is
due to laser light intensity enhancement near the contact area between the microwire and sample, which is
explained in the literature[15]. Closer AFM inspection of cross-sectional view of the irradiated grooves displays
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that the full width at half-maximum is about 300 nm and average depth is about 100 nm. This indicates that the
technique of the SiO2microwire enhanced irradiation offered a new method of creating an ultra-long nano-groove
on (Ti,Al,Si)N, which might be utilized for multiple patterning in the nano-processing.

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Fig. 3.SEM images of (a) an ultra-long groove, (b) the magnified part of black box in (a), and (c) the magnified part of
black box in (b) on (Ti,Al,Si)N after the laser irradiation at a laser influence of 468.75 mJ/cm2.

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The studies suggested that the properties and the morphologies of the formed nano-structure by using spherical
particles were quite dependent on the laser fluence[8, 16].The experiments are repeated at different laser fluences
of 156.25, 312.5, 468.75 and 625.0mJ/cm2, to study the laser fluence effects on the formation of the grooves.

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Surface topographies of groove structures by SEM are illustrated in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4(a) an inhomogeneous groove
with the maximum width of around 800 nm is produced where the microwire is originally located after the laser
irradiation at a fluence of 625.0mJ/cm2. It is also found that there are two wing grooves on both sides of the

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middle groove. Meanwhile, molten (Ti,Al,Si)N particles, which are examined by Energy Dispersive Spectrometer
(EDS, FEI Quanta 200 FEG, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA), bombast out from the grooves in the laser process. Some
(Ti,Al,Si)N debris is observed on the both sides of the middle groove while most (Ti,Al,Si)N aggregates are left
along the two wing grooves. When the laser fluence is set at 468.75mJ/cm2, the structure considerably changes.
Fig. 4(b) shows that the middle groove homogeneous in size of 300 nm is created on the sample.The main
difference is that only (Ti,Al,Si)N debris is observed on the both sides of the grooves. A further drop of the laser

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fluence leads to the decrease of the groove width. Based on Fig.4(c) and 4(d) the wing grooves disappear and
only a uniform groove is fabricated on the sample. The groove reflects the previous positions of the microwire on
the surface. The groove width decreases from 210 to 143 nm as the laser fluence decreases from 312.5to 156.25

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mj/cm2. Geometry profiles of the grooves caused by the microwire enhancement irradiations are mainly observed
at the contact area of the microwire and the samplein each case. This suggests that the formation of grooves is the
near-field enhancement induced by the microwire.

Fig. 4.SEM images of the structure on (Ti,Al,Si)N after the laser irradiation at different laser influences of (a) 625, (b)
468.75, (c) 312.5, (d) 156.25 mj/cm2.
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To further study the interactions of the laser fluence and the groove formations, surface topographies of groove
structures at different laser fluences of200, 300 and 400 mJare observed under AFM (Fig. 5). Due to the molten
(Ti,Al,Si)N particles covered on the surface as observed in Fig. 4(a) , the topography of groove structure after the
laser irradiation at 400 mJ/cm2 cannot be imaged by AFM. Fig. 5(a) and (c) show the AFM image and the cross
section of the groove at 468.75 mJ/cm2. A uniform groove with the width of 295 nm is created and the
(Ti,Al,Si)N debris is observed only on both sides of the groove. When the laser fluence is set at 312.5mJ/cm2, the
groove width decreases to 195 nm, as corresponding AFM cross section in Fig.5(d). Compared to the Fig.5(a),
both sides of the groove is clear rather than (Ti,Al,Si)N debris. The AFM images of the grooves at different laser

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fluencies also show characteristic bowl-like features. Both AFM and STM reveal that the groove width increases
with the larger laser fluence, as shown in Fig. 6.

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Fig. 5.AFM image of the structure on (Ti,Al,Si)N at a laser influence of (a) 468.75, (b) 312.5mJ cm-2, and its cross section

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line for (c)295 nm and (d)195 nm.

Fig. 6.Width of the groove as a function of laser fluence.


Simlulations of the intensity distribution following the microwires are carried out by solving the electromagnetic

boundary problem through Maxwell equations. The incident plane wave at 532 nm is normalized to unity. The
wave propagates along the z coordinate, the electrical vector follows along the x coordinate, and magnetic vector
follows along the ycoordinate. The contacting area between the SiO 2microwire and the (Ti,Al,Si)N surface is set
to be y=0. Refraction index of SiO2microwire is set at 1.588 in calculations, corresponding to experiments.Fig.7
shows the calculated field intensity directly under the SiO 2microwires. Laser intensity is mainly localized within a
region near the microwire-substrate contacting area. The optical field 0.25 at the contact area is set as the damage
threshold of TiAlSiN. If the fluence at the contact area is well above the threshold, the sample surface can be
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etched to induce groove structure, as can be seen in Fig.4. A single groove is produced at small incident laser
fluencebelow 468.75 mJ/cm 2, while tri-groove structure is achieved when the laser flluence is increased to

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625.0mJ/cm2, as shown in Fig.7. It is because of fluence induced size effects and near-field enhancements.

below 468.75 mJ/cm2 and (b) 625.0mJ/ cm2.

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Fig. 7.The light intensity distributions on the substrate surface under the SiO2microwire with incident laser fluence (a)

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Theoretically, there are two distinct components, induced the groove topography in laser etching process. One is
thermocapillarity and another is chemicapillarity. Theseoriginate from the thermal potential of a temperature
gradient and the chemical potential of acompositional gradient respectively.Energy field under the microwire

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leads to local melting of the (Ti,Al,Si)N materials, whose behaviors like liquid.Due to the Gaussian-like intensity
distribution of the enhanced energy field, a temperature increases from the center of the molten zone to its e dge
upon laser irradiation. The temperature-gradient-induced thermocapillary force flows the surface material
outwards to the groove edges, which induced bowl-like formation of the laser etching. Chemicapillary action of
the molten (Ti,Al,Si)N exists in the middle of the molten zone. It is kind of surface tension induced force. The
chemicapillary force results in an inward flow towards the center. It pushes the liquid (Ti,Al,Si)N to the groove

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middle to create the crater formation, because the resolidification starts from the edge of the molten zone.Thus,
only one-dimension bowl-shaped groove formations are found in the etching process, the thermocapillaryforce
dominates etching procedure while the chemicapillary force can be neglected.

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Ultra-long (5mm) nano-groove structures are created on (Ti,Al,Si)N surface by SiO 2microwire enhanced laser
near-field irradiation.The minimum width is 143nm at 156.25 mj/cm 2 with long-width ratio 30000:1. It is found

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that the modification of groove structure is dependent on the laser fluence. As the fluence increasing, the groove
width becomes large and sub etching appears next to the main groove. When the fluence is increase d to
625.0mJ/cm2, tri-groove is achieved. The formation can be attributed to fluence induced size effect and near-field

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enhancement. Experimental results are consistent with theoretical calculations. The temperature-gradient- induced
thermocapillary force dominates in etching process and induces the formation of one-dimension bowl-shaped
groove.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51105222) and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.90923018)for the financial support.
REFERENCES
[1] B.D. Terris, D. Weller, L. Folks, J.E.E. Baglin, A.J. Kellock, H. Rothuizen, P. Vettiger, Patterning Magnetic Films
by Ion Beam Irradiation, J. Appl. Phys. 87 (2000) 7004-7006.
[2] J.R. Wendt, G.A. Vawter, R.E. Smith, M.E. Warren, Nanofabrication of Subwavelength, Binary,High- efficiency
Diffractive Optical Elements in GaAs, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B. 13 (1995) 2705-2708.
[3] L. Yang, I. Akhatov, M. Mahinfalah, B.Z. Jang, Nano-fabrication: A Review, Journal of the Chinese Institute of
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Engineers. 30 (2007) 441-446.


[4] V. Zorba, X. Mao, R.E. Russo, Laser Wavelength Effects in Ultrafast Near-field Laser Nanostructuring of Si, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 95 (2009).
[5] V.M. Sundaram, A. Soni, R.E. Russo, S.-B. Wen, Analysis of Nanopatterning through Near Field Effects with
Femtosecond and Nanosecond Lasers on Semiconducting and Metallic Targets, J. Appl. Phys. 107 (2010).
[6] U. Quentin, K.-H. Leitz, L. Deichmann, I. Alexeev, M. Schmidt, Optical Trap Assisted Laser Nanostructuring in the
Near-field of Microparticles, Journal of Laser Applications. 24 (2012).
[7] A. Chimmalgi, D.J. Hwang, C.P. Grigoropoulos, Nanoscale Rapid Melting and Crystallization of Semiconductor
Thin Films, Nano Lett. 5 (2005) 1924-1930.

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[8] Y. Zhou, M.H. Hong, J.Y.H. Fuh, L. Lu, B.S. Luk'yanchuk, Z.B. Wang, L.P. Shi, T.C. Chong, Direct Femtosecond
Laser Nanopatterning of Glass Substrate by Particle-assisted Near-field Enhancement, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (2006).
[9] T.C. Chong, M.H. Hong, L.P. Shi, Laser Precision Engineering: from Microfabrication to Nanoprocessing, Laser &

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Photonics Reviews. 4 (2010) 123-143.

[10] X.C. Wang, H.Y. Zheng, C.W. Tan, F. Wang, H.Y. Yu, K.L. Pey, Fabrication of Silicon Nanobump Arrays by

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[11] S.M. Huang, Z. Sun, B.S. Luk'yanchuk, M.H. Hong, L.P. Shi, Nanobump Arrays Fabricated by Laser Irradiation

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of Polystyrene Particle Layers on Silicon, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005).

[12] Y. Zhou, T. Shao, L. Yin, A Method of Micro Laser Surface Texturing Based on Optical Fiber Focusing, Laser
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Carbonitrides, Nature. 399 (1999) 132-134.

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[13] S.H. Jhi, J. Ihm, S.G. Louie, M.L. Cohen, Electronic Mechanism of Hardness Enhancement in Transition- metal
[14] S.H. Jhi, S.G. Louie, M.L. Cohen, J. Ihm, Vacancy Hardening and Softening in Transition Metal Carbides and
Nitrides, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 3348-3351.

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[15] D. Liu, J. Liu, H. Wang, T. Shao, Laser Etching of Groove Structures with Micro-Optical Fiber Enhanced

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Irradiation, Nanoscale Research Letters. 7 (2012) 318.

[16] S.M. Huang, Z. Sun, Y.F. Lu, Nanofabrication by Laser Irradiation of Polystyrene Particle Layers on Silicon,

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Nanotechnology. 18 (2007).

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Structural, Mechanical and Tribological Performances of Sputtered WS 2-Ni


Nanocomposite Films
Shusheng Xu1), 2), Xiaoming Gao1), Ming Hu1), Jiayi Sun1), Yan Wang1), 2), Desheng Wang1), Dong Jiang1)
Feng Zhou1), Weimin Liu1) *, Lijun Weng1) *
1)State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou 730000, PR China

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2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China


* Corresponding author. Tel.:+86 931 4968166 (Weimin Liu), +86 931 4968003 (Lijun Weng)
fax: +86 931 8277088 (Weimin Liu), +86 931 8277088 (Lijun Weng).

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E-mail address: wmliu@licp.cas.cn (Weimin Liu), wenglj@licp.cas.cn (Lijun Weng).


ABSTRACT

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WS2 composite films with 3.2-17.2 at. % Ni contents were co-sputtered. The composition and structure of the

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films were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive spectroscopy of X-ray
(EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and
high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The mechanical and vacuum tribological properties

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were evaluated using nano-indentation tester, scratch tester and vacuum ball-on-disk tribometer.The composite
films were characterized by a mixture of polycrystalline WS 2 and amorphous Ni phases and displayed a fine
columnar microstructure at low Ni content and a featureless cross-sectional morphology at high Ni content. The

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films showed an increase in hardness with Ni content ranging 0-10.8 at. % due to the microstructure being
densification, but exhibited high brittleness as the Ni content higher than 10 at. %. Wear results showed that the
composite films showed a significantly improved wear resistance at low Ni contents (<8.0 at. %) compared to

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pure WS 2 film, but had poor wear resistances at high Ni content (>10 at. %). The different tribological
performances were mainly ascribed to the difference in the wear mechanism of films determined by the distinct
microstructure.

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Keywords: WS 2 composite film; Ni; Mechanical properties; Wear mechanism; Vacuum

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Nanofabrication on Si(100) Surface by Friction-Induced Selective Etching with


Native Oxide Layer as a Mask
J. Guo, B.J. Yu, L.M. Qian *
Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education)
Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China

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*linmao@swjtu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

By virtue of its excellent mechanical and physical properties, monocrystalline silicon has been widely used in
micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). Recently, nanofabrication methods based on

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scanningprobemicroscope (SPM) have been utilized in fabrication on monocrystalline silicon surface for its
flexibility, simplicity and low cost. By using atomic force microscope (AFM), a new nanofabrication method
involving a combination of scanning and post-etching was proposed to produce low destructive nanostructures on

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monocrystalline silicon surface. Local native oxide layer on Si (100) surface was firstly removed by the scanning
process with the SiO2 probe under low contact pressure (< 1.2 GPa). Then KOH solution selectively etched the
exposed Si surface, while the native oxide layer on non-scanning area was negligibly etched and could be used as

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a mask. With the masking effect of native oxide layer, a series of nanostructures were successfully fabricated by
controlling the scanning trace and KOH etching time. It was found that the fabricated nanostructure was
low-destructive since the contact pressure was far below the yield strength of monocrystalline silicon. Further

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analysis indicated that the removal behavior of oxide layer by SiO 2 probe was mainly attributed to the
tribochemical reaction.
Keywords: monocrystalline silicon, nanofabrication, friction-induced selective etching, native oxide layer

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Green Tribology: Tribotechnical Effectivity of Copper Nanoclusters in Water


Solutions of Sorbite
Alexander S. Kuzharov, Andrey A. Kuzharov
Don State Technical University, 1, Gagarin sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344010, RUSSIA
E-mail:kuzharov@donstu.ru

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ABSTRACT

Influence of copper nanosized clusters on tribotechnical properties of water solutions of multicarbon alcohols are
submitted. Increase of the number of carbon atoms in alcohol results in the big variety of the physical and
chemical mechanisms providing selforganizing at friction that facilitates realization of selective carry.

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In the last some years research of nanostructures became the general direction for many classical scientific
disciplines. Nanosized particles of metals have unusual physical and chemical properties, and materials on their
basis in some cases possess unique characteristics.

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Research in tribological experiment of antifrictional properties of the water-glyceric mix containing in the
structure a disperse phase of nanosized clusters of copper [1], that selforganizing at formation of a servovite film
during transition of system copper alloy - glycerin - steel in a mode of wearless occurs to participation metal

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clusters with the sizes no more than 10-7 m has shown. The first time, continuing studying of influence of copper
nanosized clusters on tribotechnical properties of water solutions of multicarbon alcohols, results of research of
solutions of six carbon alcohol - sorbite:CH2OH (CHOH) 4CH2OH are submitted.

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Steady copper colloid solutions in a solution of sorbite turned out by the fulfilled technique [2] which represents
1
electrochemical reduction of copper in a ultrasonic field that results in formation metal clusters, both in the
2
solution, and on a surface of the cathode. Depending on duration of such complex processing, from bright - green

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up to blue-green color with a various degree of a transparency copper containing dispersions have been received.
On the cathode and in part in a solution are found out black copper clusters.
The analysis of UV-spectra of water solutions of sorbite allows asserting, that in solutions of sorbite processes of

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clustering and complex formation of copper are observed. In greasing are copper containing products, being
co-ordinating compounds of bivalent copper and nanosized clusters of copper (fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Nanosized clusters of copper.

Researches of tribotechnical properties of the lubricant compositions containing superdisperse powders of copper,
show, that at friction of steel on steel, such greasings provide formation on a surface of friction of a copper film,
which tribotechnical properties depends on time of electrolyze and concentration of solutions. Concentration of
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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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nanodisperse powders in the lubricant medium renders the greatest influence, as on a possibility of formation of a
copper film, and on her tribotechnical properties (fig. 2).

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Du,

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1500

2000

2500
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Fig. 2.Tribotechnical properties of sorbite solutions.1- 50% solution of sorbite; 2- 50% solution of sorbite, containing

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superdisperse powders of copper.

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Comparing the received data with results of researches in similar conditions of a water-glyceric mix it is
necessary to recognize, that water solutions of sorbite containing copper for realization of wearless effect at

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friction are more effective. In other words the increase as the number of carbon atoms in alcohol results in the big
variety of the physical and chemical mechanisms providing selforganizing at friction that facilitates realization of
selective carry.
REFERENCES

[1] Kuzharov A. S., Kuzharov A. A., Nguyen Huynh, Nguyen Van Tuyen. Nanotribological Zero-Wear effect. - 5th

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World Tribology Congress (WTC-2013), Torino,September 8-13, 2013. ISBN 978-88-908185-09 (2013).

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[2] .. . - . . . .-

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/, 2004.-136 .

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Single-Asperity Friction and Wear of Phosphate Laser Glass Studied by a


Spherical AFM Diamond Tip
Jiaxin Yu 1)*, Hailong Hu 2), Fei Jia1), Weifeng Yuan 1)
1) Key Laboratory of Testing Technology for Manufacturing Process, Ministry of Education,
Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
2) Analysis and Testing Center, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China

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* Corresponding author. E-mail address: yujiaxin@swust.edu.cn


ABSTRACT

As the core material of the amplifier, Nd-doped phosphate laser glasses have been widely used in

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high-peak-power laser system for fusion energy research. The investigation of friction and wear properties of
phosphate laser glass in nanoscale can assist to understand the material removal mechanism in ultra-precise
cutting and polishing. With an atomic force microscopy, the single-asperity friction and wear of phosphate laser

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glass were investigated by using spherical diamond tips with a radius of 540 nm. The friction and wear of
phosphate glass presented different variation during single-pass nanoscratch and reciprocating wear. In
single-pass nanoscratch, with increased in normal load Fn, the measured friction coefficient decreased slightly

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first when Fn 23 N and then increased sharply while Fn> 23 N. Calculation results indicated that in the low
load range, the interface friction coefficient int was higher than the ploughing friction coefficient p, but in a high
load range, ploughing friction played a more important role, and p increased sharply with increase in normal load.

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Accordingly, the scratch depth increased very slightly in the low load range, where the damage of glass was
dominated by elastic-plastic deformation, and the scratch depth increased very sharply in high load range, where
the damage was mainly induced by plastic deformation and material removal. However, in reciprocating wear, the

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measured stable friction coefficient decreased slightly with increase in Fn in low load range, but it almost
remained unchanged in high load range. Due to the formation of groove during repeated wear, the effect of load
on p will be reduced largely. As a result, p increased weakly and caused the total friction coefficient kept

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unchanged with increase in load in high load range. The nanoabrasive wear dominated the material removal
during reciprocating wear, and the wear depth increased linearly with increase in load. Under low load, the
friction coefficient increased firstly and then remained relative stable with increase in number of friction cycles,

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where the wear mechanism changed from eslatic-plastic deformation to nanoabrasive wear. However, under high
load, the friction coefficient decreased firstly and then remained unchanged with increase in number of cycles,
where the damage of glass dominated by nanoabrasive wear.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Application of Mesoporous Silica Nanospheres for Effective Lubiricating Oil


Delivery
Xiangyuan Ye1) 2), Jinqing Wang1)*, Shengrong Yang1)
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, P. R. China

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* Corresponding author: jqwang@licp.cas.cn (J. Wang)


ABSTRACT

Toward the increasing demands of energy storage and utilization, the traditional usage of lubricating oil with
significant drawbacks become more and more unsuitable. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to

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introduce the application of mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs)1 for lubricating oil delivery.2-5 The MSNs
which have neat morphology, large Brniauer-Enimett-Teller (BET) surface area and uniform pore diameter were
synthesized firstly, and then paraffin oil was poured into the pores of the MSNs via a simple wet impregnation

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method. Furthermore, tribological tests were carried out by sliding a steel ball (R = 3.0 mm) against the thin film
which was composed of the MSNs with oil, under three different loads (1.0 N, 1.5N, and 2.0 N). The results
indicated that the coefficient of friction (COF) decreased from 0.7 to 0.1 under these loads. The corresponding

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wear volume decreased from 2267.83 103 m3 to 788.04 103 m3 under the load of 1.0 N, from 2658.90
103 m3 to 911.85 103 m3 under the load of 1.5 N, from 3230.77 103 m3 to 1021.90 103 m3 under the
load of 2.0 N. The present work lights the way to utilize lubricating oil more effectively via releasing oil

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preserved inside pores of MSNs.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Surface Modified NANO-LAF3 Effect on the Tribological Behaviors of Bio-fuel


Soot-Contaminated Liquid Paraffin
Tianxia Liu1), XianguoHu1)*, Enzhu Hu1), Karl D Dearn2)
1) Institute of Tribology, Hefei University and Technology, Hefei 230009, China
2) School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Birmingham
Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom

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*Corresponding author. E-mail: xghu@hfut.edu.cn


ABSTRACT

A four-ball tribometer was used to investigate the effect of surface-modified nanometer lanthanum fluoride

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(nano-LaF 3) on the tribological behaviors of bio-fuel soot (BS)-contaminated liquid paraffin (LP). The XRD,
SEM/EDS, HRTEM and XPS were conducted to investigate the composition and structure of BS and nano-LaF 3
and the rubbed surface related with the tribological behavior. The results showed that the nano -LaF 3 can enhance

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the anti-wear and antifriction properties of BS-contaminated LP significantly.


1 INTRODUCTION
Soot contamination is a serious issue to the engine and lubrication manufacturers. The biomass pyrolysis fuel is

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one of renewable, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable engine fuels. It might be potential substitute fuel
for conventional fossil fuels. When biomass fuels are used in an engine, the lubricating oil contaminated by
bio-fuel soot (BS) may result in an increased wear on the critical components as well as, the shortening of oil life,

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and the increased frequency of oil changes. So it is very important to investigate the tribological impact of BS
contamination on the lubricating oil [1]. The rare-earth fluoride in a base oil has good extreme pressure, anti-wear
and friction reduction performance. Especially LaF 3 displayed promising applications as lubrication additives [2].

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LaF 3 may be reduced the wear effect of BS in BS-contaminated lubricating oils.


2 EXPERIMENTAL
BS was collected via a combustion process of the bio-fuel in a homemade soot trapping equipment. A

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commercially available dispersibility surface-modified nano-LaF 3 was purchased for this investigation. A
four-ball tribometer was used to investigate the effect of surface-modified nanometer lanthanum fluoride
(nano-LaF 3) on the tribological behaviors of BS-contaminated liquid paraffin (LP) according to ASTM

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D5183-2005.The materials and tribological action mechanism were investigated by means of SEM/EDS, XRD,
HRTEM, and XPS.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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3.1 Optimum content of nano-LaF 3

From Fig. 1, it can be seen that the optimum content of nano-LaF 3 was 0.6 wt% in the LP with 2 wt% BS.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Fig. 1. Variation of AWSD and average friction coefficient of the different contents of nano-LaF3 in LP with 2 wt% BS
3.2 Extreme pressure

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Fig.2 showed thatthe extreme pressure value (PB) of BS-contaminated LP with 0.6 wt% nano-LaF 3 was obviously
higher than without nano-LaF 3.

3.3 Anti-wear and antifriction

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Fig. 2. Variation of PB value of the different contents of BS in LP with and without 0.6 wt% nano-LaF3

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Fig.3 showed that the average wear scar diameters increased with the addition of BS with or without nano-LaF3.
The nano-LaF 3 significantly enhanced the anti-wear and antifriction property of BS-contaminated LP.

Fig. 3. Variations of AWSD and average friction coefficient of the different contents BS in LP
with and without 0.6 wt% nano-LaF3
3.4 Wear and friction mechanism analysis

The XPS and SEM/EDS analyses showed that the possible mechanisms were followings: One was the formation
of a boundary lubrication film including iron oxides, lanthanide and carbon. Another was the formation of friction
diffusion layer with lanthanum in the rubbing sub-surface. The third was the preferential adsorption of the surface
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modification agent of nano-LaF3 on the surface of BS particles which weakened the effect of corrosion wear on
the worn surfaces.
4 CONCLUSIONS

1. The optimum content of nano-LaF 3 was 0.6 wt% in the LP with 2 wt% BS.
2. Nano-LaF 3 obviously improved the extreme pressure of BS-contaminated LP.
3. Nano-LaF 3 significantly contributed in enhancing the anti-wear and antifriction properties of
BS-contaminated LP.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51275143) and EPSRC
project (grant no. EP/F061692/1) are also gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES

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[1] E. Hu, X. Hu, T. Liu, et al, The Role of Soot Particles in the Tribological Behavior of Engine Lubricating Oils,
Wear, 304 (2013) 152-161.

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[2] M. Zhang, X. Wang, W. Liu, Tribological Behavior of LaF 3 Nanoparticles as Additives in PAO, Ind. Lubri.Tribol.,

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65 (2013) 226-235.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

On the Role of Oxide Film Formation in High TemperatureFretting Wear of


Cobalt-Based Super Alloys (Keynote)
Helmi Attia1), 2)
1) Aerospace Structures, Materials and Manufacturing Laboratory
National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada

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2) McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada


ABSTRACT

Proper design and reliable operation of aero engines require accurate prediction of fretting wear failure criteria
including the volumetric wear loss and the maximum wear depth. Aero engine industry relies on the use of

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Cobalt-based and Nickel-based superalloys for the combustor components due to their strength and wear
resistance at elevated temperatures. Limited data was reported in the open literature on fretting wear of
superalloys at high temperature. To the authors best knowledge, there is no data available on the fretting wear of

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the cobalt-based Haynes superalloy; neither at room temperature nor at high temperature. Therefore, the aim of
this research is to study the effect of temperature, normal load and amplitude of slip on the volumetric wear loss,
dynamic friction and energy dissipated at the fretting interface of aero engine components.

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In order to simulate the tribological characteristics of the real system under conside ration and to respect a number
of similarity laws, theoperating conditions were duplicated as closely as possible. The experimental setup was
modified for high temperature testing up to 550o C, where the samples were locally heated, optimally insulated

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and the measuring sensors were locally cooled. The setup thermal behaviour was fully modelled in order to
correlate the interface contact temperature to the heat input. Fretting wear experiments were conducted with a
spherical cobalt-based Haynes superalloy against a cylindrical cobalt-based Haynes superalloy at room

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temperature and at 350oC. The following process variables were also tested; vibration amplitude and normal
load N while the vibration frequency was kept constant. In this study, the frictional forces and the displacements
were continuously measured and the hysteresis loops for the energy dissipated at the surface were calculated

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throughout the test. Fretted surfaces were measured using the 3D surface profilometry to determine the wear
volume and the maximum wear depth. The surface oxides were examined by SEM and Raman analyses to
identify the oxide composition and thickness and to establish their effect on the wear mechanism. The effect of

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temperature on the wear rate work rate relationships was also established. The dynamic coefficient of friction
was determined for various combinations of process variables.
Keywords: Fretting; wear; experiments; cobalt-based superalloys

257

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Tribo-fatigue of Involute Splines Under Different Lubrication Conditions


(Invited)
Qingsong Hua
Bosch, Germany

ABSTRACT

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Spline joints are widely used in gearboxes and clutches in industry, automobile, new energy resources, and so
forth, which are for the transmission both torque and relative axial displacement. However, teeth break, especially
friction and fretting wear acting as the predominant damage, lead to the failure of spline joint. In this study, the
mechanism of teeth faces wear and fatigue failure was researched and the wear lifetime assessment method was
obtained.

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Tests were carried out on cyclic loading testing rig under different lubricating states, during which the amount of
eccentricity and the lubricating oil temperature were measured by displacement sensor and temperature sensor
respectively.Load cycle number was also recorded. It showed that wear forms of the teeth faces dependedon

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operating conditions of spline joint.


Moreover, in this research, fretting wear theory was firstly applied in the research of teeth faces of spline joints.
Assessment method of frictional wear and fatigue life of teeth faces in spline joints was proposed systematically.

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The generating of micro cracks is of great significance in the wear process. The product of slip distance and
friction shear, acting as friction work, together with the tangential tension stress component in the relative slip
direction, contributes to the generating of micro cracks as well as the spreading of the cracks.The Fretting Fatigue
Damage Parameter (FFDP) was defined to describe material fretting fatigue strength. The value of FFDP depends

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on equivalent friction work and and first main stress 1 which are the primary causes of cracks generation in
fretting wear area. FFDP principle was used into the models damaged by fretting wear. Results gained from

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theoretical assessment method, applied for predicting the fretting wear and fatigue life of the teeth faces, were in
good accordance with the test results.
Then, according to the test results, common-used materials ultimate values of fretting wear and fatigue in fretting

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condition were obtained.


KeyWords: Spline joints, Teeth faces, Fretting wear, Friction work, FFDP

258

7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Study on Rotary Bending Fretting Fatigue (Invited)


Minhao Zhu

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Southwest Jiaotong University, China

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Study on Fatigue Crack Growth Life of Railway Rail under the Wear Condition
Wen-jian Wang*, Qi-yue Liu, Min-hao Zhu
Tribology Research Institute, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
* Corresponding author email address: wwj527@163.com
ABSTRACT

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Rolling contact fatigue and wear are particular problem for curves rail where the relatively severe contact stresses
result in the increase in the wear and the initiation of fatigue crack. These surface -initiated cracks can lead to
complete failure of the rail and potential derailment. Therefore, the study on fatigue crack growth life of railway
rail has an important technical guiding role on ensuring the operation safety of wheel/rail system.
In this paper, the prediction model of propagation life of rail surface oblique crack was established using the

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fracture mechanics theory under the wear condition. The propagation life of rail surface oblique crack was
estimated using this prediction model. Furthermore, the effects of friction coefficient, inclination angle and wear
rate on the propagation life of rail surface oblique crack were analyzed in detail.

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The results show that the fatigue residual life of rail would decrease with the increase of train velocity factor.
However, the fatigue residual life would increase with the increase of the elasticity factor of rail basis. The
propagation life of rail surface oblique crack would decrease with the friction coefficient between wheel and rail

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increasing (Fig.1.a). With the increase of inclination angle, the propagation life of rail surface oblique crack
would increase. However, it would decrease when the inclination angle was larger than a particular value.
The propagation life of rail surface oblique crack would increase slowly with the increase of wear rate (Fig.1.b).

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When the wear rate obtains a particular value, it would increase rapidly. The relationship between rolling wear
and fatigue damage of wheel-rail is seemed as mutual competitive and restrictive coupling mechanisms. That is to
say, while the wear is serious, the fatigue damage is relatively slight. On the contrary, while the fatigue damage is

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serious, the wear is slight. In the practical application, increasing wear rate can alleviate fatigue crack damage of
wheel-rail and prolong the fatigue life.

(a) Friction coefficient

(b) Wear rate

Fig.1 The effect of friction coefficient and wear rate on propagation life
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51174282) and Program supported
by the Innovative Research Teams in Universities (No.IRT1178).

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BPNN - QSTR Prediction Model about Friction- reducing Effect for Ester
Lubricant Base Oils
Zhan WANG 1), Xinlei GAO 1)*, Kang DAI 2)
1) Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
2) South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
*Corresponding author E-mail: gaoxl0131@163.com

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ABSTRACT

In terms of volume, base oil is the most important component in lubricant. By calculating all the lubricants, the
average quality of base oil is accounted for more than 95% in the lubricant formulations. With the growing
requirements of lubricating performance and environmental compatibility, base oil should play a major advantage

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of the new high- performance lubricant.


In our work, the basic problems of quantitative structure-tribological relationship of lubricant base oil were
studied, in order to predict the friction- reducing properties by the quantification of structure about lubricant base

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oil. A set of 57 esters and their friction coefficient data were employed to study the BPNN-QSTR model about
lubricant base oil. The appropriate structure of ester lubricant base oil was suggested.
The friction tests with point- point contact were carried out using a microtribometer (UMT-3, CETR) to

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investigate the tribological characteristics of steel/steel rubbing pair immersed in ester. The relatively low rotating
velocity n was 60.18mm/s, and normal load L was 98N.
In order to determine friction- reducing of each molecule, friction coefficient were dealt with simple

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mathematical manipulation. The structures of 57 compounds were generated using the sibyl -X 1.1 software
package, molecular energies were minimized and charges calculated by standard methods. Molecular properties
descriptors and semiempirical QM properties descriptors were employed and calculated to set up the QSTR

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models in Discovery Studio software package respectively.


The Back Propagation Neural Network Model (BPNN) was chosen to study the quantitative structure tribo-ability
relationship of lubricant base oil. The accuracy, the predictive ability and robustness of the BPNN -QSTR model,

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and sensitivity of the each descriptor in the BPNN-QSTR model were studied.
The results show that BPNN- QSTR model about friction- reducing effect for esters performs the feasibility and
predictability of estimating lubricant base oil friction- reducing properties. The models show robust predictability.

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It is also found that the strong relationship between tribological parameters and their molecular shape, energy
properties, and topological characters. It is helpful to explain the mechanism of lubrication process.

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Tangential Fretting Experimental Research of 690 Alloy Tube in Aquatic


Medium
Jin-fang Peng1), Li-chen Tang2), Zhen-bing Cai1), Xue-mei Xiong1), Hao-Qian2), Zhongrong-Zhou1), Minhao-Zhu1)*
1) Tribology Research Institute, Traction Power State Key Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
2) Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research &Design Institute, Shanghai, China
* Corresponding author: Tel: +86 28 87600715; Fax: +86 28 87601304;

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E-mail: zhuminhao@swjtu.cn
ABSTRACT

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Tangential fretting tests of 690 alloy tube against 405 stainless steel anti vibration bar have been carried out under
a different normal load and varied displacements. Based on the OM, SEM, and fretting running status, the
tangential fretting damages of 690 alloy tube have been analyzed in detail. The results showed that: in the

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deionized water medium, the damage of 690 alloy tube was affected by displacements and temperature, and also
influenced by experimental conditions. The deionized water has lubrication function, so the wear decreased
comparing to the dry condition. In the sliding region, under constant load and displacement, with the temperature

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increasing, wear become more serious; and under same load and temperature, also with the amplitude of
displacement increasing, the damage is more serious. According to the results, the wear of imported tube is more
serious than domestic tube under aquatic medium with temperature of 25, but it has the opposed result in the
90, domestic tube is more serious than imported tube, in order to research which tube has better wear resistance,
so need further test.
In the aquatic medium, the wear mechanism of the 690 alloy tube is abrasive wear, oxidative wear and

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delamination. With the temperature increasing, the degree of oxidation is gradually growing, and the proportion
of delamination on fatigue wear also increases accordingly.
Keywords: Tangential fretting, fretting wear, in aquatic medium, 690 alloy tube

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Finite Element Analyses of Tensioned Rope and Fretting-fatigue of Rope Wires


Dagang Wang1),*, Dekun Zhang 2), Shirong Ge 1)
1) School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology,
Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China
2) School of Materials Science and Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology,
Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China

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ABSTRACT

This paper deals with the finite element analysis of hoisting rope and three-layered strand for the exploration of
fretting fatigue parameters and stress distributions on the cross-section. During the initial stage of fretting-fatigue
of steel wires, the effects of fretting parameters on stress distributions and crack initiation characteristics were

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discussed employing the finite element method and multiaxial fatigue criteria. The effect of fretting wear depth on
stress distributions were investigated, which was validated by fretting fatigue tests. The results show that different
wires in the rope or strand and distinct material models in the analyses both induce different stress distributions

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and fretting fatigue parameters. Different fretting parameters induce distinct fretting regimes, stress distributions
and abrupt changes of stress near the trailing edge. Crack initiation becomes more difficult with increasing
contact load as compared to the increased possibility of crack initiation with increasing relative displacement. An

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increase of wear depth induces distinct stress distribution and easier crack initiation on the fretting surface .

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Applications of Numerical Simulation on Fretting Wear in Steam Generators


H.Z. Hu, H.X. Hu *, Y.G. Zheng
State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metal Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, 62 Wencui Road, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China
*hxhu@imr.ac.cn
ABSTRACT

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Fretting wear (FW) due to flow-induced vibration (FIV) is one of the most common reasons that cause the failure
of tube bundles in steam generators. The vibration amplitude and frequency are the most important parameters in
the study of FW. This paper aims to use the numerical simulation method to study the FIV behavior and obtain
the two parameters. The periodic wake shedding mechanism of liquid cross flow past three straight tubes and

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fluidelastic instability mechanism of two-phase cross flow past three U-type tubes are studied, respectively. The
vibration details including the frequency and deformation are well presented.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Numerical and Theoretical Studies of Bolted Joints under Harmonic Shear


Displacement
Jianhua Liu1), Huajiang Ouyang1), 2), Lijun. Ma3), Chaoqian Zhang 3), Minhao Zhu3),*
1) Tribology Research Institute, Traction Power State KeyLaboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University
Chengdu 610031, China
2) Department of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK

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3) Qingdao Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock Co. Qingdao 266111, China
*

Corresponding author.Tel: +86 028 87600715; fax: +86 028 87600715


E-mail address: zhuminhao@home.swjtu.edu.cn

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A three-dimensional finite element model used to simulate the bolted joint was created using ABAQUS package.
The stress concentration factors at the thread roots were first studied with a preload of 38.4 kN. Under harmonic

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transverse sheardisplacement,not only the stress variations at ten specified points of the first engaged thread but
also contact conditions between the contacting surfaces were studied. By changing the preload value, relative
displacement and the coefficient of friction between the two clamped plates successively, their effects on the

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hysteresis loops of the transverse load versus the relative displacement of the joint were then analyzed. Finally the
hysteresis loops were produced by the Masing model. It was found that due to the greatest st ress concentration
factor, fatigue failure would occur at the root of the first engaged thread. With the increase of preload value, the

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amplitude of displacement and the coefficient of friction, frictional energy dissipation of the joint increased. Very
good agreement was achieved for the hysteresis loop when using the fourth-order Masing model and therefore it
could replace the time-consuming finite element model.

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Keywords: Bolted joint; Transverse shear displacement; Finite element; Stress concentration factor; Hysteresis

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loop; Contact condition; Masing model

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

The Nature of Friction: Origin and Control (Invited)


Stephen M Hsu
George Washington University, USA
ABSTRACT

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Friction reduction has become a key part of fuel efficiency improvement world wide. This has rekindled the
research in controlling engineering friction in engine and machinery. Friction can be defined as the resistance to
motion but when motions are complex and materials are complicated, friction reduction sometimes becomes

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difficult to measure and quantify. This talk will trace our understanding of friction today and discuss some
practical cases of friction reduction in engine.

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Discussion on the Reliability of Wear Prediction (Invited)


Shirong Ge

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China University of Mining and Technology, China

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

In Situ Tribo-chemical Surface Characterization of Patterned Surfaces (Invited)


Hong Liang
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station
ABSTRACT

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In light of the recent development in nanoscale surface characterization techniques, we are able to observe the
tribological behavior of materials that has not been possible in the past. Using sliding probe based techniques we
are able to observe tribo-electrochemically stimulated surfaces of material surfaces with different patterns. In this
presentation, discussion will be given on a configuration consisting electrochemical cell attached to a pin-on-disc
tribometer and an atomic force microscope scanner. Under an applied electrical potential and in various chemical
environments, the surface morphology, roughness, skew, bearing ratio, as well as surface adhesive forces between

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probes can be imaged and effects of mechano-electrochemical stimuli could be evaluated. The effects of
mechanical, electrochemical, and mechano-electrochemical stimuli are found to compete during AFM sliding
process.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Tribological Analysis and Lubricants Management Technologies in Dredger


(Invited)
Xinping Yan1),2)*, Xiaojian Xu1),2), Chenxing Sheng1),2), Xincong Zhou1),2)
1) Reliability Engineering Institute, School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
2) Key Laboratory of Marine Power Engineering and Technology (Ministry of Transportation),

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Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China


* xpyan@whut.edu.cn
1 INTRODUCTION

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In inland water transport system, engineering ship plays an important role in channel improvement and
maintenance, hydro project, port construction and etc. The working environment of dredger is very tough,
especially in the silt-carrying geographical condition in China. The wear of dredger mechanical system is severe

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and the faults caused by friction and wear have been the main factors effecting the ship normal operation, which
account for 50% of the faults in marine power equipments [1]. It is therefore essential to analyze the tribological
systems in dredger, monitor the marine power equipments condition using the tribological information and

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research the lubrication management technologies.


In this paper, the tribological systems of dredger were selected as the research objects. The wear condition of the
main engine was monitored real time by on-line oil monitoring system [2-4]; the application of metal self-repairing

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additive on the key friction pair in dredger was explored [5,6]; the lubrication management technologies used in
dredger were analyzed comprehensively, the general principle of the marine lubricating oil selection was
proposed and the online monitoring system for contaminant degree of the hydraulic system was constructed [7,8].

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2 ANALYSIS OFTRIBOLOGICAL SYSTEMIN DREDGER

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The tribologocal systems in dredger are shown as Fig.1.The wear of the mechanical systems in dredger mainly
exists in power system and dredging operation system. The diesel engine and hydraulic system in dredger should

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be focused critically. The main failure modes in these tribological systems are abnormal wear of air cylinder
including abrasive wear, adhesive wear and corrosive wear, hydraulic oil deterioration and etc.

Power machinery
tribological system

Gearbox
system

Hydraulic
system

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Diesel engine
system

Dredger tribological system

Dredging operation equipment


tribological system

Stern tube
system

Dredging operation
mechanical system

Hydraulic system

Cutterhead

Sediment transport
system

Dredge pump diesel


engine system

Dredge pipe

Dredge pump

Nozzle

Fig.1 Tribological systems in dredger


3 CONDITIONS MONITORING IN DREDGER

Wear condition of the diesel engine is monitored by on-line oil monitoring system which is constructed with
ferrographic sensor, viscosity sensor and moisture sensor in dredger.By researching the two engines in dredger
and sampling the lubricating oil every two hours with the ferrographic sensor, the curves of the index of particle
covered area (IPCA) of the two engines can be achieved as Fig.2 shows.
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It can be seen in Fig.2 that the wear condition of the main engine No. 2 appears normal in the whole test time;
however, there occurs irregular wear of the main engine No. 1 after 50 testing hours. The IPCA value is close to
400, which indicates abnormal or failure of the main engine No. 1.
From Fig.2, it can be seen that the wear condition of NO.2 engine is always in normal state during the whole test,
however, the wear condition of NO.1 engine appears abnormal and the index of particle covered area (IPCA)
approaches 400 after operating for 50 hours which indicates some faults may occur. The analysis from Fig.2 can
be confirmed by Fig.3. In Fig.3 there are few particles which are in small size and distribute separately in the
deposition basement of the ferrographic sensor at the initial stage of engine operation while large wear debris can

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be found in the figure after operating over 50 hours, which is the characteristic of sever wear.

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Fig.2 The curves of IPCA: (left) main engine No. 1, and (right) main engine No. 2.

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Fig.3 The wear images of the main engine No. 1: (left) from 30 hours, and (b) from 60 hours.
4 APPLICATION OF METAL SELF-REPAIRING ADDITIVE IN DREDGER

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Taking Hangjun NO.18 dredger as the research object, the serpentine-based metal anti-wear self-repairing
additive is added into the lubrication system of the diesel engine. Sample the lubricating oil regularly to have a
spectrum analysis and plot the general elements like FeCrMgAl in the oil to observe the wear repairing effect

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of the additive.The elements concentration of 2# generator (with additive) and 3# generator (without additive) are
shown as Fig.4.
In Fig.4, it could be seen from the wear tendency that each element variati on was slight and the wear tendency

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tended to be stable after adding the metal self-repairing additive into the generator. The wear tendency of the
generator without additive changed significantly, each element content increases rapidly and then decreased
sharply. Since new oil was added into the lubricating oil tank before the 7th sampling, the concentration of each
element decreases sharply. Because of high content of Mg in the new oil, the variation of Mg is not obvious in the
experiment. The result of the experiment indicates that the metal anti-wear self-repairing additive had the effect
on anti-wearing in generators.

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Cr

Fe
140
120
100
80

2#Fe
3#Fe

60
40
20
0
1

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

2#Cr
3#Cr

10

10

Al

Mg
350

25

300

20

250
200

2#Mg
3#Mg

150

15

2#Al
3#Al

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50
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0
1

10

10

Fig.5 Elements comparison between 2# generator (with additive) and 3# generator (without additive)

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5 LUBRICATION MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY IN DREDGER

With the on-line oil contaminant monitoring system for hydraulic system in dredger, the

particle concentration

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of >4m>6m>14m>21m can be collected in real time. Fig.5 shows an interface of the monitoring system.
According to ISO4406 test standard, each of the particles in> 4m,>6m,>14m,>21m has an ISO value which
represents four contaminant degrees respectively corresponding to the table above (clean, mild contaminant,

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moderate contaminant, severe contaminant). The most serious degree among the 4 level will be chosen as the
general contaminant degree of the system.
The on-line monitoring data can only inform the oil contaminant degree to the marine engineers. They should

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combine with the spectrum analysis and physical-chemical analysis to identify the cause of contaminant is from
interior or exterior. When the spectrum shows that the concentration of Fe, Cu and etc, the contaminant generally
comes from interior which indicates the wear of the interior parts is sever.

Fig.5 onboard real-time monitoring of hydraulic system contaminant degree

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6 CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, the dredger is chosen as the object and the components and characteristics of its tribological systems
are analyzed. After exploring the condition monitoring, self-wear repair and lubrication management technologies
of these systems, it can be concluded that:
1) Condition monitoring of tribological system can enhance the working reliability of dredger.
2) The application of metal self-repairing additive is the key technology of improving self-repairing wear.
3) Lubrication management is an effective method ensuring the reliable and efficient operation of dredger.
REFERENCE
[1] Chenxing Sheng. Research on Key Technologies of Remote Diagnosis System for Dredger Power Plant [D]. Wuhan,
Wuhan University of Technology,2009.
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[2] X.P.Yan, C.H.Zhao, Z.Y.Liu, X.C.Zhou, H.L.Xiao. A Study of Information Technology Used In Oil Monitoring[J].
Triobology International.38(2005)979- 886.
[3] Yan Liu, Zhong Liu, Youbai Xie, Zhigang Yao. Research on an On-line Wear Condition Monitoring System for
Marine Diesel Engine [J]. Triobology International.33(2000) 829-835.
[4] Sheng Chenxing, Yan Xinping, Xu TaifuStudy of Wear Evaluation of Diesel Engine 500h Reliability Test Based
on Oil Spectrum Analysis[C]Springer-Verlag, WCEAM-IMS.10(2008)1382-1389
[5] LeiWang,X.C.Zhou, Q.Q.Li,C.Q.Yuan, X.P.Yan,.Applieationof Metal Self-repairing Additiveson Cylinderpiston
Ring Rubbing Pairs. Advanced Tribology, 2010: 98-101.
SerpentinePowders by Hydrothermal Method [J]. Lubrication Engineering.10(2012) 45-49.

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[6] Xiao Zhou, Su Xunjia, Hou Genliang, Liu Chaohui, Mei Bing. Synthesis and Tribological Properties of
[7] Chenxing Sheng, Xinping Yan, Tiehua Peng. Computer-aided Contamination On-line Monitoring Applied for the
Hydraulic System for Dredger [J]. LubricationEngineering.6(2008) 77-79.

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[8] M. Singh , G. S. Lathkar, S. K. Basu. Failure Prevention ofHydraulic System Based on OilContamination [J].

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Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C.2(2012) 269-274.

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Plasto-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (Invited)


Dong Zhu1), Tao He1), Ning Ren2)* and Qian Wang2)
1) School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University
Chengdu 610065, CHINA
2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University
Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA

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*Currently with Ashland, Inc., Lexington, Kentucky, USA.


ABSTRACT

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is a common lubrication mode that widely exists in many machine
elements. These elements often transmit significant power under heavy loads that may likely induce surface

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plastic deformation. Also, the roughness of machined surfaces is usually of the same order of magnitude as, or
greater than, the average EHL film thickness. Therefore, most components operate in mixed lubrication with
considerableasperity contacts, which may result in localized pressure peaks much higher than the pressure in

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smooth contact, causing subsurface stress concentrations that may exceed the material yield limit. Plastic
deformation, therefore, is often unavoidable, which not only permanently changes the surface profiles and contact
geometry, but alters material properties through work-hardening as well. Recently, a3-dimensionalPEHL model [1]

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was developedfor investigating the effects of plastic deformation and material work-hardening on the interfacial
characteristics. Later the effects of surface irregularities, sinusoidal waves and machined roughness on the PEHL
behaviors were studied [2-3]. On going efforts include a systematic study how the plasticity affects lubricant film

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thickness and subsurface stresses in a wide range of operating conditions. It has been found that, generally, the
PEHL model yields lowerpeak pressure, thinner lubricant film and lower subsurface stress as compared to those
from the EHL model, especially when the materials have weak working hardening property and/or the load is

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heavy. If the work-hardening gets stronger, the PEHL solution approaches that of the EHL. Also, surface
irregularities or roughness may cause high local pressure spikes that induce plastic deformation even under an
external load well below the critical load, which is determined at the onset of plastic deformation in the

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corresponding smooth contact. This may result in a significant reduction of pressurepeak heights as well as that

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of subsurface stress concentration.An increase in roughness height may cause more plastic deformation, higher
pressure peaks and higher subsurface von Misesstress and residual stress, while the roughnes s wavelength may

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have an opposite influence.The film thickness behavior under the PEHL appears to be different from that under
the EHL. For example, it may quickly decrease as the load increases if the plastic deformation is considered.

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REFERENCES

[1] Ren, N., Zhu, D., Chen, W. W., and Wang, Q., 2010, Plasto-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (PEHL) in Point
Contacts, J. Tribol., 132, 031501.
[2] Ren, N., Zhu, D., and Wang, Q., 2011, Three-Dimensional Plasto-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (PEHL) for
Surfaces with Irregularities, J. Tribol.,133, 031502.
[3] He, T., Ren, N., Zhu, D., and Wang, J.X., 2014, Plasto-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (PEHL) in Point
Contacts for Surfaces with Three-Dimensional Sinusoidal Waviness and Real Machined Roughness, to appear in J.
Tribol., 136.
BIOGRAPHY

Dong Zhu received his Ph.D. in 1984 from TsinghuaUniversity in China. He used to work at Northwestern
University, USA, as a Research Fellow in 1986-1990. He was later employed by ALCOA then Eaton Corp., doing
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R&D in the areas of tribology, surface engineering and advanced product development until June of 2008. He is
currently a Professor at SichuanUniversity, Chengdu, China. He is also a Fellow of the ASME and the STLE.

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A Comprehensive Model for Assessing the Impact of Steel Cleanliness on Bearing


Performance (Invited)
Xiaolan Ai, Ph.D, ASME Fellow
The Timken Company
ABSTRACT

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Steel cleanliness as measured by non-metallic inclusion content in steel plays a major role in affecting bearing
durability. A high-fidelity virtual bearing life test model was developed to predict the impact of inclusions on
bearing fatigue life. This model analyzes distributions of inclusion size, shape, orientation and location, and
computes stress alterations to bearing material due to inclusions and the resulting life reduction. Comparisons

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between model predictions and experimental test results were made, confirming the validity of the model.
Parametric studies were conducted to explore the effects of inclusion counts, inclusion size distributions and the
effect of overall bearing size on bearing life. An empirical relationship was proposed based on simulation results,

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linking the bearing life reduction factor to the accumulative inclusion length within the stressed volume under
contact load.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Graphene Oxide Film as Solid Lubricant (Invited)


Hongyu Liang 1), 2), Yongfeng Bu 1),Junyan Zhang 1) *
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
*E-mail: zhangjunyan@licp.cas.cn

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ABSTRACT

As a layered material, graphene oxide (GO) film is a good candidate for improving friction and anti -wear
performance of silicon based MEMS devices. Via a green and environment friendly electrophoretic deposition
(EPD) technique, GO films with tunable thickness in nanoscale are fabricated onto silicon wafer in a water

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solution without any charged additives. The morphology, microstructure and mechanical properties as well as the
friction coefficient and wear resistance of the films were investigated. The results indicated that the friction
coefficient of silicon wafer was reduced to its one sixth, and the wear volume was reduced to 1/24 when using

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GO film as solid lubricant. These distinguished tribology performances suggest that GO films are expected to be
good solid lubricants for silicon-based MEMS/NEMS devices.

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Meeting the Fuel Economy Challenges with Energy Efficient Lubricants


(Invited)
H.Gao, S.Rappaport, I.Taylor, B.Papke
Shell Global Solutions
ABSTRACT

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Fuel economy is one of the key factors driving the development of advanced lubricants. Careful characterization
of both lubricant viscosity and friction properties is required to fully understand the lubricant impact on fuel
economy. Vehicle fuel consumption models are useful for estimating the fuel consumption benefits of engine and
driveline lubricants on different driving cycles. OEMs and lubricant manufacturers will need to work more

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closely together in the future to co-design the hardware and the fluids at an early stage to achieve optimal fuel
economy while retaining durability.

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Superlubricity with Acid Solutions: Hydrodynamic Lubrication or Boundary


Lubrication (Invited)
Chenhui Zhang1),2)*,Mingming Deng1), Jinjin Li1), Jianbin Luo1)
1) State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
2) Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Manufacturing,
Research InstituteofTsinghuaUniversityin Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China
*

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Corresponding author:chzhang@tsinghua.edu.cn

ABSTRACT

Superlubricity is defined as the sliding friction coefficient in the 0.001 order of magnitude. The superlubricity can
be achieved either by solid self-lubrication films [1-9] or by the chemical or physical effects coming from the

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inter action between the solid surfaces and the water molecules [10-13]. In the last case, the origin of
superlubricity is attributed to either the hydrodynamic effect [10,11] or the hydration effect [12,13]. In 2011, we
found that a super low friction coefficient of 0.004 can be obtained when lubricated the glass plate and Si3N4 ball

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phosphoric acid solution [14]. After that, more solutions were found to obtain superlubricity, such as acid and
glycerol mixed solutions [15] and acid and polyhydroxy alcohols solutions [16]. It was found that the hydrogen
ions and the hydrogen bond network in the solutions are the main factors influencing friction coefficient.

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However, the mechanism of the superlubricity is still under debate. In this presentation, the hydrodynamic effect
and the hydration effect on the superlubricity are discussed in detail.The calculational and experimental results
indicated that a water film with thickness of several nano meters was formed, which suggests that hydrodynamic

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effect play a key role on the superlubricity. However, the experimental result that the acid and glycerol mixed
solution can achieve superlubricity whereas the glycerol solution cannotalthough they have the same
viscositygives an opposite explanation. cannot be established by the hydrodynamic effect.The result of the

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experiments with the surface force balance also suggests that the hydration effect, to some extent, contributes to
the superlubricity. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that both the hydrodynamic effect and the
hydration effect contribute to the superlubricity of water based lubrication.

In

REFERENCE

[1] Dienwiebel, M., Verhoeven, G. S., Pradeep, N., Frenken, J. W. M., Heimberg, J. A., Zandbergen, H. W.,

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Superlubricity of graphite, Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 2004, 126101.

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[2] Steiner, P., Roth, R., Gnecco, E., Baratoff, A., Maier, S., Glatzel, T., Meyer, E., Two-dimensional simulation of

superlubricity on NaCl and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Phys. Rev. B, 79, 2009, 045414

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[3] Erdemir, A., Genesis of superlow friction and wear in diamondlike carbon films, Tribol. Int., 37, 2004,
1005-1012.

[4] Erdemir, A., Eryilmaz, O. L., Fenske, G., Synthesis of diamondlike carbon films with superlow friction and wear
properties, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 18, 2000, 1987-1992.
[5] Heimberg, J. A., Wahl, K. J., Singer, I. L., Erdemir, A., Superlow friction behavior of diamond-like carbon
coatings: Time and speed effects, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 2001, 2449-2451.
[6] Martin, J. M., Donnet, C., Lemogne, T., Epicier, T., Superlubricity of Molybdenum-Disulfide, Phys. Rev. B, 48,
1993, 10583-10586.
[7] Chhowalla, M., Amaratunga, G. A. J., Thin films of fullerene-like MoS2 nanoparticles with ultra-low friction and
wear, Nature, 407, 2000, 164-167.
[8] Sanchez-Lopez, J. C., Belin, M., Donnet, C., Quiros, C., Elizalde, E., Friction mechanisms of amorphous carbon
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nitride films under variable environments: a triboscopic study, Surf. Coat. Technol, 160, 2002, 138-144.
[9] Kato, K., Umehara, N., Adachi, K., Friction, wear and N/sub 2/-lubrication of carbon nitride coatings: a review,
Wear, 255, 2003, 1062-1069.
[10] Gates, R. S., Hsu, S. M., Tribochemistry between water and Si3N4 and SiC: Induction time analysis, Tribol.
Lett., 17, 2004, 399-407.
[11] Zhou, F., Wang, X. L., Kato, K. J., Dai, Z. D., Friction and wear property of a-CNx coatings sliding against
Si3N4 balls in water, Wear, 263, 2007, 1253-1258.
[12] Klein, J., Kamiyama, Y., Yoshizawa, H., Israelachvili, J. N., Fredrickson, G. H., Pincus, P., Fetters, L. J.,
Lubrication Forces between Surfaces Bearing Polymer Brushes, Macromolecules, 26, 1993, 5552-5560.

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[13] Raviv, U., Giasson, S., Kampf, N., Gohy, J. F., Jerome, R., Klein, J., Lubrication by charged polymers, Nature,
425, 2003, 163-165.

[14] Li, JJ., Zhang, CH., and Luo, JB.,Superlubricity Behavior with Phosphoric Acid-Water Network Induced by

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Rubbing, Langmuir 27, 2011, 9413-9417

[15] Li JJ, Zhang CH, Ma LR, Liu YH, Luo JB, Superlubricity Achieved with Mixtures of Acids and Glycerol,

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Langmuir, 2013, 29(1): 271-275

[16] Li JJ, Zhang CH, Luo JB, Superlubricity Achieved with Mixtures of Polyhydroxy Alcohols and Acids, Langmuir,

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2013, 29(17): 5239-5245

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Diamondlike Carbon (DLC) Boundary Films from Lubricating Oils


Ali Erdemir
Argonne National Laboratory
Energy Systems Division
Argonne, IL 60439, USA
ABSTRACT

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Diamondlike carbon (DLC) coatings have been shown to provide some of the lowest friction and wear
coefficients under both dry and lubricated sliding conditions in recent years.They are now used in a large variety
of applications to enhance performance, efficiency, anddurability of many types of rolling, rotating, and sliding
components.They are mostly produced onmetallic substrates as thin hard coatings using well -established PVD
and CVD methods. However, from a more practical point of view, it will be very desirable if such films were

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produced on sliding surfaces in-situ and preferably from the lubricating oils. In this presentation, we will
elaborate on the design and synthesis ofsome novel nanocomposite coatingsthat can indeed extract DLC boundary
films from lubricating oils at sliding contact interfaces. While designingthese coatings, we discovered that

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combining catalytically active hard (nitrides, carbides, or oxides of Mo, W, V, Re, etc.) and soft (such as Ag, Ni,
Pd, Au, Cu, etc.)phasesin a nanocomposite or layered fashion will lead to the extraction of such DLC films in-situ
on sliding surfaces. Specifically, when tested underlubricated sliding conditions, these designer coatings were

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ableto dissociatelong-chain hydrocarbon molecules of lubricating oils into shorter, dimers and trimers and then
deposit them on sliding surfaces as lubricious and highly protective DLC boundary films. Using UV Raman and
TOF-SIMS, we have elucidated the structural chemistry of these boundary films and confirmed that they were

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indeed similar to that of conventional DLC filmsthataredeposited usingplasma-based CVD and PVD processes.
Under severe sliding, reciprocating, and scuffing test conditions, these DLC boundary films were able to
reducefriction by more than 50% and provide extreme resistance to wear and scuffing.

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Influence of Roller Profile on the EHL Characteristics in a Tapered Roller


Bearing
Tae-Jo Park
School of Mechanical Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, ERI, Korea
* tjpark@gnu.ac.kr

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ABSTRACT

In this study, a complete numerical analysis is carried out to study the influence of roller axial profiling on the
EHL characteristics between a tapered roller and plane. Using a finite difference method with fully non-uniform
grids and the Newton-Raphson method, converged solutions are obtained for moderate load and material

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parameters. For various roller axial profiling, contour plots of pressure and film thickness are compared.
Variations of the minimum and central film thicknesses with dub-off radius,taper angle and dimensionlessload
parameter are also presented. The influence of profile radius on the EHL characteristics is much higher at the

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small end.
1 INTRODUCTION
Tapered roller bearings are widely used for heavy loaded applications due to their ability to support higher

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combined axial and radial loads than the combinations of ball and cylindrical roller bearings. It is now well
understood that the rollers and races are separated by coherent elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) film, and
these should be profiled toward their ends to relieve high edge stress concentrations caused by their finite length.

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Since Dowson and Higginson, in spite of extensive studies of EHL problems, only a few studies have been done
on the EHL of tapered roller bearing. Yamashita et al. [1] were the first to solve the EHL of tapered roller and
showed the asymmetry of pressure and film thickness profiles. Present author [2] successfully analyzed the EHL

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problem and showed that the EHL results are highly affected by taper angle and the minimum film thickness
occur always at the small end. Recently, Yang et al. [3-4] have studied the effect of load offsetting and moment
balance. Until now, despite their practical importance, the influence of profiling amount on the EHL of tapered

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roller had not studied. In this paper the full EHL solution is attempted for the oil film pressure and shape between
a tapered roller which rolling under load on a plane.
2 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

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Dimensionless expressions of governing equations are as follows [2]:

H 3 P H 3 P
( UH )

12

Y
X

(1)

0.58EP
1 1.68EP (2)

exp ln(o ) 9.671 (1 5.1EP) Z


H ( X ,Y ) H o

(3)

2
X 2 ( Y Yd )

Di , j , k ,l Pk ,l
*
*
2Rm
2Rd
k
l
(4)

W PdXdY

(5)
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Fig. 1.Schematic of tapered roller on the plane.

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Fig. 1 shows schematic of equivalent tapered roller with the same end profiles and coordinate system adopted.
Where Rm and is the mean roller radius at y=0 and taper angle, respectively, and Rdis dub-off radius.

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The pressure is set equal to zero along the inlet and side edges of the computation zone. At the exit boundary, the
Reynolds' condition is applied. To solve highly nonlinear equations, finite differences and the Newton-Raphson
methods [5]are used.Fully irregular grids of 11087 are constructed over the computation zone.The numerical
data used are as: Yd =0.7,E = 220 GPa, o =0.0411 Pas, = 10, Um =110-11, G= 3,994 andW=2.510-5.
3RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Near both edge regions, the pressure isobars and film shapes for different dub-off radius are shown in Fig. 2~Fig.

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3. Pressure distribution and film shapes near edge regions are very different from those a little inboard and
transversely asymmetric. The maximum pressure and the minimum film thickness occur at the small end. Fig. 4
shows the variations in the minimum and central film thicknesses as a function of dub-off radius. The minimum

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film thicknesses at both edges are increased with dub-off radius while central film thickness is nearly constant.
Therefore, in design of optimum axial profile of tapered roller, the EHL analysis of finite line contacts is required.

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Fig. 2. Pressure (P104) and film(H105) contours for Rd* =0.5

Fig. 3.Pressure (P104) and film (H105) contours for Rd* =1.5

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Fig. 4.Variation of the minimum and central film thicknesses with dub-off radius.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of
Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (Grant number 2011-0014650).
REFERENCES

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[1] Yamashita, R., Dowson, D. and Taylor, C.M., An Analysis of Elastohydrodynamic Film Thickness in Tapered
Roller Bearings, Tribology Series 32(1997) 617-637.

[2] Park, T.J., A Finite Line Contacts EHL Analysis in a Tapered Roller Bearing, Proc. of 18th Int. Colloquium

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Tribology, 2010, 574-579.

[3] Yang, P., Liu, X.L. andYang, P.R., The Influence of Load Offsetting on the EHL of Tapered Roller, Tribology (in
Chinese), 32(2012), 279-283.

[4] Yang, P., Liu, X.L. andYang, P.R., Analysis of Tapered Roller EHL Considering Moment Balance, Trans.

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Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery (in Chinese), 43(2012), 220-225.

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[5] Park, T.J. and Kim, K.W., Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of a Finite Line Contacts, Wear 223(1998)
102-109.

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Effects of the High Thermal Conductible Drawing Oils on the Tribological


Properties of the Pressing Dies
Yuh-Ping Chang *, Gino Wang, Chun-Jen Huang, Yi-Ting Wu, Yu-Hung Yeh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kun Shan University
* Corresponding author email address: ypc0318@mail.ksu.edu.tw

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ABSTRACT

The bad quality of machining surfaces caused by the wear of pressing parts has been a considerable problem for

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the engineers. In order to decrease the surface wear and the temperature rise of the pressing dies, the drawing oils
are always used during the pressing process. Therefore, the effects of the high thermal conductible drawing oils
on the tribological properties of the pressing parts must be further investigate. The experiments were conducted

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on a purposed-designed friction tester with a suitable measuring system in this paper. The results have not only an
added advantage of pressing technology, but it is also helpful in design the composition of drawing oils.
1 INTRODUCTION

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The poor quality of machining surfaces caused by the surface wear of the pressing dies and the corrosion of the
pressing parts has been a major concern for manufacturing engineers. One necessary method of reducing these
effects is using the drawing oil during the pressing process. It is well known that the property of the drawing oil
always significantly influences lubrication, cool down, cleanness and stabilization of pressing dies and pressing
parts. Therefore, it is very important for the operating limitation of the pressing process. Open literature on this
subject, the following two topics should be considered: (1)Effects during droplet impact on a hot surface [1,2]; (2)

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Relationships between oil lubrication and wear mechanism [3].


Therefore, additive and biodegradable drawing oils are the key points for the industrial developments [4,5]. Based
on this, the effects of the high thermal conductible drawing oils on the tribological properties of the pressing parts

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are investigated. The purpose of better quality and faster product speed of the pressing process can then be
obtained for the industry.
2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND SPECIMENS

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The experiments were conducted on a purposed-designed friction tester with a suitable measuring system shown
in Fig. 1. A load cell is attached to the rest for measuring the friction coefficient. During the friction process, the
friction coefficient between the contacting specimens was derived from the voltage signal from the load cell, was

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recorded simultaneously with the voltage from the electrical contact resistance generated between the two
specimens by a data acquisition system. The pin specimens were made of WC and SKD11, respectively. The plate
specimens were made of SUS304. The specimens were sequentially polished to a surface roughness, Ra, in the
range 0.080.13 m before each test. The physical properties of the drawing oils are shown in Table 1.
Crank - slider mechanism

V- type roller bearing


Pin specimen
Plate specimen in drawing oil
Load cell

Spring

Strain amplifier
Weight

Oil tank

Personal computer

+
Electrical
contact
resistance
+
+
Signal
converter
+

Data acquisition system

Figure 1 The reciprocating friction tester with a measuring system.


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Table 1 Physical property of the drawing oils


Density(g/ml)

Viscosity(cSt)

Flashing point()

BWN205

1.25

310(40)

> 210

FN450

0.90

103.4(40)

192

3EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Typical variations of the electrical contact resistance and the friction coefficient for the pair of WC/SUS304 in

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BWN205 oil under a normal load of 20N and a reciprocating speed of 400cpm are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. It is
seen from Fig. 2 that the electrical contact resistance is larger and unstable at random. Moreover, it is seen from
Fig. 3 that the corresponding friction coefficient shows stable and about 0.3. This can be reasonably explained by

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the fact that the viscosity of BWN205 is larger to form an oil film between the specimens during the friction
process.

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Figure 2 Response of electrical contact resistance for the pair of WC/SUS304 in BWN205 oil.

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Figure 3 Response of friction coefficient for the pair of WC/SUS304 in BWN205 oil.

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Typical variations of the electrical contact resistance and the friction coefficient for the pair of WC/SUS304 in
FN450 oil under a normal load of 20N and a reciprocating speed of 400cpm are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. It is
seen from Fig. 4 that the electrical contact resistance approaches 0. Moreover, it is seen from Fig. 5 that the

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corresponding friction coefficient shows unstable and suddenly larger. This indicates that the viscosity of FN450
is too small to form an oil film between the specimens under this experimental condition.

Figure 4 Response of electrical contact resistance for the pair of WC/SUS304 in FN450 oil.
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Figure 5 Response of friction coefficient for the pair of WC/SUS304 in FN450 oil.
REFERENCES

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[1] M. Pasandideh-Fard, Y. M. Qiao, S. Chandra, and J. Mostaghimi, Capillary Effects during Droplet Impact on a
Solid Surface, Phys. Fluids, Vol. 8(3), 1996, pp. 650-659.

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[2] J. Fukai, and Z. Zhao, and D. Poulikakos, and C. M. Megaridis, and O. Miyatake, Modeling of the Deformation of
a Liquid Droplet Impinging Upon a Flat Surface, Phys. Fluids A, Vol. 5 (11), 1993, pp. 2588-2599.

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[3] M. Masuko, M. Shibatsuji, M. Yokomizo, S. Aoki, A. Suzuki, On the effort to discriminate the principal function of
tribofilm on friction under the boundary lubrication condition, Tribology International, Vol.44-6, 2011, 702-710.
[4] A. K. Tripathi, A. Bhattacharya, R. Singh, and V.K. Verma, Tribological studies of 1-alkyl-2,

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5-dithiohydrazodicarbonamides and their MoS complexes as EP and multifunctional additives, Tribology


International, Vol-33, 2000, 1320.

[5] B. Krzan, and J. Vizintin, Use and development of biodegradable oils, in: J. Vizintin, M. Kalin, K. Dohda, S.
Jahanmir (Eds.), Tribology of Mechanical Systems: A Guide to Present and Future Technologies, ASME Press, New

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York, 2004, pp. 107137.

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The Asperity Contact Analysis of Magnesium Alloy Sheet During Isothermal


Warm Forming
Yang Tung-Sheng *, Yang Zone-Xian
Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, National Formosa University
* tsyang@nfu.edu.tw

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ABSTRACT

This study applies the finite element method (FEM) in conjunction with an abductive network to predict the

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workpiece surface parameters, including contact area ratio and surface roughness, of asperity contact for
magnesium during isothermalwarm metal forming process. Contact area ratio and surface roughness are
investigated for different process and material parameters, such as sliding distance, temperature, elastic modulus

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of film, normal pressure and bulk strain rate by finite element analysis. The abductive network is then utilized to
synthesize the data sets obtained from numerical simulations, and the prediction model is established for
predicting surface parameters. The predicted results of the surface parameters from the prediction model are in

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good agreement with the results obtained from the FEM simulation of workpiece asperity flattening in sliding
contact for isothermal warm forming.
1 INTRODUCTION
Magnesium alloy under room temperature has poor formability. It needs to be heated to increase its formability,
and therefore the warm forming technology of magnesium alloy sheets is getting more and more attention. During
the warm forming process, however, friction and lubrication play an important part, affecti ng the stress and strain

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distributions, formability, and surface quality. In the academic field, commonly available are studies on dies
formed under room temperature as well as friction and lubrication between metal sheets, while this research is
focused on the behavior of contact between the die and magnesium alloy sheet surface peak as well as the quality

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of the workpiece surface.


2 FINITE ELEMENT ASPERITY FLATTENING ANALYSIS OF SLIDING CONTACT
This study applies commercial finite element code DEFORM-2D [1] to simulate the elasto-plastic deformation

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behavior during the asperity flattening in sliding contact process for isothermal warm forming.Figure 1 shows the
schematic diagram of the surface asperity flattening in sliding contact system with the tool and workpiece.The
tool is constrained to move in the thickness-direction of the workpiece at first. When the normal pressure reaches

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the expected value, the tool begins to slide and move in the right-direction with constant velocity. In the case of
the presence bulk straining condition, two lateral boundaries of the workpiece are experiencing the bulk strain
rate. While in the other case of absent bulk straining case, the bulk strain rate is equal to zero.
In the present work, the surface parameters including contact area ratio and surface roughness are investigated for
different process and material parameters, such as temperature, sliding distance, elastic modulus of film, normal
pressure and bulk strain rate by finite element analysis.The relations between surface parameters, sliding distance,
elastic modulus of film, normal pressure, temperature and bulk strain rate are constructed by FEM in conjunction
with an abductive network. A prediction model for surface parameters of asperity flattening in sliding contact
during isothermal warm forming is then established.

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Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the surface asperity flattening in sliding contact system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank National Formosa University for the use of their facilities. The support from the

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National Science Council under grants NSC- 101-2221-E-150 -009 is also gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES

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[1] DEFORM-2D Users Manual, Version 5.1, Scientific Forming Technologies Corporation, Columbus, OH, (2003).

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Study on Stiffness of Line EHL Contact and Application on Cam-tappet Pairs in


Valve Trains
Jie Chao, Wenjie Qin, Lunjing Duan *
School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
* chaojie9026@163.com

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ABSTRACT

Elastic-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) line contacts can be found in many engineering applications such as
cam-tappet contact pairs in valve trains of engines, which will have impacts on the dynami c characteristics of the
contact pairs. In this study, the film equivalent stiffness various with loads, curvatures and entrainment speeds

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was calculated by EHL numerical analysis, and the Hertz contact stiffness was calculated by Hertz line contact
theory. The results show that in the cases of high loads or low speeds, only the Hertz contact stiffness needs to be
taken into account, while in weakly loads and high speeds conditions the effects of the EHL film on the dynamic

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response cant be ignored. For the cam-tappet pair in the valve train of a high load and speed diesel engine, the
nonlinear stiffness considered the EHL line contacts various with the motion of the cam was calculated, and the
dynamic responses of the valve train were compared with those resulted from the traditional dynamic analysis

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using a constant stiffness.


1 INTRODUCTION
Elastic-hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) line contacts can be found in many engineering applications such as

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cam-tappet contact pairs in valve trains of engines, which will have impacts on the dynamic characteristics of the
contact pairs. Hertz contact theory is usually used to solve the contact problem and make a great achievement.
Recently, Benedikt presented a simplified elastic-hydrodynamic contact model and make a comparison between

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elastic-hydrodynamic and dry hertz line contact with regard to their nonlinear vibration behavior [1]. It is found
that for highly loads cases hertz and elastic-hydrodynamic contacts lead to very similar frequency responses.
However, Zou found that the two types of contacts show very different dynamic behavior in the full film EHL

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condition. In this paper, stiffness of EHL contact is studied using EHL numerical analysis and Hertzian contact
theory.
2 EHL LINE CONTACT MODEL

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2.1 Elastic Hydrodynamic Line Contact

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The EHL line contact as shown in Fig. 1 is expressed by Reynolds equation in consideration with the elastic
deformation ( x) . The Reynolds equation for the steady EHL line contact is [3]

Fig. 1. EHL line contact model

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h3 p

) 12 (U h)
(
x x
x

(1)

with the film thickness

x2
(2)
( x)
2R
where ( p) is pressure-viscosity of Roelands, ( p) is the density according to Dowson and Higginson, R is
h( x) h0

equivalent radius of the contact, h0 is the position of the undeformed contour, and ( x) is the vertical elastic

1 2
E

s2

s1

p( s) ln( x s) 2 ds C ( x0 )

(3)

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( x)

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deformation under the pressure.


2.2 Elastic Deformation
The vertical deformation of an elastic half-space under p(s) is calculated as [4]

x0 defines the position

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Where C ( x0 ) is defined by the geometry and boundary conditions of the contact pairs.

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where the vertical deformation vanishes, that is ( x0 ) 0 [5].

For the highly loaded contact the pressure distribution of oil is similar to Hertzian pressure, the vertical
deformation can express as equation (4),

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(1 2 )
(2ln(4 R / a) 1)
E
Where a is half-width of the Hertz contact.
3 CALCULATION
3.1 Calculation Method

(4)

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EHL Stiffness consists of two part(5), one is the stiffness of the structure K s , the other is film equivalent

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stiffness K f .

1
1
1

K Ks K f

(5)

is calculated by equation(3). For highly loads

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Ks P b / , wherer b is the width of the cam, and

conditions, it can be solved by equation(4) as Hertzian stiffness. K f P b / h ; h is calculated by solving

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numerical Reynolds equation.


3.2 Result

Fig. 2 shows the comparison between hertz and EHL stiffness with various loads. It can be found that in weakly
load and high speed conditions, the EHL stiffness is different from the Hertz stiffness. It means the effect of EHL
film on the dynamic response cant be ignored.
Fig. 2 shows the frequency dynamic responses comparison of the valve train in which the stiffness calculated with
consideration of the EHL or without consideration of EHL. We can find the significant difference of dynamic
responses occurs at about 3000Hz.

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Fig. 2. Comparison between Hertzian and EHL stiffness

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Fig. 3. Frequency dynamic responses of the valve train


REFERENCES

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[1] Benedikt W, Hartmut H, Wolfgang Seemann. A simplified elastohydrodynamic contact model capturing the
nonlinear vibration behavior[J]. Tribology International. 59(2013) 7989.

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[2] Zou Huijun, Guo Weizhong. Study on

dynamic response for cam mechanisms with flat-faced followers

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considering dynamic elastohydrodynamic lubrication of oil film[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,

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(1)1999.

[3] Dowson D, Higginson G. R. Elasto-Hydrodyna- mic Lubrication[M]. Pergamon Press, 1977.

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[4] Johnson KL. Contact mechanics. 9th ed. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press; 2003.

[5] Greenwood J. An extension of the Grubin theory of elastohydrodynamic lubrication[J]. Journal of Physics D:

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Applied Physics 1972; 5: 2195-211.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Study on Tribological Behavior of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Composites under


Water Lubrication
LIN Youxi, XIE Wei, HE Fushan, GAO Chenghui
College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
ABSTRACT

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Bamboo fiber reinforced brake composites were prepared with thermoforming. Dry and wet friction experiment
of composites was conducted on MM200 abrasion tester against gray cast iron. The morphologies of worn surface

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were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Results showed that: the average friction coefficient
under water lubrication declined to about 50% of the dry friction, sample wear rate also decreased. Impact of
braking parameters on tribological properties under dry conditions was not the same as that in wet, even contrary.

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In a certain speed range, the friction coefficient of the sample decreased with increasing speed in wet. Fricion
surface in wet braking was not covered by friction film, many fine cracks and some patches were scattered over
the substrate. In the wet rubbing process, adsorbed water film is formed in the friction surface, which lubricates

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through preventing part of the surface asperities from contacting with each other. The cooling effect of water not
only inhibit the formation of friction film but also to reduce the transfer of the materials.
Keywords: brake composites; water lubrication; dry friction; friction and wear;
1. INTRODUCTION

At present, there are many kinds of auto brake discs in the market, the types of ingredients which have been
developed and utilized for brake pads are more than 700[1]. The friction and wear performance of these brake pads

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reaches the national standard, but some shortcomings still exist [2,3]. For example, steel fiber reinforced brake
material with good thermal conductivity and friction properties has been applied widely in automobile brake pads,
but it is easy to rust, damage the counterpart materials and produce braking noise. Bamboo fiber was selected as

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strengthening material of a new type auto brake pads because of its low price, environmental protection and
advantage that it does not produce braking noise and damage the counterpart. Developed bamboo fiber reinforced
resin matrix composites show good and stable friction coefficient, low wear rate, exellent resistance to fade and

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good recovery performance of friction coefficient under dry friction condition, whose performance is much better
than half metal pads in the market.
In the course of friction, along with an increase in braking parameters such as pressure and speed, glow,

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deformation and chemical changes will occur in the surface layer, which influence the friction coefficient and
wear rate. At the same time, effect of water lubrication on tribological properties of brake materials is more
complex[4,5]. Polymer matrix composites will absorb moisture in humid air and water, lead to matrix swelling,
plastification, hydrolysis of material and cracking[6-8]. Jianhua LIU found that moisture absorption of resin matrix
composite T300/5405 increased with an increase in temperature and humidity, shear strength, flexural strength
and compressive strength of sample declined after a long soak [9]. The formation of adsorbed water film in the
friction interface may lead to hydrodynamic lubrication, boundary lubrication or mixed lubrication [10,11]. Water
also interact with polymeric materials in some other ways: working as cooling medium, rinsing the friction
surface, causing the corrosion of materials and so on [12-14]. Literature about tribological behavior of new brake
friction materials under water lubrication are rare, no complete theory can explain the role of water in the friction
interface. The homemade bamboo fiber reinforced brake materials were selected in this paper, the friction and
wear performance under water lubrication was investigated, which was compared with dry friction.
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2. SPECIMEN MATERIALS AND TESTING PROCEDURE

The research object in this paper was bamboo fiber reinforced resin matrix composites developed by research
group, containing bamboo fiber, calcium sulfate whisker, magnesium salt whisker, resin, copper powder, cast iron
powder, tires powder, long limestone and other fillers. Dry hot forming process was used to prepare specimens in
this experiment. In preparation period, dried raw materials were mixed uniformly first, then materials were placed
in mould which has already been heating to 150-160 to hot forming, finished specimens needed heat
treatment for 12 hours at 160. Heat treatment can eliminate internal stress of products, alleviate thermal
expansion of hot-pressing products. As gray cast iron are most commonly used to fabricate frictional brake roto r

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disc due to its excellent damping capacity, high thermal conductivity, low cost and relatively easy to cast and
machine[15,16], it was chosen as counterpart material in the investigation.
Friction test was conducted on MM200 abrasion tester manufactured by Shanghai industrial university affiliated

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factory. As is shown in Figure 1, the counterpart and specimen made up block-on-ring sliding friction pair, while
upper specimen was fixed and counterpart rotated. Under water lubrication, water dropped from one side of
specimen, then was draged into the friction interface. Specimens of size 30 mm7 mm6 mm were machined

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from homemade brake pad. Before the test, sample surface and work surface of counterpart were polished with #
800 waterproof abrasive paper, cleaned with acetone, then dehumidified. Wet friction condition: room

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temperature, atmospheric pressure, pure water lubrication (water speed for 10ml/min). Rotation
speed of counterpart was 200r/min and 400r/min, while the positive load was 5 kg to 25 kg. Each
specimen was rubbed continuously for 100 minutes, the average friction coefficients in the last 70
minutes were taken as a steady-state friction coefficients.

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Fig. 1 Contact schematic diagram for the frictional couple

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Surface morphologies of specimens after wear test were observed through Hitachi S-3000N scanning electron
microscopy to analyze the friction and wear mechanism. Specimens were sprayed with gold before observation to
improve the resolution of the SEM observation.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Effect of working conditions on the friction coefficient

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Under dry continuous braking conditions, sample friction coefficient increased until the pressure reached 15kg at
400r/min(shown in Fig. 2). Curve about friction coefficient and pressure is relatively flat at medium pressure,
which indicated that the sensitivity of friction coefficient to the pressure was low.
Figure 2 shows that the average friction coefficient of automotive brake materials under water lubrication
declined to about 50% of the dry friction, the average friction coefficient in dry and wet friction was 0.53 and
0.24 respectively at 400r/min. Blau and McLaughlin reported that material properties play a dominant role in the
dry behaviour while fluid dynamics play a major role in the wet behaviour [10]. However, coefficients of friction
gotten from wet rubbing test were in the range of 0.2-0.3, which is still within the range of dry friction and not in
the range of hydrodynamic friction. This conclusion suggested that the speculation about hydrodynamic friction
should be reconsidered. As is known, viscosity of water is low, which is about 1/100-1/20 of oil, that means the
bearing capacity of the water film is much lower than oil film and hydrodynamic lubrication is hard to be attained.
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Generally, hydrodynamic lubrication can be formed only under high speed and low load conditions. Therefore, it
is probably because speed in the test is not fast enough to build up thick water film that can support the applied

0.40

Dry
Wet

200r/min
400r/min

0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20

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0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15

friction coefficient

0.15
5

10

15
20
pressure/kg

25

10

15
20
pressure/kg

25

Fig. 2Effect of pressure on friction

Fig. 3Effect of speedon friction

coefficientat 400r/min

coefficientunder water lubrication

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friction coefficient

normal load and prevent solid-solid contact.

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Figure 2 also showed a slight increase in the friction coefficients with increasing pressure under water lubrication.
As shown in Figure 3, the friction coefficient under low-speed condition was greater than high speed, which is in
contrast to hydrodynamic theory and in agreement with El-Tayeb results[17].
3.2 Effect of working conditions on the wear rate

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As shown in Figure 4, wear properties of sample were quite different between dry and wet friction
conditions.Under dry condition, the sample wear rate increased with an increase in the pressure and speed.

3.0
2.5

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2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

-5

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-5

sample wear rate*10

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Dry
Wet

4.0

sample wear rate*10

4.5

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In wet test, the sample wear rate was much lower than dry wear rate at medium and high pressure,and the
pressure influenced the wear rate little at 400r/min. The wear rate at 200r/min was greater than 400r/min(shown
in Fig. 5).

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10

15
20
pressure/kg

25

2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

200r/min
400r/min

10

15
20
pressure/kg

25

Fig. 5Effect of speedonsample wear rate

at 400r/min

under water lubrication

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Fig. 4Effect of pressure onsample wear rate

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3.3 SEM obseration

Before the friction test, the sample surface is flat, the matrix and organizations are exposed on the surface, and
various components are linked closely together(Fig. 6(a)). As shown in Figure 6(b)(c), the light-colored layered
organization in the fricton surface of sample was friction film which was developed with wear debris through
repeated extruding and rubbing. Dark areas were concave pits which was formed by scraping. Friction surface
area covered by friction material was increased with the increasing pressure, and the density of frictioon film has
been obviously increased, the surface roughness was reduced by good coverage of the density friction film to
friction surface. With the increase of pressure, abrasive particles were easy to be squeezed together, dense friction
film were formed.Moreover, the real contact area increased, and local high temperature exacerbated the adhesive
wear, the friction coefficient increased. With further increase in pressure, the substrate was softened by friction
heat, which to a certain extent also increased liquidity of friction film, played a role of lubrication in the interface.
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In addition, a layer of thick oxide was more likely to be formed in counterpart surface due to friction heat, which
may cause boundary lubrication, so that the friction coefficient declined instead after the pressure reached 15kg at
400r/min.
(b)

(a) before the test

(c)

(b) 400 r/min, 10kg

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(a)

(c) 400 r/min, 25kg

Fig. 6 SEM morphologies of worn surfaces in dry friction

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Surface morphology in Figure 6 showed that surface organization and the state of friction conditions had close
relations, which would also affect the change of wear rate. Along with the increase of the pressure, vast quantities

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of friction heat was beneficial to soften materials, and grits were more likely to bond, extrusion together, fine and
close friction film were fomed extensively, wear mechanism changed from abrasive wear to adhesive wear, wear
rate increased.

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Morphologies of worn surfaces observed through SEM under water lubrication is shown in Figure 7. In the wet
test, abrasive particles were washed away by water, sample organization exposed in the surface, many tiny cracks
and some protruding plaques distributed in the friction surface. This is because flushing and cooling effect of
water restrainted cumulative and interaction of wear debris in the friction interface, not like dry friction as
forming friction film through repeated extrusion and binder. Eriksson also found that compared to the wet
environment, the friction film was easier to be formed in the dry environment [18]. Many cracks and concave pits

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were distributed on the friction surface after water washing(Fig. 7(e)(f)), which could store water, reduce friction
heat and eliminate wear debris during rubbing.
The water can dissipate the friction heat, lower the temperature, then prevent the adhesion between the asperities.

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The adsorbed water film in the friction surface can reduce the surface ene rgy, then decreases direct contact
between the asperities, the boundary lubrication will be formed. Shear capacities of the sample surface will be
decreased after being penetrated by water. In addition, the composition of the sample will react with water,

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inorganic lubrication film can be formed in the friction surface, while water environment can promote the
formation of the oxide film in the counterpart surface, whose shear strength is low. Because of these factors,
friction coefficient and wear rate decreases. Moreover, all or most of carbon in the gray cast iron existes as free

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graphite, graphite lubricant layer will be formed in the counterpart surface under water lubriction, which won't
happen in dry frition because of high temperature and moisturedensity. So, the friction coefficient under water
lubrication is bound to be less than that in dry.
Water cooling will alleviate the adhesion transfer of the materials between the friction pairs, so wear rate was
lower than dry friction [19]. At low pressure, dry friction mainly belonged to abrasive wear, adhesion phenomenon
was seldom, while water accelerated the loss of the abrasive particles, so wear rates in dry and wet were closer
(Fig. 4).

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(a)

(b)

(a) 200r/min, 10kg

(c)

(b) 200 r/min, 25kg


(e)

(f)

(d) 400 r/min, 25kg

(e) 200r/min, 10kg

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(d)

(c) 400 r/min, 10kg

(f) 200 r/min, 25kg

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Fig. 7 SEM morphologies of worn surfaces under wet friction

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As friction process was dominated mainly by the physical properties of the direct contact of solid asperities in the
wet test, with the pressure increased, the real contact area increased because of close contact, and particles
produced by disintegration of asperities engaged in rub and abrasive wear was aggravated, thus the friction
coefficient of composites showed slow growth trend with the increasing pressure. At the same time, with
increasing pressure, wear rate was impacted mainly by two aspects: flushing of water to the friction surface was
weakened, and abrasion of asperities was accelerated.

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In the wet test at 400r/min, a phenomenon can be observed that a few drops were appeared around friction
interface, above that obvious water mist appeared, which was the result of gasification of water by frition heat,
and moisture may play a role of air cushion and gas lubricating, which is easy to reduce friction coefficient. At

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low speed, the whole surface cant be encompassed by adsorbed water film, that lead to frequent solid -solid
contact; with inceasing speed, water film thickened, boundary lubrication effect was enhanced, this in turn led to
a lower friction coefficient. We can speculate that hydrodynamic lubrication will be developed after speeding up

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to a certain value, when the friction coefficient is little; speed up further to a great value, boundary film will be
ruptured, then lubrication will fail because of friction heat, dry friction state will be regained.
Wear rate decreased with increasing speed, which was consistent with the friction coefficient. Wear and corrosion

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of friction materials is either accompanied by mechanical broken of wear debris, or due to the collapse of the
patches. At 400r/min, water film becomes thicker, which can reduce the contact between rough peak and
couterpart surface, then cracking of asperities is alleviated. This results in less wear rate. Besides, because of air
cushion effect generated by water gasification at high-speed condition, patches on the surface were protected
against cracking, which led to low sample wear rate.
4 CONCLUSION
(1) Under water lubrication, the average friction coefficient was down to about 50% of the dry friction. Water
dissipates the friction heat, the adhesion of the interface is avoided. The adsorbed water film in the friction
surface reduces the surface energy, the adhesion between the interfaces and the direct contact of surface asperities
is reduced.
(2) The friction coeffecient showed an upward trend with the increasing speed within the speed range tested under
water lubrication, which is on contrary to hydrodynamic theory. The increasing speed will increase the carrying
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capacity and continuity of the water film, solid-solid contact is further prevented, the lubricating effect is
enhanced.
(3) The water lubrication inhibited the formation of friction film. Because of swelling, etc., water penetrated into
the friction surface made the worn surface crack.
(4) In dry braking, tribological behavior of composites and friction pressure is closely related. At low pressure,
friction coeffecient and wear rate increased with increasing pressure or speed in the test. Under high speed and
pressure conditions, liquidity of friction film was enhanced because of temperature rise, then friction coefficient
decreased instead.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51375094 and
No.51075074)

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REFERENCES

[1] P.V. Gurunath, J. Bijwe. Potential exploration of novel green resins as binders for NAO friction composites in severe

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operating conditions[J]. Wear, 2009, 267: 789-796.

[2] H.W. Chang. Wear characteristics of composites: effect of fiber orientation[J]. Wear, 1983, 85: 8191.
Transactions, 1994, 37: 559565.

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[3] T. Kato, A. Magario. The wear of aramid fiber reinforced brake pads: the role of aramid fibers[J]. Tribology
[4] J. Wu, X.H. Cheng. The tribological properties of Kevlar pulp reinforced epoxy composites under dry sliding and

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water lubricated condition[J]. Wear, 2006, 261: 1293-1297.

[5] N.S.M. El-Tayeb, K.W. Liew. Effect of water spray on friction and wear behaviour of noncommercial and
commercial brake pad materials[J]. Journal of materials processing technology, 2008, 208: 135-144.
[6] Zhong Y, Zhou J R. Study of Thermal and Hygrotherrnal behaviour of Glass/Vinyl Ester composites[J]. Journal of

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reinforced Plastics and Composites, 1999, 18(17): 1619-1629.

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[7] Selzer S, Friedrich K. Mechanical properties and fatigue behaviour of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites
under the influence of moisture[J]. Composites, 1997, 28(6): 595-604.

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[8] Ghothed I, Valentin D. Hygrothermal effects on the Physico-Chemical properties of Pure and Glass-Fiber
Reinforced Polyester and Vinylester Resins[J].Polymer composites, 1993, 14(4): 324-334.

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[9] Jianhua LIU, Dong CAO, Xiaoyun ZHANG, et al. Influence of Hygrothermal Environment on Absorption and

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Mechanical Properties of Advanced Composite T300/5405[J]. Journal of aeronautical materials, 2010, 30(4): 75-80.

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[10] P.J. Blau, J.C. McLaughlin. Effects of water films and sliding speed on the frictional behavior of truck disc brake

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materials[J]. Tribology International, 2003, 36: 709715.


[11] H. Meng, G.X. Sui, G.Y. Xie, et al. Friction and wear behavior of carbon nanotubes reinforced polyamide 6

composites under dry sliding and water lubricated condition[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2009, 69:

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606611.

[12] Saito T, Imada Y, Honda F. An analytical observation of the tribochemical reaction of silicon nitride sliding with low
friction in aqueous solutions[J]. Wear, 1997, 205(1-2): 153-159.

[13] Zhuan LI, Peng XIAO, Xiang XIONG, et al. Tribological characteristics of C/C-SiC braking composites under dry
and wet conditions[J]. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2008, 18: 1071-1075.
[14] S.R. Chauhan, Anoop Kumar, I. Singh. Sliding friction and wear behaviour of vinylester and its composites under
dry and water lubricated sliding conditions[J]. Materials and Design, 2010, 31: 27452751.
[15] D. Bettge, J. Starcevic. Topographic properties of the contact zones of wear surfaces in disc brakes[J]. Wear, 2003,
254: 195202.
[16] Mikael Eriksson, Filip Bergman, Staffan Jacobson. On the nature of tribological contact in automotive brakes[J].
Wear, 2002, 252: 2636.
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[17] N.S.M. El-Tayeb, K.W. Liew.On the dry and wet sliding performance of potentially new frictional brake pad
materials for automotive industry[J].Wear,2009,266275-287.
[18] Eriksson M., Lundqvist A., Jacobson S.. A study of the influence of humidity on the friction and squeal generation
of automotive brake pads[J]. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D, 2001, 215: 329-342.
[19] Junhong Jia, Jianmin Chen, Huidi Zhou, Litian Hu, Lei Chen. Comparative investigation on the wear and transfer
behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites under dry sliding and water lubrication[J]. Composites

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Science and Technology, 2005 ,65: 139-1147.

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Research on Methods of Surface Shape Error Evaluation of Optical Elements


REN Zhiying, GAO Chenghui *, LIN Jianxing, SHEN Ding, CHEN Weiping
College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
* Corresponding author email:gch@fzu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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The quality of optical surface can seriously affect the optical performance, so it is very important to evaluate its
surface quality , however, some traditional optical surface quality evaluation methods such as :the one
dimensional parameters and power spectrum parameters, are often used to characterize the high ,intermediate and

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low frequency surface shape errors which are generated during the processing , moreover these parameters are
deficiencies to a certain extent, and in order to realize the comprehensiveness and integritymore and more
three-dimensional parameters tend to be used for the current surface characterization of mechanical products.

which is promulgated in 2012, the regional RMS slope

S dr

, the regional autocorrelation function (AACF)and the

are proposed to characterize the high ,intermediate and low frequency surface shape errors

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interface area ratio

S dq

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Therefore, this paper embarks from the existing optical elements surface characterization methods, combining
with the three-dimensional surface parameters and fractal dimension of the specification in the ISO 25178-2

of optical elements. Finally, the dual-tree complex wavelet is used to separate the surface shape errors of each
frequency of the actual coating plane optical element ,and the high ,intermediate and low frequency surface shape

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errors are characterized respectively by the three-dimensional parameters

S dq

,AACF and

S dr

. Results show that

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the characteristics can also be well distinguished by the three dimensional parameters, and it has certain
feasibility to characterize the optical surface by the use of the new comprehensive evaluation method.

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Keywords:Optical element, Surface shape evaluation, Characterization parameter

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Mesoscopic Simulation Analysis the Influence of Die Wall Friction on


Compression Process of Powder Particles
JIAO Ming-hua1), LI Da 1), SUN Long 1), GU Man2)
1) School of Machinery and Automobile Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, China 230009
2) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University, China 230601.

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jmh-@163.com, wanglanlan910@126.com
ABSTRACT

Discrete element method is applied to mesoscopic simulate the loose particle flowing in the process of
compaction. The strain processes and the deformation differences of the particles in typical position, the

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porosities change in different areas under various die wall friction coefficients were investigated. The results
showed that die wall interface friction causes diagonal flow of particles from upper surface edges to the center of
compact, it has a significant influence on deformation and pressed density uniformity of particles.

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Keywords: Powder Particles, Mesoscopic Simulation, Die Wall Friction, Density Uniformity
1 INTRODUCTION

Powder metallurgy technology is an important process of manufacturing high-tech materialswith high utilization

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rate of materials, low manufacturing cost, good material comprehensive performances [1], etc. In the single-action
pressing, the powder movement overlay can be decomposed into two parts: one part is the powder downward
movement caused by die pressing force, the other part is the diagonal movement due to the die wall friction,

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which is the major cause of powder density distribution inhomogeneity [2].


At present, most scholars using the finite element method based on the continuum and discrete element method
based on discrete in powder compaction, which have made a lot of achievements [3], but both methods can not

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accurately inspect the mesoscopic changes in the pressing process. So this paper used finite element simulation
based on discrete body, application of finite element software MSC/Marc to study the mesoscopic deformation of
powder particles and obtain further effective measures to improve the density uniformity.

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2 ESTABLISHMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

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Unidirectional powder compacting method, the discrete model was established based on uniform circular green,
used six nodes triangular element mesh, circle diameter is 0.6 mm, the initial apparent height is 19.2 mm, the

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width is 6 mm. Build finite element model of the powder particles pressure as shown in Fig. 1, Fig.1 (a) is the
initial powder model, Fig.1 (b) is the finite element model of single particle.

(a) The initial powder model

(b) Thesingle particle model

Fig.1 The Finite element model of powder particle

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Simulation material parameters: elastic modulus E = 20 Gpa, regarded it as isotropic elastic-plastic material, the
poisson's ratio is 0.28 and the yield stress is 210 Mpa. The stress and strain used Cauchy stress and logarithmic

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strain, the flow stress and strain relationship as showed in Fig.2.

Fig. 2 Flow stress strain relation

the formula:

fr

rvcnst

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K u r

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arctan
n

cnst

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Friction model: in the process of powder forming analysis canoccur relative velocity is very small or the direction
of relative velocity changes, causing the calculation is unstable[4], Marc uses a modified Coulomb friction model,

is the critical relative velocity vector between contacts

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Pressing conditions: unidirectional pressing, die wall interface friction coefficients respectively f1 = 0.05, f2 = 0.1,

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f3 = 0.15, f4 = 0.2, the friction coefficient of inter-particles is f5= 0.1, pressing force is set to: 6000N, pressing
time set to 5s.
3 SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

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Simulation results are shown in Fig. 3,in order to from mesoscopic point of view to analyze the deformation and
flow of the powder in the pressing process, regarded powder particles model as a 32 * 10 matrix mathematic,
each particle is corresponding to a position in the model matrix. For example, A [2, 3] represents the particle

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position of second rows and third columns. Fig.3 is the motion deformation images of powder particle under
different friction coefficients.

f1=0.05

f2=0.1

f3=0.15

f4=0.2

Fig. 3 The deformation images of power under different friction coefficients


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4 STRAIN ANALYSIS OF POWDER PARTICLES UNDER VARIOUS FRICTION COEFFICIENTS IN


COMPRESSION PROCESS.

Selected A[1,1] and A[32,1] particles to study the whole deformation process in Fig. 3 ,as shown in Fig. 4 and
Fig.5. The results showed that with the increases of die wall friction coefficient, the deformation of particle near
the die wall is more obvious. When the particles away from the pressing face, the particles strain levels decrease.

f1=0.05

f2=0.1

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This is due to the pressing force is transmitted from top to bottom, the increase of the friction coefficient causes
the pressing force drops in the axial direction, resulting in uneven distribution of green density, which is the same
as the results obtained by using continuum[5-7] .

f3=0.15

f4=0.2

f2=0.1

f3=0.15

f4=0.2

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f1=0.05

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Fig.4 The strain nephograms under different friction coefficients of A[1,1]particle

Fig.5 The strain nephograms under different friction coefficients of A[1,1]particle

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5 THE STRAIN AND POROSITY ANALYSIS OF PARTICLES AT DIFFERENT LOCATION.

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In order to study the deformation differences of particles in various positions, selected strain diagrams of A [1, 1],
A [32, 1] position in Fig. 4, as shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.

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f1=0.05

f2=0.1

f3=0.15

f4=0.2

Fig. 6 Strain nephograms of A [1, 1] area under different friction coefficients

f1=0.05

f2=0.1

f3=0.15

f4=0.2

Fig. 7 Strain nephograms of A [32, 1] area under different friction coefficients


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Compared the strain nephograms at the position of A [1, 1] and A [32, 1] and got when the friction coefficient is
the same, the voids near die wall gradually become larger from top to bottom. With the increase of friction
coefficient, the void is smaller of inter-particles near the upper punch, the voids of the lower are larger, further,
the density uniformity of power becomes poorer. This is because when the friction force is small, pressure drop is
low, so that the strain of particles is uniform. Thus the die wall friction is main reason of uneven density, so in the
practical application, in order to reduce the pressure loss caused by friction can use additives, improve mold
roughness and hardness, improve molding technology (such as bidirectional pressing) etc.
6 THE IMPACTS OF DIE-WALL FRICTION TO THE DIFFERENT HEIGHT-DIAMETER RATIO OF
POWDER COMPACTING

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In order to research the influences of die wall friction coefficient on powder compacting under different
height-diameter ratio,selected loose height diameter ratio 1 ~ 7, pressure is set to 500Mpa, Figure 8 shows that

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with the height-diameter ratio increases ,the relative density of powder gradually reduce. Figure 9 show the
relative density change of the upper and lower surface of the pwoder,It can be seen that when the height
diameter ratio reach 5, the average relative density gradually reaching 0.85,But the relative density of lower

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powder has gradually less than 0.8, it can not meet the requirement of forming mechanical structure parts
[8]
.Figure 10 shows the relative density is gradually reducing from the pressing face to the lower.When the initial
height diameter ratio is 5,the lower part of the powder has formed a "collapsing" trend which can not forming, so

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in the actual production in order to ensure the practicality of products,it should be chosen the appropriate ratio of
height diameter ratio according to the specific situation and process.In order to research the influences of die wall
friction coefficient on powder compacting under different height-diameter ratio, selected the up and down

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particles near the die-wall to study the maximum strain, the results as shown in Fig.8.

Fig.9 the relative density change of the upper and lower

different height-diameter ratio

under different height-diameter ratio

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Fig. 8 The relative density changes of compacts under

Fig.10 The suppression nephograms of initial height-diameter ratio 1and 5


7 CONCLUSIONS

1. Die wall interface friction coefficient has great influence on deformation of power particles, the deformation is
biggest close to the suppression surface, however, the deformation became smaller downward along the axis. The
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greater friction coefficient is, the more obvious the difference of strain. In practical applications, two -directional
Compaction and lubrication can be used to improve the strain uniformity of powder.
2. Die-wall friction has great influence on the density uniformity of power, with the increase of height -diameter
ratio, the density uniformity becomes poor, resulting in deterioration of parts forming, die wall Interface friction
effect flow ability of the powder in pressing process. In the actual production, small height-diameter ratio and
die-wall lubrication can be used to improve the forming performance.
3. By using the finite element method based on discrete body can form the micro perspective to study the strain
and density distribution of power partial. Application the simulation results can improve the forming technology

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of powder metallurgy products, shorten the development cycle, improve product quality, which provides valuable
references.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51104051) and Anhui
provincial key project of Natural Science in Colleges and Universities (kl2013a227).

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REFERENCES
[1] Changqing Li, Juncai Zhang, Sheng min Dong. Powder Metallurgy Tutorial

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Mining and Technology Press, 2010:2-10. (In Chinese)

[M]. Jiangsu: ChinaUniversity of

[2]Zhaoyao Zhou, Yuanyuan Li. The metal powder forming mechanics modeling and computer simulation [M].
Guangzhou: SouthChinaUniversity of Technology Press, 2011:70-82. (In Chinese)

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[3] Minghua Jiao, Ping Song, Ting Xie. Research Progress in Numerical Simulations of Powder Metallurgy
Compaction [J]. Metal Functional Materials2007, 14 (5): 28-32.

[4] Chao Feng, Dandan Sun, HuoHong Chen. Analysis of New Marc Tutorial Examples and Common Problems [M].
Beijing: China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press, 2012:158-162. (In Chinese)

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[5] DeguangWang, YuchengWu, MinghuaJiao.Finite Element Simulation of Influence of Different Compacting

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Processes on Powder Metallurgic Products Properties[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2008,


44(1):205-211.(In Chinese)

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[6]DeguangWang, MinghuaJiao, JianweiYu.FE Simulation of Influence of Height-diameter Ratio on Powder


Metallurgic Product Properties [J].Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2007, 18(20): 2493-2496. (In Chinese)

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[7] DeguangWang,Yucheng Wu,MinghuaJiao.Finite Element Simulation to Influence of Compacting Mode on PM

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Product Properties [J].Powder Metallurgy Technology, 2008, 26(2):88-93. (In Chinese)

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[8] Fenglin Han. Powder metallurgy auto parts design. Production. Application [M]. Beijing: chemical industry press,

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2013:1-20.

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Preparation of Sandwich-like Self-assembled n-octanethiol Film Containing


Doped Silver Nanoparticles on Silicon Wafer and Evaluation of its Tribological
Properties
Guangbin Yang, Shengmao Zhang, Laigui Yu, Pingyu Zhang *
Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Special Functional Materials, HenanUniversity, Kaifeng 475004, China

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*Corresponding author E-mail: pingyu@henu.edu.cn


ABSTRACT

A sandwich-like trilayer self-assembled film of n-octanethiol (denoted as C8) was prepared on single-crystal

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silicon wafer by a three-step route. Briefly, 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (denoted as MPTS) was firstly
self-assembled on Si substrate. The resultant self-assembled MPTS monolayer (denoted as MPTS-SAM) were
then incorporated silver nanoparticles to afford MPTS-Ag bilayer film. Finally, n-octanethiol was self-assembled

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onto MPTS-Ag to provide MPTS-Ag-octanethiol trilayer film (denoted as MPTS-Ag-C8) with a sandwich-like
structure. The chemical composition and chemical states of major elements of as-prepared self-assembled films
were determined with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, and their surface morphology was observed with an

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atomic force microscope. Moreover, the micro- and macro-tribological properties of the self-assembled films
were investigated in association with measurements of water contact angles, and their wear tracks were observed
with a scanning electron microscope. Findings indicate that as-prepared MPTS-Ag-C8 trilayer film possesses

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excellent friction-reducing and antiwear properties, which is attributed to its peculiar sandwich-like structure. In
other words, MPTS-SAM is anchored on Si substrate and serves as an initial bed for Ag nanoparticles to be
inhabited, doped Ag nanoparticles are capable of enhancing the load-carrying capacity, and self-assembled

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octanethiol film allows Ag nanoparticles to maintain strength and robustness. As a result, MPTS-Ag-C8 trilayer
film shows reduced shearing stress as well as lowered friction and extended anti-wear life. In one word, the
load-carrying capacity and rolling effect of doped Ag nanoparticles and the sandwich-like structure of

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MPTS-Ag-C8 trilayer film account for its greatly improved friction-reducing and antiwear abilities and add to its
feasibility as a candidate lubricant for protection of micro/nano-electro mechanical systems.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Tribological Property Study of Nitrogen-Containing Alkali Metal Borate


He Zhongyi1), 2) *, Xiong Liping1), Mu Lin1), Qiu Jianwei2), Fu Xisheng2)
1) School of Basic Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang Jiangxi 30013, China
2) Petro China Lubricating Oil R&D Institute, Lanzhou Gansu 730060, China
* Corresponding author Email: hzy220567@163.com

ABSTRACT

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A new class of nitrogen-containing alkali metal borate (salt) was synthesized. It is a new kind of non-sulfur,

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non-phosphorus, and environmentally friendly lubricant additives. Their tribological performances as additives in
base oil were evaluated with a four-ball tester. The results showed that, this lube additive at a dosage range of 1.0%
could improve the P B more than 10%. That is to say, added the boric acid ester synthesis (salt) in the base oil can

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enhance the P B of base oils and the P B values of ESTER was higher than SALT under the same mass fraction.
Whats more, the WSD has a close relationship with the type and concentration of additives, and the anti -wear
effect of ESTER is stronger than SALT under the same conditions. Moreover, the friction coefcient increased

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with load, and the friction coefcient of pure base oil is bigger than any base oil containing additives. It meansthe
synthetic borate (salt) additives have some friction-reducing effect, and he anti-wear effect of the two additives
have little difference under the same additive mass fraction.

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At the surface analysis part, the worn surfaces of the lower steel balls lubricated respectively with PAO-6 and 1.0%
additive under the load of 329N in the four-ball tests were investigated with a X-650 scanning electron
microscope (SEM). It indicates that the two additives are able to develop good anti-wear property of PAO-6.

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Whats more, the worn surface of ESTER seems to be smoother than the surface of SALT under the same
conditions. The typical elemental composition and chemical nature of the anti-wear lm generated on the surfaces
of the steel balls were studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results show that a

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boron-containing lubricating film forms gradually on the surfaces of the steel balls with the friction process and
the boron-containing lubricating film has good tribological characteristics.
Pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) was used to evaluate its oxidation resistance in the base oil.

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The results showed that, this lube additive at a dosage range of 1.0% could improve the P B more than 10%, which
can elevate initial oxidation temperature of base stock 7 above.
Keywords: borate; anti-wear; lubrication mechanism; PDSC

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Tribological Study of TiN Film Lubricated with Different Oils under Vacuum
Condition
Dong Jiang*, Desheng Wang, Ming Hu, XiaomingGao, Yanlong Fu, Jun Yang, Jiayi Sun, Lijun Weng
Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, ChineseAcademy of Sciences
* Corresponding author email: jiangd@licp.cas.cn

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ABSTRACT

Tribological properties of the hard coating TiN film with the lubrication of different liquid lubricants were
evaluated under vacuum condition. The TiN film prepared by ion plating technology was 0.3~0.4m of thickness,
and above 32 N of adhesion strength on the steel substrate. The liquid lubricants applied in the tests were 114#

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silicon oil, PFPE, MACs and P201, respectively. Their viscosity order was following: 114# silicon oil < MACs <
P201 and PFPE. They have very lower saturated vapor pressure and can use for long time under vacuum
condition. The contact angle between TiN film and different lubricants was measured with DSA100 tensiometer

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and contact angle meter. So the wettability of different liquid lubricants was determined and followed the order:
114# silicon oil > P201 and MACs > PFPE. The tribological properties of TiN/oil composites were carries out in
a ball-on-disk tribo-tester, in which the upper ball was stationary and the lower disk was spinning at high speed.

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The test condition was: 5 N of normal load, 1000 rpm of spin velocity, 60 min of test duration and superior to
5.010-3Pa of vacuum degree. The friction coefficient was recorded with computer automatically and the wear
volume was measured with non-contact surface profilometer. Based on the tribological test results, the friction

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coefficients of composites were lower than that of dry friction. However the mean friction coefficient of
composite system lubricated with 114# silicon oil was 0.12 which was lower than those of the others, it fluctuated
wildly in the start-up stage. The test was ceased after 30 min automatically because the abrupt friction coefficient

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was above the upper limit protection value. Compared with TiN/114# silicon oil composite, the mean friction
coefficients of other composite systems (TiN/PFPE, TiN/MACs, TIN/P201) were about 0.15, and they were
smooth without fluctuation between the start-up and the later experiment. The wear rate of TIN/P201 composite

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was the lowest with the value of 0.910 -9 mm3/Nm. And the wear rate order for different composites was
TIN/P201 > TiN/MACs > TiN/PFPE > TiN/114# silicon oil. The wear tracks of different composites were
analyzed by SEM equipped with EDS. The adhesion wear and abrasive wear were observed obviously in the wear

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track of TiN/114# silicon oil, resulted in the increased content of substrate element. The wear tracks of other
composites were difficult to observe attributed to their better tribological properties. The wettability, kinetic
viscosity, the difference of intrinsic lubricating ability of liquid oils and the rotating centrifugal force of

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tribo-tester would affect their tribological properties.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Effects of Surface Roughness on Fretting Wear of UHMWPE under Different


Temperature Conditions
Wang Qiufeng 1), 2), Wang Yunxia 1) *, Yan Fengyuan 1)
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P.R. China

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* Corresponding author: yunxiawang@licp.cas.cn

ABSTRACT

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In this paper, the fretting wear behaviors of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with various
surface roughnesses under different temperatures were investigated using a SRV-4 tribotester. Friction tests were
performed with GCr15 steel ball against UHMWPE under a normal load of 10 N, frequency of 50 Hz and stroke

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of 100 m. It was found that the steady friction coefficients of UHMWPE increased slightly with the increase of
temperature, but deceased dramatically with the increase of surface roughness. According to the morphologies of
steel balls by scanning electron microscopy, it could be observed that the transfer films on the steel ball surfaces

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with higher roughness. The main wear mechanism of UHMWPE with higher roughness was abrasive at 20 C and
serious abrasive wear accompanied with severe plastic deformation at 60 C. Slightly abrasive wear was the wear
mechanism of UHMWPE with lower surface roughness at 20and 60 C.

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Influence of the Applied Potential on the Tribocorrosion Behavior of 304 SS in


Artificial Seawater
Y. Zhang 1, 2), J. Z. Wang 1) *, F. Y. Yan 1) *
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China

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* Corresponding author email address: wjzsci@163.com; fyyan@licp.cas.cn


ABSTRACT

Corrosive wear involves chemical and mechanical mechanisms and the combination of these mechanisms often

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results in accelerated materials degradation. In this paper, pin-on-disk friction experiments between alumina and
304 stainless steel (SS) during sliding contact were carried out in artificial seawater. The influence of applied
potential on the tribocorrosion behavior of 304 SS has been studied and the obtained results demonstrated that

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with the increase of the applied potential, corrosion current density and total material loss presented distinguished
increase under fixed load and sliding speed. 3-D profile measurement was employed to study the surface
structural changes during corrosion-wear process. Study of worn surfaces indicated that depending on applied

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potential, different features of wear track surface were involved, and it was the form of corrosion inside the wear
track that determined the relative dominance of the two synergistic mechanisms at high applied potential.
1 INTRODUCTION

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The interaction between corrosion and wear is the focus of most concern for many scientists, especially in
seawater. When metal or alloy is immersed in this complex and harsh system, most metallic materials may cause
serious corrosion, even get stress corrosion cracking [1-3], resulting in grievous economic loss. When metallic

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materials are subjected to friction in seawater, it includes synergistic effect between mechanical and
electrochemical action. The mass loss of a metal in tribocorrosion is not a simple sum of loss caused by
mechanical wear and corrosion determined respectively but somewhat exceed this sum.

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Recently, a lot of work has been done to discuss the synergy effect. Panagopoulos et al. using an electrochemical
microcell studied the corrosive wear of duplex stainless steel (UNS S32304) in 1M NaCl (pH 3) solution. They
found that sliding could cause plastic deformation of the austenite, therefore influenced the corrosion resistance

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and the passivation properties of S32304 [4]. Silva et al. proclaimed that the tribocorrosion regime changed as a
result of the coupling between mechanical and electrochemical processes in 3.5% NaCl, which was interpreted as
a change from an adhesive wear regime to an abrasive and corrosion one for higher load levels [5].

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Though much attention has been put to the synergistic effect, it has not been thoroughly studied by scholars. In
this article, we report a study of the interaction of 304 SS between wear and corrosion in artificial seawater under
different applied potential, using a pin-on-disk tribometer integrated with an electrochemical workstation.
2 PREPARATION OF PAPERS

The material used in the present work is 304 austenitic stainless steel rings. Before tribocorrosion experiments,
each specimen was mechanically polished. During the tests, a rotating alumina pin slid against stationary 304 SS
specimen at 50 N, 100 r/min using a MMW-1 vertical universal friction and wear tester (Jinan Shijin Testing
Machine Group, PR China) which is connected with an electrochemical workstation (CHI 760C, CH Instruments,
PR China).

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The corrosive wear tests were carried out under different applied potentials (-0.7, -0.5, 0, +0.5 V) with a fixed
duration of 60 min. Figure 1 gives the changes of friction coefficient and weight loss dependence of the applied
potentials at a normal load of 50 N and sliding speed of 100 r/min for 304 SS. It is clear that the applied potentials
had a distinguish influence on the friction coefficient and weight loss. With increasing applied potentials, the

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friction coefficient presented a decreasing trend after the first increase; meanwhile, the weight loss of 304 SS
increased gradually.

Fig. 1. Variation for the friction coefficient and weight loss of 304 SS under different applied potentials in artificial

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seawater.

The i-t curves of 304 SS under different applied potentials in artificial seawater were depicted in fig. 2. When the
applied potential was -0.7 V (vs. OCP), the measured current shifted negatively before, during and after sliding,
confirming that no corrosion occurred at this potential, and material loss from the wear track should be due to

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pure mechanical wear. With the increase of the applied potential, the corrosion current density rose far more
obvious during wear, meaning that under high application potential, the influence of wear on corrosion was
greater and more distinguished.

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The morphologies in Fig. 3 vividly show the worn surface roughness and properties of 304 SS after corrosive
wear in artificial seawater. Many furrows can be found on the worn surface (Fig. 3A, B, C, D), indicating that
cutting is the predominant wear mechanism of 304 SS under different applied potentials. But the corrosion

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mechanism changed apparently with different applied potentials. When the potentials increased from -0.5 V to
+0.5 V, corrosion characteristics altered from the general corrosion to localized corrosion. The profiles of wear
tracks (Fig. 3a, b, c, d) demonstrated that the applied potential (more positive than OCP) could obviously

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accelerate the loss of material and led to deeper wear cracks, even resulting in noticed pitting (Fig. 3d).

Fig. 2. The i-t curves of 304 SS under different applied potentials (vs. OCP) in artificial seawater.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

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Fig. 3. SEM morphology and the profiles of wear tracks under different applied potentials in artificial seawater.
A, a): -0.7 V; B, b): -0.5 V; C, c): 0 V; D, d): +0.5 V.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was financially supported by 973 Program (2014CB643302).

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REFERENCES

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[1] P.M. Scott, T.W. Thorpe, D.R.V. Silvester, Rate-Determining Processes for Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth in

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Ferritic Steel in Seawater. Corros. Sci. 23 (1983) 559675.


[2] S.M. Elsariti, Haftirman. Behaviour of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Sodium Chloride

Solutions. Procedia Engineering. 53 (2013) 650654.

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[3] W.T. Tsai, M.S. Chen, Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Concentrated NaCl
Slution. Corros. Sci. 42 (2000) 545559.
[4] V. Vignal, N. Mary, P. Ponthiaux, F. Wenger, Influence of Friction on the Local Mechanical and Electrochemical
Behaviour of Duplex Stainless Steels. Wear. 261 (2006) 947953.
[5] R.C.C. Silva, R.P. Nogueira, I.N. Bastos, Tribocorrosion of UNS S32750 in Chloride Medium: Effect of the Load
Level. Electrochim. Acta. 56 (2011) 88398845.

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Tribological Behavior of Feroform T814 and T14 Silding against Steel in


Seawater
Gaofeng Han1), 2), Jianzhang Wang1),*, Fengyuan Yan1),*
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
*

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Corresponding author email address:wjzsci@163.com (Jianzhang Wang); fyyan@licp.cas.cn (Fengyuan Yan)

ABSTRACT

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Feroform T14 is a composite material made from woven fiber bonded with resin, and the T814 is incorporated
with PTFE as a friction modifier dispersed throughout the T14 matrix. They are developed by Tenmat and used in

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marine applications widely. The present study compared wear and frictional characteristics of the two materials in
pure water and seawater at different operating parameters, such as applied load (200N, 400N), sliding speed
(0.5-1.5m/s) and dry and saturated with pure water and seawater. They were studied using an MRH-03 model

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ring-on-block test rig. It was found that PTFE filler was significant contribution to reduction in specific wear rate
of T814 and both of them have better performance in seawater than in pure water. The worn surfaces of
composites were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the probable wear

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mechanisms in different composites.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Improvements of Tribological Behavior of PEO Coatings by Embedding Solid


Lubricant Particles
Jun Liang *, Qingbiao Li, Baixing Liu, Zhenjun Peng
State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, PR China

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* Corresponding author E-mail address: jliang@licp.cas.cn


ABSTRACT

Employing plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique to form thick ceramic coatings on Al, Mg, Ti and their
alloys can enhance their hardness, wear resistance and load-bearing capacity. However, the PEO coatings

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generally exhibit high friction coefficients under unlubricated conditions, which can cause not only the wear of
sliders, but also the wear damage of counterpart materials in many tribological applications. Thus, it is necessary
to fabricate the PEO coatings with both good wear resistance and low friction coefficient.

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In this work, submicron- and nano-scaled solid lubricant particles (such as graphite, MoS2, WS2, etc.) have been
successfully embedded into the PEO ceramic coatings to form self-lubricating composite coatings by one-step
process in particles dispersed electrolytes. In tribological process, the PEO ceramic coatings play the role as

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wear-resistant matrix while the embedded solid lubricant particles act as the friction reducing agent. Compared
with the pure PEO coatings, the self-lubricating composite coatings sharply decrease the friction coefficient and
wear rate during the dry sliding. Furthermore, the wear damage of counterpart materials can also be reduced

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greatly due to the lower friction coefficient. The effect of the dispersion approach of the solid lubricant particles
on the tribological behavior of the coatings were also evaluated and discussed.

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Tribological Changes of Polyimide Resulting from Exposure to Proton/Electron


Irradiation
Mei Lv 1), 2), Fei Zheng1), 2), Tingmei Wang1), Qihua Wang 1)*
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China

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Corresponding author: wangqh@licp.cas.cn (Q.H. Wang )


ABSTRACT

There exist many complicated and changeable environmental factors in the cosmic space. Polyimide (PI) is a kind

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of important engineering plastic which is widely used as friction materials in space science. It is vulnerable to be
influenced by harsh space environment. The lubricant fault caused by ion irradiation is one of the primary reasons
for the spacecraft malfunctions, which often arises catastrophic results. Therefore, in order to improve the service

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reliability and long life of spacecraft, it is very necessary to study on the tribological changes caused by ion
irradiation through ground simulation experiments.
In this study, both proton and electron irradiation were performed at an energy of 25 kev and flux of 2.5 10 14

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cm-2 s-1 under vacuum environment (10-4 Pa) in a ground-based simulation. The samples were first irradiated by
proton for 15 min, and then were irradiated by electron for 15 min. The outgassed products from the specimens
during the radiation were analyzed in-situ using a mass spectrometer. The changes in surface structure were

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characterized by laser micro-Raman. The wear tests of PI against GCr15 steel ball were performed on ball-on-disc
tribometer in the ground simulation facility. The counterpart ball, made of the GCr15 stainless with the diameter
of 3.18 mm, slid on a disk rotating at a speed of 0.13 m/s under a load of 1 N for 1200 s. The rotatory diameter

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was 12 mm.

untreated(a) and irradiated(b) PI

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Fig.1. Mass spectrum of gas from irradiated PI. Fig. 2. Raman spectra of irradiated PI. Fig.3. Friction coefficients of

The experimental results indicated that both proton and electron irradiation caused sample surface bond breaking
to evolve some volatile products (Fig.1) so that induced PI surface carbonization (Fig.2). The initial friction
coefficients increased and the steady friction coefficients decreased after irradiation (Fig.3b). In the initial stage,
the friction coefficient was ascribed to the friction of the carbonized layer against the steel ball. In the steady
stage, the worn-out carbonized layer acting as the solid lubricant between the surface of PI and the counterpart
lowered the friction and wear.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

A High Hydrolytic Stability N- heterocyclic Organic Borate and its Tribological


Properties as Lubricant Additive in Mineral Oil
Li Jianchang 1, 2), Ren Tianhui 1) *
1) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, KeyLaboratoryforThinFilmand Microfabrication
oftheMinistryofEducation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
2) State key laboratory of solid lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

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Lanzhou 730000, PR China


* E-mail: thren@sjtu.edu.cn
ABSTRACT

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Organic borates have been extensively used as lubricant additives since R. Rosen [1] first introduced the concept
of organic boron compounds used as additives in lubricants. Organic borates termed as environment-friendly
additives show excellent tribological properties and antioxidant characteristics [2]. However, the application of

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organic borates has been limited due to their susceptibility to hydrolysis. Here we proposed a novel Nheterocyclic organic borate (coded as TSOBT) that possesses high hydrolytic stability. The structure of TSOBT
was given in Fig. 1. The hydrolytic stability of TSOBT in mineral oil (5CST) was evaluated by the standard

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method presented in [3] and the results showed that TSOBT perform high hydrolytic stability due to the
introduction of N-containing groups. The tribological properties of TSOBT in 5CST were evaluated using a
four-ball machine. The results showed that TSOBT can increase the antiwear ability of 5CST up to 31%

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compared to 23% that of ZDDP. Tribofilms were investigated with an attempt to explore the action mechanism of
TSOBT by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The results indicated that the prepared
tribofilms were mainly constituted by BN, fewer B 2O3 and organic B.

REFERENCE
[1] R. Rosen, Hydrocarbon composition containing organic boron compounds, US patent (1941), No. 2234581.
[2] J.B. Yao, Q.L. Wang, J.X. Dong, S.Q. Chen, J.Z. Sun, Borate esters used as lubricant additives, Lubrication Science
(2002). 14-4 (14): 415-423.
[3] Z. Zheng, G. Shen, Y. Wan, L. Cao, X. Xu, Q. Yue, T. Sun. Synthesis, hydrolytic stability and tribological
properties of novel borate esters containing nitrogen as lubricant additives. Wear (1998). 222: 135144.

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Tribological Behaviour of Highly Hydrolytically Stable Long Chain Alkyl


Phenylborate Esters
Zhipeng Li 1), Yawen Zhang 1), Tianhui Ren 1) *, Yidong Zhao 2)
1) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry
of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, China
2) ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Institute of High Energy Physics, Peoples Republic of China

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* Corresponding author: thren@sjtu.edu.cn


1. INTRODUCTION

As the worldwide consensus of maintaining integrity of environment, development of environmental friendly and

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multifunctional lubricants becomes an urgent research topic nowadays [1]. Organic borate ester could be a
promising candidate due to its excellent combination properties [2]. However, the main limitation of the
application of organic borate ester is the tendency of hydrolyzation resulting in the liberation of an oil-insoluble

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and abrasive boric acid. A common practice is to introduce nitrogen containing lone pair electrons to coordinate
with the electron-deficient boron. Even so, the N-containing borate esters do not satisfy the demands of actual
operation condition well [3]. Therefore, new hydrolytically stable approach for borate esters is required to fulfil

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the industrial processes. In this paper, we developed a valid way to improve the hydrolytic stability of borate
esters by introducing the long chain alkylphenyl group to link with the electron-deficient boron directly, and the
boron can conjugate with the benzene ring while the long chain can act as a hydrophobic group, which improves

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prepared additives are depicted in Fig. 1.

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the hydrolytic stability of borate esters.


2. ADDITIVES
Two novel N-containing long chain alkyl phenylborate esters, DBDB and OMDB, were synthesized and the

Fig. 1 The structure of synthesized additives

3. RESULTS

3.1 Hydrolytic stability

The hydrolytic stability of the synthesized compounds in base oil was analyzed with a method of accelerated
hydrolysis by a wet heating treatment. Table 1 displays the performances of different concentrations of tributyl
borate (TB), N-containing borate ester (NBO) [4], DBDB and OMDB with respect to hydrolytic stability. The
results demonstrate that the directly linking benzene ring with boron is an effective method to enhance the
hydrolytic stability of borate ester.

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Table 1 The hydrolytic stability of borate esters


Items

0.5 wt. %

2.0 wt. %

TB

10 h

2h

NBO

48 h

16 h

DBDB

>720 h

306 h

OMDB

180 h

412 h

3.2. Tribological performance

Fig. 2 exhibits the effect of additive concentration on WSD and friction coefficient under 294 N. Both of the two

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additives are effective in reducing the WSD comparing with base oil and the AW performance of DBDB is better
than that of OMDB at relatively high concentration. However, the two additives show completely opposite
friction-reducing properties. The friction coefficient continuously decreases slowly with the increase of additive

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concentration while the friction coefficient of OMDB firstly increases with the additive concentration increasing,
then decreases when the additive concentration is above 1.0 wt. %.

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Fig. 2 The effect of additive concentration on WSD (a) and friction coefficient (b) under 294 N (rotary speed, 1450 rpm;

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duration, 30 min)

4. CONCLUSION

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DBDB and OMDB possess superiority in hydrolytic stability comparing with tributyl borate and NBO, which
indicates that introducing of benzene ring to conjugate with the electron-deficient boron can significantly improve
the hydrolytic stability of the borate ester. For DBDB, the hydrolytic stability of low concentration is better than

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high concentration. However, the hydrolytic stable property of OMDB with the additive concentration increasing
is opposite due to its special structure. Both of the two additives show excellent anti-wear performance and the AW
performance of DBDB is better than that of OMDB at relatively high concentration due to the steric repulsion of the

big groups like imidazoline which may influence the additive to react with the fresh formed metal surface to generate a
compact film. DBDB performs gently friction-reducing property while OMDB does not play a role of reducing friction

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coefficient.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No.21272157) and Beijing
Synchrotron Radiation Facility Project (grant no. SR06033). The authors are grateful to the Beijing Synchrotron
Radiation Facility for the XANES analysis.
REFERENCES
[1] Bartz WJ. Ecotribology: Environmentally acceptable tribological practices. Tribol. Int. 2006; 39: 728-33.
[2] Shah FU, Glavatskih S, Hoglund E, et al. Interfacial Antiwear and Physicochemical Properties of
Alkylborate-dithiophosphates. Acs Appl. Mater. Inter. 2011; 3: 956-68.
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[3] Yao J, Wang Q, Chen S, et al. Borate Esters Used as Lubricant Additives. Lubrication Science 2002; 14: 415-23.
[4] Yan J, Bai X, Ren T, et al. Tribological performances of borate ester containing nitrogen as extreme pressure

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antiwear additive. Appl. Stud. 2010; 5: 109-111.

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Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nickel Zirconium Phosphate Hydrate and an


Investigation of its Lubrication Properties in Grease
Huijuan Ma, Xiaosheng Zhang, Hong Xu *
Research Institute of Special Chemicals, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024
* xuhongwork@126.com
ABSTRACT

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Nickel zirconium phosphate hydrate (NiZr(PO4)24H2O, hereafter referred to as Ni--ZrP) with high crystalline
was directly synthesized in a NaF-NiO-ZrO-P2O5-H2O system under hydrothermal conditions. The effects of the
synthesized products on the tribological properties of grease have been investigated via a modified reciprocating
friction and wear tester. The morphologies of the wear scars and the chemical compositions of the surface on the

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friction pair were analyzed using a JSM-6700Escanningelectron microscope (SEM) and a energy dispersive X-ray
spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the tribological properties of grease can be improved significantly by
addition of NiZr(PO4)24H2O.
1 INTRODUCTION

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-Zirconium phosphate (Zr(HPO4)2H2O), is a typical artifial cationic layer compound[1]. Allulli et al. [2],
prepared
a series
of transition-metal
ions
zirconium phosphate
salt
ZrM(PO4)24H2O

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(M2+=Mn2+,Co2+,Ni2+,Cu2+and Zn2+). However, the indirect method is complex, low production rate and
difficult to get pure phase. Zhang et al. [3], directly synthesized the Cu(OH)2Zr(HPO4)22H2O (hereafter
Cu--ZrP ) through the hydrothermally method. As an additive in grease, Cu--ZrP has excellent lubricating

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temperature were evaluated.


2 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
2.1 Directly Synthesis of Ni- -ZrP

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ability, and it easily adhered to the worn surface to form a tight protective film.
In the present work, we have synthesized Ni--ZrP with the directly method. It was necessary to investigate the
tribology behavior of as prepared Ni--ZrP as additive in grease under variable load, frequency, duration, and

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A typical hydrothermal process for the preparation of Ni--ZrP was as follows: NaF-NiO-ZrO-P2O5-H2O were
mixed together with vigorous stirring until homogeneous. Then the mixture was transferred into a Teflon-lined
stainless steel autoclave (30mL total volume). The crystallization was then carried out at 180C for 72 h. After

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cooling the autoclave to room temperature, the solid products were separated by filtration and washed with
distilled water.
2.2 Friction and wear tests

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The boundary lubrication performances of Ni--ZrP, used as additive in the lithium grease, were investigated
through a modified reciprocating friction and wear tester with a ball-on-flat configuration. The specimen was
fixed on a base plate and reciprocatingly moved with a stroke length of 2.5 mm with the plate. The upper ball was
a GCr15 steel ball with a diameter of 6mm of hardness HRC61-65 and surface roughness Ra about 0.02m, and
the lower samples were bearing steel flat with 25x20x5mm, hardness HRC 3637 and surface roughness Ra
about 0.8m. The tests were performed at room temperature with a relative humidity of 4555% .
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The X-ray diffraction pattern of the corresponding is Ni--ZrP displayed in Fig.1. The image shows the main
diffraction peak of the synthesized products at 2 =9.45,which is attributed to Ni--ZrP indicating that the main
phase is Ni--ZrPNiZr(PO4)24H2OPDF 30-0780.
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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Fig.1 XRD of Ni--ZrP

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Table 1 presents grind width and mean friction coefficient values of base grease and Ni--ZrP as additive in the
base grease .The grind width and mean friction coefficient of base grease were 4.95mm and 0.040 respectively.

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After the addition of Ni--ZrP into the base grease, the grind width and mean friction coefficient were reduced by
47% and 25%. These results show that the product could have wide application prospects in the field of
lubrication.
Table 1 Comparison of lubricating properties of different additives in grease
Grind width
mm
4.95

0.040

2.6

0.039

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Base grease
Base grease
+5.0wt%
Ni--ZrP

Frictioncoefficient

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Lubricant

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Fig. 2 shows the morphology and element composition of the worn surface of the friction pairs, which are the
samples after a long duration wear test. Under a load of 200N, the worn surface using the base grease was

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seriously damaged and a larger number of deep furrows were observed. When using the grease with Ni--ZrP
under the load of 200 N, smoother and shallower furrows exist on the worn surface of the friction pair. There are
Ni, P, Zr, O on the worn surface besides Fe, Cr, C. So, the layered zirconium phosphates as the lubrication

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additives may form the protective films on the friction pairs, which increases the anti-wear properties.

(a) (b)
Fig2. SEM and EDS of worn surface (a: lithium-based grease ; b: +5%Ni--ZrP)

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4. CONCLUSION

In summary, high-crystalline Ni--ZrP has been directly synthesized in the NaF-NiO-ZrO-P2O5-H2O system
under hydrothermal conditions. Moreover, as an additive in grease, Ni--ZrP has excellent lubricating ability, and
it easily adhered to the worn surface to form a tight protective film.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished
Young Scholars (20825623), Program for the Top Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Higher Learning
Institutions of Shanxi.

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REFERENCES
[1] Clearfield, A. Kalnins John M. J.Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1976, 849
[2] Allulli, Carla Ferragina and Aldo La Ginestra. J.C.S. Dalton.1977, 1879

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[3] Xiaosheng Zhang, Hong Xu. Appl. Mater. Interfaces.2013, 7989

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Research on an Experimental Simulation System for Hydraulic Liquid Working


Condition Online Monitoring
Kun Yang1)*, Xinping Yan1), Xincong Zhou1), Yan Pan2), Yuexing Wang2)
1) Reliability Engineering Institute, School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
2) Lubricant Technical Research Department, Jiangsu Xuzhou Construction machinery research institute

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Xuzhou, 221004, China


*kunyangwhut@163.com
ABSTRACT

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The hydraulic liquidworking condition monitoring of construction machinery is of great concern under the
concept of condition base maintenance (CBM) in nowadays. However, the laboratory measurement(also called
off line monitoring) of hydraulic oilis currently still used as a main method in routine monitoring works. This

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strategy has to face many defects like that, it cannot capture the status variation within the interval time of two
measurements, and the status of oil may change after it is sent to laboratory. The online monitoring of hydraulic
liquid through a group of sensors, which are able to measure the characteristics of lubricant, such as, water

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content, particle concentration, viscosity, temperature, can overcome the problems that exist in off line
measurement. An experimental system for hydraulic liquid online monitoring is put forwardin this paper. The
system is composed of a main oil circulation loop and a monitoring circulation loop. The hydraulic liquid is

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drivenby a pump to flow back and forth in main oil circulation loop, and the monitoring circulation loop is used
to sample oil from main circulation loop so as to measure the working condition of oil by three sensors. The
structure of online monitoring system and data structure for sensorsare described in the paper, and the data

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acquisition and communicationstrategy is also discussed. After 6 hours continuous monitoring, the experiment
data from sensor prove that the online monitoring system can measure the water content variation from 100 ppm
to more than 1000 ppm with a deviation of 100 ppm, and it can measure oil viscosity that changes with

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temperature. This system is used as an experimental platform for testing sensors that will be mounted to a car
born hydraulic liquid online monitoring system for a construction machinery truck.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology


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The Data Analysis Method Based on On-line Oil Monitoring of Mobile


Equipment
Panyan, Wang Yuexing, Sun Yuanyuan, Zhu Weiwei, Dong Zhilei
Lubricant Technical Research Department, Jiangsu Xuzhou Construction machinery research institute
Xuzhou, 221004, China

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*yanwuyu123@163.com
ABSTRACT

Monitoring of in service lubricants becomes more and more important to construction machine, because the data
monitored, especially that of hydraulic system, engine lubrication system, transmission system, is able to reflect

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the operation condition of machine and direct the maintenance. The oil cost could be saved and more benefit
could be obtained from the prevention of maintenance by oil monitoring. Hydraulic system, as the core of
construction machinery, the system pressure of which could reach to 30-40 MPa in closed condition, resulting in

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the flow increase and oil temperature could be reached to 90 oC, which is too harsh to the monitored sensors.
Furthermore, the abnormal work condition and strong shakiness bring difficulty to the on-line oil monitoring in
construction machine.

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Based on the comparison test of the main index of hydraulic oil such as viscosity, water and its dielectric constant
on offline experiment and online test, analysis the correlation and regression fit of these data from comparison
test. The data collection methods of online monitoring sensor were studied on engineering machinery operating

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conditions. The data analysis and correlation study laid a good foundation for the on-line oil monitoring
technology which was used to large mobile devices.
1 INTRODUCTION

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The deterioration rank of the hydraulic oil can effectively reflect the working conditions of construction
machinery hydraulic system [1]. A more sophisticated method is to take oil samples for laboratory analysis at
regular time intervals. However, laboratory analysis is not only expensive but also there remains a time gap

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between latest laboratory results and actual oil condition cheap. For this reason, on-line condition monitoring is
only widespread approach for construction machinery where highest reliability is demanded [2]. It can help to
optimize the use of these fluids and guarantee the reliability of the hydraulic system.

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A dynamic and static integrated on-line condition monitoring system was devised to evaluate the quality
degradation of the hydraulic oil. Thus, it realized to change the hydraulic oil according to its quality instead of
according to visual observation or on schedule.

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2 THE DESIGN OF MONITORING SYSTEM

Due to the higher temperature and pressure at hydraulic system in construction machine, conventional on -line oil
condition monitoring system couldnt meet the demand. Therefore a dynamic and static integrated on-line
condition monitoring system that showed in Figure.1 was devised. Depending on the different characteristics of
oil selected where the sensor installed in circuit. Therefore, systems can guarantee the accuracy and repeatability
of the sensor during oil monitoring process.

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Dynamic return circuit

Protective return circuit


Sensor 3
Static return circuit
Temperature controller
The
Sensor 2 module of
collection

Fig. 1. Dynamic-static on-line condition monitoring system

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Sensor 1

Dynamic return circuit was the main circuit of system. The flow rate selected by power plant and the protection

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circuit was adjusted for it. From dominated the protective circuit can maintain the Static circuits stability.
Consequently, it was suitable to detect the characteristics of oil that greater impact by temperature, pressure and
flow rate.

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3.1 The analysis of viscosity based on on-line oil monitoring

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The viscosity is often considered to be the crucial parameter of a hydraulic fluid. Too low viscosities cause mixed

oils

T/ C
40

Hitachi

40

Tadano

Sensor

Sensor

/cSt

Dynamic
system/cSt

41.22

39.80

40.40

37.45

46.71

46.00

47.41

40.10

44.10

45.00

45.23

43.90

40

41.58

40.49

41.34

44.31

40

43.85

42.93

44.02

38.97

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test

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Komatsu

Static system /cSt

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CAT

Lab

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Hydraulic

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friction in hydraulic devices, resulting in increasing friction and high wear, whereas high values of the viscosity
cause evitable energy losses.
Table 1. Testing results of Hydraulic oil viscosity

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From table 1 the testing results of viscosity from static system were close to that from lab test (ASTM D6304). In
static system, the viscosity monitor results were provided with higher veracity, nice repeatability and
reproducibility. However, the testing result of viscosity from static system was waved and short of veracity.

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3.2 The analysis of humidity based on on-line oil monitoring

Water contamination in hydraulic oil can pose a severe threat to the hydraulic system on equipment.Figure 2
shows a function relationship between water content and relative humidity. It can indicate problems and alarm if

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excessive water is present.

Fig. 2. Relation of water content to sensor signal for hydraulic oil


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3.3 The analysis of pollution index based on on-line oil monitoring

Particulate contamination is a critical parameter for hydraulic and lubricating systems. 75% -90% of the hydraulic
lubrication system failure are caused by system contamination.
Through the different rank of contamination of the oil sample test, testing data remained the same date with
Kohler desktop particle counter at optimum oil flow. The difference between the measured values of particulate
contamination less than a majority. The data testing in other flow rate was waved and short of veracity.
25

>4um
>6um
>14um

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20
19
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the rank of ISO

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15
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

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Fig. 3. The index of pollution (ISO 4406:1999) at optimum oil flow


CONCLUSION

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By dynamic and static integrated on-line condition monitoring system realize the monitor of hydraulic system in
construction machine. Using this multi-sensor approach, the task of reliable condition surveillance seems feasible
for the near future.

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REFERENCES

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[1] C. Seyfert, A. Kesseler, R. Luther., Sensors for On-line Monitoring of Bio-degradable Hydraulic Oils, lhydraulik
und Pneumatik. 5(2002) 47.

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[2] Z. Peng, N. J. Kessissoglou, M. Cox., A study of the effect of contaminant particles in lubricants using wear debris

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and vibration condition monitoring techniques, wear. 11(2005)258:1651-1662.

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Experiment and Study of the Axial Ultrasonic Vibration Rolling Device for
Thin-walled Cylindrical Pieces
Zhang-Xu1), Li-Xin He1), Shu-Chen1), Qin-Qing Yuan1), Qiao-Hai Chao2)
1) State Key Laboratory of Complex and High Performance. Central South University
Changsha 410083

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2) Mechanical Engineering College of Beijing University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083
ABSTRACT

Compared with the conventional rolling process, ultrasonic rolling process requires small rolling pressure, gives
little deformation of process system, has special meaning for thin-walled parts, which can significantly improve

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the surface quality of the workpiece. A new type of axial ultrasonic vibration roller device is designed. Uses finite
element software MSC. Marc to simulate thin-walled cylindrical pieces in conventional rolling and ultrasonic
rolling process, the simulation result shows that the axial ultrasonic vibration rolling processing can significantly

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reduce the roughness of the workpiece. Comparison of experimental results finds: the roughness of the thin wall
cylinder parts after ultrasonic rolling is reduced by nearly 10 times than conventional rolling , the grain size of
organization is refined, so can get a better surface quality, which is consisted with the simulation results.

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Keywords: thin-walled cylindrical pieces, Conventional rolling, Ultrasonic rolling, roughness


1. INTRODUCTION

High performance and high quality thin-walled cylindrical structures is constantly pursue goal in aviation,

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aerospace and weapons technology industry. Especially national defense war industry and newenergy field put
forward higher requirements for surface quality of thin-walled cylindrical components, such as new fighter jet
nozzle, spaceflight head cover and shielding set of nuclear main pump. For these thin wall cylinder parts under

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high speed, high temperature, high pressure and intense radiation conditions, parts of the surface quality has a
great influence in the performance, life and reliability of the products.
Spinning is a kind of metal plastic forming process. The blank isclamped on amandreland rotates,make

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thespinning tool(roller)around theblankrotation, the spinning toolandmandrel are relatively feed, theblank is
compressedand generates continuouspointdeformation, which can easilyproducethin-walled cylindrical
structuresand have the great advantage of savingraw materials,costcheap,especially have the good application in

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theproduction of rockets,missilesand spacerelated parts.


After large deformation and cold working, the surface of workpiece has spinninglines and spinning ripple. The
ripple not only influences the surface roughness of the workpiece, but also affects the workpiece straightness,

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may even make the workpiece scrap. So it is necessary to improve the quality of the surface in spinning process
to reduce spinning lines influence on surface quality of spinning parts (But it is difficult to completely eliminate
spinning lines).
In order to guarantee and improve the surface quality of parts and reduce spinning lines, rolling process after
spinning process on the workpiece is a very effective method. Use high hardness rolling tools under normal
temperature state, and exert some pressure on the surface to make the metal surface to produce plastic
deformation. So the peak is flattenedinto theoriginal residual depressedtrough, which can make the surface
roughness is reduced as shown in figure 1. Because thin-walled cylindrical parts belongs to high flexible
components, it will happen nonlinear partial surrender under the effect of rolling load, which will lead to the size
of the deformation load and direction change, make the uneven rheological and affect the surface quality of the
thin wall cylinder parts.
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Fig.1 Rolling processing principle diagram

Through the study, stack other field in the deformation area of the material, which can reduce the forming load,

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improve the rheological properties of the materials, so as to solve the contradiction between the local rheological
load and high flexible components. Therefore, the ultrasonic technology is introduced in the rolling process in this
paper. Attach a certain power of ultrasonic vibration on the roller at a certain frequency and amplitude with high

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frequency vibration along the surface of the workpiece, which can change the flow characteristics in the area of
processing materials, and at the same time, effectively reduce the interaction force between the wheel and the
workpiece and solve the contradiction between local rheological load and high flexible of thin-walled cylindrical

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components to achieve uniformity of material flow, so as to further improve the quality of the surface of the thin
wall cylinder parts.
Surface roughness is an important parameter of characterization of surface quality, which directly affect the
abrasion resistance, fatigue strength, contact stiffness, corrosion resistance, impermeability, and electric
conductivity, etc. It is an important indicator of the parts and product performance. In order to prove the
ultrasonic rolling process on the surface of the thin-walled cylindrical component quality has a significant effect,

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test the workpiece surface roughness and do microstructure analysis after the conventional rolling and ultrasonic
rolling testing.
2 THE DESIGN OF THE AXIAL ULTRASONIC VIBRATION ROLLING DEVICE

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Rolling tool divides into two kinds of ball and roller. Because the ball as the load is small, the current ultrasonic
rolling device mostly is ball rolling. Compared with ball rolling, the roller is more suitable for poor rigidity
workpiece. Conventional pressure roller device as shown in figure 2, the structure is more complex. According to

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this device to design the radial ultrasonic vibration rolling system has a large space interval, which is failed
toachieve goodtransmissionof ultrasonic energy. Therefore, the axial ultrasonic vibration roller device is designed.
Ultrasonic power supply provides super audio signals, the transducer converts high frequencyelectrical energy

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into mechanical vibration, thehorn would transmit the longitudinal vibration to the roller center and amplify the
amplitude, which can inspire roller bending vibration of ultrasonic frequency at the center of the wheel and reach
the maximum vibration on the edge of the wheel. In order to verify the feasibilityof theaxial ultrasonic
vibrationrolling device, use impedanceanalyzer to test therolling device,testresult is shown in figure 3. Test shows
that the frequency of axial ultrasonic vibration rolling device is 20 KHz and impedance is small, which is good
for resonance effect and meets the design requirements. The schematic diagram of the axial ultrasonic vibration
rolling thin wall cylinder parts is shown in figure 4. Install bearing at nodes of thehorn, thehorn will be fixed on
the fixture through the bearing. The amplitude fixture fixed on the roller mill work. It can realize the ultrasonic
rolling processing. The experiment of ultrasonic rolling system is shown in figure 5. The device structure is
compact and the ultrasonic elements are connected closely, which can achieve a good ultrasonic vibration.

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Fig.2 Conventional pressure roller device

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Fig.3 The axial ultrasonic vibration rolling device impedance analysis diagram

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Fig.4 Ultrasonic vibration rolling inthin wall cylinder parts diagram

Fig.5 Axial ultrasonic vibration rolling system

3 THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OFTHECONVENTIONAL ROLLING AND THE AXIAL ULTRASONIC


VIBRATION ROLLING

The finite element software of MSC. Marc was adopted to simulatetherollingcylindricalworkpieceouter surfaceof
theconventional rolling andultrasonic surface rolling. Define roller and spindle as rigid bodies, choose Q235 as
the workpiece material, modulus of elasticity E is 70gpa, poissons ratio is 0.3, the density is 2700 kg/m3,and
the meshing method was eight nodeshexahedral mesh generation. In rolling process, thelength,wall thickness and
diameter of cylindrical workpiece is 30mm,4mm,50mm; the coreradius is 50mm,spindle speed is 200r/min, the
rollingamount is 0.05mm. According to the friction conditions of rolling processing, set the friction coefficient of
0.05. To facilitate the simulation results of the analysis and processing, The model usedthe workpieceand the core
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moldkeep still, and the roller got rotate movement to achievethe relative motionbetween the workpiece andwheel.
In order to achieve the revolution of the wheel (around the spindle rotation) and the rotation (around its own axis
rotation), roller was equipped with the main control node and the auxiliary control node. Established
three-dimensional model was shown in figure 6. On the basis of the conventional rolling, introduce ultrasonic
field. Ultrasonic waves excite highfrequency vibrationon the rollercenterlocation by horn, the particles
onrollerwasaxial vibration. Therefore, in the analysis of the ultrasonic rolling process, an axial
displacementtowheel trackcombinedasuper audiosinusoidalvariation was needed. Analysis of conventional rolling
and ultrasonic rolling technology for thin wall cylinder parts surface roughness , extractradial position of the

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amount of nodesalong thecircumferentialpath after rolling as shown in Figure 7.

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Fig.6 Three-dimensional finite element model diagram

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Fig.7 Thin-walled cylindrical surface circumferential node radial position variation


Through the finite element numerical simulation, the rolling simulation model achieves the effect of rolling
deformation. Extract node radial positionlong the peripheral, and make variance calculation. Analysis by the

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software Origin,the varianceof conventional rollingsurfacenode positionvariationis 0.000187,and the varianceof


ultrasonicrolling partsis 0.0000946. The larger the variance means the greater the volatility of the data.
Therefore,we can see from Figure 7 that surfacenodeposition changes little i nthe ultrasonic rolling,the surface

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quality of the workpieceisbetter than the conventional rolling process.


4 THE EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
The ultrasonicrolling devicewas arranged on the cutter frame, and keep therolling head andforeign body.Adjustthe
frequency of ultrasonic powerto 20KHz and the ultrasonicdeviceto meetthe resonant state.Withultrasonic
amplitudemeasurement instrument to detect the rolleroutputamplitude was 7m. Experimental parameters follow
as:therollingspindlespeed was 200r/min,feed ratewas 0.5mm/r,the rollingamount was 0.05mm.In order to avoid
theerror caused byclampingand other factors,in theprocess ofrollingQ235thin-walled cylinder,close ultrasonic
power asa conventional rollingexperiment;open theultrasonic power as ultrasonic rollingexperiment.
The rolling processof Q235thin cylindrical part as shown in Figure 8,theasection wasconventional rolling,bsection
wassuperimposed ultrasonicrolling effect. By contrast, fter superimposed ultrasonic,thin-walled cylindrical
workpiece surface roughnessis significantly better thanthe conventionalrolling.

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Fig.8 Ultrasonic rolling compared with conventional rolling workpiece surface finish

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In the rolling process under the same conditions,the samples of theworkpiece after ultrasonic rolling
andconventional rolling was respectively got,test the roughness parameter Ra of the specimen surface and use
WYKONT9100 optical profile-meter to get surface analysisas shown blow.Figure 9 showed theresultsof

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thin-walled cylindricalworkpiece surfaceafter conventional rolling,the surface roughness was 4.39 micron,from
the graphit is clear toobserveindentation after rollingwheelleft.Figure 10 was theresultof thin-walled
cylindricalworkpiecesurface afterultrasonic rolling,thesurface roughness was 0.41micron,which was decreasedby

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nearly ten times thanconventionalrolling surfaceroughness,the test resultsindicated that ultrasonic vibrationcould
reduce thesurface roughness of thethin wallcylinder.

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Fig.9 surface contour ofconventional rolling pieces

Fig.10 surface contour of ultrasonic rolling pieces

Inspection of surfacemicrostructureafter polishing: morphologyof surface layer microstructure of conventional


rollingand ultrasonicrolling partswere examined by opticalmicroscope. The figure 10(a) was themicrostructure of
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conventional rolling work piece, (b) was metal ographi cultrasonic rolling piece. With superimposedultrasonic
vibration the organization is more close, grain boundarybecomes blurred, appears fibrous tissue, and material

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flow presents obvious direction; while the conventional rolling has no fibrous tissue.

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Fig.11 microstructure ofconventional rolling pieces and ultrasonic rolling pieces


5 CONCLUSIONS

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(1)Through the finite element simulation and experimental study shows the axial ultrasonic vibration rolling
device is right and feasible, which can obviously improve the thin-walled cylindrical workpiece surface quality
and surface roughness, refine the grain size.

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(2)Lattice defectsof metal materialscan absorbultrasonic energy which can increase thedislocation and dislocation
velocity,reduce thedeformation resistance of metal. So with the plastic deformationincreasing, microwaveis
attenuatedsignificantly, which greatly reduces thesurface roughness. The vibrationprocess systemisan important
factoraffectingsurface roughnessdegree. Introduction of ultrasonic,not only will notcause additionalvibration
system,but also conducive toimprove the stiffness of the system and the stability of the system, to reduce
thesurface roughness. At the same time, after the introduction of ultrasonic vibration, it can reduce the coefficient

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REFERENCES

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materialflows moresmoothly.

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of friction and the friction force, thereby reducing the surface roughness.
(3)From the analysis of microstructure after superposition of ultrasonic vibration, it can make the material grain
refinement, shows thefibrousmaterial and the clear direction of material flow direction. Whats more, the

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industry press,2011

In

1Yang S QLi W HChen H Let al. Surface Finishing Theory and New Technology. Beijing: National deference

press,2007

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2Chen H HYang JXue X XWang P B. New Marc Finite Element Instance Tutorial. Beijing: Mechanical industry

3Ren T LXie B TXu W Cet al. Surface plastic deformation regularity and micro-structural evolution in ball milling

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of Q235 billet. Forging and Stamping Technology,2010,35(1):59


4Xiao D Z, Fan Z X, Yang C L. Research on roll forming of annular thin-walled parts. Materials Science and
Technology,2006,14(1):75
5 Wang T. Research on improvement of 40Cr steel properties by ultrasonic surface rolling processing[Dissertation].
Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2008: 12
6Zheng J X, Luo A M, Liu C S. Development of ultrasonic surface enhancement technique. Manufacturing
technology and machine tools,2012,10(1):31
7 Liu C, Kang Z Q. Impact press finishing of oversize surface. Mining machinery,2010,38(18):39
8Wang T, Wang D P, Shen Y et al. Effect of ultrasonic surface rolling processing parameters on 40Cr surface
roughness. Journal of Tianjin university,2009,42(2):168
9 Ding Jinfu, Zhang Kehua, Yu Fujin et al. The characterization and experiment research of ultrasonic rolling
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machining for column surface. Advanced Materials Research, 2010: 559


10Chen Wenrui, Ma yong, Luo Zhifeng. The research on cylindrical ultrasonic rolling maching used for strengthening

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metal surface. Advanced Materials Research, 2011: 28.

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Dichromatic Interference Intensity Modulation Approach to Wide Range


Lubricating Film Thickness Measurement
Liu H.C., Guo F. *
School of Mechanical Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao, 266033, China
* Corresponding author email address: mefguo@gmail.com

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ABSTRACT

A dichromatic (red-green) interference intensity modulation (DIIM) approach is proposed for a wide range of
lubricating film measurement. In this approach, a modulated signal, obtained by the intensity difference between
the red and the green components of the interference, is used to infer the fringe order at its local

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maximum/minimum. Thereafter the film thickness of other points can be gotten by their intensity. With the red
laser of 653 nm wavelength and the green laser of 532 nm wavelength used in the experiments, the detectable
film thickness can be as high as 4 m.

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1 INTRODUCTION

Optical interferometry is one of the most efficient approaches for determining lubricating film thickness and a
classical configuration has been established, including glass disc, beam splitter (Cr coating), space layer (SiO2),

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lubricating oil and steel ball. In this technique, white light and monochromatic light have been widely used. The
monochromatic interferometry has excellent fringe visibility with the maximum detectable film thickness as high
as 4~5 m at a resolution of 1 nm. However, the tedious fringe order counting often makes the measurement

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inefficient and the measurement is hardly possible under non-steady conditions. In white light interferometry,
combining the spacer layer approach and digital colorimetric analyses, many researchers also reported thin
lubricating film measurements with 1 nm resolution, but most of them rely heavily on accurate calibration and the

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maximum detectable film thickness is generally below 800 nm, which limits their applications to map some EHL
films of large thickness. Dichromatic interferometry is also use in the lubricating film measurement, which is a
compromise between the approaches of the monochromatic light and the white light. Recent study necessitates

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higher detectable film thickness for the measurement of high speed EHL and lubrication regime transition.
Unfortunately, there is less related progress in the development of optical interferometry of lubricating films. In
fact, in the interferometry measurement, lots of techniques have been proposed to fulfill a large measuring range

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and to avoid the confusion of fringe order counting, such as the phase -shifting approach and the heterodyne
interferometry. However these approaches cannot be applied directly to the lubricating film measurement. Based
on the multi-beam interferometry[1]some analyses have been carried out for the optical EHL system and a DIIM

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approach was deliberately designed for accurately film thickness measurement within a large film thickness
range.
2 DIIM APPROACH
2.1 Measurement principles

In DIIM, a modulated signal (G-R, in figure 1), obtained by the intensity difference between the red and the green
components of the interference, is used to infer the fringe order or film thickness at its local maximum/minimum
outside the contact area, as the film thickness and intensity distributed reciprocally at the first beat range (optical
range about 1500 nm). Thereafter the film thickness of other points at the first cycle can be gotten by their
intensity.

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R

Relative Intensity

G-R

1
0
-1

RG
G-R

-2
0

1500
Film Thickness (nm)

3000

Fig. 1. Modulated signal (G-R) in DIIM simulated with the red laser of 653 nm wavelength and the green laser of 532

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nm wavelength (refractive index n = 1.0)


2.2 Extension of measurement range

I1 =I81 +I 91 1.7
I 2 =I82 +I 92 (1.95, 2.45)

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I 3 =I83 +I 93 2.7

I9

I9

I9

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Relative Intensity

(1)

on

1st cycle

2nd cycle

3rd cycle

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For the wavelengths of red laser 653 nm and green laser 532 nm, discrimination of the first three groups on
intensity modulation signal, shown in figure 2, can be expressed by

0
1

I8

-1

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I8

2000
4000
Film Thickness (nm)

6000

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Fig. 2. Discrimination of the first three groups on intensity modulation signal

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Then the optical measurement range can be extended to 4 m.


3 CASE EXPERIMENTS
To validate the feasibility of DIIM, the static contact gap and dynamic film thickness between a steel ball and a

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glass disc were measured, and the results were given in figures 3 and 4.
Glass disc

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Steel ball

(a) Ball-on-disc contact

(b) Dichromatic interference image

5000
Film Thickness (nm)

G-R

Relative Intensity

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Load 2N

1
0
-1

experimental result (DIIM )


theoretical rusult

4000
3000
2000
1000
0

-2
0

100

200

300

400

Radius (m)

(c) Modulated intensity G-R

100

200
Radius (m)

300

(d) Results comparison

Fig. 3. Gap measurement of a static Hertzian contact (2 N)

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(b) Circle determination

Hcen
Hmin

Pb1300
Load w = 10 N

0.1

0.1

1
-1
speed (mms )

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Film Thickness (m)

(a) Interference images

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(c) Film thickness versus speed using DIIM

Fig. 4. Film thickness measurements of EHL with DIIM


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 51275252) and the 973
Program of China (2011CB706602).
REFERENCES

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[1] F. Guo, P. L. WONG, A multi-beam intensity-based approach for lubricant film measurements in non-conformal

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contacts, J. Proc. Inst. Mech. Engng. 216(2002) 281-291.

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The Synergy Effect between Graphene Oxide and Poly (ethylene glycol) for the
Boundary Lubrication of Cocrmo Alloy in Aqueous System
Jincan Yan 1), 2), Xiangqiong Zeng 1) *, Emile van der Heide 1), Tianhui Ren 2)
1) Laboratory for Surface Technology and Tribology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
2) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

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* Corresponding author email address: X.Zeng@utwente.nl


ABSTRACT

Graphene oxide (GO) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based hydrophilic brush coatings were grafted on

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Co-Cr-Mo alloy surface and used in aqueous system. This work aims to check the possibility of improving the
tribological performance of hydrophilic coatings on Co-Cr-Mo alloy engineering surface in water, phosphate
buffered saline and bovine serum. The synergy effect between GO and PEG was found in the work.
1 INTRODUCTION

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Co-Cr-Mo alloys are widely used for articial joints in biomedical implants because of the good biocompatibility,
excellent mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. However, the concerns of long-term stability of the

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implants lead to the need for improving tribological performance of the alloys. One way can be adding lubricants
to the friction pairs. The lubricants are normally water based and potential alternatives for synovial fluids [1]. The
other method to improve tribological properties can be hydrophilic coating of the substrate itself [2]. Brush

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coatings or polymer brushes are popular method to enhance the tribological performance and prolong the
utilization of the metals. The polymer brushes generally were applied for ultra-smooth surfaces, only a few
examples were utilized in rough surfaces [3]. This work aims to check the possibility of improving the

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tribological performance of hydrophilic coatings on Co-Cr-Mo alloy engineering surface in water, phosphate
buffered saline and bovine serum.
2 EXPERIMENTAL

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The coatings used in this work are schematically showed in Fig. 1 and prepared by chemical vapor deposition and
spin coating protocols and so on. The coatings are characterized by ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDS, XPS and so on.

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2.2 The lubricants used in this work

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The lubricants used in this work are listed in Table 1.


Table 1.he lubricants used in this work
Abbreviation

Lubricant

water

Deionized water

PBS

Phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4)

BS

Bovine serum

2.3 Tribological tests

The tribological tests were performed by a nanotribometer (ball on disk). The average roughness of the balls as
well as the base disks is based on surface and is about 15050 nm. The normal force is 5 mN, and the mean
contact pressure is 90 MPa. The sliding velocity is 35 mm/s for rotation in 12mm radius.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The coefficient of friction (COF) of different coatings in water is shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen that S21 coated
with both GO and PEG show better friction reducing capability than only with GO layer or only with PEG layer,
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indicating the synergy effect of GO layer and surface-active polymer layer for the boundary lubrication of
Co-Cr-Mo alloy in water condition.

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0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
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coefficient of friciton [-]

Fig. 1.he coatings used in this work.

Fig. 2. he COF of different coatings in water.

The same tendency which the coatings with GO performs better than those without GO can be clearly found in
Fig. 3. This clearly indicates that the GO layer has a strong influence on the friction behavior of the materials. It
can be seen that the coatings performs better in water than in PBS, and this may be because PBS contains ions
which affect the charged brushes. In BS the coatings perform better than in water, and this may be explained by
the different boundary layers formed by the lubricants.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology

0.35
0.3
0.25

PBS

0.2
0.15

BS

0.1

0.05
0

Fig. 3. The COF of the coatings in PBS and BS.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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coefficient of friciton [-]

(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

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The authors are grateful to Marie Curie CIG (Grant No. PCIG10-GA-2011-303922) and National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant No. 21272157), for the financial support.
REFERENCES
Several Lubricants. Wear 260 (2006) 149158.

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[1] M. Gispert, et al., Friction and Wear Mechanisms in Hip Prosthesis: Comparison of Joint Materials Behavior in
[2] S.B. Goodman, et al., the Future of Biological Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants. Biomaterials 34 (2013)
31743183.

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[2] S.N. Ramakrishna, et al., Adhesion and Friction Properties of Polymer Brushes on Rough Surfaces: A Gradient

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Approach. Langmuir 29 (2013) 1525115259.

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The Friction Behavior of C/C-SiC Composites with Steel and Self as Opposing
Materials
Zhuan Li*, Peng Xiao, Xiang Xiong
State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
* Corresponding author e-mail address: lizhuan@csu.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC), exhibit superior
tribological properties in comparison to the above brake materials. In combination with their low density, high
thermal shock resistance, longer service life, especially lower sensibility to surroundings and temperature for a

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silicon carbide share of at least 20 per cent in mass, the C/C-SiC are promising candidates for advanced friction
materials in future. Several institutes and industries now exist to investigate C/C-SiC composites for their use as
friction materials for brake pads and disks.

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In this work the carbon fiber preform was prepared by the three-dimensional needling method, and the C/C-SiC
brake composites were fabricated by the combination of chemical vapor infiltration with liquid silicon infiltration.
The tribological properties and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC with different opposing materials were investigated.

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The results indicate that the C/C-SiC exhibt superior tribological characteristics, including high coefficients of
friction, good abrasive resistance and breaking steadily. In compare to the self-friction, the C/C-SiC with steel
opposing material shown higher static (0.74) and better stability coefficient (0.28), while exhibited lower

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dynamic (0.25), higher temperature of friction subsurface (444), higher wear rate (2.88 mcycle-1). The
main wear mechanism of the C/C-SiC composites with different opposing material both includs adhesion and
oxidation abrasion.

Fig. 1 Micrographs of friction surfaces of C/C-SiC composite


(a) steel as opposing material; (b) C/C-SiC as opposing material

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Contact between Fractal Rough Surfaces


Lanlan FENG1), Jiugen WANG1), Shousong JIN2), Zhenrong WANG3)*
1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027
2) College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032
3) Zhejiang Shuanghuan Driveline Company, Yuhuan,314000, China
Email address: fenglanlan103@163.com

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ABSTRACT

The contact behaviors between two rough surfaces are vital to the study of surface pitting and surface scuffing
failures. The fractal rough surfaces with anisotropic textures are simulated based on Weierstrass-Mandelbrot
function. Contact between rough surfaces based on elastic contact model show that contact pressure distribution

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between rough surfaces is extremely ununiformed; the real contact area is just a small part of the nominal contact
area; the maximum value of von Mises stress and its location are also significantly affected by the surface
topography of rough surfaces. Furthermore, the plastic deformation of surface asperities is considered with the

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elastic-plastic contact model for contact between rough surfaces. The elastic and plastic results demonstrate that
contact of surface asperities exhibits both elastic and plastic behavior under light load; contact of surface
asperities is completely plastic under heavy load.

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Keywords: Rough surface, Fractal, Contact, Elastic, Elastic-Plastic

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Contact between Logarithmic Crowned Teeth of Spur Gear Transmission


Tingting JIN 1) *, Jiugen WANG 1), Shousong JIN 2), Zhenrong WANG3)
1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, ZhejiangUniversity, Hangzhou 310027
2) College of Mechanical Engineering, ZhejiangUniversity of Technology, Hangzhou 310032
3) Zhejiang Shuanghuan Driveline Company, Yuhuan, 314000, China
* kintingting@126.com

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ABSTRACT

Gear tooth modificationsuch as lead crowningcan reduce the stress concentration at the edges of the gear teeth
and improve the fatigue life of gears. A logarithmical lead profile was applied on spur gears and the surface
coordinate equation of logarithmic crowned tooth for manufacture was established. On the basis of the contact

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mechanics modelthe deformation equation of compatibility and load equilibrium equation were solved with an
iterative numerical algorithm, and the correspond programs were developed in Matlab to calculate the
distributions of contact stress and Mises stress field inside subsurface layer at any meshing position. The

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numerical results of some typical examples show that the level of stress concentration before modification
changes with the engaging locations of the gear teethand so does the amount of logarithmic modification along
the line of contact ,which can completely eliminate the edge effect of tooth surface at every meshing position

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during the spur gear transmission process, and thus improves the fatigue resistance of teeth surfaces.
Keywords: Spur gear, Logarithmic profile, Non-Hertzian contact, Edge effects, Mises stress field

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(CIST 2014), Xuzhou, China, April27-30, 2014

Effect of Cylindrical Micro-pits Distribution Form on Tribology Properties of


Textured Surface
WANG Hongtao, ZHU Hua*
School of Science, ChinaUniversity of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116
* hzhu@cumt.edu.cn

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ABSTRACT

Tribology properties of textured surface with cylindrical micro-pits were studied by numerical method, and effect
of geometric parameters of micro-pits and relative velocity between two reciprocating parallel surface on friction
and bearing capacity were analyzed. The results showed that the bearing capacity of textured surface increased

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34.9 times with the increase of offset ratio of position from 0 to 0.5, and the friction between two surfaces
increased slightly with the increasing of offset ratio. Increasing the radius of micro-pits can improve the bearing
capacity and reduce the friction simultaneously. The friction and bearing capacity first increase and then decrease

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with the depth of texture increasing from 10m to 60m, and both the friction and bearing capacity get maximal
value when the depth of texture equal to 20m.

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Tribological Property Study of Mercaptobenzothiazole-containing Borate


Derivative and TCP
Xiong Liping1), He Zhongyi1), 2), *, Qian Liang1), Mu Lin1), Qiu Jianwei2), Fu Xisheng2)
1) School of Basic Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang Jiangxi 30013, China
2) Petro China Lubricating Oil R&D Institute, Lanzhou Gansu 730060, China

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Corresponding author Email: hzy220567@163.com


ABSTRACT

An mercaptobenzothiazole-containing borate ester (BMB) was synthesizedIt is a new kind of non-zinc,


non-phosphorus and environmentally friendly lubricant additives.

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The friction and wear performances of composition BMBTCPand BMB-TCP composite in the rapeseed oil
(RSO) were invested by four-ball tester respectively Results indicate that the synthesized BMB can improve the
extreme pressure and anti-wear performance effectively in RSOand it has good synergism with TCPPB value

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of BMB complex with the TCP is greater than after a single dose of BMB, TCP. T he TCP and BMB described
with good synergy of oil carrying capacity in a certain ratio range. According with wear scar diameter (WSD) test,
BMB has a good anti-wear effect. Whats more, anti-wear properties of the TCP complex are better than a single

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dose of BMB and TCP within a certain range. When BMB:TCP is 1:1, the anti-wear properties is best. Under
different loads, anti-wear effect of different formulations of complex cases is not the same. BMB additives in the
base oil can greatly reduce the coefficient of friction, which manifested BMB has good antifriction properties.

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After blend with TCP, when the ratio of TCP and BWB is 1:1, friction reducing effect are good than the other
with a single dose of the BMB and TCP. It indicates that the complex have a synergistic effect in this ratio.
Surface morphology and elemental distribution were analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy

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(SEM)After the composite additive TB4 (BMB:TCP is 1:1), wear scar wear surface is significantly smaller and
wear scar shallower than in the blank samples in RSO. In order to better analyze the friction process of BMB and
TCP complex, the surface of the test balls of blank rapeseed oil sample and TN4 sample under 392 N were

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elemental analyzed with EDS. The results showed, active elements such as B, N, S and P are present in the
friction boundary, forming a composite film. The film which contains the active elements BSNP is the main
reason for additive having good tribological properties

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Keywords: N-containing heterocyclic borate ester; TCP; tribological property; synergistic effect

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The Friction and Wear Characteristics of Sulfonate-based Ionic Liquids


Qiangliang Yu1), 2), Zenghong Song1), 2), Dongmei Li1), Mingjin Fan1) *, Feng Zhou1)*, Weimin liu1)
1) State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China


2) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

E-mail: fanmingjin@licp.cas.cnzhouf@licp.cas.cn

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ABSTRACT

Three imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs)incorporated with sulfonate-based anions were synthesized(labeled as S3,
S6, S13). The friction and wear behavior of the synthesized ILs as neat lubricants were examined with an Optimol
SRV oscillating friction and wear tester both at room temperature (RT) and at 100. It was found that the

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synthesized ILs
had good friction-reducing and anti-wear performances compared with
1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumbis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide(coded as L-F104) which was proved to be the
most excellent imidazolium IL lubricant for various sliding contacts. It is suggests that the good lubricating

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behavior of the sulfonate-based ILsis attributed to the high adsorption ability of the anions,which can
formeffective physical adsorption protective films on the sliding metallic surfaces so that friction reduction and
wear resistance are achieved.

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Keywords: Ionic liquid, Sulfonate-based anion, Lubricant, Friction-reducing, Anti-wear.


1 INTRODUCTION

Since the first report ofYe etal. in tribological field, room temperature ionic liquids(RTILs)as lubricants having

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high thermal stability, low volatility, low melting point, wide liquid range and good lubrication performance have
received extensive attention in recent years[1] [2-12]. IL lubricants currently being studied mainly consist of
alkylimidazolium cation and halogen-containing anions such asBF 4-, PF 6- and TFSI - [12-15]. Although such ILs

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show good friction-reducing and anti-wear performances, however their application has been extremely limited
due to the easy hydrolysis of their anions, which can produce acid compounds like HF in the presence of water
and cause corrosion and damage to the metal surfaceof themechanical systems[16]. Substitution of IL lubricants

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with halogen-free alternatives has the prospect to overcome these problems [16]. Sulfonate-based ILs were
selected for this purpose because of their halogen-freecharacteristic and the high adsorption ability of
sulfonate-based anionon metalsurfaces.It is proposed that the combination of alkyl imidazolium cation and

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sulfosuccinateanion in the same molecule can achieve friction-reducing and anti-wear performances and
overcome the corrosion problems of IL lubricants.In this paper, inspired by this idea, we choose to synthesize a
series of imidazolium ILsincorporated with sulfonate-based anions. The tribological performance of these

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sulfonate-based ILs as neat lubricants for steel/copper contacts was evaluated and traditional IL
1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumbis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide(coded as L-F104) was used for comparison,
which was proved to be the most excellent alkylimidazolium lubricant for various sliding contacts.
2 EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Synthesis of the Sulfonate-based ILs.

The sulfonate-based ILswere synthesized with a simple method. The synthetic reaction equation and themolecular
structures of the ILs are illustrated in Fig. 1. The reactants employed in this synthesis are of analyticalgrade. The
products are chemically named as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(2-metylpropyl)sulfosuccinate (labeled as S3),
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
bis(hexyl)sulfosuccinate
(labeled
asS6),
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
bis(tridecyl)sulfosuccinate (labeled as S13), respectively. The reactants sodium (bis(2-ethylpropyl)sulfosuccinate,
sodium bis(hexyl)sulfosuccinate, or sodium bis(tridecyl)sulfosuccinate were firstly mixed with
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1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride in the same mol ratio in acetone, and then the mixture were stirred at RT
for 48h. After that, the solid precipitate was separated, and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The resulting
viscous compound was dissolved in a certain amount of diethyl ether or acetonitrile. The solid precipitate was
separated, and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The resulting viscous compound was again dissolved in a
certain amount of diethyl ether or acetonitrile and the solid precipitate was separated. The solvent was removed
and the products were dried under vacuum at 60 oC for several hours to give the final products.
O O
ONa
S
O

Acetone

Cl

O
O

F3C S

N S

CF3

RO
RO

O O
O
S
O

S3

R=isobutyl

S6

R=hexyl

S13

R=tridecyl

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RO
RO

L-F104

The synthetic reaction and molecular structures of the sulfonate-basedILs(S3, S6 and S13)

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Fig. 1

2.2 Friction and Wear Test.

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The Optimol SRV-IV oscillating reciprocating friction and wear test was performed with a ball-on-disk
configuration. The upper ball (diameter 10 mm, AISI 52100 steel) slides reciprocally against the lower stationary
disk ([ 24 mm 97.9 mm, ZQSn663 copper). All the SRV tests were conducted at 100 N load, 25 Hz oscillation

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frequency, 1 mm amplitude, for 30 min test duration, and the relative humidity is 2040%. Before the test, two
drops of the lubricant were placed in the balldisk contact area. The corresponding friction curves were recorded
automatically with a charter attached to the SRV test rig. The volume losses of lower disks were measured using a
MicroXAM-3D non-contact surface mapping microscope profilometer.
3 RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the variation of the friction coefficients with slidingtime of all the lubricants at RT and

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100, respectively.It can be seen that stable friction traces with decreasing trends were observed throughout the
friction test for allthe sulfonate-basedILs at RT (Fig. 2). However, the friction coefficient of L-F104 fluctuated
significantly during the running-inperiod and maintained unstable in the whole sliding process. In the case of

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100, the friction-reducing and anti-wear properties of the sulfonate-based ILs are even more prominent (Fig. 3).
L-F104exhibited a very high and unstable friction coefficient (>0.2) in the whole sliding process at
100.However, the friction coefficient of all the sulfonate-based ILs are very stable and low (<0.1). Especially

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for the lubrication of S13,the friction coefficient can reach to about 0.06. The wear volume of the copper scar
lubricated with L-F104 is also much greater than those of S3, S6, and S13. The results indicate that L-F104 is
unsuitable to be used as lubricant for steel/copper contacts at high temperature. It is suggests that the good

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lubricating behavior ofthe sulfonate-based ILsisattributed to the high adsorption ability of the anions,which can
formeffective physical adsorption protective films on the sliding metallic surfaces so that friction reduction and
wear resistance are achieved.

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology

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Fig. 2 (a) Evolution of friction coefficients for the lubricants at 25; (b)wear volume losses of the lower copper disks

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(load=100 N, stroke=1 mm, frequency=25 Hz, duration=30 min).

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7thChina International Symposium on Tribology

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Fig. 3 (a) Evolution of friction coefficients for the lubricants at 100; (b) wear volume losses of the lower copper disks

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(load=100 N, stroke=1 mm, frequency=25 Hz, duration=30 min).


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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The authors gratefullyacknowledge the support for thisstudy from the NSFC (Nos. 51105353, 51105354)
andOutstanding Youth Scholarship (21125316).
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