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ELECTROMAGNETISM THEORY
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Topic Contents
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2.
3.
4.
5.
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Permanent Magnet
They act like a little magnet like little spinning chunks of electric
charge and they have magnetic field inherent in the particles
themselves.
They also magnetic field thus generated by the orbit of the electrons
as they move about the nucleus. Magnetic fields of PM nucleus
spins, electron spins and the orbit of the electron themselves.
b)
Electromagnets
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Amperes Law
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H dl = i
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Magnetic Intensity
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Hl = Ni
Magnetomotive force (mmf), U
Cross
sectional
area, A
Ni
H =
l
Unit : A-turns/m
Magnetic field intensity, H
Effort by current to
establish a magnetic field
Flux Density
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or Wb/m2
given by
Permeability: how easy it is to
establish a magnetic field for a
certain material
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Permeability
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can pass through a material (Wb/Am). The higher the better flux can
flow in the magnetic materials.
Permeability of free space : o = 4 x 10-7 (Wb/Am)
Relative permeability, r :
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Magnetic Materials
Classifications
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Diamagnetic
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Material
Classification
Permeabilities
Silver
Diamagnetic
0.99998
Lead
Diamagnetic
0.99998
Copper
Diamagnetic
0.99999
Water
Diamagnetic
0.99999
Vacuum
Non-Magnetic
1.0000
Air
Paramagnetic
1.0000
Aluminium
Paramagnetic
1.0002
Palladium
Paramagnetic
1.0008
Cobalt
Ferromagnetic
250
Nickel
Ferromagnetic
600
Iron
Ferromagnetic
5000
Silicon iron
Ferromagnetic
7000
Purified iron
Ferromagnetic
200000
Supermalloy
Ferromagnetic
1000000
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Magnetization Curve
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B = 0 r H
linear
Current (I)
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Relationship : Permeabilities,
Flux Density and Total Flux
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Flux density
Total flux
= B dA
A
Cross
sectional
area, A
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Magnetic Circuit
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Cross
sectional
area, A
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Magnetic Circuit vs
Electric Circuit
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E = V/d
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Magnetic Circuit
Electric Circuit
Flux,
= U/S
Current,
I = E/R
Reluctance,
S = U/
= l / A
Resistance,
R = E/I
= l / A
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a coil of wire.
This is dependent on how much current flows in the turns of coil : the more current, the stronger the magnetic field;
the more turns of wire, the more concentrated the lines of
force.
U = Ni
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similarly
U = S
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Reluctance
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permeability of material .
l
S =
A
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(At/Wb)
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Reluctance
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S
UP
S
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Example 1
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i
N
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Example 2
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2.09A
3.0 cm2
20 cm
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Leakage Flux
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leg of a magnetic core stays outside the core. This flux is called
leakage flux.
Useful
flux
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Fringing Effect
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The effective area provided for the flow of lines of magnetic force (flux)
in an air gap is larger than the cross-sectional area of the core. This is
due to a phenomenon known as fringing effect.
Air gap
to avoid flux
saturation when
too much current
flows
- To increase
reluctance
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Example 2
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Figure shows a ferromagnetic core whose mean path length is 40cm. There is
a small gap of 0.05cm in the structure of the otherwise whole core. The crosssectional area of the core is 12cm2, the relative permeability of the core is
4000, and the coil of wire on the core has 400 turns. Assume that fringing in
the air gap increases the effective cross-sectional area of the gap by 5%.
Given this information, find
i. the total reluctance of the flux path (iron plus air gap)
ii. the current required to produce a flux density of 0.5T in the air gap.
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Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
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Fundamental relationship between voltage and flux in a circuit :1. If the flux linking a loop (or turn) varies as a function of time, a
2.
Eind
=N
t
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Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
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Fundamental relationship between voltage and flux in a circuit :1. If the flux linking a loop (or turn) varies as a function of time, a
2.
Eind
=N
t
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Voltage Induced in a
Conductor
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Eind = Blv
where
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Lorentz Force on a
Conductor
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F = BlI
where
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Core Losses
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Hysteresis Loss
Magnetic Hysteresis results in the
dissipation of wasted energy in the form of
heat with the energy wasted being in
proportion to the area of the magnetic
hysteresis loop.
Hysteresis losses will always be a problem
in AC transformers where the current is
constantly changing direction and thus the
magnetic poles in the core will cause
losses because they constantly reverse
direction.
It is important that the B-H hysteresis loop
is as small as possible
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Core Losses
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