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    Radio has historically been mostly commercially funded with mass appeal. In the US, there were initially three national radio stations which grew to four by the 1940s, important for information and entertainment. Radio broadcasting expanded in the 1950s with car radios and in the 1960s with FM radio. There are now music, talk, and specialized stations identified by call signs beginning with K or W depending on location. Newspapers have existed since colonial times and were important during the American Revolution and 19th century developments. They are now mostly local and declining with many owned by conglomerates, facing competition from television and the internet. Television began in the late 1930s and grew rapidly, replacing cinema and shaping culture. There are now four major broadcasters

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    Radio has historically been mostly commercially funded with mass appeal. In the US, there were initially three national radio stations which grew to four by the 1940s, important for information and entertainment. Radio broadcasting expanded in the 1950s with car radios and in the 1960s with FM radio. There are now music, talk, and specialized stations identified by call signs beginning with K or W depending on location. Newspapers have existed since colonial times and were important during the American Revolution and 19th century developments. They are now mostly local and declining with many owned by conglomerates, facing competition from television and the internet. Television began in the late 1930s and grew rapidly, replacing cinema and shaping culture. There are now four major broadcasters

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    18 views4 pages

    Oral Exam Handout on Media

    Uploaded by

    Hannah Berr
    Radio has historically been mostly commercially funded with mass appeal. In the US, there were initially three national radio stations which grew to four by the 1940s, important for information and entertainment. Radio broadcasting expanded in the 1950s with car radios and in the 1960s with FM radio. There are now music, talk, and specialized stations identified by call signs beginning with K or W depending on location. Newspapers have existed since colonial times and were important during the American Revolution and 19th century developments. They are now mostly local and declining with many owned by conglomerates, facing competition from television and the internet. Television began in the late 1930s and grew rapidly, replacing cinema and shaping culture. There are now four major broadcasters

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    of 4

    Handout for the Oral State Exam

    Examiner: Uwe Hausmann


    Examinee: Hannah Berr
    18.11.2014

    The Media
    Radio:
    General Remarks:
    -

    mass medium
    even historically mostly commercially funded

    History:
    -

    1920s: three national radio stations (CBS, NBC)


    1940s: four national radio stations (CBS, NBC, ABC)
    importance besides entertainment: information about the nation/ the ongoing
    war (Fireside Chats Franklin D. Roosevelt)
    1950s: boost through the popularity of car radios
    1960s: rise of the FM radio
    disc jockey
    1990s: one more major broadcasting company (Premiere)

    Types of Radio Stations:


    -

    music stations
    o Top 40
    o Adult Contemporary
    o Oldies
    o Country
    o Rock
    .
    .
    .
    specialized stations!

    talk stations
    o conservative
    o religious
    o sports

    Call Signs:
    -

    normal station names cannot all be unique


    ITU call signs (legal purposes)
    K = west of the Mississippi
    W= east of the Mississippi
    Mostly four letters (three are historical)

    Newspapers:
    General Remarks:
    -

    mostly local newspapers


    exceptions: USA Today, New York Times, Wall Street Journal... (major
    newspapers)
    on a decline (circulation, number of newspapers)
    daily or weekly published

    History:
    -

    existent since colonial times


    Benjamin Franklin (Pennsylvania Gazette)
    Revolution: Massachusetts Spy (Patriotic Press)
    19th century: penny press, specialty media (e.g. Abolitionist papers), impact of
    the telegraph
    turn of the century: yellow press, muckrakers

    Persons of Importance:
    -

    Horace Greeley (editor New York Tribune)


    Henry Raymond (editor New York Times)
    William Randolph Hearst (publisher)
    Joseph Pulitzer (publisher)

    Current State:
    -

    majority owned by conglomerates (Hearst)


    in decline (50% since 1970)
    problem: TV and internet as competition

    Television:
    General Remarks:
    -

    four major broadcasters: CBS, NBC, ABC, Fox


    decentralized, market-oriented system
    national public TV station: PBS
    reflects cultural values within a society

    History:
    -

    first demonstrated in 1939


    Early days:
    o 60% sports
    o 4th company: DuMont
    o glorified radio
    cheap production (3-4 actors, 1 set, 1 camera)
    1948: Paramount Agreement
    TV replaces the cinema
    TV shapes culture (e.g. Davy Crockett, RocknRoll)
    TV changes politics (JFK)
    1970s: social consciousness
    1980s: Fox, MTV

    Genres:
    -

    sitcoms
    from the perfect family (1950s) to circle of friends
    soap opera
    reality TV
    talk shows (daytime)
    game shows
    dramas
    animation
    newer genres:
    o mockumentary
    o dramedies
    o reality soaps

    Cable TV:
    -

    basic, premium, a la carte


    stations: HBO, Showtime, Cinemax...
    limited childrens access
    more violence, nudity.....(e.g. Sex and the City, Game of Thrones, Dexter)

    Satellite TV:
    -

    two providers: Dish Network, DirecTV

    Current State:
    -

    more specialized stations (Cartoon Network, The Biography Channel....)


    On Demand programs (iTunes, Netflix...)
    DVRs, TiVo
    HDTV
    Merging with internet
    TV becomes more interactive
    anything, anytime, anywhere

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