BRKSPV 1919

Video Transport
Architectures
BRKSPV-1919
Toerless Eckert, Principal Engineer
Agenda
Video Transport Use Cases
The IP NGN Reference Architecture
IP/MPLS Video Transport
Overview and General Concepts

Transport Options
Multicast VPNs
QoS and Bounded Delay and Jitter
Admission Control
Managing Loss
Video Monitoring
IP/MPLS
Video Contribution
Summary and Conclusions
BRKSPV-1919
2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public

The IP NGN Reference Architecture
Broadcast Media Content Delivery

High level view
Production
Transport
Post
Production
& Playout
Post Production
Content Adquisition Secondary

Primary
Distribution & Signal Processing Distribution
Direct to Home
Headend
Over the Air
Headend
Consumption
News Gathering
IP
MWP
Home
Gateway
Headend
Telco
Core
Network
IP
IP
Studio-to-Studio
Headend
Cable
Video Data Center
Sport Events
IP
IP
IP
Network
BRKSPV-1919
CDN
Broadband
Cisco Public
IP
Connected
Home
IP
Network

Video Contribution
Studio-to-Studio
Primary Distribution
Owner to Provider
DVB-T, CP to CDN (OTT Internet Publishing)
Secondary Distribution
IPTV, Cable, Mobile
SP CDN/Internet Streaming
Enterprise Video
Multicast VPNs
In all cases, point-to-point AND multipoint services over Private OR SP infrastructure are
required
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Video
TransportUse
UseCases
Cases
Video Transport
Service Characteristics from a Transport Perspective
Higher Bandwidth
Studio to Studio
Uncompressed/Lossless compression
- SD: 270 Mbps (SMPTE 259M)
- HD: 1.5 3 Gbps
(SMPTE 292M, 372M, 424M)
P-to-P, MP-to-P, P-to-MP
Dial up approach (ATM SVC very common)
Provider to Subscriber
Compressed
- SD: 2 6 Mbps
- HD: 6 16 Mbps
P-to-P for VoD
P-to-MP for IPTV
May be wholesaled
Owner to Provider
Compressed (High quality)
P-to-P P-to-MP
P-to-MP for DTT/DVB-T
Stricter Requirements
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Service Requirements
Contribution
Distribution
Enterprise Video
Traffic Engineering
Simplicity
Scalability
MPLS TE
High-scale Multicast Multicast VPNs
Multi-point
Dynamic Tunnel provisioning
Explicit Path
Path Diversity
Preemption
Lossless Transport
SLA options
Multiservice, QoS, Video Monitoring, Admission Control, Fast Convergence
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Reference Architecture
Multiservice IP NGN
Terrestrial
Ground Station
Uplink
Ground Station
Encoder
Encoder
SNG
Fixed location
Residential Subscribers
Encoder
IP SNG
Peering
Encoder
CDN
Studio / OB
PE
Peering
Post
Production
Distribution
Contribution
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Video
TransportUse
UseCases
Cases
Video Transport
IP/MPLS Enables Convergence
Radio/
Satellite links
/DTT
ATM
Radio
SDH
IP/MPLS
ATM
SDH
DWDM
PDH
Ethernet
Internet
Ethernet
CDN
Many Services, Many

Networks
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Many Services, One

Network
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IP/MPLS Transport
Overview and General Concepts
The Road to IP
TDM based networks provide uniform services
DTM
Circuit-oriented with Circuit-based protection

No bandwidth sharing
IP/MPLS
Si
Si
Si
Si
ATM/DTM networks provide specialized services

Granular bandwidth with switching capabilities
Specific overlays per service
Si
Si
Transport
Video : A new layer for each service
IP/MPLS networks are multi-service

Flexible bandwidth re-utilization
Co-existence of strict and loose SLA applications
Future proof
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IP/MPLS
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Video: Just a new service
Network Reference Architecture

Layered view
Video Adaptation
Layer
Production
Studios
Live events
Broadcasting
Centers
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Network
Network Reference
Reference Architecture
Architecture
Platforms
ME3800X
Production
Studios
DCM Gateway
ASR9000
Live events
ME3400-E
ONS
15454
MSTP
ME-4948-10GE
CRS-1
D9036
7600
6500
ME3600X
ONS
15454
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Broadcasting
Centers
Video Transport
Requirements and Attributes
Service SLAs Resiliency
Guaranteed
bandwidth
Transport SLAs Delay

Loss
Simplicity KISS
Manageability Video Monitoring
Flexibility MultiService
Scalability &
Unified CP for
Multipoint Multicast
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Performance Impact
of Delay
Path Diversity
TE
Planning
y
FRR
IP
x%
VidMon
Contribution
QoS
Distribution
File Transfer
LSM
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15
100%
Average Link
Utilisation
Video Transport
IP/MPLS Toolkit
Packetization/Encapsulation
A/V. Uncompressed, TS and MXF wrappings
Adaptation/Profiling
RTP. Sequencing and Timestamp
Transport
UDP. Multiplexing and Checksum
Network
IP. QoS, Multi-service
Traffic Engineering
MPLS. Path selection, Admission control, Bandwidth Reservation
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L2
Header
IP
Header
UDP
Header
RTP
Header
(26)
(20)
(8)
(12)
MPEG-2
188 B
MPEG-2
188 B
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MPEG-2
188 B
16
MPEG-2
188 B
MPEG-2
188 B
MPEG-2
188 B
MPEG-2
188 B
Video Transport
Quality of Service
Contribution
Required to enable multiple services

Elastic and inelastic (sensitive to loss and delay)
Distribution
File Transfer
Differentiated services (per traffic aggregate)

Marking, Conditioning, Queuing, (the IP QoS toolkit)
Handling a variety of traffic classes in a single network
Integrated services (per flow)

Allowing for service oversubscription
Video CAC
Delay and Jitter requirements for Video transport are satisfied by modern
routing equipment
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Video Transport
Management
All Events are
Correlated to Affected
Services
Service Level Monitoring
Correlation of
Application, Video in-line
and Network Monitoring
in a single Management
Platform
RTP Headers are

checked for Transport
Loss
Uncompressed flows
are Tagged with RTP
Headers
Application
Management
Northbound
DCMG
DCMG
SPORTING VENUE
Cisco Prime
Prime Performance
(Vidmon)
State, Path, and

Flow Monitoring
In-line
Monitoring
10GE Links
Prime Network
IBC
VidMon Inline
Video Measurements
Provisioning,
FCAPS, NMS
Network Management
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Video Transport
Multiple requirements, multiple options
IP/MPLS
P2P, P2MP and MP2MP services
Unicast and Multicast models

IP and MPLS
Single, multi-topology
(m)VPNs
Automatic (shortest path) or Explicit path setup

Admission Control and Bandwidth Reservation
MPLS-TE with RSVP based label distribution
Resiliency: from sub 50 msec restoration to lossless

IP FRR and MoFRR
MPLS FRR for link and node protection
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Video Transport
Lossless carriage
Live-live stream transport over diverse paths

Path creation
MoFRR for PIM based networks
RSVP-TE for tunnel setup in MPLS
Merging techniques
Network Stream Merge at PE routers using MoFRR (sub 50 msec today)
Application Stream Merge at DCMG-Rcv (lossless!)
C7609-1
CRS-1
CRS-3
C7609-3
DCMG-Src
DCMG-Rcv
CRS-2
Studio
CRS-4
Studio
C7609-2
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IP/MPLS Transport
Transport Options
IP/MPLS Transport options

For non-multicast traffic and point to point feeds:
Native IP or MPLS, L3VPN, E-Line, P2P TE, etc
For multicast, multipoint topologies:

LSM (Label Switched Multicast)
P2MP TE global
PW over P2MP TE
mLDP
IP
mLDP global
Multicast
mLDP + mVPN
IP
Native (PIM SSM)
mVPN
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MPLS
(LSM)
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P2MP TE
MLDP
mVPN
Multicast Service Requirements

Application Types
Diverse applications for Multicast with different requirements means diversity of

solutions
Contribution
Dynamic circuit setup with bandwidth guarantees
Distribution (e.g. IPTV, Cable CHE to RHE)

IP Multicast distribution from centralized servers
Managed Enterprise Services, Video Wholesale

Multicast VPN
No single, one-size-fits-all, Multicast design model

Varying requirements, even for the same application
Depends on factors like rate of joins, topology
IP Multicast is an important service

Purely L2 solutions have limited value
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Service Requirements
PIM mode
#S per G
#(S, G)
Contribution
Distribution
Managed Enterprise
mVPN
SSM only
SSM only
SM and SSM
1 or 2
1 or 2
1 or 2
#(S, G) < 1000
#(S, G) < 1000
100s (S, G) per VPN;

100s of VPNs
< 100 (cable)

Receivers per G
<10
Millions
Hundreds (cable)
100s of sites; potentially

1000s
MDT dynamism
100s of new trees per

day; trees static once
established
Static trees
MDT is dynamic; joins

and leaves may impact
core
mVPN requirement
No
Yes
Yes
Offload routing
Yes
No
No
Path separation
Yes
Yes
Yes
Admission control
Yes
No
No
FRR or equivalent
Yes
Yes
Yes
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IP/MPLS P2MP technology choices

Characteristic
Plain IP Multicast
p2mp MPLS TE
mLDP
Convergence
< ~500ms
~50ms
< ~500ms
(~50ms with p2p MPLS LP)
(< 50ms with MoFRR path

separation)
Offload routing
(IGP metric based traffic

engineering)
(IGP metric based traffic

engineering)
Path separation
(MoFRR)
Admission control and

bw reservation
Application
Insertion
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(MoFRR)
Receiver
Source
Receiver
Ideal for single-source multicasts

with few leafs
Ideal for single-source multicasts

with few leafs
Ideal for dynamic, receiver-driven

multicasts with many leafs
Secondary Distribution
Contribution
Enterprise VPN
(RSVP)
Scalable mp2mp
Initiator
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IP/MPLS Transport
Multicast VPNs
Multicast VPN solutions

Four major components
A.Encapsulation
IP
MPLS
B.P-core Tree-building method
PIM
RSVP TE
mLDP
C. Auto-Discovery MVPN member PE

BGP
D. PE-PE C-mroute Exchange
PIM
BGP
Multicast VPNs are built on a tunnel

infrastructure through the provider core
These are Multipoint Tunnels
Multicast route signalling is using the

Tunnel or an out of band signalling
protocol, like BGP or PIM over TCP
MPLS
(LSM)
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p-to-mp TE
BGP
mVPN
PIM
mLDP
Components of Multicast Solutions Space
B. P-Tree Building
A. Encapsulation
D. C-mcast route
exchange
C. Auto-discovery
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Encapsulation
There are 2 tunnel encapsulation options:
IP (GRE)
MPLS
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B. P-Tree Building
A. Encapsulation
D. C-mcast route
exchange
C. Auto-discovery
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Multicast Tree types and building options

P-Tree types
Point-to-Multi Point (P2MP)
Multi Point-to-Multi Point (MP2MP)
P-Tree building protocols
PIM
RSVP-TE
In contrast to PIM, leaves are specified at root, i.e. head-end driven
MPLS Encapsulation required
Extensions defined to build P2MP trees
Only option that supports constraint-based routing
MLDP
Receiver-driven (like PIM)
MPLS encapsulation required
Extensions to LDP to support both MP2MP and P2MP LSPs
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P2MP Tunnel Setup

MLDP
Source
Service Edge
Core
Label mapping P2MP:
(FEC: 200, Root: R2,
Label: L1)
Label mapping P2MP:

Label: L5)
Distribution/
Access
R4 (PE)
R6 (CE)
R5 (PE)
R7 (CE)
Receivers
R3 (P)
R1 (CE)
R2 (PE)
Label mapping P2MP:

Label: L7)
Each leaf node initiates P2MP LSP setup by sending mLDP Label Mapping message
towards the root, using unicast routing
Label Mapping message carries the identity of the LSP, encoded as P2MP FEC
Each intermediate node along the path from a leaf to the root propagates
mLDP Label Mapping towards the root, using unicast routing
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LSM Signaling
P2MP tree
MLDP
RSVP-TE
The egress (leaf) receives a PIM Join.
The egress (leaf) receives a PIM Join.
The Leafs sends a BGP A-D leaf to notify the ingress PE
The leaf sends a MLDP label mapping to the ingress PE.
The ingress sends RSVP-TE Path messages to the leaves

The leaves respond with RSVP-TE Resv messages
The core router received 6 updates.
BRKSPV-1919
The core router received 3 update messages
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Control Plane Scale Comparison

Similarities
Both are based on existing MPLS technology (LDP or RSVP TE)
Both require changes to support Multicast
Both support FRR
Differences
RSVP-TE
Support bandwidth reservation
No MP2MP support
Periodic refresh of states
MLDP
Support MP2MP LSPs
TCP based protocol - no periodic refresh of states
Less signaling and state to support an LSP, more scalable.
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B. P-Tree Building
A. Encapsulation
D. C-mcast route
exchange
C. Auto-discovery
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Auto Discovery
Auto discovery is a process of discovering which PEs support which VPNs
Auto discovery mechanism is independent of core tree building and customer
mcast routes exchange methods
Candidate protocols are PIM and BGP
If PIM is also the P-Tree building protocol, it makes sense to use it also for auto
discovery (as PIM is leaf driven)
BGP also effective for auto discovery
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B. P-Tree Building
A. Encapsulation
D. C-mcast route
exchange
C. Auto-discovery
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Multicast Signaling
Exchanging Customer multicast routes
Mechanics used for customer mcast route exchange is independent of

core tree building and auto discovery methods
In draft-ietf-l3vpn-2547bis-mcast-10 two options are specified:

Option 1: Per-mVPN PIM peering among the PEs
This is deployed today (draft-ietf-l3vpn-2547bis-mcast-10, a.k.a draft-rosen)
Option 2: BGP
Analogous to RFC4364 exchange of VPN-IPv4 routes, but with new MVPN
AFI/SAFI
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MVPN
Other factors to watch
Aggregation
Aggregate traffic into a single tunnel: less state in P-routers
Build individual trees for each multicast group: optimal forwarding
Compromise: amount of P-router state vs. optimal forwarding
Migration from existing GRE MVPNs

Encapsulation: GRE -> MPLS
P-Tree building protocol: PIM -> RSVP-TE or mLDP
Change in tree building protocol and encapsulation method does not require
a change in method used today to exchange c-mcast routes (which is PIM)
PE routers still need to run PIM even when P routers become PIM-free
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IP/MPLS Transport
Quality of Service (QoS)
General QoS Guidelines

DiffServ QoS model
Works on aggregate traffic classes rather than individual flows
Highly scalable
Best effort traffic can reuse non-utilized bandwidth
Real-time traffic classes with preferential treatment (Voice, Video, bi-dir TP)
Strict Priority when no Voice services are provided otherwise non-strict Priority
AF class with Voice when single PQ
Real-time traffic policed at ingress to avoid misconfiguration issues
Data services run as Best Effort traffic

Business traffic uses in-profile/out-profile QoS approach
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QoS Cheat Sheet

Do not mix UDP & TCP traffic in the same class
Do not mix Voice & Video traffic in the same class
Per-subscriber SLA for Voice and Data applications
Per-subscriber SLA not applicable to Video/IPTV

Over-the-top (Internet) Video traffic to be treated as default traffic
With dual Dual Priority queue
Use priority level 1 for Voice traffic
Use priority level 2 is for Video traffic
With Single Priority queue

Use priority queue for Voice traffic
Use AF queue with minimum bandwidth guarantee for video
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Video Transport
Queues Distribution
(A+B+C+D=100)
QoS 4Q queuing model example

DSCP /
EXP
Multi-Play Application Traffic

Broadcast Video
VoD
Streaming TV
Ad Traffic
Content Distribution (Music, Video)
VoIP Bearer
Videoconferencing (Video/Audio Bearer)
VoIP Signaling (incl. video conferencing)
Prioritized Data Services (inc. Commercial
Services)
Residential Data Services
Gaming
Other Data
Network Control - Routing
Service Provisioning, Control & Mgmt.
Network Management
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AF41 / 4*
AF42 / 1
AF43 / 1
AF31 / 2
AF11 / 0
EF / 5
CS5 / 5
CS3 / 3
AF21 / 2
CS0 / 0
CS 0 / 0
CS0 / 0
CS6 / 6
CS2 / 2
CS2 / 2
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PQ
A% of Link BW
Class1 - Video
B% of Link BW
(tail-drop)
Class2 - Business
Critical
C% of Link BW
(WRED-DSCP/EXP)
Class3/ Default
D% of Link BW
QoS Guidelines for Video

Network SLAs
Delay: May affect Contribution
Jitter: Bounded by receiver buffer size (IP-STBs up to 200 ms, DCM up to 100 ms)
Packet-loss: Critical for compressed services. IPTV packet loss rate < 10-6 (one
noticeable artifact per hour of streaming @ 4 Mbps). No packet loss for Contribution
services
Real-time Video Traffic

Not oversubscribed
Not congested
Video on Demand
Can be oversubscribed with CAC
Less priority than Broadcast Video
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IP/MPLS Transport
Bounded Delay and Jitter
Components of Delay in IP / MPLS Networks

The dominant causes of delay in IP / MPLS networks are:
Propagation delay
Arising from speed-of-light delays on wide area links; ~5ms per 1000km for optical fibre
Queuing delays in switches and routers
Other components of delay are negligible for links of 1Gbps and over
Serialization delay: ~10s for 1500 byte packet at 1Gbps
Switching delay: typically ~10s per hop
Since propagation delays are a fixed property of the topology, delay and jitter
are Minimized when queuing delays are Minimized
Queuing delays depend upon the traffic profile
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IP / MPLS Traffic Characterisation

Network traffic measurements are
normally long term, i.e. in the order of
minutes
100%
failure & growth
Implicitly the measured rate is an average

of the measurement interval
In the short term, i.e. milliseconds,

however, microbursts cause queueing,
impacting the delay, jitter and loss
micro-bursts
Whats the relationship between the

measured load and the short term
microbursts?
measured traffic
How much bandwidth needs to be

provisioned, relative to the measured
load, to achieve a particular SLA target?
0%
24 hours
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IP / MPLS Traffic Characterization

Self-similar Traffic
Different theoretical queuing models:
Poisson Traffic
Self-Similar
Traffic is bursty at many or all timescales
If the traffic is truly bursty at all time scales, the queuing
delay would not decrease with increased traffic
aggregation
seconds
seconds
minutes
minutes
hours
hours
M/M/1
Markovian, i.e. Poisson-process
For Poisson traffic, queuing theory shows that as link
speeds increase and traffic is more highly aggregated,
queuing delays reduce for a given level of utilisation.
Results from empirical study show Internet

traffic characteristics similar to Markovian
[Telkamp]
VoIP and broadcast video are even closer to
Markovian
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Per Hop Queueing Delay vs. Utilisation

[Telkamp]
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Multi-hop Queuing
[Telkamp]
Multi-hop delay is not additive (1Gbps)
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1 hop
2 hops
Avg: 0.23 ms
P99.9: 2.02 ms
Avg: 0.46 ms
P99.9: 2.68 ms
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Queuing Delay Summary (Markovian)

[Telkamp]
Queuing Simulation:
Gigabit Ethernet (backbone) link
Overprovisioning percentage in the order of 10% is required to bound

delay/jitter to less than 1 ms
Lower speeds (<1G)
Overprovisioning factor is significant

Higher speeds (2.5G/10G)
Overprovisioning factor becomes very small
P99.9 multi-hop delay/jitter is not additive

http://www.denog.de/meetings/denog1/pdf/013-Telkamp-How_Full_is_Full.pdf
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Video Optimised DiffServ Schedulers

Worst case priority queue delay
With Ciscos optimised IP

Diffserv implementations,
worst-case per hop delays
<<< 1ms (is ~10s) for highspeed links
900
800
700
Delay (s)
600
End-to-end jitter of << 1ms is

realisable today with Ciscos
video optimised products
500
400
300
200
100
0
OC3
OC12
OC48
Inte rface
References:
Clarence Filsfils and John Evans, "Deploying Diffserv in IP/MPLS Backbone Networks for Tight SLA Control", IEEE
Internet Computing*, vol. 9, no. 1, January 2005, pp. 58-65
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/routers/ps167/prod_white_paper0900aecd802232cd.pdf
John Evans, Clarence Filsfils, Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice,
Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 0-123-70549-5.
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Quality of Service Operations

How Do QoS Tools Work?
Classification
and Marking
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Queuing and (Selective)

Dropping
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Post-Queuing
Operations
IP/MPLS Transport
Admission Control
CAC
Motivation
SP provides a high quality video service mapped to specific video DIFFSERV
QoS.
This Video Queue provides guarantees on delivery if non oversubscribed
SP would like to utilize this queue as efficiently (ie up to 99%) as possible
Static/Always on/Broadcast services are known through Capacity Planning to
utilize 50% of the Video queue.
Dynamic/on Demand/Time Scheduled video services are irregular and hence

unpredictable
How to prevent dynamic video services from affecting static services without
costly over subscription ?
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Video Call Admission Control

Control Plane (RSVP) based
Video Streams
7600
VoD
Video Quality Fantastic
2 VoD Streams4Mbps Each

10 Mbps qusue
Video Quality Suffers (for ALL users)
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Gracefully Rejects 3rd VoD Stream

with Video CAC
10 Mbps queue
10 Mbps queue
4 Mbps
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4 Mbps
Video Call Admission Control

Data Plane based
Leverage QoS queuing capabilities of advanced linecard H/W
(Typhoon)
Scalable
Monitors an aggregate traffic class, not individual flows like in RSVP
If aggregate bandwidth for the class is exhausted

New arriving flows are blocked, OR
New flows are re-queued into a different traffic class
Router sends feedback towards the source indicating congestion
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IP/MPLS Transport
Optimized Transport with Minimal Loss
Packet loss is a major problem for Video

Video is very sensitive to packet drops.
The loss of an I-Frame results in the loss of the

reference frame from which subsequent P and B
frames depend.
It is this dependency that causes cumulative picture
degradation (melt-down) until the arrival of the next
valid I-Frame
With a 50 ms outage, probability of an I-frame loss is 34%
Resulting visual impairment will be at min ~500-600ms (GOP size)
End user QoE for a 50ms optimized network is same as a 500ms
optimized network!
BUT cost/complexity of a 50ms optimized network is much higher
Details of analysis can be found in Not All Packets Are Equal: The Impact of
Network Packet Loss on Video Transport , IEEE Internet Computing, Vol. 13,
March/April2009
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Slice error
Pixelisation
Ghosting
MPEG : Impact of Packet Loss

1200
Duration of impairment (ms)
1000
SD-low -w orst
SD-low -best
800
SD-high-w orst
SD-high-best
600
HD-low -w orst
HD-low -best
400
HD-high-w orst
HD-high-best
200
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Duration of packet loss (m s)
Single Packet loss can cause artifacts for the whole GOP period 500ms (I frame pkt loss)
[GREENGRASS]: Jason Greengrass, John Evans, Ali C. Begen, Not All Packets Are Equal: The Impact of
Network Packet Loss on Video Transport IEEE Internet Computing, Nov 08
http://www.employees.org/~jevans/videopaper/videopaper.html
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Network Techniques for Managing Loss

Fast IP routing protocol convergence
Implementation and protocol optimisations, available on all Cisco routing platforms
Delivers sub second convergence times for unicast and multicast
Multicast-only Fast Reroute (MoFRR)

Enable creation of resilient multicast trees
Efficient approach to achieving sub 50msec convergence times
Can be applied to topologies that can support multiple diverse multicast trees
MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) Fast Reroute (FRR)

Enables pre-calculated back up Traffic Engineerd tunnels
Used to protect against link and node failures for rerouting in sub-100ms [RFC4090]
Requires additional complexity of MPLS-TE and additional provisioned bandwidth
IPoDWDM Proactive Protection

Report Optical layer failure to IP layer to speed up routing convergence events
Reduces convergence time to sub 20ms
Requires router integrated optical transponders as offered in Cisco IPoDWDM solutions
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
61
Fast IGP Convergence

Primary Stream
Edge
Distribution
Core
Router
Video
Source
Core
Router
Reconverged
Stream
Core
Router
Edge
Distribution
Core
Router
Network converges (reroutes) based on global updates (old IGP

convergence or now local via LFA) on a core network failure (link or node)
Fast Convergence (FC)

Lowest bandwidth requirements in working and failure cases
Lowest solution cost and complexity
! Requires fast converging network to Minimise visible impact of loss
Is NOT hitless ~200ms Loss of connectivity before connectivity is restored (~ less than 50ms with Loop Free
Alternate Fast Reroute. Configuration is done once, globally, per system: one command line!)
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
62
Local Fast Convergence MoFRR

Edge
Distribution
Core
Router
Video
Source
Core
Router
Core
Router
Edge
Distribution
Core
Router
Edge router chooses best content based on local information.

Multicast only Fast Reroute (MoFRR)
Low bandwidth requirements in working and failure cases (for IPTV networks)
Lowest solution cost and complexity
! Requires MoFRR counter mode capability at edge and only benefits multicast
Is NOT hitless(@ present) ~35ms Loss of connectivity before flow is restored
BRKSPV-1919
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63
Multicast only Fast Reroute

MoFRR (phase 1 / phase 2)
Source
10.1.1.1
Local enhancement to PIM

Egress only feature
No changes needed in the rest of the network
IP/MPLS
Core Network
Phased approach
Control, Data plane and RTP out-of-seq triggers
Vidmon metrics
Not hitless today

~ 35 msec loss of connectivity before flow is restored
e1
Topology dependent
e2
X
MoFRR Recv
Requires ECMP paths

TiMoFRR can solve this
= IGMP Join
Receiver
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
65
= PIM Join
= Mcast Tr
Multicast (SSM) Fast Convergence (ASR9K)

Tests show for Sec Distribution
MoFRR delivers consistent sub 50ms
Convergence @ no operational cost
Tested with 2500 IGP prefixes and 250k BGP routes, IOS XR 3.9.1
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
66
TI-MoFRR
Overcoming the ECMP limitation
Simple deployable solution

100% Path Diversity (i.e. TE-like ERO)
Works in any ECMP or Non-ECMP topologies such as mesh, ring,
hub-spoke, star, etc.
Consistent and predictable: sub 50 msec solution
No loops or micro-loops in the Network

Foundation to lossless stream-merge
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
67
Explicit Path Vector TLV

Bringing Path-Diversity to Multicast
Its like RSVP-TE ERO
It allows explicit-routing of PIM Joins or MLDP Joins
No loops or microloops
PIM Join
R4
R1
R1: 11.0.0.1
R2: 12.0.0.1
R3: 13.0.0.1
R4: 14.0.0.1
Rx
IP: 10.0.0.1
Multicast Source IP: S = 10.0.0.1
BRKSPV-1919
R2
IGMP Join
Explicit Path Vector TLV Encoding:

(Example)
R3
R6
PIM Join
Cisco Public
68
R5
TI-MoFRR
Creation of Primary/Backup Tree using 2 mroutes
PIM Join
(S1,G)
Leaf Multicast Router

IGMP Join
(S1,G)
TI-MoFRR
PIM Join
(S2,G)
TI-MoFRR Egress Multicast Router:

1.
2.
3.
BRKSPV-1919
Explicit Path Vector TLV used for PIM-Tree explicit routing

Original (S1,G) PIM Join forwarded towards S1 source to build Primary tree
Cloned (S2,G) PIM Join used to build backup PIM tree
Cisco Public
69
TI-MoFRR Native Multicast Solution

Singled/Dual Homed Source
Protection
Domain
Ingress
Demarcation
PE1
PE3
Egress
Demarcation
(S1,G)
(S1,G)
(S1,G)
(S2,G)
(S1,G)
(S2,G)
PE2
Any Transport
Between PEs
Ingress TI-MoFRR Functions:

1.
2.
Egress TI-MoFRR Functions:
Clone (S1,G)
Re-write S1 to S2 => (S2,G)
BRKSPV-1919
PE4
1.
2.
3.
Cisco Public
70
Perform MoFRR
Specify S1/S2 prefixes in MoFRR
Re-write S2 to S1 => (S1,G)
Vidmon
Quality Triggered TI-MoFRR Resiliency Solution
Vidmon
TI-MoFRR
Vidmon
MDI(0:0:12)
Backup
(S2,G)
MDI(24:34:223)
Primary
(S1,G)
Egress Multicast Router
(S1,G)
Vidmon and TI-MoFRR Integration Solution Details:

1.
2.
3.
BRKSPV-1919
Vidmon monitors MPEG MDI quality of Primary and Backup TI-MoFRR flow
Vidmon result at end of Monitoring Interval:
Primary MDI is Poor with impairment
Backup MDI is Good without impairment

Vidmon instructs TI-MoFRR switchover from Primary to Backup
Cisco Public
71
Local Fast Convergence

P2MP Fast ReRoute
Primary
Stream
Core
Router
Edge
Distribution
Core
Router
FRR Stream
Video
Source
Core
Router
Core
Router
Edge
Distribution
Core
Router
Network reconverges (reroutes) based on local information (LOS) on a core link failure
Fast Reroute (FRR)
Lowest bandwidth requirements in working and failure cases
! Medium solution cost and complexity
! Requires fast converging network to Minimise visible impact of loss
Is NOT hitless ~50ms Loss of connectivity before connectivity is restored
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Multicast (SSM) Fast Convergence Results (c7600)

Convergence Time Following a Failure (SRE1 for P2MP)
BRKSPV-1919
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Simplifying the Network

IP/MPLS Optical Integration: IPoDWDM
Transponder Integrated into
Routers/Switches
End-to-End Proactive
Service Protection
G.709/FEC
CRS-1
Cisco
7600
Router/S
witch
BRKSPV-1919
MSTP
Cisco Public
Cisco
ASR9K
IPoDWDM reduces CAPEX

Less components, shelves, processor cards
IPoDWDM reduces OPEX
Less shelves, less rack space, less power, simplifies trouble shooting
Green reduction in power/G by a factor of 2.5
100G same power and footprint as 40Gig
IPoDWDM enhances Resiliency
Less Opto Electronic Components, enhanced fault
recovery features
74
IPoDWDM Proactive Protection

Working Switchover Protected
path
lost data
path
SR
port
on
router
Working path Protect path
LOF
BER
WDM
port
on
router
Transponder
FEC
FEC limit
Corrected bits
Corrected bits
FEC
Router Has No Visibility into Optical

Transport Network
Optical impairments
WDM
BRKSPV-1919
Nearhitless
switch
BER
IP / optical integration enables the

capability to identify degraded link
using optical data (pre-FEC BER) and
start protection (i.e. by signaling to the
IGP) before traffic starts failing,
achieving hitless protection in many
cases
Pre-FEC FRR
Fault
No
WDM
Packet Loss (ms)
Highest
Lowest
Average
Optical-switch
11.47
11.54
11.37
No
Noise-injection
7404.00
1193.00
4305.00
No
Fibre-pull
28.81
18.52
21.86
No
PMD-injection
129.62
122.51
125.90
Yes
Optical-switch
11.50
11.18
11.37
Yes
Noise-injection
0.02
0.00
0.00
Yes
Fibre-pull
11.05
0.00
3.23
Yes
PMD-injection
0.08
0.00
0.02
Cisco Public
75
FEC limit
Protection
trigger
Optical impairments
Proactive protection
IP/MPLS Transport
Zero Transport Loss
Forward Error Correction (FEC)

Primary
Stream
FEC Stream
Video
Source
Core
Distribution
(DCM)
Rerouted
Primary
Stream
Video
Receivers
Edge
Distribution
(DCM or VQE)
FEC adds redundancy to the transmitted data to allow the receiver to detect and correct errors (within some bound)
without the need to resend any data
Forward Error Correction
Supports hitless recovery from loss due to core network failures if loss can be constrained
No requirement for network path diversity works for all topologies
Requires fast converging network to Minimise FEC overhead
Higher overall bandwidth consumed in failure case compared to live / live
Incurs in delay longer outages require larger overhead or larger block sizes (more delay)
BRKSPV-1919
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VQE Last Mile Loss Recovery

Video Head-End
Core/Distribution
Edge
Access
VQE-S
C7600
VQE-C
CRS-1
HGW
ASR9K
DSLAM
STB
C7600
Encoders
ASR9K
SA DCM
VQE-C
HGW
CRS-1
DSLAM
RTP support at head-end

-
STB
VQE-S
Real-Time Encoders or Cisco DCM (Digital Content Manager) RTP encapsulation
VQE-Server at network edge joins multicast channels

-
Primary function: Caches channel content and respond to VQE Service requests (RET, RCC) from Clients
Generate per-channel real-time reception quality reports (loss, delay, jitter,...)
VQE-Client embedded in Set-Top Box join different channels

-
Primary function: facilitate error repair and RCC requests
Generate per-channel, per-client, transport quality reports (loss, delay, jitter)
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
78
IP/MPLS Transport
Video Monitoring
Video Transport Monitoring

Need techniques to isolate where and what
video packets are being dropped in the
network
Multi-pronged approach
Active video transport monitoring:
IPTV SLA
Passive per flow video transport monitoring:
Vidmon
Video quality monitoring:
Trap and clone
Overarching video service management
solution: VAMS
BRKSPV-1919
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80
Inline Video Monitoring

VidMon = Integrated Video service monitoring capability into Line Cards
(7600, ASR9K, CRS)
Inline Video Monitoring Offers Quality Measurements without pulling the
video to external devices.
Attractive wrt CAPEX & OPEX as video blades are not dedicated to video
monitoring
Addresses Scaling of devices
in a network
Complimentary to existing
monitoring investments
External
Inline
BRKSPV-1919
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81
The VidMon Metrics

Metric
Applicability
Media Delivery Index (MDI)
Measures MPEG2/4 Headers for Loss and Delay

MDI-MLR = Media Loss Rate : Were any MPEG packets dropped ?
MDI-DF = Delay Factor : What is the buffering requirement ?
Media Discontinuity Counter (MDC)
Measures MPEG2/4 Headers for the number of times Loss was detected.
Media Rate Variation (MRV)
Measures IP/UDP Headers for Delivery Variations for payload types such as SDI, HDSDI,
RTP Loss and Jitter
Measures RTP Loss and Delay (timestamp) by examining the RTP header
Media Stop Event (MSE)
Notification if a monitored flow stops receiving traffic
MPEG
Header
MPEG
Payload
Example Video Packet in over an IP Transport
Transport
BRKSPV-1919
IP
RTP
UDP
Cisco Public
UDP Video Payload Content

(MPEG is not the only payload option)
82
FCS
Video Assurance Management

VAMS Solution Architecture for Video Distribution
ROSA
Client
Presentation
Service Dashboard
CIC
Correlation
ROSA NMS
Aggregation
Collection
Cisco ANA
ROSA Element Manager
Data
Sources
Cisco
Multicast Manager
Multicast Control Plane
Radio Tower
CRS-1/3
Router
Video
Probe
CRS-1/3
Router
BRKSPV-1919
Network Elements (VidMon)

Video
Probe
Video
Probe
CRS-1/3
Router
7600
Aggregation
Distribution
Core
Head-end
Video Probes
ASR9K
CRS-1/3
Router
Cisco Public
83
ASR9K or
7600
Last mile
ASR9K or
7600
Home
Vidmon support in Prime Performance Manager

Vidmon Reports
Flow Indentification
Flow, Direction, Vlan, IP, UDP, TCP, RTP
Metrics
Pkts/Octets
Pkts/Bit rate
Lost Pkts, Loss Fraction, Loss Duration,
Loss Distance
DF, DV, Jitter
MLR, MRV, MDC
Device
inventory
PRIMENetwork
CISCO-FLOW-MONITOR-TC-MIB
CISCO-FLOW-MONITOR-MIB
CISCO-MDI-METRICS-MIB
CISCO-RTP-METRICS-MIB
CISCO-IP-CBR-METRICS-MIB.
Cisco Public
PRIME-PM
Performance Stats
Supported MIBs
BRKSPV-1919
Reports contextual
cross launch
84
Prime Performance Manager

VidMon RTP Performance Report Example
cfmFlowMonitorDescr
cfmFlowDescr
cfmRtpMetricsLostPkts
BRKSPV-1919
cfmRtpMetricsFrac
Cisco Public
85
Prime Performance Manager

VidMon RTP Performance Report Example
cfmRtpMetricsAvgLD
BRKSPV-1919
cfmRtpMetricsAvgLossDistance
Cisco Public
86
Video Contribution
Video Contribution
Market drivers
Contribution
Production
Production/Po
st
Syndication
Distribution CDN
Consumption
Direct to Home (DTH)
Service Architecture
Primary
Secondary
Home
IP
Over The Air (DTT)
Solution (preliminary view)
Post Production
News Gathering
IP
IP
Network
Telco (Wireline)
IP
IP
Sport Events
Cable
IP
Video Data Center
Studio-to-Studio
Internet
CM
Wireless
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
88
Video Contribution
Drivers
Migration from SDH/ATM/DTM to IP NG Networks

Preserving the circuit-oriented paradigm
Leveraging bandwidth reuse in IP Networks
Multiservice approach
No more service specific networks
Real-time and elastic data services with
different SLA requirements
Simplified Management
Single NMS across Network and Video application
Transport-independent Provisioning and Operations
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
89
Video Contribution Architecture

RSVP-TE for P2P and P2MP MPLS LSPs
Tunnel path follows Explicit Route
Path is calculated using Constraint Based Routing or offline methods
(CBR) ISP floods link attributes (available bandwidth, flags, TE metric)
Path is signaled using RSVP

Admission Control and Bandwidth Reservation
Tunnel pre-emption
RSVP based label distribution
IP/MPLS
MPLS FRR for link and node protection

Sub 50 msec restoration
P2MP LSPs use multiple P2P sub-LSPs

Each of them RSVP signaled
Label merging at branch nodes
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
90
Video Contribution
The Road towards a Contribution Solution
End-to-end solution
Video Application Gateway (DCM)
Video Optimized IP/MPLS Network Platform based on ASR9K
System and Service Management (Cisco Prime and 3rd party)
Optimized Network Architecture for Video Transport

Collapsed IP/MPLS PoPs with nV Cluster and nV Satellite Technology
Traffic Engineering and Multiple topologies for Path and Service separation
Explicit Routes over diverse Paths
Comprehensive Management tools

Including Video Monitoring and dynamic Service Provisioning
Multiple SLA options

Up to and including lossless transport
BRKSPV-1919
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91
Video Contribution
Cisco DCM IP Video Gateway
1RU and 2RU models
MPEG, SDI and J2K Gateway
Alarm and PSU LEDs
Audio Gateway
1 and 10 Gbps input/output interfaces
Mgmt IP2
(10/100 BT)
SMPTE 2022-1/2 FEC

Hitless failover for Live-Live applications
6 Video Ports
GPI I/O
Mgmt IP1
(1 GbE)
Reference input for Genlocking. B&B, or Tri-level
sync
Loop through of any of

the 6 video ports
PSU Slot1
(AC or DC)
PSU Slot2
(AC or DC)
GbE Port1
(GbE Port2 = BU Port)
SFP cage supports SFPs for 1 GbE
as well as SFP+ for 10 GbE
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
92
DCM Gateway
Hitless Switch-over with Spatial Diversity (a.k.a live/live)
Primary
Stream
Video
Source
Video
Receivers
DCMG
DCMG
Primary
Stream
Due to network delay

differences the two
received streams are
misaligned
13
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
14
13
12
11
10
13
16
14
15
13
14
12
13
11
12
10
Buffer Size = 4
Input
11
10
Output
Misalignment is compensated for in the DCM Gateway receiver up to 100ms, and a hitless switchover
between the two feeds is performed in case of detected failures.
BRKSPV-1919
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93
Video Contribution Solution

Network features
Optimized Architecture for Video Transport

Collapsed PoP with nV Cluster and nV Satellite Technology
Multiple topologies for Service and Path separation

Link and Node separation
Service Provisioning
External OSS Platform
Multiple SLA options

Protection, Preemption and Convergence requirements
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
94
nV Technology
1
Using nV Satellite for routerless remote access

aggregation
Using nV Cluster for simplified operations

ASR 9000 with nV Satellite
DCM
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
Ethernet over Fibre

or Optical Transport
2 x ASR 9006 with nV Cluster

BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
95
nV Technology
Using nV Satellite and nV Cluster for 1GE local aggregation,
efficient multi-homing and simplified operations
DCM
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
ASR 9000 with nV Satellite
2 x ASR 9006 with nV Cluster

BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
96
Multiple topologies
Baseline Topology
Non real-time and low priority
services
IGP Path selection
Si
QoS model
Si
Si
BE traffic takes remaining bandwidth

Business grade traffic follows in-out
profile
Si
Si
Si
Si
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
97
Si
Multiple topologies
Real-time Services
Path Diversity with Traffic Engineering
MPLS RSVP TE
Link Affinity (red or blue)
Global table. No VRF
Si
P2MP TE tunnels
Si
Si
Dynamic
Explicit Route option
Preemption
Admission Control
Si
Si
Si
Priority Queuing
Si
BRKSPV-1919
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98
Si
Multiple topologies
Global view
Data traffic can be forced into
selected topologies
Using TE
Using IGP metrics
Using HSRP preference for default
gateway
Si
Si
Si
HSRP
If Blue is used for Active tunnels

and Red for Backup ones, Red
will be less loaded
Si
Use IP Fast Reroute for unicast

traffic
BRKSPV-1919
Si
Si
Si
Cisco Public
99
Si
MPLS Traffic Engineering

RSVP Messages
Source
Service Edge
Core
Distribution/
Access
Receivers
PATH
ERO: R2-R3-R4
HE router originates RSVP PATH

messages
Non-aggregated option
R4 (PE)
R6 (CE)
R5 (PE)
R7 (CE)
R3 (P)
R1 (CE)
R2 (PE)
One PATH per destination

PATH
ERO: R2-R3-R5
Each destination responds with RESV

message and label mapping
Branch nodes merge labels
Source
Service Edge
Core
Label sharing
HE receives messages from all

destinations
Distribution/
Access
RESV
Label: 44
RESV
Label: 33
R4 (PE)
R6 (CE)
R5 (PE)
R7 (CE)
R3 (P)
R1 (CE)
R2 (PE)
RESV
Label: 33
RESV
Label: 55
BRKSPV-1919
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100
Receivers
MPLS Traffic Engineering

Characteristics
Explicit Path
Override IGP path calculation
Explicit Route Option (ERO) in RSVP PATH messages
Affinity
Tunnel attributes must match link affinity

Path Diversity
Preemption
Tunnel priority determines whether tunnel can be preempted
Admission Control
BRKSPV-1919
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101
Service Management
Provisioning Platform
Dynamic provisioning of MPLS TE
P2MP tunnels
Provisioning
Platform
Bandwidth Model
Database
Dynamic adding/removing
destinations
Traffic Engineering bandwidth
database model
Provisioning
Tasks
(XML, Terminal,
WebServices)
Management interface to routers

and video gateways
Logical
B/W Synchronization
Network/OSS
ROSA VDS
Proactive backup tunnel activation

on Vidmon triggers (service
degradation)
Si
Si
Si
BRKSPV-1919
Bandwidth
Updates
Cisco Public
102
VidMon
Prime Perf
Prime EMS
Prime
Multicast traffic forwarding over TE tunnels

Decoupling Multicast and Transport
Tunnel creation and traffic forwarding done separately
Results in Active and Standby backup tunnels
Multicast forwarding activation based on static IGMP join at

tunnel HE
RPF-check over TE tunnel interfaces at tunnel tailend
router
Tunnel interface has no meaning at tailend router
Configure static RPF of source to HE loopback
Traffic arriving on interfaces with TE configured can validate the
static RPF address with the origin of RSVP PATH messages
(tunnel HE)
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
103
IP/MPLS
SLA options
Platinum (Active-Active)
Lossless merge at receiving DCM
Gold (Active-Backup)
Backup tunnel created and admitted in the system
Backup tunnel activated upon failure or Vidmon signal degradation alarm
Silver (Active-Backup)
Backup tunnel is created dynamically upon failure
Wood (Active, no Backup)

Tunnel Priority is assigned to each class to determine what tunnels can preempt others.
Example: Gold can preempt Silver. Platinum tunnels cannot be preempted
BRKSPV-1919
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Summary
Different Video Services require very different Transport Solutions
IP/MPLS provides truly multi-service while accomplishing the strictest SLAs
Cisco Video Optimized Transport 2.1 will help you design and implement your
network on technologies briefly introduced today :
Basic Transport
Video Service SLA
Service Monitoring and Management
Cisco Video Contribution Solution

Work in progress
Addressing the SLA needs of P2MP Contribution Services
BRKSPV-1919
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105
Recommended Reading
BRKSPV- 1919
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
106
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BRKSPV-1919
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107
Complete Your Online Session Evaluation

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for viewing on-demand after the event at
CiscoLive.com/Online
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
108
Continue Your Education

Demos in the Cisco Campus
Walk-in Self-Paced Labs
Table Topics
Meet the Engineer 1:1 meetings
BRKSPV-1919
Cisco Public
109
110

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Video Transport

IP/MPLS Video Transport

Overview and General Concepts

Summary and Conclusions

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Video Transport Use Cases

Broadcast Media Content Delivery

Content Adquisition Secondary

Over the Air

Video Data Center

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Video Transport Use Cases

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Video Transport Use Cases

High-scale Multicast Multicast VPNs

Multiservice, QoS, Video Monitoring, Admission Control, Fast Convergence

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Many Services, Many

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Many Services, One

Circuit-oriented with Circuit-based protection

ATM/DTM networks provide specialized services

Video : A new layer for each service

IP/MPLS networks are multi-service

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Video: Just a new service

Network Reference Architecture

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Transport SLAs Delay

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Required to enable multiple services

Differentiated services (per traffic aggregate)

Integrated services (per flow)

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Service Level Monitoring

RTP Headers are

State, Path, and

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

P2P, P2MP and MP2MP services

Unicast and Multicast models

Automatic (shortest path) or Explicit path setup

Resiliency: from sub 50 msec restoration to lossless

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Live-live stream transport over diverse paths

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

IP/MPLS Transport options

For multicast, multipoint topologies:

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Multicast Service Requirements

Diverse applications for Multicast with different requirements means diversity of

Distribution (e.g. IPTV, Cable CHE to RHE)

Managed Enterprise Services, Video Wholesale

No single, one-size-fits-all, Multicast design model

IP Multicast is an important service

2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

#(S, G) < 1000

#(S, G) < 1000

100s (S, G) per VPN;

< 100 (cable)