positive sequence and zero sequence impedance of transmission lines play a central role

in distance protection and fault locations

http://www.omicron.at/en/products/app/cables-transmission-line/

Line Impedance of Power Cables and Transmission Lines

Line parameters, such as positive sequence impedance, zero sequence impedance or k-factor also
called ground impedance matching factor, residual compensation factor or earthing factor, are
important parameters of a line. These are required, for example, for the proper setting of a
distance protection relay or fault location. Since the calculations of these values often show very
large errors in the two-digit percentage range, measurement is a quick and cost-effective
alternative.
OMICRONs CPC 100 + CP CU1 measuring system makes it possible to measure line
impedance quickly and completely, so as to determine these values in less than 30 minutes.

Learn more about OMICRON's solutions in the area of Line Impedance

CPC 100 + CP CU1

Line impedance measuring system

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Line Impedance
Mutual Coupling
Coupling into Signal Cables
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Services
Cables & Transmission Lines Analysis

Reliability in the supply of electrical power begins with the avoidance of interferences on the
grid. Cables and overhead lines must therefore be checked at regular intervals. This ensures that
the equipment is working properly. Also, measurements on cables and overhead lines are
required to determine parameters which are needed elsewhere. Thus, positive sequence and zero
sequence impedance of transmission lines play a central role in distance protection and fault
locations. OMICRONs innovative testing systems support efficient, reliable, and likewise, highprecision testing of cables and overhead lines.
Partial Discharge (PD) measurements on cables and power cable systems

Partial discharge (PD) phenomena are localized dielectric breakdowns of a small portion of a
solid or liquid electric insulation that is subjected to high voltage stress. As PD often precedes an
insulation breakdown which can result in cost-intensive repairs, and possibly prolonged outages.
The measurement of PD is a major criterion for the quality of cable and accessories and its onsite assembling respectively. OMICRON'S MPD 600 incorporates a range of leading-edge

technologies in order to provide accurate, reliable and reproducible PD measurements even

under the most demanding circumstances.
More
Line impedance of power cables and transmission lines

Line parameters, such as positive sequence impedance, zero sequence impedance or k-factors,
are important parameters of a line. These are required, for example, for the correct setting of a
distance protection relay or fault location. OMICRONs CPC 100 + CP CU1 measuring system
makes it possible to measure line impedance quickly and completely, so as to determine the
named values in less than 30 minutes.
More
Measurement of mutual coupling

For the correct setting of distance relays of twin systems the exact values of the coupling factor
are required. With the multifunctional CPC 100 primary testing system and the CP CU1 coupling
unit, OMICRON has developed a unique system for complete coupling impedance measurement.
More
Coupling of power lines into signal cables

Due to the magnetic fields around transmission lines and power cables, the effect of magnetic
coupling into adjacent electrical systems is a common phenomenon. OMICRON's test system
CPC 100 + CP CU1 + CP AL1 allows for accurately measuring the coupling impedance to
clarify e.g. how a specific power line couples into a specific signal cable.
More

Can anyone tell me what is the relationship between the actual line impedance
with the zero sequence impedances and positive sequence impedance?
Let say I have the
zero sequence impedance=0.15+1.79j
positive sequence impedance=0.013+j*0.32
what is the actual impendance?
In real life, what impedance should can we get?

ANS
The "real" impedance is the vector sum of the positive, negative and zero
sequence components. The positive sequence impeadance is a set of balanced
CCW rotating phasers, the negative sequence impedance is a set of balanced CW
rotating phasers, the zero sequence impedances are a set of balanced non-rotating
phasers. The vector sum of which will give you the real system impedances. If the
system is perfectly balanced, solving for the sequence components will give you
only the positive sequence components with a zero value for the negative and zero
sequence components.
Generally you use sequence component transforms to solve imbalanced three
phase system problems. Hope this helps.

Percentage Impedance (Z%)

The impedance of a transformer is marked on most nameplates - but what is it and what does the Z%
figure mean?
Definition
The percentage impedance of a transformer is the volt drop on full load due to the winding resistance and
leakage reactance expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage.
It is also the percentage of the normal terminal voltage required to circulate full-load current under short
circuit conditions
Measuring Impedance
The impedance is measured by means of a short circuit test. With one winding shorted, a voltage at the
rated frequency is applied to the other winding sufficient to circulate full load current - see below:

The percentage impedance can then be calculated as follows:

Z% = Impedance Voltage x 100

Rated Voltage

Changing the Impedance Value

The most economical arrangement of core and windings leads to a 'natural' value of impedance
determined by the leakage flux. The leakage flux is a function of winding ampere turns and the area and
length of the leakage flux path. These can be varied at the design stage by changing the volts per turn
and the geometric relationship of the windings.
The Effect of Higher and Lower Impedances
The impedance of a transformer has a major effect on system fault levels. It determines the maximum
value of current that will flow under fault conditions.
It is easy to calculate the maximum current that a transformer can deliver under symmetrical fault
conditions. By way of example, consider a 2 MVA transformer with an impedance of 5%. The maximum
fault level available on the secondary side is:
2 MVA x 100/5 = 40 MVA
and from this figure the equivalent primary and secondary fault currents can be calculated.

A transformer with a lower impedance will lead to a higher fault level (and vice versa)
The figure calculated above is a maximum. In practice, the actual fault level will be reduced by the
source impedance, the impedance of cables and overhead lines between the transformer and the fault,
and the fault impedance itself.
As well as fault level considerations, the impedance value also:
determines the volt drop that occurs under load - known as 'regulation'
affects load sharing when two or more transformers operate in parallel
Sequence Impedance (Z1 Z2 Z0)
The calculation above deals with a balanced 3-phase fault. Non-symmetrical faults (phase-earth, phasephase etc) lead to more complex calculations requiring the application symmetrical component theory.
This in turn involves the use of positive, negative and zero sequence impedances (Z 1, Z2 and Z0
respectively).
As with all passive plant, the positive and negative sequence impedances (Z1 and Z2) of a transformer are
identical.
However, the zero sequence impedance is dependent upon the path available for the flow of zero
sequence current and the balancing ampere turns available within the transformer. Generally, zero
sequence current requires a delta winding, or a star connection with the star point earthed. Any
impedance in the connection between the star point and earth increases the overall zero sequence
impedance. This has the effect of reducing the zero sequence current and is a feature that is frequently
put to practical use in a distribution network to control the magnitude of current that will flow under earth
fault conditions.

End