Professional Documents
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[SSM]
True or false:
(a) The displacement current has different units than the conduction current.
(b) Displacement current only exists if the electric field in the region is changing
with time.
(c) In an oscillating LC circuit, no displacement current exists between the
capacitor plates when the capacitor is momentarily fully charged.
(d) In an oscillating LC circuit, no displacement current exists between the
capacitor plates when the capacitor is momentarily uncharged.
(a) False. Like those of conduction current, the units of displacement current are
C/s.
(b) True. Because displacement current is given by I d = 0 de dt , Id is zero if
de dt = 0 .
(c) True. When the capacitor is fully charged, the electric flux is momentarily a
maximum (its rate of change is zero) and, consequently, the displacement current
between the plates of the capacitor is zero.
(d) False. Id is zero if de dt = 0 . At the moment when the capacitor is
momentarily uncharged, dE/dt 0 and so de dt 0 .
2
C
V 2
m
C
C2 V C V s
C2 m
=
= = V = = A
s
s
N s N s V
Nm
C
[SSM]
True or false:
(a)
Maxwells equations apply only to electric and magnetic fields that are
constant over time.
2829
2830 Chapter 30
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a) False. Maxwells equations apply to both time-independent and timedependent fields.
(b) True. One can use Faradays law and the modified version of Amperes law to
derive the wave equation.
(c) True. Both the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave
oscillate at right angles to the direction of propagation of the wave.
(d) True.
Bn dA = 0 qm, inside
Gaussian surface. Note that Gausss law for electricity follows from the existence
of electric monopoles (charges), and the electric field due to a point charge
follows from the inverse-square nature of Coulombs law.
5
r
r r
8
2832 Chapter 30
r r
Determine the Concept We can that E B 0 has units of W/m2 by substituting
r r
the SI units of E , B and 0 and simplifying the resulting expression.
N
N
C
Nm
J
T
N
A
N
m
W
C
= C = =
s2 = s2 = s2 =
Tm m C m
C m
m
m
m2
A
A
9
[SSM] If a red light beam, a green light beam, and a violet light
beam, all traveling in empty space, have the same intensity, which light beam
carries more momentum? (a) the red light beam, (b) the green light beam, (c) the
violet light beam, (d) They all have the same momentum. (e) You cannot
determine which beam carries the most momentum from the data given.
Determine the Concept The momentum of an electromagnetic wave is directly
proportional to its energy ( p = U c ). Because the intensity of a wave is its energy
per unit area and per unit time (the average value of its Poynting vector), waves
with equal intensity have equal energy and equal momentum. (d ) is correct.
10
If a red light plane wave, a green light plane wave, and a violet light
plane wave, all traveling in empty space, have the same intensity, which wave has
the largest peak electric field? (a) the red light wave, (b) the green light wave, (c)
the violet light wave, (d) They all have the same peak electric field. (e) You
cannot determine the largest peak electric field from the data given.
Determine the Concept The intensity of an electromagnetic wave is given by
r
EB
I= S = 0 0.
av
2 0
The intensity of an electromagnetic
wave is given by:
r
I= S
Because E0 = cB0:
r
S
r
This result tells us that S
av
av
av
E0 B0
2 0
E02
=
2c0
(d )
is correct.
IA =
E0,A B0,A
2 0
and I B =
E 0 , B B0 , B
2 0
E 0 , A B0 , A
E 0 , A B0 , A
2 0
IA
=
=
E 0 , B B0 , B
IB
E 0 , B B0 , B
2 0
I A (3E0, B )(3B0, B )
=
= 9 I A = 9I B
IB
E0, B B0, B
(d )
is correct.
2834 Chapter 30
(a) Apply Newtons 2nd law to the
atom to obtain:
Fr = ma
(1)
where Fr is the radiation force exerted
by the laser beam.
Pr =
Fr I
=
A c
Fr =
IA I2
=
c
c
I2
I2
= ma a =
c
mc
g
1 mol
85
(2.998 10
23
m/s
= 1.44 10 5 m/s 2
= 1.4 10 5 m/s 2
(b) Using the definition of
acceleration, express the stopping
time t of the atom:
Because vfinal 0:
Using the rms speed as the initial
speed of an atom, relate vinitial to the
t =
vfinal vinitial
a
v initial
a
vinitial = v rms =
3kT
m
t =
1 3kT
a m
1
1.44 105 m/s 2
g
1 mol
85
23
mol 6.022 10 particles
Fr = Pr A
where A is the cross-sectional area of
the balloon.
Pr =
2I
c
Fr =
2 I 14 d 2 d 2 I
=
c
2c
d 2 I
Fr
I
2c
=
=
2
Fg Mylar d t g 2 Mylart gc
2836 Chapter 30
Assuming the thickness of the Mylar skin of the balloon to be 1 mm, substitute
numerical values and evaluate Fr/Fg:
kW
1.35 2
Fr
m
=
2 10 7
kg
m
m
Fg
14
Some science fiction writers have described solar sails that could
propel interstellar spaceships. Imagine a giant sail on a spacecraft subjected to
radiation pressure from our Sun. (a) Explain why this arrangement works better if
the sail is highly reflective rather than highly absorptive. (b) If the sail is assumed
highly reflective, show that the force exerted by the sunlight on the spacecraft is
given by PS A 2 r 2 c where PS is the power output of the Sun (3.8 1026 W), A
is the surface area of the sail, m is the total mass of the spacecraft, r is the distance
from the Sun, and c is the speed of light. (Assume the area of the sail is much
larger than the area of the spacecraft so that all the force is due to radiation
pressure on the sail only.) (c) Using a reasonable value for A, compare the force
on the spacecraft due to the radiation pressure and the force on the spacecraft due
to the gravitational pull of the Sun. Does the result imply that such a system will
work? Explain your answer.
Picture the Problem (b) We can use the definition of radiation pressure to show
that the force exerted by the sunlight on the spacecraft is given by PS A 2 r 2 c
where PS is the power output of the Sun (3.8 1026 W), A is the surface area of
the sail, m is the total mass of the spacecraft, r is the distance from the Sun, and c
is the speed of light.
(a) If the sail is highly reflective rather than highly absorptive, the radiation force
is doubled.
(b) Because the sail is highly
reflective:
2 IA
c
where A is the area of the sail.
Fr = Pr A =
Fr =
2 Ps A
Ps A
=
2
4 r c
2 r 2 c
PS A
PS A
Fr
2 r 2 c
=
=
Fg GmM S 2 cGmM S
r2
Assuming a 15-m diameter circular sail and a 500-kg spacecraft (values found
using the internet), substitute numerical values and evaluate the ratio of the
accelerations:
2
W ) (15 m )
Fr
4
=
2
Fg
m
Nm
(500 kg ) (1.99 10 30 kg )
2 2.998 10 8 6.673 10 11
2
s
kg
(3.8 10
26
= 5.4 10 4
E=
0 A
2838 Chapter 30
1 dQ
dE d Q
I
=
=
=
dt dt 0 A 0 A dt 0 A
5.0 A
dE
=
= 3.40 1014 V/m s
2
2
2
12
dt
8.854 10 C / N m (0.023 m )
I d = 0
d e
dt
I d = 0
d
[EA] =0 A dE
dt
dt
16
In a region of space, the electric field varies with time as
E = (0.050 N/C) sin (t), where = 2000 rad/s. Find the peak displacement
current through a surface that is perpendicular to the electric field and has an area
equal to 1.00 m2.
Picture the Problem We can express the displacement current in terms of the
electric flux and differentiate the resulting expression to obtain Id in terms of
dE/dt.
I d = 0
d e
dt
I d = 0
d
[EA] =0 A dE
dt
dt
d
[(0.050 N/C)sin 2000t ]
dt
= 2000 s -1 0 A(0.050 N/C ) cos 2000t
I d = 0 A
C2
I d, max = (2000 s 1 ) 8.854 10 12
N m2
17
For Problem 15, show that the magnetic field strength between the
plates a distance r from the axis through the centers of both plates is given by
B = (1.9 103 T/m)r.
Picture the Problem We can use Amperes law to a circular path of radius r
between the plates and parallel to their surfaces to obtain an expression relating B
to the current enclosed by the amperian loop. Assuming that the displacement
current is uniformly distributed between the plates, we can relate the displacement
current enclosed by the circular loop to the conduction current I.
r r
B
d l = 2rB = 0 I enclosed = 0 I
C
Id
r2
I
I
=
Id
=
r 2 R2
R2
2 rB =
B(r ) =
0 r 2
R
Id B =
(4 10
0r
Id
2 R 2
N / A 2 (5.0 A )
2 (0.023 m )
= 1.9 10 3 r
m
18
The capacitors referred to in this problem have only empty space
between the plates. (a) Show that a parallel-plate capacitor has a displacement
current in the region between its plates that is given by Id = C dV/dt, where C is
the capacitance and V is the potential difference between the plates. (b) A 5.00-nF
2840 Chapter 30
parallel-plate capacitor is connected to an ideal ac generator so the potential
difference between the plates is given by V = V0 cos t, where V0 = 3.00 V and
= 500 rad/s. Find the displacement current in the region between the plates as
a function of time.
Picture the Problem We can use the definitions of the displacement current and
electric flux, together with the expression for the capacitance of an air-coreparallel-plate capacitor to show that Id = C dV/dt.
I d =0
d e
dt
I d = 0
d
[EA] =0 A dE
dt
dt
Because E = V/d:
I d =0 A
C=
Substituting yields:
d
dt
V 0 A dV
d = d dt
0 A
d
Id = C
dV
dt
I d = (5.00 nF)
d
[(3.00 V ) cos 500 t ] = (5.00 nF)(3.00 V ) 500 s 1 sin 500 t
dt
19
[SSM] There is a current of 10 A in a resistor that is connected in
series with a parallel plate capacitor. The plates of the capacitor have an area of
0.50 m2, and no dielectric exists between the plates. (a) What is the displacement
current between the plates? (b) What is the rate of change of the electric field
r r
strength between the plates? (c) Find the value of the line integral B d l , where
C
the integration path C is a 10-cm-radius circle that lies in a plane that is parallel
with the plates and is completely within the region between them.
I d = I = 10 A
I d = 0
I
dE
= d
dt 0 A
10 A
dE
=
dt
C2
8.85 10 12
N m2
V
= 2.3 1012
ms
d e
d
dE
= 0 [EA] = 0 A
dt
dt
dt
0.50 m 2
r r
B
d l = 0 I enclosed
I enclosed I d
r2
I
=
Id
=
enclosed
A
A
r2
r r 0 r 2
CB d l = A I d
r r
B
dl :
C
2842 Chapter 30
equal but opposite point charges (+Q and Q) on the x axis at x = a and x = +a,
respectively. At the same instant there is a current I in the wire connecting them,
as shown. Point P is on the y axis at y = R. (a) Use the BiotSavart law to show
Ia
1
.
that the magnitude of the magnetic field at point P is given by B = 0
2
2 R R + a2
(b) Now consider a circular strip of radius r and width dr in the x = 0 plane that
has its center at the origin. Show that the flux of the electric field through this
32
Qr 2
r + a 2 dr . (c) Use the result from Part (b) to
strip is given by E x dA =
0
show that the total electric flux e through a circular surface S of radius R. is
given by e =
Q
1
o
a
a2 + R
a
Picture the Problem We can follow the step-by-step instructions in the problem
statement to show that Equation 30-4 gives the same result for B as that given in
Part (a).
0 I
(sin 1 + sin 2 )
4 R
where
a
sin 1 = sin 2 =
2
R + a2
BP =
0 I
2a
4 R R 2 + a 2
1
0 Ia
=
2 R R 2 + a 2
BP =
de = E x dA = E x (2 rdr )
Ex =
2kQ
2kQa
cos 1 =
32
2
2
r +a
r + a2
2
de = Ex dA =
=
+ a2
2Qa
4 0 r 2 + a 2
(r
2kQa
32
(r
Qa
2
+ a2
32
32
32
Qa
0 (r 2 + a 2 )
0 de =
(2 rdr )
(2 rdr )
rdr
rdr
0 e = Qa
0
(r
rdr
2
+a
2 32
1
a
1
= Qa
+ = Q1
2
2
a
R2 + a2
R +a
de d
a
= Q1
2
dt dt
R + a2
dQ
a
= 1
2
2 dt
R +a
= I 1
2
2
R +a
I d =0
a
I + I d = I I 1
R2 + a2
a
= I
2
R + a2
B=
r r
B d l = 2RB = 0 (I + I d )
0
(I + I d )
2 R
2844 Chapter 30
Substitute for I + Id from (d) to
obtain:
B=
=
0
a
I
2 R
R2 + a2
1
0 Ia
2
2 R R + a 2
yellow-green = 580 nm
f yellow-green =
yellow-green
2.998 10 8 m/s
=
580 nm
= 5.17 1014 Hz
22
(a) What is the frequency of microwave radiation that has a 3.00-cmlong wavelength? (b) Using Table 30-1, estimate the ratio of the shortest
wavelength of green light to the shortest wavelength of red light.
Picture the Problem We can use c = f to find the frequency corresponding to
the given wavelength.
f =
f =
= 10.0 GHz
= 0.84
shortest red
620 nm
23
(a) What is the frequency of an X ray that has a 0.100-nm-long
wavelength? (b) The human eye is sensitive to light that has a wavelength equal to
550 nm. What is the color and frequency of this light? Comment on how this
answer compares to your answer for Problem 21.
Picture the Problem We can use c = f to find the frequency corresponding to
the given wavelengths and consult Table 30-1 to determine the color of light with
a wavelength of 550 nm.
f =
2.998 10 8 m/s
0.100 10 9 m
= 3.00 1018 Hz
(b) The frequency of light with a
wavelength of 550 nm is:
f =
Consulting Table 30-1, we see that the color of light that has a wavelength of
550 nm is yellow-green. This result is consistent with those of Problem 21 and is
close to the wavelength of the peak output of the Sun. Because we see naturally
by reflected sunlight, this result is not surprising.
I ( , r ) =
C
sin 2
2
r
where C is a constant.
(1)
2846 Chapter 30
Express I(90,10 m):
I (90,10 m ) = I1 =
=
C
100 m 2
C = (100 m 2 ) I1
(100 m )I
I ( , r ) =
2
sin 2
2
(30 m )
1
9
sin 2 90
sin 2 45
I1
(100 m )I
I (45,10 m ) =
2
(10 m )
1
2
I1
(100 m ) I
I (30,20 m ) =
2
(20 m )
(2)
=
(c) Evaluate equation (2) for
r = 20 m and = 30:
(100 m ) I
I (90,30 m ) =
=
C
sin 2 90
2
(10 m )
1
16
sin 2 30
I1
25
(a) For the situation described in Problem 24, at what angle is the
intensity at a distance of 5.0 m equal to I1? (b) At what distance is the intensity
equal to I1 when = 45?
Picture the Problem We can use the intensity I1 at a distance r = 10 m and at an
angle = 90 to find the constant in the expression for the intensity of radiation
from an electric dipole and then use the resulting equation to find the angle for a
given intensity and distance and the distance corresponding to a given intensity
and angle.
I ( , r ) =
C
sin 2
2
r
where C is a constant.
(1)
I (90,10 m ) = I1 =
=
C
100 m 2
C = (100 m 2 ) I1
(100 m )I
I ( , r ) =
2
(100 m )I
=
2
I1
(5.0 m )
sin 2
(2)
sin 2 sin 2 =
1
4
= sin 1 ( 12 ) = 30
(100 m ) I
=
2
I1
r=
1
2
or
r 2 = 12 100 m 2
Solve for r to obtain:
C
sin 2 90
2
(10 m )
sin 2 45
(100 m ) =
2
7.1m
26
You and your engineering crew are in charge of setting up a wireless
telephone network for a village in a mountainous region. The transmitting antenna
of one station is an electric dipole antenna located atop a mountain 2.00 km above
sea level. There is a nearby mountain that is 4.00 km from the antenna and is also
2.00 km above sea level. At that location, one member of the crew measures the
intensity of the signal to be 4.00 1012 W/m2. What should be the intensity of the
signal at the village that is located at sea level and 1.50 km from the transmitter?
Picture the Problem We can use the intensity I at a distance r = 4.00 km and at
an angle = 90 to find the constant in the expression for the intensity of
radiation from an electric dipole and then use the resulting equation to find the
intensity at sea level and 1.50 km from the transmitter.
I ( , r ) =
C
sin 2
2
r
where C is a constant.
(1)
2848 Chapter 30
Use the given data to obtain:
4 10 12 W/m 2 =
C
sin 2 90
2
(4.00 km )
C
=
(4.00 km )2
= 6.40 10 5 W
6.40 105 W 2
I ( , r ) =
sin
r2
(2)
2.00 km
= 53.1
1.50 km
= tan 1
I (53.1,1.5 km ) =
6.40 10 5 W 2
sin 53.1 = 18.2 pW/m 2
2
(1.50 km)
sin 2
r2
I (r , ) = C
I (120 km,90) = C
sin 2 90
(120 km )2
C
=
(120 km )2
(1)
dP = IdA
and
Ptot = I (r , ) dA
where, in polar coordinates,
dA = r 2 sin d d
Ptot =
I (r , ) r
sin d d
0 0
Ptot = C sin 3 d d
0 0
sin
4
3
4
4
8
2
Ptot = C d = C [ ]0 =
C
3 0
3
3
C=
3
Ptot
8
C=
3
(500 kW ) = 59.68 kW
8
59.68 kW
(120 km )2
= 4.14 W/m 2
28 Regulations require that licensed radio stations have limits on their
broadcast power so as to avoid interference with signals from distant stations.
You are in charge of checking compliance with the law. At a distance of 30.0 km
from a radio station that broadcasts from a single vertical electric dipole antenna
at a frequency of 800 kHz, the intensity of the electromagnetic wave is
2.00 1013 W/m2. What is the total power radiated by the station?
Picture the Problem The intensity of radiation from an electric dipole is given by
C(sin2)/r2, where C is a constant whose units are those of power, r is the distance
from the dipole to the point of interest, and is the angle between the electric
r
dipole moment and the position vector r . We can integrate the intensity to express
2850 Chapter 30
the total power radiated by the antenna and use this result to evaluate C. Knowing
C we can find the total power radiated by the station.
From the definition of intensity we
have:
dP = IdA
and
Ptot = I (r , ) dA
Ptot =
I (r , ) r
sin d d (1)
0 0
sin 2
r2
I (r , ) = C
Ptot = C sin 3 d d
(2)
0 0
sin
4
3
Ptot =
C=
4
4
8
2
C d = C [ ] 0 =
C
3 0
3
3
I (r , )r 2
sin 2
8 I (r , )r 2
3 sin 2
or, because = 90,
8
Ptot =
I (r )r 2
3
Ptot =
Ptot =
8
2
2.00 1013 W/m2 (30.0 km )
3
= 1.51 mW
29 A small private plane approaching an airport is flying at an altitude of
2.50 km above sea level. As a flight controller at the airport, you know your
sin 2
I (r , ) = C 2
r
dP = IdA
and
Ptot = I (r , ) dA
(1)
Ptot =
I (r , ) r
sin d d
0 0
Ptot = C sin 3 d d
0 0
3
2
sin d = 13 cos sin + 2
)]
4
4
8
2
Ptot = C d = C [ ] 0 =
C
3 0
3
3
C=
3Ptot sin 2
I (r , ) =
8 r 2
3
Ptot
8
4
3
2852 Chapter 30
At the elevation of the plane:
4000 m
= 58.0
2500 m
= tan 1
and
r=
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate I(4717 m, 58):
= 4717 m
I=
Erms Brms
Erms = 0 cI
(4 10
Brms =
Erms
c
Brms =
194 V/m
= 647 nT
2.998 10 8 m/s
31
[SSM] The amplitude of an electromagnetic waves electric field is
400 V/m. Find the waves (a) rms electric field strength, (b) rms magnetic field
strength, (c) intensity and (d) radiation pressure (Pr).
Erms =
E0
2
400 V/m
= 282.8 V/m
2
= 283 V/m
Brms =
E rms
282.8 V/m
=
c
2.998 10 8 m/s
= 0.9434 T = 943 nT
I=
I=
Erms Brms
Pr =
I
c
Pr =
212.3 W/m 2
= 708 nPa
2.998 108 m/s
32
The rms value of an electromagnetic waves electric field strength is
400 V/m. Find the waves (a) rms magnetic field strength, (b) average energy
density, and (c) intensity.
Picture the Problem Given Erms, we can find Brms using Brms = Erms/c. The
average energy density of the wave is given by uav = ErmsBrms/0c and the intensity
of the wave by I = uavc .
B
Brms =
Erms
c
2854 Chapter 30
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate Brms:
Brms =
400 V/m
= 1.334 T
2.998 10 8 m/s
= 1.33 T
uav =
u av =
Erms Brms
0c
(4 10
)(
I = uavc
)(
= 425 W/m 2
33
(a) An electromagnetic wave that has an intensity equal to 200 W/m2
is normal to a black 20 cm by 30 cm rectangular card absorbs 100 percent of the
wave. Find the force exerted on the card by the radiation. (b) Find the force
exerted by the same wave if the card reflects 100 percent of the wave.
Picture the Problem We can find the force exerted on the card using the
definition of pressure and the relationship between radiation pressure and the
intensity of the electromagnetic wave. Note that, when the card reflects all the
radiation incident on it, conservation of momentum requires that the force is
doubled.
Fr = Pr A
Pr =
I
c
Fr =
IA
c
Fr
= 40 nN
(b) If the card reflects all of the
radiation incident on it, the force
exerted on the card is doubled:
Fr = 80 nN
34
Find the force exerted by the electromagnetic wave on the card in Part
(b) of Problem 33 if both the incident and reflected rays are at angles of 30 to the
normal.
Picture the Problem Only the normal component of the radiation pressure exerts
a force on the card.
Fr = 2 Pr A cos
where the factor of 2 is a consequence
of the fact that the card reflects the
radiation incident on it.
Pr =
I
c
Fr =
2 IA cos
c
I ( ) = I 0 sin 2
(1)
2856 Chapter 30
For I = 12 I 0 :
1
2
= sin 1
I 0 = I 0 sin 2 sin 2 =
( )=
45
1
2
1
2
36
A laser pulse has an energy of 20.0 J and a beam radius of 2.00 mm.
The pulse duration is 10.0 ns and the energy density is uniformly distributed
within the pulse. (a) What is the spatial length of the pulse? (b) What is the
energy density within the pulse? (c) Find the rms values of the electric and
magnetic fields in the pulse.
Picture the Problem The spatial length L of the pulse is the product of its speed c
and duration t. We can find the energy density within the pulse using its
definition (u = U/V). The electric amplitude of the pulse is related to the energy
density in the beam according to u =0 E 2 and we can find B from E using
B = E/c.
(a) The spatial length L of the pulse
is the product of its speed c and
duration t:
L = ct
u=
U
U
=
V r2L
u=
20.0 J
(2.00 mm)2 (2.998 m )
= 3.00 m
2
u = 0 E rms
E rms =
E rms =
530.9 kJ/m 3
8.854 10 12 C 2 / N m 2
Brms =
244.9 MV/m
= 0.817 T
2.998 10 8 m/s
37
[SSM] An electromagnetic plane wave has an electric field that is
parallel to the y axis, and has a Poynting vector that is given by
r
S ( x, t ) = 100 W/m 2 cos 2 [kx t ] i , where x is in meters, k = 10.0 rad/m,
= 3.00 109 rad/s, and t is in seconds. (a) What is the direction of propagation
of the wave? (b) Find the wavelength and frequency of the wave. (c) Find the
electric and magnetic fields of the wave as functions of x and t.
Picture the Problem We can determine the direction of propagation of the wave,
its wavelength, and its frequency by examining the argument of the cosine
r
function. We can find E from S = E 2 0 c and B from B = E/c. Finally, we can
r
use the definition of the Poynting vector and the given expression for S to find
r
r
E and B .
(a) Because the argument of the cosine function is of the form kx t , the wave
propagates in the +x direction.
2
k=
= 2f = 3.00 109 s 1
3.00 10 9 s 1
f =
= 477 MHz
2
r
(c) Express the magnitude of S in
terms of E:
= 10.0 m 1 = 0.628 m
r E2
r
S =
E = 0c S
0c
2858 Chapter 30
Substitute numerical values and evaluate E:
(4 10
E=
)(
Because
r
S ( x, t ) = 100 W/m 2 cos 2 [kx t ] i
r 1 r r
and S =
EB:
)(
r
E ( x, t ) = (194 V/m ) cos[kx t ] j
B=
r 1 r r
Because S =
E B , the direction
r
B ( x, t ) =
r
of B must be such that the cross
r
r
product of E with B is in the
positive x direction:
(647 nT )cos[kx t ] k
38
A parallel-plate capacitor is being charged. The capacitor consists of a
pair of identical circular parallel plates that have radius b and a separation
distance d. (a) Show that the displacement current in the capacitor gap has the
same value as the conduction current in the capacitor leads. (b) What is the
direction of the Poynting vector in the region between the capacitor plates?
(c) Find an expression for the Poynting vector in this region and show that its flux
into the region between the plates is equal to the rate of change of the energy
stored in the capacitor.
Picture the Problem We can use the expression for the electric field strength
between the plates of the parallel-plate capacitor and the definition of the
displacement current to show that the displacement current in the capacitor is
equal to the conduction current in the capacitor leads. In (b) we can use the
definition of the Poynting vector and the directions of the electric and magnetic
fields to determine the direction of the Poynting vector between the capacitor
r
plates. In (c), well demonstrate that the flux of S into the region between the
plates is equal to the rate of change of the energy stored in the capacitor by
evaluating these quantities separately and showing that they are equal.
I d =0
de
d
dE
=0 ( AE ) =0 A
dt
dt
dt
E=
Q
0 A
d Q
dQ
=
= I
dt 0 A dt
r
r
(b) Because E is perpendicular to the plates of the capacitor and B is tangent to
circles that are concentric and whose center is through the middle of the capacitor
r
plates, S points radially inward toward the center of the capacitor.
r 1 r r
S=
EB
r
Letting the direction of E be the +x
direction:
(1)
r
E = Ei
where E is the electric field strength
between the plates of the capacitor.
B(2 R ) = 0 I d
de
d
= 0 0 EA
dt
dt
dE
= 0 0 R 2
dt
B(2R ) = 0 0
B=
0 0
2
dE
dt
and
r
dE
B= 0 0 R
j
2
dt
where j is a unit vector that is tangent
to the concentric circles.
2860 Chapter 30
r
r
Substitute for B and E in equation
(1) and simplify to obtain:
r
E
r
B
y
r
S
Because E =
r 1 dE
S = E i 0 0 R
j
dt
0
E dE
= 0
R i j
2 dt
E dE
= 0
RR
2 dt
where R b, E is the electric field
strength between the plates, R is the
radial distance from the line joining the
centers of the plates, R is a unit vector
pointing radially outward from the line
joining the centers of the plates, and b
is the radius of the plates.
Q
:
0 A
dU d
d
= (uV ) = V
0 E 2
dt dt
dt
dE
= Ad 0 E
dt
Because
Q d Q
dU
= Ad 0
dt
0 A dt 0 A
=
Qd dQ Qd
=
I
0 A dt 0 A
S dA = S (2 bd )
n
dE
= 12 0 Eb
(2 bd )
dt
dE
= 0 Eb 2 d
dt
Q 2 d Q
b d
dt 0 A
0 A
2
Q b d dQ Qd
= 2
=
I
b 0 A dt 0 A
S dA =
n
r
S
dA
=
dU
dt
S
,
weve
proved
that
the
flux
of
into the region
n
between the capacitor is equal to the rate of change of the energy stored in the
capacitor.
Uf is given by:
Substitute for Uf:
L cos
m
h
Ug = 0
K f Ki + U f U i = 0
pi2
,
or, because Ui = Kf = 0 and K i =
2m
p2
i + Uf = 0
2m
pi2
+ mgL(1 cos ) = 0
2m
= cos 1 1
pi2
2m 2 gL
2862 Chapter 30
Use conservation of momentum to
relate the momentum of the
electromagnetic pulse to the initial
momentum pi of the pendulum bob:
U P t
=
= pi
c
c
where t is the duration of the pulse.
pem wave =
P 2 (t )
= cos 1 1 2 2
2m c gL
Substitute numerical values and evaluate :
2
2
(
1000 MW ) (200 ns )
= cos 1
2
2
8
2
2(10.0 mg ) 2.998 10 m/s 9.81 m/s (0.0400 m )
1
)(
P=
15 W
= 1.5 10 5 W
1.0 10 4
Fr
A
where Fr is the force due to radiation
pressure and A is the area of the mirror
on which the radiation is incident.
2I 2P
=
c
Ac
where P is the power of the laser and
the factor of 2 is due to the fact that the
mirror is essentially totally reflecting.
Fr 2 P
2P
Fr =
=
A Ac
c
2 1.5 105 W
Fr =
= 1.0 mN
2.998 108 m/s
Pr =
Pr =
41
[SSM] (a) Estimate the force on Earth due to the pressure of the
radiation on Earth by the Sun, and compare this force to the gravitational force of
the Sun on Earth. (At Earths orbit, the intensity of sunlight is 1.37 kW/m2.)
(b). Repeat Part (a) for Mars which is at an average distance of 2.28 108 km
from the Sun and has a radius of 3.40 103 km. (c) Which planet has the larger
ratio of radiation pressure to gravitational attraction.
Picture the Problem We can find the radiation pressure force from the definition
of pressure and the relationship between the radiation pressure and the intensity of
the radiation from the Sun. We can use Newtons law of gravitation to find the
gravitational force the Sun exerts on Earth and Mars.
Pr, Earth =
Fr, Earth
Pr, Earth =
I
c
Fr, Earth
I R 2
=
c
2864 Chapter 30
Substitute numerical values and
evaluate Fr:
Fr, Earth =
2.998 10 8 m/s
= 5.825 108 N
= 5.83 108 N
Gmsun mearth
r2
where r is the radius of Earths orbit.
Fg, Earth =
(6.673 10
11
)(
)(
N m 2 / kg 2 1.99 10 30 kg 5.98 10 24 kg
(1.50 10
11
Fr, Earth
) = 3.529 10
22
5.825 10 8 N
= 1.65 10 14
22
3.529 10 N
Fg, Earth
or
Fr, Earth = (1.65 10 14 )Fg, Earth
Pr, Mars =
Fr, Mars
Pr, Mars =
I Mars
c
Fr, Mars
2
I Mars RMars
=
c
I Mars rearth
=
I earth rMars
Fr, Mars
r
I Mars = I earth earth
rMars
2
I earth RMars
=
c
rearth
rMars
=
8
11
2.998 10 m/s
2.28 10 m
2
Fr, Mars
(6.673 10
11
)(
(2.28 10
11
= 1.68 10 21 N
Fr, Mars
Fg, Mars
or
Fr, Mars =
7.18 10 7 N
= 4.27 10 14
21
1.68 10 N
(4.27 10 )F
14
g, Mars
(c) Because the ratio of the radiation pressure force to the gravitational force is
1.65 1014 for Earth and 4.27 1014 for Mars, Mars has the larger ratio. The
reason that the ratio is higher for Mars is that the dependence of the radiation
pressure on the distance from the Sun is the same for both forces (r2), whereas
the dependence on the radii of the planets is different. Radiation pressure varies as
R2, whereas the gravitational force varies as R3 (assuming that the two planets
have the same density, an assumption that is nearly true). Consequently, the ratio
of the forces goes as R 2 / R 3 = R 1 . Because Mars is smaller than Earth, the ratio
is larger.
2866 Chapter 30
Differentiate E y = E0 sin (kx t )
E y
[E0 sin(kx t )]
x
x
= kE0 cos(kx t )
with respect to x:
2Ey
E y
2Ey
2 Ey
(1)
[E0 sin(kx t )]
t
t
= E0 cos(kx t )
with respect to t:
43
[kE0 cos(kx t )]
x
= k 2 E0 sin( kx t )
=
[ E0 cos(kx t )] (2)
t
= 2 E 0 sin( kx t )
=
2
2
x 2 = k E0 sin (kx t ) = k
2 E y 2 E0 sin (kx t ) 2
t 2
or
2
2Ey k 2 2 Ey
1 Ey
= 2
= 2
t 2
c t 2
x 2
provided c = /k.
c=
(4 10
N/A
)(8.854 10
12
C / Nm
2
44
E z ( x2 ) = E z ( x1 ) +
r
Evaluate the line integral of E
around the rectangular area xz:
E dl
B dA = B xz
r r
E
d l t S Bn dA = t (By xz )
B y
=
xz
t
B
E
z xz = y xz
x
t
or
E z B y
=
x
t
E z
xz
x
(1)
r r
B
d l = 0 0
En dA
= 0 0
E z
x x
E z
t
B y
=
x t
or
B
2 Ez
= y
2
t x
x
2868 Chapter 30
Use the second result obtained in (a)
to obtain:
E z
2 Ez
2 Ez
=
=
0 0
0
0
t
t
t2
x 2
or, because 00 = 1/c2,
1 2 Ez
2 Ez
.
=
c2 t 2
x 2
B y
x x
or
2 By
x
Use the first result obtained in (a) to
obtain:
E z
= 0 0
x t
= 0 0
Ez
t x
2 By
=
0
0
t2
x 2
= 0 0
B y
t t
45
[SSM] Show that any function of the form y(x, t) = f(x vt) or
y(x, t) = g(x + vt) satisfies the wave Equation 30-7
Picture the Problem We can show that these functions satisfy the wave
equations by differentiating them twice (using the chain rule) with respect to x
and t and equating the expressions for the second partial of f with respect to u.
f u f f
=
=
x x u u
and
f u f
f
=
= v
t
t u
u
2
2 f 2 f
2 f
2 f
=
=
v
and
x2 u 2
t2
u2
2f
x2
1
2 f
1 2 f
=
=
x2 v2 t 2
v2
2f
t2
f u f f
=
=
x x u u
and
f u f
f
=
=v
t
t u
u
2
2 f 2 f
2 f
2 f
=
=v
and
x2 u 2
t2
u2
2f
x2
1
2 f
1 2 f
=
=
x2 v2 t 2
v2
2f
t2
General Problems
46
An electromagnetic wave has a frequency of 100 MHz and is traveling
r
in a vacuum. The magnetic field is given by B (z, t ) = 1.00 10 8 T cos(kz t )i .
(a) Find the wavelength and the direction of propagation of this wave. (b) Find
r
the electric field vector E (z, t ) . (c) Determine the Poynting vector, and use it to
find the intensity of this wave.
c
f
From the sign of the argument of the cosine function and the spatial dependence
on z, we can conclude that the wave propagates in the +z direction.
2870 Chapter 30
r
(b) Express the amplitude of E :
)(
and
k=
2
= 2.09 m 1
3.00 m
r
r
Because S is in the positive z direction, E must be in the negative y direction in
order to satisfy the Poynting vector expression:
[(
)]
r
E (z , t ) = (3.00 V/m ) cos 2.09 m 1 z 6.28 108 s 1 t j
) (
(c) Use its definition to express and evaluate the Poynting vector:
r
1 r r (3.00 V/m) 108 T
S (z , t ) =
EB =
cos 2 2.09 m 1 z 6.28 108 s 1 t j i
7
2
0
4 10 N/A
or
[(
[(
) ](
) (
)]
r
S (z , t ) = 23.9 mW/m 2 cos 2 2.09 m 1 z 6.28 108 s 1 t k
) (
r
I=S=
1
2
(23.9 mW/m )
2
= 11.9 mW/m 2
47
[SSM] A circular loop of wire can be used to detect electromagnetic
waves. Suppose the signal strength from a 100-MHz FM radio station 100 km
distant is 4.0 W/m2, and suppose the signal is vertically polarized. What is the
maximum rms voltage induced in your antenna, assuming your antenna is a
10.0-cm-radius loop?
Picture the Problem We can use Faradays law to show that the maximum rms
voltage induced in the loop is given by rms = AB0 2 , where A is the area of
the loop, B0 is the amplitude of the magnetic field, and is the angular frequency
of the wave. Relating the intensity of the radiation to B0 will allow us to express
rms as a function of the intensity.
B
= d m
d r
d
B An = (BA)
dt
dt
dt
dB
d
= A
= R 2 (B0 sin t )
dt
dt
2
= R B0 cos t = peak cos t
where
peak
rms =
square root of 2:
The intensity of the signal is given
by:
peak
R 2B0
=
2
2
(1)
E 0 B0
2 0
or, because E 0 = cB0 ,
I=
cB0 B0 B02 c
I=
=
2 0
2 0
Solving for B0 yields:
2 0 I
c
B0 =
rms =
R 2 (2f )
2 0 I
c
= 2 2 R 2 f
0 I
c
2.998 10 m/s
2.6 mV
48
The electric field strength from a radio station some distance from the
electric dipole transmitting antenna is given by
1.00 104 N/C cos 1.00 106 rad/s t , where t is in seconds. (a) What peak
voltage is picked up on a 50.0-cm long wire oriented parallel with the electric
field direction? (b) What is the maximum voltage that can be induced by this
electromagnetic wave in a conducting loop of radius 20.0 cm? What orientation of
the loop does this require?
) (
2872 Chapter 30
Picture the Problem The voltage induced in the piece of wire is the product of
the electric field and the length of the wire. The maximum rms voltage induced in
the loop is given by = AB0 , where A is the area of the loop, B0 is the
B
amplitude of the magnetic field, and is the angular frequency of the wave.
(a) Because E is independent of x:
V = El
where l is the length of the wire.
[(
= B0 A
where A is the area of the loop and B0 is
the amplitude of the magnetic field.
B
= E0 R
= (1.00 10
)(
The loop antenna should be oriented so the transmitting antenna lies in the plane
of the loop.
49 A parallel-plate capacitor has circular plates of radius a that are
separated by a distance d. In the gap between the two plates is a thin straight wire
of resistance R that connects the centers of the two plates. A time-varying voltage
given by V0 sin t is applied across the plates. (a) What is the current drawn by
this capacitor? (b) What is the magnetic field as a function of the radial distance r
from the centerline within the capacitor plates? (c) What is the phase angle
between the current drawn by the capacitor and the applied voltage?
Picture the Problem Some of the charge entering the capacitor passes through
the resistive wire while the rest of it accumulates on the upper plate. The total
current is the rate at which the charge passes through the resistive wire plus the
rate at which it accumulates on the upper plate. The magnetic field between the
capacitor plates is due to both the current in the resistive wire and the
displacement current though a surface bounded by a circle a distance r from the
I = Ic +
Ic =
dQ
dt
(1)
V V0
=
sin t
R R
dQ
dV
=C
= CV 0 cos t
dt
dt
I=
C=
V0
sin t + CV0 cos t
R
(2)
0 A 0 a 2
d
0 a 2
I = V0 sin t +
cos t
d
R
2874 Chapter 30
(b) Apply the generalized form of
Amperes law to a circular path of
radius r centered within the plates of
the capacitor, where I'd is the
r r
B
d l = 0 (I c + I'd )
C
B(2 r ) = 0 (I c + I'd )
(3)
d e
d
= 0 ( A'E )
dt
dt
dE
dE
= 0 A'
= 0 r 2
dt
dt
provided (r a )
E = 0 , where = Q A = Q a 2
I' d = 0
so
E=
0 a 2
dE
d V
=0 r 2
dt d
dt
r 2 dV 0 r 2 d
(V0 sin t )
= 0
=
d
dt
d
dt
0 r 2
=
V0 cos t
d
I'd =0 r 2
Solving for B in equation (3) and substituting for Ic and I'd yields:
B(r ) =
0 (I c + I'd ) 0 V0
r2
sin t + 0
=
V0 cos t
d
2 r
2 r R
0V0 1
0 r 2
=
sin t +
cos t
d
2 r R
I = Ic + Id
or
I max sin (t + ) = I c, max sin t
+ I d, max cos t
I c, max =
V0
R
and
I d, max =
0 a 2V0
d
I c, max
r
Ic
I d,max
I max
r
Id
r
I
tan =
=
r
V
I d,max
I c,max
V0
0 a 2
d
V0 R
R 0 a 2
d
so
R 0 a 2
= tan 1
Remarks: The capacitor and the resistive wire are connected in parallel.
The potential difference across each of them is the applied voltage V0 sin t.
50
A 20-kW beam of electromagnetic radiation is normal to a surface that
reflects 50 percent of the radiation. What is the force exerted by the radiation on
this surface?
2876 Chapter 30
Picture the Problem The total force on the surface is the sum of the force due to
the reflected radiation and the force due to the absorbed radiation. From the
conservation of momentum, the force due to the 10 kW that are reflected is twice
the force due to the 10 kW that are absorbed.
Ftot = Fr + Fa
Ftot =
2( 12 P ) 12 P 3P
+
=
c
c
2c
Ftot =
3(20 kW )
= 0.10 mN
2(2.998 108 m/s )
51
[SSM] The electric fields of two
r harmonic electromagnetic waves of
angular frequency 1 and 2 are given by E1 = E1,0 cos(k1x 1t )j and
r
by E2 = E2 ,0 cos(k2 x 2 t + )j . For the resultant of these two waves, find (a) the
instantaneous Poynting vector and (b) the time-averaged Poynting vector.
(c) Repeat Parts (a)
r and (b) if the direction of propagation of the second wave is
reversed so that E2 = E2 ,0 cos(k2 x + 2t + )j
Picture the Problem We can use the definition of the Poynting vector and the
r
r
relationship between B and E to find the instantaneous Poynting vectors for each
of the resultant wave motions and the fact that the time average of the cross
product term is zero for 1 2, and for the square of cosine function to find
the time-averaged Poynting vectors.
r
r r
E B = 0 Si B = Bk
B=
1
(E1 + E2 )
c
1
(E1,0 cos(k1 x 1t ) + E2,0 cos(k 2 x 2t + ))k
c
(E
0c
2
cos(k1 x 1t ) + E 2, 0 cos(k 2 x 2 t + )) j k
1, 0
1
= 0c
[E
2
1, 0
r
S av =
[E
2 c
1
2
1, 0
+ E22,0 i
r
(c) In this case B2 = Bk because the wave with k = k2 propagates in the
i direction. The magnetic field is then:
r
1
B ( x, t ) = [E1, 0 cos (k1 x 1t ) E 2, 0 cos(k 2 x + 2 t + )]k
c
The instantaneous Poynting vector for the resultant wave motion is given by:
r
1
(E1,0 cos(k1 x 1t ) + E2,0 cos(k 2 x 2t + )) j
S ( x, t ) =
1
(E1,0 cos(k1 x 1t ) E2,0 cos(k 2 x + 2t + ))k
c
[E
c
1
2
1, 0
r
S av =
[E
2 c
1
2
1, 0
E22, 0 i
Bz
E
= o 0 n (Equation 30-10) follows from
x
t
r r
E y
CB d l = 0 0 S t dA (Equation 30-6d with I = 0) by integrating along a
52
Show that
2878 Chapter 30
suitable curve C and over a suitable surface S in a manner that parallels the
derivation of Equation 30-9.
Picture the Problem Well choose the
curve with sides x and z in the xy
plane shown in the diagram and apply
Equation 30-6d to show that
Ey
Bz
= 0 0
.
x
t
Because x is very small, we can
approximate the difference in Bz
at the points x1 and x2 by:
Bz ( x2 ) Bz ( x1 ) = B
Then:
B dl
E y
t
Bz
x
x
xz
E y
Bz
xz = 0 0
xz
x
t
or
E y
Bz
= 0 0
t
x
En dA = E y xy
53
For your backpacking excursions, you have purchased a radio capable
of detecting a signal as weak as 1.00 1014 W/m2. This radio has a 2000-turn
coil antenna that has a radius of 1.00 cm wound on an iron core that increases the
magnetic field by a factor of 200. The broadcast frequency of the radio station is
1400 kHz. (a) What is the peak magnetic field strength of an electromagnetic
wave of this minimum intensity? (b) What is the peak emf that it is capable of
inducing in the antenna? (c) What would be the peak emf induced in a straight
2.00-m long metal wire oriented parallel to the direction of the electric field?
Picture the Problem We can use the relationship between the average value of
the Poynting vector (the intensity), E0, and B0 to find B0. The application of
Faradays law will allow us to find the emf induced in the antenna. The emf
induced in a 2.00-m wire oriented in the direction of the electric field can be
found using = El and the relationship between E and B.
B
S av = I =
E0 B0 cB02
20 I
=
B0 =
20
2 0
c
B0 =
)(
where
Substitute numerical values and evaluate
peak = NK m AB0
peak :
101 mV
= El
E = cB = cB0 sin t
Relate E to B:
5.49 V
54
The intensity of the sunlight striking Earths upper atmosphere is
1.37 kW/m2. (a) Find the rms values of the magnetic and electric fields of this
light. (b) Find the average power output of the Sun. (c) Find the intensity and the
radiation pressure at the surface of the Sun.
Picture the Problem We can use I = ErmsBrms/0 and Brms = Erms/c to express Erms
in terms of I. We can then use Brms = Erms/c to find Brms. The average power output
B
2880 Chapter 30
of the Sun is given by Pav = 4R 2 I where R is the Earth-Sun distance. The
intensity and the radiation pressure at the surface of the sun can be found from the
definitions of these physical quantities.
(a) The intensity of the radiation
is given by:
Erms Brms
I=
2
Erms
Erms = c 0 I
c0
Erms =
(2.998 10
)(
)(
= 718 V/m
Use Brms = E rms c to evaluate Brms :
Brms =
718.4 V/m
= 2.40 T
2.998 10 8 m/s
Pav = 4 R 2 I
where R is the earth-sun distance.
= 3.874 10 26 W
= 3.87 10 26 W
Pav
4 r 2
I=
I=
3.874 10 26 W
4 6.96 108 m
= 6.363 10 7 W/m 2
= 6.36 10 7 W/m 2
Pr =
6.363 10 7 W/m 2
Pr =
= 0.212 Pa
2.998 108 m/s
I
c
show that the rate of energy flow into the conductor equals I2R, where R is the
resistance of the cylinder.
Picture the Problem A side view of the cylindrical conductor is shown in the
diagram. Let the current be to the right (in the +x direction) and choose a
coordinate system in which the +y direction is radially outward from the axis of
the conductor. Then the +z direction is tangent to cylindrical surfaces that are
concentric with the axis of the conductor (out of the plane of the diagram at the
location indicated in the diagram). We can use Ohms law to relate the electric
field strength E in the conductor to I, , and a and Amperes law to find the
r
r
magnetic field strength B just outside the conductor. Knowing E and B we can
r
find S and, using its normal component, show that the rate of energy flow into the
conductor equals I2R, where R is the resistance.
y
r
B
r
E
x
I
r
Because E is in the same direction
as I:
IL
I
=
L = EL
A
a2
I
.
where E =
a2
V = IR =
r
E=
I
i where i is a unit vector
a2
B d l = B(2 a ) = I
C
0 enclosed
= 0 I
2882 Chapter 30
0 I
2 a
B=
0 I
where is a unit vector
2 a
perpendicular to i and tangent to the
r
B=
r 1 r r
S=
EB
r 1 I 0 I
i
k
S=
0 a 2 2 a
I 2
= 2 3 j
2 a
r
I 2
S = 2 3 r where r is a unit
2 a
vector directed radially outward away
from the axis of the conducting
cylinder.
S dA =S (2 aL)
Sn dA =
Because R =
L
A
L
:
a 2
S dA =
n
I 2
I 2 L
(
)
2
=
aL
a2
2 2 a 3
I 2R
S dA into the region inside the solenoid, and show that this flux equals
n
of the current in the windings of the solenoid. We can use the results of (a) to find
r
the Poynting vector S at the cylindrical surface r = R just inside the solenoid
windings. In Part (c) well use the definition of flux and the expression for the
r
magnetic energy in a given region to show that the flux of S into the solenoid
equals the rate of increase of the magnetic energy inside the solenoid.
y
r
E
r
B
r
I
Axis of the
solenoid
E d l = E (2 r ) =
E=
1 d m
2 r dt
d m
dt
(1)
2884 Chapter 30
Express the magnetic field strength
inside a long solenoid:
B = n 0 I = n0 at
m = BA = n 0 at r 2
E=
n a r
d
n 0 at r 2 = 0
2 r dt
2
1
r
E = 12 n 0 a r
where is a unit vector that is tangent
to the circles that are concentric with
the axis of the solenoid.
r
(b) Express S at r = R:
r 1 r r
S=
EB
r
The magnitude of B is given by:
B = n 0 I = n 0 at
r
B = (n 0 at ) k
r
r
Substitute for E and B in equation
(2) and simplify to obtain:
r 1 n 0 a r
S=
i ( n 0 at ) k
2
0
(2)
n 2 0 a 2 Rt
=
j
2
r r
Because E B is a vector that
points toward the axis of the
r
solenoid, we can also write S as:
r
S = 12 n 2 0 a 2 Rtr
where r is a unit vector that points
radially outwardaway from the axis
of the solenoid.
n 2 0 a 2 Rt
Sn dA =2 RLS = 2 RL 2
= n 2 0 R 2 La 2t
U B = u mV =
B2
R2L
20
(
0 nat )2
( R 2 L )
=
20
Evaluate dUB/dt:
B
n 2 0 R 2 La 2t 2
2
dU B d n 2 0 R 2 La 2 t 2
=
dt
dt
2
= n 2 0 R 2 La 2 t = S n dA
Fr Fg = 0
or, since Fr = PrA and Fg = mg,
GM s m
(1)
Pr A
=0
R2
Pr =
I=
I
c
P
4 R 2
2886 Chapter 30
Substitute for I to obtain:
Pr =
P
4 R 2 c
3
4
P
2
3 r GM s
r
=0
R2
4 R 2c
r=
3P
16 c GM s
r=
16 1.00 g/cm
3 3.83 10 26 W
2.998 108 m/s 6.673 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2 1.99 1030 kg
)(
)(
)(
= 574 nm
(b) Because both the gravitational and radiation pressure forces decrease as the
square of the distance from the Sun, it is then a comparison of grain mass to grain
area. Since mass is proportional to volume and thus varies with the cube of the
radius, the larger grains have more mass and thus experience a stronger
gravitational than radiation-pressure force. The critical radius is an upper limit
and so particles smaller than that radius will be blown out.
58 When an electromagnetic wave at normal incidence on a perfectly
conducting surface is reflected, the electric field of the reflected wave at the
reflecting surface is equal and opposite to the electric field of the incident wave at
the reflecting surface. (a) Explain why this assertion is valid. (b) Show that the
superposition of incident and reflected waves results in a standing wave. (c) Are
the magnetic fields of the incident waves and reflected waves at the reflecting
surface equal and opposite as well? Explain your answer.
Picture the Problem
r
(a) At a perfectly conducting surface E = 0 . Therefore, the sum of the electric
r
r
fields of the incident and reflected wave must add to zero, and so E i = E r .
Ei = E 0 y cos(t kx )
and
E r = E 0 y cos(t + kx )
r
r
r r
(c) Because E B = 0 S and S is in the direction of propagation of the wave, we
r
see that for the incident wave Bi = Bz cos(t kx) . Since both S and Ey are
reversed for the reflected wave Br = Bz cos(t + kx) . So the magnetic field vectors
are in the direction at the reflecting surface and add at that surface.
r
r
Hence B = 2 Br .
59 [SSM] An intense point source of light radiates 1.00 MW
isotropically (uniformly in all directions). The source is located 1.00 m above an
infinite, perfectly reflecting plane. Determine the force that the radiation pressure
exerts on the plane.
Picture the Problem Let the point source be a distance a above the plane.
Consider a ring of radius r and thickness dr in the plane and centered at the point
directly below the light source. Express the force on this elemental ring and
integrate the resulting expression to obtain F.
P
4 r + a 2
dF =
P rdr
c r 2 + a2
Pardr
(
(
c r 2 + a2
a
r + a2
2
32
F=
Pa
rdr
2
c 0 (r + a 2 )3 2
2888 Chapter 30
From integral tables:
(r
0
rdr
2
+ a2
32
1
=
=
2
2
r + a 0 a
1
Substitute to obtain:
F=
Pa 1 P
=
c a c
F=
1.00 MW
= 3.34 mN
2.998 10 8 m/s