DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University , Chennai 600 025)
(NBA Accredited and ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)

PERAMBALUR - 621 212.

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

AE 6311

Thermodynamics Laboratory
MANUAL NOTE BOOK

Name

:.

Reg. No.

:.

Semester

:.

Academic Year

:.

CONTENTS
Sl. No.

Date

Name of the Experiment

Page

Marks

Sign

Completed / Not Completed

Average
Marks
Signature of Staff in Charge

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

EXPERIMENTS

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 1

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Description
S. No.
Events

Before TDC/BDC
After TDC/BDC

Angle in degree

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 2

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Exercise No: 01
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Date:

AIM
To study the salient points of operation and to draw the valve timing diagram
for a four stroke engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tape
Chalk
Spanner
Screw driver
Diesel engine

Marking BDC and TDC position

The flywheel is made to rotate slowly in the direction of rotation. When the
bottom edge of the piston coincides with the bottom edge of the cylinder, make a mark
on the flywheel rim against pointer. Further rotate the crank in the same direction, now
the piston will come out of the cylinder edge and again it moves towards the top end.
The bottom edge of the piston will again coincide with the bottom edge of the cylinder.
Make a mark on flywheel rim against pointer. Find the center position of these two
points, which represents the bottom dead center (BDC) position of the piston.
Measure the circumference of the flywheel from BDC position. Mark out half
the circumference of the flywheel. This point represents Top Dead Center (TDC)
position of the piston.

Inlet valve opening and closing position

The flywheel is rotated slowly in the direction of rotation and a point is marked
on the flywheel, when the rocker arm of the inlet valve just touches the valve. The point
represents the inlet valve opening position. This can be determined by inserting a paper
and feeling grip. Another point is marked in the flywheel when the rocker arm of the
inlet valve becomes just free. This point represents the inlet valve closing position. This
can be determined by inserting a paper and its free movement.

Exhaust valve Opening and Closing

In the same manner two points are marked on the circumference of the flywheel
rim for exhaust valve opening and closing positions.
Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 3

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 4

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Measure the circumference of the flywheel marked on the rim of the flywheel
from the nearest dead centers and tabulate readings.

RESULT
Various points of four stroke diesel engine are studied and the valve-timing
diagram is drawn for the present set of values.

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 5

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE

Description
S. No.

Angle in degree
Events

Before TDC/BDC
After TDC/BDC

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 6

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Exercise No: 02
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
Date:

AIM
To draw the port timing diagram for a two stroke petrol engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. The engine model
2. Tape
3. Chalk etc.

DESCRIPTION
In the case of two stroke cycle engines the inlet and exhaust valves are not
present. Instead, the slots are cut on the cylinder itself at different elevation and they
are called ports. There are three ports are present in the two stroke cycle engine.
1. Inlet port
2. Transfer port
3. Exhaust port
The diagrams which show the position of crank at which the above ports are
open and closed are called as port timing diagram.
The extreme position of the piston at the bottom of the cylinder is called
Bottom Dead Center [BDC]. The extreme position of the piston at the top of the
cylinder is called Top Dead Center [TDC].
In two stroke petrol engine the inlet port open when the piston moves from
BDC to TDC and is closed when the piston moves from TDC to BDC.
The transfer port is opened when the piston is moves from TDC to BDC and the
fuel enters into the cylinder through this transport from the crank case of the engine.
The transfer port is closed when piston moves from BDC to TDC. The transfer port
opening and closing are measured with respect to the BDC.
The exhaust port is opened, when the piston moves from TDC to BDC and is
closed when piston moves from BDC to TDC. The exhaust port opening and closing
are measured with respect to the BDC.

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 7

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 8

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

PROCEDURE
Mark the direction of rotation of the flywheel (usually clockwise) looking from
the flywheel.
Mark the position of TDC and BDC on the flywheel rim.
Rotate the flywheel in clockwise direction and make on the flywheel rim when
the bottom position just uncover (open) the lowermost point of the suction port
during its upward movement. This mark is represented for suction port open.
Continue the rotation of the flywheel by hand, when pistons bottom edge
reached the lowermost point of the suction port, during its downward movement
make a mark on the flywheel rim to represent for suction port close.
If we rotate the flywheel further, the piston will reach BDC and begin to move
upward. When the piston crown just covers the transfer port, make a mark on
the flywheel rim, which gives transfer port close. If we rotate further, the piston
crown just covers the exhaust port, make a mark on the flywheel rim, which
gives exhaust port close.
Now again rotate the flywheel in the same direction make a mark on the
flywheel rim when the top edge of piston (piston crown) just uncover the
uppermost point of the exhaust port during downward movement. This mark is
represented for Exhaust port open.

RESULT
Various points of two stroke petrol engine are studied and the port-timing
diagram is drawn for the present set of values.
Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 9

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

TEST ON HEAT EXCHANGER-PARALLEL FLOW

Sl.no

Time for
Hot water
flow 4
litres (sec)

Temperature in C
T1
(Thi )

T2
(Tho )

T3
(Tci )

T4
(Tco )

Heat
transfer
Q
Watts

LMTD
C

Overall heat
transfer
co-efficient U
W/ m2 K

Effectiveness
E

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 10

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Exercise No: 03
TEST ON HEAT EXCHANGER-PARALLEL FLOW
Date:
AIM
To determine the effectiveness of the parallel flow heat exchanger.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Heat exchanger apparatus
2. Stop watch
3. Measuring flask
SPECIFICATIONS
Length of the heat exchanger
Inner copper tube
ID
OD
Outer GI tube
ID
Specific heat capacity of water Cp
Mass flow rate of hot water m

=
=
=
=
=
=

1800 mm
12
mm
15
mm
40
mm
4.178 KJ/Kg K
0.041667 Kg/sec

THEORY
Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to
another by conduction and convection. Common examples of the heat exchangers are
the radiator of a car, condenser at the back of domestic refrigerator etc. Heat
exchangers are classified mainly into three categories:
1. Transfer type
2. Storage type
3. Direct contact type
Transfer types of heat exchangers are most widely used. A transfer type of heat
exchanger is one in which both fluids pass simultaneously through the device and heat
is transferred through separating walls. Transfer type of exchangers are further
classified as
1. Parallel flow type
2. Counter flow type
3. Cross flow type
FORMULAE USED
Heat transfer rate

Qh

m x Cp x ( Thi Tho)

Logarithmic mean temperature difference

LMTD

Area of inner copper tube

(( Thi - Tci) - ( Tho - Tco))

Ln((Thi - Tci)/( Tho - Tco))

xdxl

m2

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 11

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

MODEL CALCULATION
Heat transfer rate

Qh

m x Cp x ( Thi Tho)

Watts

Logarithmic mean temperature difference

LMTD

(( Thi - Tci) - ( Tho - Tco))

Ln((Thi - Tci)/( Tho - Tco))

Area of inner copper tube

xdxl

=
m2

=
The overall heat transfer Co-efficient
U

Qh
( A x LMTD )

=
W/ m2 K

Effectiveness

Actual heat transfer

Maximum possible heat transfer

(Thi Tho)
( Thi - Tci)

=
Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 12

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

The overall heat transfer Co-efficient

Effectiveness

W/ m2 K

Qh
( A x LMTD )

Actual heat transfer __

Maximum possible heat transfer

(Thi Tho)
( Thi - Tci)

PROCEDURE
Connect water supply at the back of the unit. The inlet water flows through
geyser and inner pipe of the heat exchanger and flows out in only one direction.
Also the inlet water flows through the annulus gap of the heat exchanger and
flows out.
For parallel flow open valve V1,V3 and V5(Hot water)
Control the hot water flow approximately 2 lit. /min. and cold water flow
approximately 5 lit. /min.
Switch ON the geyser. Allow the apparatus to run for some times say
5-10 minutes to reach steady state.
Note temperature T1 and T2 (hot water inlet and outlet temperature
respectively).
Under parallel flow condition T3 is the cold water inlet temperature and T4 is the
cold water outlet temperature.
Note the temperature T3 and T4.
Note the time for 1 litre flow of hot and cold water. Calculate mass flow rate
Kg/sec.
Change the water flow rates and repeat the experiment.

RESULT
Thus, the heat transfer test in parallel flow heat exchanger was conducted and
the following values were determined.
LMTD

Heat transfer

Overall heat transfer =

Effectiveness

=
Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 13

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

TEST ON HEAT EXCHANGER-COUNTER FLOW

Sl.no

Time for
Hot water
flow 4
litres (sec)

Temperature in C
T1
(Thi )

T2
(Tho )

T3
(Tci )

T4
(Tco )

Heat
transfer
Q
Watts

LMTD
C

Overall heat
transfer
co-efficient U
W/ m2 K

Effectiveness
E

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 14

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Exercise No: 04
TEST ON HEAT EXCHANGER-COUNTER FLOW
Date:

AIM
To determine the effectiveness of the counter flow heat exchanger.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Heat exchanger apparatus
2. Stop watch
3. Measuring flask

SPECIFICATIONS
Length of the heat exchanger
Inner copper tube
ID
OD
Outer GI tube
ID
Specific heat capacity of water Cp
Mass flow rate of hot water m

=
=
=
=
=
=

1800 mm
12
mm
15
mm
40
mm
4.178 KJ/Kg K
0.041667 Kg/sec

DESCRIPTION
The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid i.e. hot
water is obtained from an electric geyser and flows through the inner tube. The cold
fluid i.e. cold water can be admitted at any one of the ends enabling the heat exchanger
to run as a parallel flow apparatus or a counter flow apparatus. This can be done by
operating the different valves provided. Temperatures of the fluids can be measured
using thermometers. Flow rate may be measured using stop clock and measuring flask.
The outer tube is provided with adequate asbestos rope insulation to minimize the heat
loss to the surroundings.

FORMULAE USED
Heat transfer rate

Qh

m x Cp x ( Thi Tho)

Logarithmic mean temperature difference

LMTD

Area of inner copper tube

(( Thi - Tco) - ( Tho - Tci))

Ln((Thi - Tco)/( Tho - Tci))

xdxl

m2

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 15

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

MODEL CALCULATION
Heat transfer rate

Qh

m x Cp x ( Thi Tho)

Watts

Logarithmic mean temperature difference

LMTD

(( Thi - Tco) - ( Tho - Tci))

Ln((Thi - Tco)/( Tho - Tci))

Area of inner copper tube

xdxl

=
m2

The overall heat transfer Co-efficient

U

Qh
( A x LMTD )

=
W/ m2 K

Effectiveness

Actual heat transfer

Maximum possible heat transfer

(Thi Tho)
( Thi - Tci)

=
Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 16

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

The overall heat transfer Co-efficient

Effectiveness

W/ m2 K

Qh
( A x LMTD )

Actual heat transfer __

Maximum possible heat transfer

(Thi Tho)
( Thi - Tci)

PROCEDURE
Connect water supply at the back of the unit. The inlet water flows through
geyser and inner pipe of the heat exchanger and flows out in only one direction.
Also the inlet water flows through the annulus gap of the heat exchanger and
flows out.
For counter flow open valve V2,V4 and V5(Hot water)
Control the hot water flow approximately 2lit. /min. and cold water flow
approximately 5 lit. /min.
Switch ON the geyser. Allow the apparatus to run for some times say
5-10 minutes to reach steady state.
Note temperature T1 and T2 (hot water inlet and outlet temperature
respectively).
Under counter flow condition T4 is the cold water inlet temperature and T3 is the
cold water outlet temperature.
Note the temperature T3 and T4.
Note the time for 1 litre flow of hot and cold water. Calculate mass flow rate
Kg/sec.
Change the water flow rates and repeat the experiment.

RESULT
Thus, the heat transfer test in counter flow heat exchanger was conducted and
the following values were determined.
LMTD

Heat transfer

Overall heat transfer =

Effectiveness

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 17

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

LAGGED PIPE

Sl. No.

Voltage Current
Volts

Amps

Heater temperature
T1

T2

T3

(C)

(C)

(C)

Average
temperature
(C)

Asbestos
temperature
T4
T5
T6
(C)

(C)

(C)

Average
temperature
(C)

Sawdust
temperature
T7
T8
(C)

(C)

Average
temperature
(C)

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 18

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Exercise No: 07
HEAT FLOW THROUGH LAGGED PIPE

Date:

AIM
To determine the heat transfer and thermal conductivity at the lagged pipe
apparatus.

DESCRIPTION
The insulation is defined as a material, which retards the heat flow with
reasonable effectiveness. Heat is transferred through insulation by conduction,
convection and radiation or by the combination of these three. There is no insulation
that is 100% effective to prevent the flow of heat under temperature gradient.
The apparatus consists of a rod heater with asbestos lagging. The assembly is
covered by MS pipe. Saw dust is filled between the asbestos lagging and MS pipe.
The set-up is shown in the figure. Let r1 be the radius of the heater, r2 be the
radius of the heater with asbestos lagging and r3 be the inner radius of the outer MS
pipe.
Now the heat flow through lagging materials is given by

K12L (dt)
ln (r2/r1)

or

K22L (dt)
ln (r3/r2)

dt
K1
K2
L

the temperature across the lagging

the thermal conductivity of asbestos lagging material
the thermal conductivity of saw dust
the length of the cylinder

Where,

Knowing the thermal conductivity of one lagging material the thermal

conductivity of the other insulating material can be found.

PROCEDURE
Switch on the unit and check if all channels of temperature indicator showing
proper temperature.
Switch on the heater using the regulator and keep the power input at some
particular value.
Allow the unit to stabilize for about 20 to 30 minutes.

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 19

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

MODEL CALCULATION

Average Temp. of heater

= T1+T2+T3
3
=

Average Temp. of asbestos

= T4+T5+T6
3
=

Average Temp. of Sawdust lagging

= T7+T8
2
=

The heat flow from the heater to

outer surface of asbestos lagging

= (K12l (dt) )
( ln (r2/r1) )

where,
K1 Thermal conductivity of asbestos Lagging
r1Radius of the heater
r2Radius of the asbestos lagging
r3radius of sawdust
lLength of the heater

=
=
=
=
=

0.1105 W/mC
10 mm
20 mm
40 mm
500 mm

Watts

The thermal conductivity of saw dust lagging can be determined by

Q

(K22l (dt) )
( ln (r3/r2) )

K2

W/mC

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 20

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Now note down the ammeter, voltmeter reading which gives the heat input.
Temperatures 1, 2 and 3 are the temperatures of heater rod, 4, 5 and 6 are the
temperatures on the asbestos layer; 7 and 8 are temperatures on the saw dust
lagging. The average temperature of each cylinder is taken for calculation.
The temperatures are measured by thermocouple (Fe/Ko) with multipoint digital
temperature indicator.
The experiment may be repeated for different heat inputs.

RESULT
Thus, the heat transfer and thermal conductivity of the lagged pipe apparatus
were determined
Q

Watts

K2

W/m C

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 21

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE WALLS

The temperatures are measured from bottommost plate to top plate in the order of T1 to T8 as per diagram.

Sl.No.

Voltage

Current

V (volts)

A (Amps)

Wood
Temp.
T1 (C)

Asbestos
Temp.
T2 (C)

Mild steel
Temp.
T3 (C)

Heater
Temp.
T4 (C)

Heater
Temp.
T5 (C)

Mild steel
Temp.
T6 (C)

Asbestos
Temp.
T7 (C)

Wood
Temp.
T8 (C)

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 22

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Exercise No: 08

HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE WALLS

Date:

AIM
To determine the heat transfers through various materials.
INTRODUCTION
When heat conduction takes place through two or more solid materials of
different thermal conductivity, the temperature drop across each material depends on
the resistance offered to heat conduction path and the thermal conductivity of each
material.
DESCRIPTION
The experimental set-up consists of test specimens made of different materials
aligned together on both sides of the heater unit. The first test disc is next to a
controlled heater. The temperatures at the interface between the heater and the disc is
measured by a thermocouple, similarly temperatures at the interface between discs are
measured. Similar arrangement is made to measure temperatures on the other side of
the heater. The whole set-up is kept in a convection free environment. The temperatures
are measured using thermocouples (Fe/ ko) with multi point digital temperature
indicator. A channel frame with a screw rod arrangement is provided for proper
aligning of the plates without air gap.
The apparatus uses known insulating of large area of heat transfer to enable
unidirectional heat flow. The apparatus is used mainly to study the resistance offered by
different slab materials and to establish the heat flow is similar to that of current flow in
an electrical circuit. However due to certain limitations of the experimental set-up of
this nature, such as air gap between the plates and heat flow through the sides of the
plates it is difficult to get theoretical results.
PROCEDURE
Turn the screw rod handle clockwise to tighten the plates.
Switch on the unit and then the regulator clockwise to provide any desired heat
input.
Note the ammeter and volt meter readings.
Wait still steady state temperatures are reached.
(The steady state condition is defined as when the temperatures gradient across the
plates does not change with time)
When steady state is reached, note temperatures and find the temperature
gradient across each slab.
The average temperature gradient between top and bottom slaps from the heater
are considered for calculations.
Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 23

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

MODEL CALCULATION

Total heat flow through plates

(T4+T5) - (T1+T8)
2
2
R

Heat flow through MS plate

Q1

Watts

(T4+T5) - (T3+T6)
2
2
R1

Heat flow through Asbestos plate

Q1

Q2

Watts

(T3+T6) - (T2+T7)
2
2
R2

Heat flow through Wooden plate

Q2

Q3

Watts

(T2+T7) - (T1+T8)
2
2
R3

Q3

Watts

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 24

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

FORMULAE USED

Total heat flow through plates

(T4+T5) - (T1+T8)
2
2
R

Heat flow through MS plate

Q1

(T4+T5) - (T3+T6)
2
2
R1

Heat flow through Asbestos plate

Q2

(T3+T6) - (T2+T7)
2
2
R2

(T2+T7) - (T1+T8)
2
2
R3

Heat flow through Wooden plate

Q3

Where,
R1
R2
R3

Resistance of mild steel

Resistance of asbestos
Resistance of wood

A
K
L

Area of the plate

Thermal conductivity of the material
Thickness of the plate

=
=
=

L1/AK1
L2/AK2
L3/AK3

Where,

Note:
Thermal conductivity of mild steel
Thickness of mild steel

=
=

72.7
10

Thermal conductivity of asbestos sheet

Thickness of asbestos sheet

=
=

0.069 w/mk
5
mm

Thermal conductivity of wood

Thickness of wood

=
=

0.052 w/mk
8
mm

Diameter of plates

300

(/4) x D2

0.070686

R1
R2
R3

=
=
=

0.001946
1.025153
2.176478

R1+R2+R3

3.2035764

Area of plates
Resistance of mild steel
Resistance of asbestos
Resistance of wood

Total resistance offered by the plates (R)

R

w/mk
mm

mm
m2

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 25

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 26

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur 621 212.

AUC R2013

RESULT
Thus, the heat transfers through various materials were determined.
Heat flow through MS plate

Q1

Watts

Heat flow through Asbestos plate

Q2

Watts

Heat flow through Wooden plate

Q3

Watts

Total heat flow through plates

Watts

Gurunath K AE 6311 Thermodynamics Laboratory | 27