Atom the smallest particle that makes all the matter.

Atoms

Atom consists of PROTONS (+), ELECTRONS (-) and

All elements have a

are made up of even smaller particles within them: protons and

NEUTRONS (no charge)

tendency to achieve a

neutrons situated in the nucleus and electrons circling around

Electrons are organised on SHELLS as follows:

stable electronic

the nucleus on the shells.

maximum of 2 on the first shell

configuration 8 electrons

Element a substance made of only one type of atom. There

maximum of 8 on the second shell

on the outermost energy

are about 100 naturally found elements and they are placed on

maximum of 8 on the third shell

level (shell), a structure of

the periodic table.

Every atom has a tendency to give, gain or share electrons in

a noble gas. They achieve

Compound a substance made up of different atoms chemically

order to achieve full outer shell (structure of the nearest noble

this by bonding.

joined together.

gas group 0/8).

Equations in chemistry are formed from reactions between

different substances and they are always balanced law of the
conservation of mass.

C1 1 Fundamental ideas
The number of protons = ATOMIC
NUMBER
The
number of protons = ATOMIC NUMBER
The
number
protons
and
neutrons
=
The
number
of of
protons
and
neutrons
= MASS
MASS NUMBER
NUMBER
Subatomic
particle
Proton

Mass
(AMU)
1

Relative
charge
+1

Location

Electron

1/1850

-1

shells

Neutron

nucleus

nucleus

The number of electrons in the last shell is the same as the group number of the
element; the number of shells gives us the number of periods for the element.
Three types of bonding:
IONIC = TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS (metals give away electrons becoming +
ions; non-metals receive electrons becoming - ions

When atoms from different elements react together they make compounds. Sometimes atoms react by
transfer of electrons forming IONIC COMPOUNDS and sometimes they react by sharing of electrons
forming COVALENT MOLECULES.
When metal bonds with a non-metal the metal atom becomes a positively charged ion by loss of electrons
and a non-metal atom becomes a negatively charged ion by gain of electrons. Opposite ions attract each
other and form ionic bonding.
Simple molecules are formed by covalent bonding between non-metals. The outermost shells of their
atoms overlap and share unpaired electrons.
The chemical formula tells us the ratio of each type of the atom involved in a compound: MgCl 2, CaCO3,
H2SO4, Al2(SO4)3.
Chemical equations show the ratios of reactants and products of reaction. They can be represented by
word and balanced symbol equations. There is the same number of each type of atom on each side of a
balanced symbol equation.

COVALENT = SHARING OF ELECTRONS

METALIC = a lattice of metal atoms arranged in regular layers