Zienkiewicz BasicFormulation PDF

A p p l i e d M a t h e m a t i c s and M e c h a n i c s
(English E d i t i o n , Vol.3, No.4, Aug.
P u b l i s h e d by g U S T Press,
Wuhan, C h i n a
1982)
BASIC F O R M U L A T I O N OF STATIC AND

D Y N A M I C B E H A V I O U R S OF SOIL AND O T H E R POROUS MEDIA*
O. C. Zienkiewicz
( D e p a r t m e n t of Civil E n g i n e e r i n g ,
U n i v e r s i t y of Wales. Swansea. U. K.
(Received N o v e m b e r
Abstract
i0,
1981)
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
ABSTRACT
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
This
paper shock
treatsin the
soil andproducts,
rock or and
concrete
two-phase
behavior of the
reflection
the explosive
applyingasthea small
parameter purof first-order
a solid approximate
skeleton and
an interstitial
fluid.
Un-of flying
terbationmedium
method,composed
an analytic,
solution
is obtained for the
problem
der the unsaturated condition of interstitial fluid, the third
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
phase is taken into consideration.
In this paper, we consider the
Final velocities
of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
constitutive relation, dynamic and kinematic relations, and also vaan analytic
formula
with two parameters
of highlimits
explosive
detonationincluding
velocity and
polytropic
rious
approximations
with their
of (i.e.
validity,
those
index) for
of the velocity
of flying plate
is established.
ofestimation
most practical
engineering
situations
such as the consolidation
problem and the undrained behaviour.
The finite element discretization and the time dependent solution of various classes of soil
1. Introduction
problem are also discussed.
t e n suse
o r in
n o tthe
a t istudy
o n for
o n v e n i - of
ExplosiveWedriven
its important
of cbehavior
NOTATION:
shallflying-plate
use t h r o utechnique
g h o u t a ffmds
'vectorial'
ence in under
s u b s eintense
q u e n t impulsive
finite e loading,
lement m
a n i p usynthesis
l a t i o n s .of diamonds,
Thus strain
and stress
in-and
materials
shock
and explosive
welding
c r e m e n tof
s metals.
are w r iThe
t t emethod
n as
cladding
of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
(dz)r=[de,.de,,de,.d~,,.d~,,,dY,,]
of common interest.
(d")r=[da,,dGy,d~,,dr,,,dr,,,dr,,]
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
and the ofe q
u i v a l ethe
n t problem
of K r o nof
e k emotion
r d e l tof
a flyor
is
approach
solving
is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow
field
of
detonation
products
behind
the
flyor (Fig. I):
mr=[1,l,l,O,O,O]
Symbols
occurring
are d e f i n e d
in text.
--ff
ap +u_~_xp+
Introduction
au
au
au
y1
=o,
=0,
The soil or i n d e e d any o t h e r p o r o u s m e d i u m

be c o n s i d e r e d
terstitial
terial
as
as a t w o - p h a s e
fluid.
(Fig.l).
certainly
occurs
maS
edium
acso m p o s e d
such as rock or concrete
of a "solid skeleton"
a--T
=o,
We shall be thus c o n c e r n e d
p =p(p, s),
in f o u n d a t i o n s of o f f s h o r e
shall
(i.0
and an in-
with the s a t u r a t e d mastructures,
dams,
etc.
U n d e r p,u p,
n s aS,t uur aare
t e dpressure,
c o n d i tdensity,
i o n s a specific
t h i r d entropy
p h a s e enters
the velocity
c o n s i d eof
r adetonation
t i o n s and products
addiwhere
and particle
tional comp
l e x ithe
t y trajectory
results R
inofthe
t r e a tshock
m e n t of
of detonation
w h i c h d r awave
s t i c D aas
s sa
u mboundary
p t i o n s have
to
respectively,
with
reflected
and the
trajectory
F
of
flyor
as
another
boundary.
Both
are
unknown;
the
position
of
R
and
the
state
parabe a d d i t i o n a l l y i n t r o d u c e d .
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
* Communicated
by Chien Wei-zang.
293
458
O.C.
In the t r e a t m e n t
Zienkiewicz
of the p r o b l e m w e
07.1
shall
consider
in t u r n
(i) C o n s t i t u t i v e
(2) D y n a m i c
in t e r m s of w h i c h
relations,
and kinematic
relations,
the p r o b l e m
can be for-
a21
T h i s w i l l be f o l l o w e d
duction
by an i n t r o -
of
(3) V a r i o u s
cussion
Ofl
0"15
mulated.
of their
approximations
limits
and dis-
pore fluid
(pressurep)
Abstract
of v a l i d i t y . H e r e
we sThe
h a l lone-dimensional
p r o p o s e a f oproblem
r m u l a t iof
o n the
w hmotion
i c h emof a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
anb ranalytic
solution
only
when
the
polytropic
index
of detonation products equals to three. In
a c e s m o s t p r a c t i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g situageneral, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
t i o n s a n d c o n s i d e r such s p e c i a l s i t u a Fig. 1.
Total stress
o and pore
behavior
of the reflection shock in the explosive products,
and applying
the small parameter
purt
i
o
n
s
as
the
c
o
n
s
o
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
(
w
h
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
p
in
an of
e lflying
ement
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained
for
the
problem
of a porous material.
plate
with polytropic
indices other than but nearly equal to three.
d y n adriven
m i c tby
e r mvarious
s are high
n o r mexplosives
a l l y omitted)
and
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
the u n d r a i n e d b e h a v i o u r w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s a c o n v e n i e n t l i m i t i n g case.
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
In estimation
P a r t II of
of the
t hvelocity
e s e n o tof
e sflying
w e splate
h a l lis cestablished.
o n s i d e r the f i n i t e e l e m e n t d i s c r e t i z a index) for
tion and time dependent
solution
of v a r i o u s
classes
of soil p r o b l e m s .
1.
Introduction
Part
I
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
General
of C oloading,
n s t i t u t ishock
v e Relations
r Porous,
Mediaand
materialsi . under
intenseForm
impulsive
synthesis off odiamonds,
and Two-Phase
explosive welding
claddingItof is
metals.
The
method
of
estimation
of
flyor
velocity
and
the
way
of
raising
it
are
c o n v e n i e n t in such m a t e r i a l s to s e p a r a t e t h e t o t a l s t r e s s tquestions
ensor
of common interest.
into the 'effective' s t r e s s @' and a h y d r o s t a t i c c o m p o n e n t P
equal to p o r e
p r e s s u r eof solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
approach
o = o ' - -behind
mp
( 1)
governing the flow field of detonation products
the flyor (Fig. I):
(tension
+ve c o n v e n t i o n
maintained
If the d i s p l a c e m e n t s
d~
are g i v e n
as
for case of a d a p t a t i o n
--ff
of ap
the +u_~_xp
s o l i d + s kau
e l e t=o,
o n are
au
au
dc = L d u
where
is the linear,
A uniform
a uniform
increase
compression
of
y1
to s t a n d a r d p r o g r a m s ) .
u , the s t r a i n
increments
=0,
(2)
(i.0
s m a l l aSs t r a i na s o p e r a t o r .
a--T
=o, d p (with
the pm a=p(p,
t r i x s),
of the solid,
in p o r e p r e s s u r e
d0'=0
) can o n l y r e s u l t
giving a volumetric
in
strain
change.
where
p, p, S, u are pressure, density, dCo,
specific
and particle velocity of detonation products
= - - dentropy
p/K.
(3)
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory
F ofisflyor
the solid.
position of
T hR
i s and
g i the
v e s state
a u paraniform
theasbanother
u l k m o dboundary.
u l u s of Both
the mare
a t runknown;
i x of the
w h e r e K,
train
Dsand
by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
d~P=--mdp/3K,
( 4 )
293
Basic Formulation of Soil and Other Porous Media

Although
this s t r a i n
it is of i m p o r t a n c e
The remaining
is n e g l i g i b l e
(as c o m p a r e d w i t h total strain)
in r o c k - l i k e m a t e r i a l s
p a r t of
dc
is r e s p o n s i b l e
for c h a n g e s of the effective
of I N I T I A L S T R A I N c h a n g e s d ~ " - - s u c h
effects,
etc.,
as m a y be caused by thermal
(d~--dc ~
is a t a n g e n t m a t r i x
nonlinear
stress.
we can w r i t e
d~'=D
where
for soils
and will be retained.
In the p r e s e n c e
creep,
459
(5)
(dependent on s t r a i n / s t r e s s
and h i s t o r y
in a general
case).
Using(1),(4)
and
(5) we can w r i t e q u i t e g e n e r a l l y
Abstract
(6)
one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
a m = m -the
- (Dm)/(3K,)
an analytic solution only when
polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general,
a
numerical
analysis
is
required.
In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
H o w e v e r , as m r m = 3
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter purand
m T D m / q = f r = t h e b u l k m o d u l u s of t h e s o l i d s k e l e t o n for an isotropic materbation
method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
terial,
a v e a fhigh
t e r explosives
p r e m u l t i pwith
l y i npolytropic
g b y m T indices other than but nearly equal to three.
plate
drivenw ebyhvarious
Final velocities of flying plate aobtained
agree
very well with numerical results by (computers.
Thus
= l --Kr/K.
7)
It is c l e a r that the a is a l w a y s less than I.
F u r t h e r m o r e it must always
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
do = D (dE --de ~ - a m d p + d ~ R
w h e r eThe
be g r e a t e r
than
, , the p o r o s i t y ,
zero p o r o s i t y .
Typical
1.
values
for m o s t
a n d can o n l y a p p r o a c h
zero when K F ~ K ,
for
Introduction
soils are so c l o s e to u n i t y that no d i s t i n c t i o n
technique
use ind r othe
study
behavior
of
for Explosive
this can driven
be m e aflying-plate
sured.
For
a rockffmds
or its
c o nimportant
c r e t e a can
p to
0.5ofor
less and
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
this has a p r o f o u n d e f f e c t on the b e h a v i o u r .
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
It minterest.
u s t h o w e v e r be r e m e m b e r e d that the f a i l u r e of all porous m a t e r i a l s is
of common
assumptions
flying plate,
g o v eUnder
r n e d bthe
y the
e f f e c t iof
v e one-dimensional
stress o' in plane
w h i c detonation
h ~ does and
not rigid
intervene
and the
in normal
general
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
D = D (a') 9
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
The
last term of eq. (6) is n e g l i g i b l e
This term accounts

function
of
for r o t a t i o n
ff and du.
In
of the stress w i t h o u t
--ff
=o,
ap +u_~_xp
large
d i s p l a+c e mau
e n t and
of this t e r m is of i m p o r t a n c e .au
To complete
the c o n s t i t u t i v e
c h a n g e of the f l u i d v o l u m e
for small d i s p l a c e m e n t
aS
stored
This change
in s t o r a g e
(a) c h a n g e
due to t o t a l
au
relations
as
per
unit
a--T
=o,
is due to four
p =p(p, s),
and if [[~[I~IIDII.
straining and is thus a
strain a n a l y s i s the inclusion
=0,
it is n e c e s s a r y
to d e t e r m i n e
v o l u m e of the solid skeleton
(i.0
the
dO.
causes:
strain w i t h m a t r i x a s s u m e d
incompressible
mTdr ,
where p,(b)
p, S,c hua nare
velocity
products
g e pressure,
due to density,
c o m p r e sspecific
s i o n ofentropy
the m and
a t r iparticle
x by dp
. Ifofn detonation
is the porosity,
this is s i m p l y
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para(1 --n) dp/K.
(c) c h a n g e due to c o m p r e s s i o n of the fluid with a bulk m o d u l u s Kt ndp/Kt
(d) c h a n g e
due to c o m p r e s s i o n
of solid grains
r e l a t e d to change of effee-
293
460
O.C.
dq'
tive stress
[ mTdr '
Assuming
is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
Zienkiewicz
the a v e r a g e
of the m a t r i x
c h a n g e of m e a n
stress.
This
effective
component
stress,
i.e.
is
3
1 mrda,/K
'
(1)
or u s i n g
and
(6)
---~.mr[ D (dc--dr ~ + ( 1 - - a ) m d p ] / K o
Addition
yields
of all the c o m p o n e n t s ,
use of r e l a t i o n
(N~
(7) and some m a n i p u l a t i o n
Abstract
dO=amr ds + ~ d p + (mCDdr176/ (3_/l',)

(8)
The one-dimensional problem of the
motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive
attack has
where
1 in then explosive
+ 1__-_"_ products,
(t - a )
t and applying the small parameter purbehavior of the reflection shock
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven
with(8)polytropic
The by
b a svarious
i c e q uhigh
a t i oexplosives
n (6) a n d
d e t e r m i indices
n e theother
c h a nthan
g e s but
of nearly
t o t a l equal
s t r eto
s sthree.
and
Final
velocities
of
flying
plate
obtained
agree
very
well
with
numerical
results
by
computers.
Thus
s t o r e d f l u i d v o l u m e w h e n c h a n g e s of z and p are imposed.
I m m e d i a t e l y w e can o b t a i n the b e h a v i o u r of the m a t e r i a l w h e n U N D R A I N E D
index) for
estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
CONDITIONS
are s p e c i f i e d .
Now dO=O
a n d from eqs. (8) a n d
(6)
dp---- -- Qamrde
1.
( n e g l e c t i n g dc c)
(1 O)
Introduction
d o = Ddr --amdp = (D + a 2 m Q m r) d* = D d e
(11)
Explosive
driven
flying-plate
technique
ffmds
its
important
use
in
the
study
of
in w h i c h
D=D+a~mQm
7 g i v e s the r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n D R A I N E D A N D U N Dof
R A Ibehavior
N E D TANmaterials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
G E N T M A T R I C E S w h i c h is u n i q u e .
It is of i n t e r e s t to c o n s i d e r the c h a n g e of
cladding
of metals. The method of estimation
of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
r e p r e sinterest.
s u r e as a f r a c t i o n of the m a i n stress --o17,1o/3 due to a u n i t v o l u m e ofp ocommon
of one-dimensional
plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
tric Under
s t r a ithe
n assumptions
d~=m/3
Now
3 dp
Qao17 m
governing the flow field ofBdetonation
flyor (Fig. I):
= -- mTdo products
= mr ~0 behind
+a~mQ,nthe
c) m/33Qa
a
3 K r + 3 a--ff
2 Q +u_~_xp
= K r / Q+ + aau
"
ap
It is i m m e d i a t e l y
is n o t the c a s e
B
observed
concretes
to
au in au
1
s o i l s y w h e r e=0,
/~,>>Kr ,
that
in r o c k - l i k e
is the w E l l - k n o w n
i for sands
=o,
(12)
B-~ I
(i.0
materials.
aS
as
a--T
=o,w h o s e v a l u e s r a n g e from 0.3 to
pclays.
=p(p, (viz.
s), W i l l i a m and W h i t m a n , p p . 3 9 5 f ) .
soil p a r a m e t e r
and
, b u t this
a.
0.5 for
2. Dynamic and Kinematic Relations

where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
T h e cwith
o n s tthe
i t u ttrajectory
ive rela
o nreflected
(6) or shock
(8) of
anddetonation
the strain
e /ad iboundary
s p l a c e m eand
n t the
rate
respectively,
Rt iof
wave rDa tas
trajectory
Note: E qFu aof
t iflyor
o n s as
(6)
another
and (8)
boundary.
h a v e Both
been are
o r iunknown;
g i n a l l y the
d e rposition
i v e d byofBiot
R andinthea state
d i f fparaerent
manner
a u t h o by
r is
r a t efield
f u l Ito
Dr. B r urarefaction
c e S i m o n wave
of Ubehind
n i v e r sthe
i t ydetonation
of A r i z owave
na,
meters
on aitn darethe
governed
the gflow
of central
s o nby
, initial
for pstage
o i n tof
i n gmotion
out this
i dalso;
e n t ithe
t y position
of the of
two
forms.
Eqs.
(7) and of(9)
give a
D~ cand
of flyor
F and
the state
parameters
products
physically meaningful
microstructure.
interpretation
of B i o t ' s p a r a m e t e r s
and
is in terms of
293

relation
(2) here
to be s u p p l e m e n t e d
by addition
equation
so it is n e c e s s a r y
to introduce
461
before
a solution
can
variable
be attempted.
Before
which
doing
is the D I S P L A C E M E N T
OF THE PORE FLUID
is m e a s u r e d
in terms of total q u a n t i t y
area.
the actual
Thus
mean
and additional
RELATIVE
TO THE SOIL SKELETON.
of fluid d i s p l a c e d
displacement
in the pores
is
divided
w/n
This
by the CROSS
, where , is the
porosity.
The
unit
soil
force
of the a d d i t i o n a l
skeleton+fluid
in x d i r e c t i o n
relation
volume.
This
aG~ ~ ar~,+ar,,
is that of overall
relation
equilibrium
of a
is explicitly:
Abstract
etc. for other directions, or simply
+ pg=pU+
pW paper, however, by utilizing the(14)
general, a numerical analysis is LTo
required.
In this
"weak" shock
behavior
reflection
and applying
theeq.
small
parameter
where sofisthethe
same o shock
p e r a t oin
r the
as explosive
that d e f products,
i n i n g strain
rate in
(2).
In thepurterbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
above e q u a t i o n s
P = d e n s iof
t y flying
of plate
the total
f l agree
u i d / s very
o l i d well
m i xwith
t u r e numerical results by computers. Thus
Final velocities
obtained
an analytic
two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
p 1 = dformula
e n s i t y with
of fluid
index) for
estimation
of
the
velocitya of
g=vector
of gravity
c c eflying
l e r a tplate
i o n isc oestablished.
mponents
Note
equal
that in the last term p o r o s i t y
to pn and the
does not enter as the mass of fluid is
1. Introduction
a c c e l e r a t i o n relative to solid
is
W/,
The second e q u a t i o n is that of E Q U I L I B R I U M OF FLUID PHASE ALONE.

Here the
Explosive
driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior
of
main D R Iunder
V I N G intense
force impulsive
is the ploading,
r e s s u r e shock
g r a d isynthesis
e n t andofthe
main resisting
materials
diamonds,
and explosive(viscous)
welding and
cladding
of metals.
flyor velocity
the way of raising In
it are
questions
force is
p r o p o r tThe
i o n amethod
l to of
v e lestimation
o c i t y of offluid
(DARCY and
relationship).
addition
of common interest.
a c c e l e r a t i o n forces occur.
Thus we have
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional
plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
V p + p,g of
= P,~
+ P~/"
.['r toW solve the following system
(15) of equations
approach of solving the --problem
motion
of+(Ptg/
flyor is
In the above
anisotropic
The n o t a t i o n
media
equation
--ff
ap +u_~_xp+
V is
final
the storage
is the w e l l - k n o w n
we have a p e r m e a b i l i t y
V=
The
(0
ax
relationship
6 9
Hence
"
au8
ay.'
8)
au
8z
permeability
matrix
au
r1
isaSa k i nae sm a t i c
a--T
=o,
V Tp~=p(p,
+ ~ = 0s),
=o,
and use
=0,
coefficient
K -I
{for
in place o f ~ ) .
(16)
(i.0
one relating
the fluid
inflow to
simply
. (17)
where VTw~divw
where
p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively,
with the.oftrajectory
R ofEquations
reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
3. Summary
Essential
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para3.1 Full u/w f o r m u l a t i o n
meters on
it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
The
fullstage
soilof pmotion
r o b l e m ofisflyor
nowalso;
posed
by eqs.(2),(6),(8),
(17).
D and by initial
the position
of F and the state(14),(15)
parameters and
of products
They are s u m m a r i z e d
below
293
462
O . C . Zienkiewicz
d*"= tdu
(a) h
(b)|
do=O(ds
dO=arnrdt+~-dp+m'Ddr,~
(c)[
(d) [
LTo+pg=pi~+pW
_Tp+pfg=ptfj+pte/n+(ptg/K)w
(e)J
Vr~,+6=o
(f)z
(18)
These supplemented by boundary and initial condition such as

u = Q on F, (prescribed displacements)
t=t on F,
Abstract
(prescribed tractions)
K (one-dimensional
O p / @ , ) = Q on problem
F0 (prescribed
flow)of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
The
of the motion
p = ~ osolution
n
Fp only
(prescribed
an analytic
when the pressure)
polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general,
a
numerical
analysis
is
required.
thismost
paper,
however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
which can be solved incrementally Infor
problems.
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter purthese six equations for those six variables u, w, ~, o, p, and 0 the
terbationOfmethod,
an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
first
two byare
PRIMARY
and solution
can be obtained
in than
terms
u and
plate
driven
various
high explosives
with polytropic
indices other
but of
nearly
equalw towith
three.
Final
velocities
of
flying
plate
obtained
agree
very
well
with
numerical
results
by
computers.
Thus
all other variables eliminated without differentiation.
This full formulation
of a dynamic case will lead to a large finite element system as will be seen
later.
We shall now consider possible approximations.
1.
Introduction
3.2 Displacement-pressure (u/p) formulation(Zienkiewicz)
Explosive
ffmds its important
in theinvolving
study of behavior
If the driven
motionflying-plate
of fluid technique
(w) is relatively
small,use
terms
W can of
be
omitted.
Now W can be easily eliminated from 18(e) and (f) giving the system
of common interest.dr
(a)
Under the assumptions
plane detonation
da=D(dr of one-dimensional
~
(b) [ and rigid flying plate, the normal
dO=amTdr
dp+mrDdzO/(3K,)
/ I): (19)
governing the flow field
of detonation
products behind the(c)
flyor (Fig.
tro+pg=pO
(d)
_VTKVp+VTKpqg--VTpfKU+O=O
(e)
--ff
=o,
ap +u_~_xp+ au
where u and P are primary variables and ~ = K ( p ~ g ) .
au
au
3.3 Slow quasi-static consolidationy p h e n =0,

o m e n a - - o / p form
(i.0
If the motion is so slow that all dynamic force terms can be neglected
aS
(i.e., 0 terms omitted)
as
a--T
in eqs.(19),
=o,will give the well-known coupled conit
solidation equation frequently

solved
p =p(p,
s), by the numerical method.
This particular
case is EMBEDDED in the full dynamic form of eqs. (19) and as the general solu-
tion of(19) is no more difficult than the solution of the quasi-static case we
respectively,
with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
shall not
it separately.
It are
is unknown;
desirablethethat
the ofdynamic
trajectory
F ofdiscuss
flyor as another
boundary. Both
position
R and theprograms
state parameters
on
it
are
governed
by
the
flow
field
I
of
central
rarefaction
wave
behind
the
detonation
capable of solving (19) should make it easy to continue the solution in wave
the
slow quasi-static domain.
This enables the problem of earthquake and post293

earthquake reaction to be dealt with simultaneously.
463
3.4 Undrained behaviour

If the permeability K
tends to be zero,
to the solid skeleton can occur and thus
tween
From eq.
(18f) we find that 8 = 0
Eqo(18e)
is identically
de
and
dp
w=w=W=0
dS=O at all times.
or
satisfactory
to be established
no motions of the fluid relative
and eq.
(18c) allows a relation be-
(viz. eq. (i0)).
The system becomes
dr
}
do = Ode -- [l-- (amQm r)/ (3K.) ]Qd, ~
(20)
LTo+pg=pa
This
equations
is identical
governing
(except for Abstract

the initial
strain term)
the behaviour of a single phase medium.
with the dynamic

The primary vari-
able is now g and the solution procedure is simpler.
Static analysis
(limiting)
solution
general, 3.5
a numerical
is required.
In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behaviorUndrained
of the reflection
shock
in
the
explosive
products, and applying the small parameter purstatic solution
terbationIfmethod,
an
analytic,
first-order
approximate
solution is obtained for the problem of flying
the permeability is so small that eqs.(20) are applicable in solution,
the velocities
undrained
staticplate
solution
simply
one with
resulting
from
solution
of eqs.Thus
(20)
Final
of flying
obtainedisagree
very well
numerical
results
by computers.
anwith
analytic
withsolutions
two parameters
of high
explosive in
(i.e.the
detonation
and polytropic
U = 0formula
, Such
are of
importance
initialvelocity
analysis
of foundaindex)
for
estimation
of
the
velocity
of
flying
plate
is
established.
tion on clay, etc.
But it must be remembered that even here these represent
but an intermediate
undrained
solution
effect before consolidation

it is
1. Introduction
impossible to require
transients
that p = 0
set in.
With the
on any b o u n d a r i e s ~
e.g.,
as a physical condition is always present we simply neglect a boundary

Explosive
driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials
under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
layer effect.
cladding Drained
of metals.static
The method
of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
solution
of common interest.
With damping inherent in the full dynamic eqs. (18) or their approximations
(19) weof shall
an asymptotic
state
be solve
reached
at somesystem
LABGEofTIME
when
approach
solvingexpect
the problem
of motion of
flyor to
is to
the following
equations
~
=
U
=
0
W=0
but
U~0
and
W~0
The eq. (19e)
and
~=~=8=0.
--ff
=o,
ap +u_~_xp
+ authe usual steady Darcy flow equation
is now decoupled
giving
au ~'/~p,g=
au 0 1
_Vr~Vp+
and this can be solved for P .
d r a--T
O= I
D(dr176
(i.0
The solid phase equation is
L~oaS
+pg = 0 a s
and
(2Z)
=0,
=o,
(22)
=p(p, s),
These are again single phase
static equations with
amp playing the role
of an "initial
respectively,
with thestress".
trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory3.6
F of
flyor asofanother
boundary.
Both areassumption
unknown; the position of R and the state paraLimits
validity
of various
meters onToit determine
are governedthe
by the
flow
field
I
of
central
rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
limits of validity of the various assumptions, the Gull
dynamic
eqs
(18) were linearized
and solved analytically
for a one-dimensional
293
464
O.C.
problem
of an e l a s t i c
(Fig.2).
kiewicz
layer
The p r e s s u r e
and Bettess,
subject
condition
1980).
Zienkiewicz
to a p e r i o d i c
on the s u r f a c e
final w a t e r
force
applied
to the surface
is t h a t of full d r a i n a g e ( Z i e n -
level
----
!
&p
or_iginal w a t e r
level
,"
.. :. ...
...,..-~.L
9 --i--.,;
9 .'.
.
.
9 - /
'..
--|__
i /
..
9 "
-
9
,
..:
" 9 ".,
~-,,..
;
..
,
"
AL = ~ ,
Abstract
//.6\///
behavior of the reflection shock in the/<~.//.~.\//.<k',//~//.~.//,~.//~
explosive products, and applying the small
parameter purterbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution
a s s u m eisdobtained
r i g i d for
base
the problem of flying
2. high
Pervious
layer
to a reservoir
level
plate driven byFig.
various
explosives
with subjected
polytropic indices
other than but
nearlychange.
equal to three.
It is found that the m a i n p a r a m e t e r s a f f e c t i n g the p r o b l e m can be put into
two n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l
groups
RV ~ 1.
=1-- ( g ~ ) w L ~,
~2L~
Introduction
~2=
V~
"
w h e rExplosive
e
driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under
intense impulsive
K=K/(p~9)
is the k iloading,
n e m a t i cshock
p e r msynthesis
e a b i l i t yof diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals.
The
method
of
estimation
of
flyor
velocity and the way of raising it are questions
~=2x/Tis the f r e q u e n c y
of common interest.
~ = is the speed of sound in s a t u r a t e d m a t e r i a l
Under theV assumptions
of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
= the
speed
of s oof
u n dmotion
in w aof
t e rflyor is to solve the following system of equations
approach of solving
problem
#=m/p
governing the flow
field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
Introducing
a period
T=2L/V~
--ff
ap +u_~_xp+
/~T
and taking
au
For
ximation
a constant
value
(excluding
surface
proximations
Zone
in
I
the
B=Z=C
manner
au2
au
=o,
'
n = 31 ' t h e
of
=0,
results
baS
o u n d a r ya s l a y e r s )
( #
show t h a t
can be obtained
a--T
=o,
shown in Fig.3.
p =p(p, s),
Slow phenomena
!
3- ,
#=
and
a reasonable
by
the
a(i.0
ppro-
various
ap-
~ can be neglected)
where p,Z op,n eS, I uZ areB =pressure,

density,
Z#~
M o d e r a t specific
e s p e eentropy
d ( ~ cand
a n particle
b e n e g lvelocity
e c t e d ) of detonation products
Zone ZlZ B#Z~C
Fast phenomena (~
cannot be neglected)
only full
Biot
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state parae q uflow
a t i o nfieldv aIl iof
d central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
meters on it are governed by the
This
timate
result
obtained
for
a simple
the type of a p p r o x i m a t i o n
case
required
of
single
for a n a l y s i s
layer
can be used
of actual
to
es-
293
s i t u a t i o n s if

behaviour
Undrained
465
~--Drained
(influence of
negligible)
\
10
fJ~
I
10"t
I0-2
Abstract
/,
"/
10 -j
=)
an analytic solution only when the 10polytropic
index1 0 of detonation products equals to three. In
{0-'
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this r l paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter purterbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
f = K / p , 9 K = k i n e m a t i c permeability
an analytic formula Twith
of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
= 2 L /two
V c parameters
V'~=(D+K,/,)/p~K,/p,n
index) for estimation of the velocity
K,/p:=(speed
of flyingofplate
sound
is established.
in water)
B=p,/p, "~0.$3, B~0.33
Fig. 3.
Zones of applicability
1.
of various assumptions.
Introduction
L is
taken driven
as a typical
dimension
a drainage
distance
andstudy
an approximate
Explosive
flying-plate
technique offfmds
its important
use in the
of behavior of
materials
under
intense
impulsive
loading,
shock
synthesis
of
diamonds,
and
explosive
and
periodicity of interest is specified.
In Fig.4 we indicate how suchwelding
a typical
dimension can be e s t i m a t e d a n d the reader can readily find that as an illustration:
of common interest.
In athe
study
of earthquake
responseplane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
Under
assumptions
of one-dimensional
approach
of
solving
the
problem
of
motion
of a dam(or foundation) w i t h L = 5 0 m of
andflyor is to solve the following system of equations
the longest period of circle
drained behaviour
to be /~<10 -4m/sec.
being
important
5 secs.un-
can only be assumed
--ff
ap +u_~_xp
+ au
with drainage
effects
otherwise.
au
In a problem of pore pressure

tion in a sea bed with L = I 0
secs. we find that zone
dynamic
effect
maSand
au
genera-
a sT = I 0
a--T
=o,
p =p(p, s),
I is reached where
is of little importance
and
motion
=o,
'
=0,
..... I'- "

L =lOre
--
"-i
.... "
(b)
(i.0
Fig. 4. Some extrapolation of

results.
Typical L values
for (a) an earthdam earthquake motion, and (b) wave
p r e s s u r e o f Madsen ( 1 9 7 ~ ) .
quasi-static
analysis
consolidation
where
p, p, S, u are
pressure, by
density,
specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively,
with
the
trajectory
R
of
reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
equation suffices(Madsen,1978).
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state parameters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
293
466
O.C. Zienkiewicz
Part
4.
II
Introduction
In Part I we have presented the various forms of full dynamic,
coupled
soil-fluid equations and found that the approximate form of eqs. (19) (repeated
below)
is sufficient to describe all but the very high frequency phenomena. We
shall show how this system can be discretized ~n space and solved for transient
proSlems in the time domain.
5. Finite Element Discretization of Fluid Dynamic and Static Soil/Fluid

Equation
Abstract
In the form of equation given below we
de
eliminate problem
and d8
The(a)
one-dimensional
of theand
motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic
onlythewhen
the polytropicofindex
of detonation
equals
three. In
(b) solution
separate
determination
stress
changes products
into that
of to
effective
and total stresses.
This is convenient as invariably the nonlinearity of D
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter purdependsmethod,
on effective
stress.
terbation
an analytic,
first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven
Thusbywevarious
have high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Lro"+pg
=p(J agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
Final velocities of flying plate
obtained
an analytic formula with do'=D(Ldu--de~
two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation
velocity and polytropic
'
index) for estimation of thedo=do/--mdp
velocity of flying plate is established.
-VrKV p+VTF--ptg -VT p/&tl +amrLfi
1. Introduction
,
(a)
(b) }
(c)
+~/i+ (mrD~o)/3K,=0
(23)
(d)
where R is a matrix suitably defining the rate of rotation in terms of dismaterials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
placements.
cladding
of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
To interest.
discretize the above system we take suitable shape functions expression
of common
Under the assumptions of u=No
one-dimensionalp=N~
plane detonation and rigid flying plate,
the normal
(24)
approach
of solving
problemweighting.
of motion of Details
flyor is tocan
solve
following
system of(Zienkieequations
and form
using the
Galerkin
bethe
found
elsewhere
wicz
1963, 71,77).
The first equation
(23a) yields the
'standard' equilibrium equation
--ff
=o,
+u_~_xp+ au
IapBTadD+M~+f=O
au
au
B r f f ' d ~ + My
~ - Q ~ + f=0,
=0
IDaS
where
B=LN
M=I
(25a)
(i.0
as
a--T
=o,
is the
Npr=p(p,
p N d 9 s),
is the
strain matrix
mass matrix
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density,

specific-Q
entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
Q= I~3aBTmNd
and
respectively,
with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state paraI~N'p,dE2
meters on it are governed by thef=flow
field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by
The
initial
auxiliary
stage of motion
eqs. (23b/c)are
of flyor also;simply
the position
written
of F and
in the
a discretized
state parametersform
of products
as
dO'=D(BdQ--dr + (RN)dd~'
(255)
293
+IFNT{dF

I
Note that
da'=d6r'+(I--a)mdp
Finally,
and it can be evaluated
the coupled seepage
equation
467
if justified,
(23d) becomes
where
H=t~(VN)TK(VN)d~
M=Ig N~yT(PIRN)dQ
and
q involves the initial strain term.

Abstract
In general
the system of ordinary
differential
eqs. (25) is highly non-
linear as
an
analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
D depends
on is0'required.
and previous
history.
general, (I)
a numerical
analysis
In this strain
paper, however,
by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior (2)
of the
reflection
shock
in
the
explosive
products,
and
applying
the small
parameter
purThe problem (and element) domain ~ a n d S , are current,
i.e.
they are
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
changing with time as deformation proceeds.
(3) Matrices
and obtained
( R N ) depend
on current
Final velocities
of flying Bplate
agree very
well with geometry.
numerical results by computers. Thus
an
analytic
formula
with
two
parameters
of
high
explosive
(i.e.
detonation velocity and polytropic
and finally,
(4) The permeability
mation
as it often
matrix
H can be changed
if K
is dependent on defor-
is.
In step-by-step
solution
1.
Introduction
all such nonlinearities
can be accommodated
with-
out Explosive
undue complication.
driven flying-plate
technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of

materials Ifunder
impulsive
loading, shock
synthesis
of diamonds,
explosive
and
the intense
problem
is transient,
eqs.(25)
will
provide and
solution
of welding
both dynacladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
mic and static consolidation behaviours.
of common interest.
Undrained
behaviour
can be obtained
noting and
thatrigid
n ~ 0flying
,
H ~plate,
0
and
~0
Under
the assumptions
of one-dimensional
planebydetonation
the normal
approach
of solving the
problem of motion
flyor is of
to solve
following
system of
thus permitting
determination
of dp of
interms
du the The
equations
areequations
valid
governing
the
flow
field
of
detonation
products
behind
the
flyor
(Fig.
I):
for steady static drained behaviour and uncoupled then.
It is of interest
liary stress
increment
to write down the linear form of eqs. (25). Now the auxi-
--ff
as
where
and
tion system
=o,
equation
be +integrated
ap can
+u_~_xp
au
q incorporate
au
au
aS
as
y1
and the system can be written
=0,
(26)
a--T
=o,
stress effects.We note
p =p(p, s),
and is not conveniently treated
any initial
is non-symmetric"
(i.0
that the above equaby combined
solu-
tion p,
methods.
where
p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively,
with the
trajectory R of reflected
shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
6. Time
Stepping-Staggered
Procedures
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state paraAs we have just noted, even the linear coupled system is not conveniently
a direct
solution.
staggered
solution
process
Dstructured
and by initialfor
stage
of motionsimultaneous
of flyor also; the
position of FHence
and the
state parameters
of products
(viz., Park and Felippa,
1980)
is conventionally
used.
293
468
0. C. Zienkiewicz
l
In such
STAGGERED
SOLUTIONS we use a standard time stepping algorithm for
solving the first equation system
(eq. (25a/b)), treating the pore pressure sys-
tem as known and thus putting in effects as the known force, i.e.,
l~B D(Bdu --d~ ~ +R Na'

ra'd~+MU+7=O
(27~)
do' =
becomes a s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d
s t a n d a r d dynamic e q u a t i o n o f s e c o n d - o r d e r i f
f=f-Q
is taken as known.
(275)
This can be solved for a time step using..Newmark or similiar
procedures.
AbstractAu is accomplished,
Once the computation of increments
solution for the
system ofproblem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
The one-dimensional
H~+S~+~=0
(27c) to three. In
an analytic solution only when
the polytropic index of detonation products equals
general,
a
numerical
analysis
is
required.
In
this
paper,
however,
by
utilizing
the "weak" shock
can be found with q now known and q is given as
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter purterbation method, an analytic,q:q+QT~_~
first-order approximate solution is obtained for the(27d)
problem of flying
plate driven
In the
by various
examples
high explosives
of dynamic
withanalysis
polytropicof
indices
damsother
and than
other
but structures,
nearly equal to we
three.
have
Final
velocities
of
flying
plate
obtained
agree
very
well
with
numerical
results
by
computers.
Thus
extensively used EXPLICIT (central difference) procedures for solving (27a) and
IMPLICIT (backward difference) procedures for (27d).
index)
for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
Clearly other procedures can be used and it is important to derive schemes
in which the time step can be varied
by several orders of magnitude if rapid
1. Introduction
(earthquake) phenomena go through a slow consolidation phase.
REFERENCES
cladding
of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
Blot,interest.
M . A., Theory of three-dimensional consolidations, J.Appl. Phys.,
of(I)
common
12,. the
155-164,(1941).
Under
assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
(2) Biot,
M.A.,Mechanics
deformation
propagation
approach
of solving
the problem of
of motion
of flyorand
is toacoustic
solve the following
systeminof porous
equations
media, J. Appl. P h y s . 33, 1483-98,(1960).
Madsen, O.S., Wave induced pore pressure and effective stresses in a

porous bed. Geotechnique, 28, 377-393.
(4) Park, K. C. and Felippa, --ff
C.A., Partitioned
=o, transient analysis procedures
ap -+u_~_xp
+ au analysis. (to be published).
for coupled field ~-oblems
- accuracy
(5) Terzhagi, K., Er@bcumechanik,
Franz
au
au
1Deuticke, Vienna,(1925).
=0,
(6) William, T, and Whitman, R. V., Soily Mechanics,
John Wiley,(]969).
(i.0
(7)
Zienkiewicz, O.C., The Finite Element Method., Third Edition, McGraw-Hill,
(1977).
aS
as
a--T C. and
=o, Lewis, R.W., A unified approach to
(8)
Zienkiewicz, O.C., Humpheson,
soil mechanics problems, Chapter 4 of Finite Elements in Geomechanics,
p =p(p,
s), (1977).
151-78, ed. G. Gudehus, J.
Wiley,
(9)
Zienkiewicz, O.C. and Bettess, P., Soil and other porous material under
where p,
p, S, u are pressure,
specificgeneral
entropy and
particle velocity
detonation
transient,
dynamic density,
condition,
formulation
and of
validity
of products
various
simplified
"Soilsshock
under
Cyclic and
Transient
Loading",
respectively,
with theassumptions,
trajectory R ofin
reflected
of detonation
wave
D as a boundary
and the
eds.
G.N.Panade,
and boundary.
O.C.Zienkiewicz,
John Wiley
(to be
published).
trajectory
F of
flyor as another
Both are unknown;
the position
of R
and the state para(10)
Zienkiewicz,
O.C.,
Leung,
K.H.,
Hinton,
E.
and
Chang,
C.T.,
Earthdam wave
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation
analysis for earthquakes.
Proceedings of Conference on "Design of Dams
to Resist Earthquakes., Inst. Civ. Eng. London, Oct., i-2,(1980).
293
(3)

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A p p l i e d M a t h e m a t i c s and M e c h a n i c s

(English E d i t i o n , Vol.3, No.4, Aug.

BASIC F O R M U L A T I O N OF STATIC AND

The soil or i n d e e d any o t h e r p o r o u s m e d i u m

such as rock or concrete

with the s a t u r a t e d mastructures,

Basic Formulation of Soil and Other Porous Media

(as c o m p a r e d w i t h total strain)

for c h a n g e s of the effective

and will be retained.

soils are so c l o s e to u n i t y that no d i s t i n c t i o n

last term of eq. (6) is n e g l i g i b l e

This term accounts

straining and is thus a

strain a n a l y s i s the inclusion

v o l u m e of the solid skeleton

(7) and some m a n i p u l a t i o n

dO=amr ds + ~ d p + (mCDdr176/ (3_/l',)

a n d from eqs. (8) a n d

2. Dynamic and Kinematic Relations

Basic Formulation of Soil and Other Porous Media

OF THE PORE FLUID

TO THE SOIL SKELETON.

that in the last term p o r o s i t y

does not enter as the mass of fluid is

The second e q u a t i o n is that of E Q U I L I B R I U M OF FLUID PHASE ALONE.

These supplemented by boundary and initial condition such as

3.2 Displacement-pressure (u/p) formulation(Zienkiewicz)

3.3 Slow quasi-static consolidationy p h e n =0,

(i.e., 0 terms omitted)

=o,will give the well-known coupled conit

solidation equation frequently

This enables the problem of earthquake and post293

Basic Formulation of Soil and Other Porous Media

3.4 Undrained behaviour

to the solid skeleton can occur and thus

(18f) we find that 8 = 0

dS=O at all times.

no motions of the fluid relative

(18c) allows a relation be-

(viz. eq. (i0)).

The system becomes

(except for Abstract

the behaviour of a single phase medium.

with the dynamic

effect before consolidation

as a physical condition is always present we simply neglect a boundary

The eq. (19e)

and this can be solved for P .

The solid phase equation is

These are again single phase

static equations with

amp playing the role

(18) were linearized

and solved analytically

where p,Z op,n eS, I uZ areB =pressure,

Basic Formulation of Soil and Other Porous Media

can only be assumed

In a problem of pore pressure

..... I'- "

Fig. 4. Some extrapolation of

In Part I we have presented the various forms of full dynamic,