Professional Documents
Culture Documents
S AZOV
S AZOV
(Russian from Scratch)
INDEX
ii
The authors, Tom Dickins and Irina Moore, decided to write S azov (Russian from Scratch)
because of the lack of suitable communicative ab initio Russian language courses for more mature
learners. S azov has been used extensively with our own degree-level students, and has thus
benefited from considerable testing in practical classroom situations. It is appropriate for a wide
range of learners, from school pupils with a background in foreign languages to evening-class
students and undergraduates and postgraduates.
The textbook consists of an introductory chapter and twenty further chapters based on themes
which exemplify and consolidate a series of new linguistic concepts. Particular emphasis is placed
on the use of authentic up-to-date materials, such as advertisements, newspaper clippings,
timetables, tickets, official forms and recent photographs, and on the creation of meaningful and
relevant contexts for language learning. Wherever possible, the students are asked to deduce
unfamiliar syntactic and morphological principles for themselves from regular paradigms, before
being required to apply the new rules or to cope with irregularities.
INTRODUCTION
Each chapter begins with a summary of the competences which the students will acquire and with
a list of the main points of grammar which are to be introduced. Roughly equal weighting is given
to the four skills (speaking, reading, listening and writing), which are developed through a series
of lexical and interactive activities, including memory games, crosswords, gap-filling tasks and
role plays. Vocabulary glossaries are provided at the foot of each page, where necessary, and
there is a comprehensive alphabetical Russian-English and English-Russian vocabulary list at the
end of the course. There is also a grammar section at the end of each chapter, with more detailed
explanations and grammatical exercises. All the listening activities are recorded on audio cassette
by educated native Russian speakers and are accompanied by transcripts.
We are enormously indebted to our friend, Aleksandr Polyakov, who painstakingly produced
and designed the layout of the course. Particular thanks go to our former colleague and Head of
Russian, Peter Rooney, for his invaluable support and encouragement, to Ludmila Khalilova for
her contribution in the early planning stages and to Elena Kazimianets for her work on Chapters
10, 15 and 20. We also wish to express our gratitude to Katrina Fraser and Igor Babanov for
their practical help and to Vicki Whittaker for sharing the benefit of her knowledge of publishing.
We would similarly like to acknowledge Linda Aldwinkle and Christine Barnard of the University
of Westminster for the interest that they have shown and for their constructive feedback.Without
their assistance and the efforts of numerous other colleagues and friends, the task of completing
S azov would have been considerably more onerous, if not altogether impossible.
Finally, there is one academic source which merits a special mention, namely A Comprehensive
Russian Grammar by Terence Wade. We consulted this unparalleled work extensively when
writing our Grammar sections, and we owe a great deal to Professor Wades clear and detailed
explanations.
The authors acknowledge all registered trademarks as belonging to their respective owners.
Tom Dickins and Irina Moore
School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences, University of Wolverhampton
November, 2003
A new ab initio Russian course
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of contents
Introductory Chapter (Pages 1-16)
1. the Cyrillic alphabet
2. word recognition
3. pronunciation
Chapter One - Introductions (Pages 17-32)
Competences
1. understanding basic introductions
2. using appropriate greetings
3. recognizing and forming patronymics
Grammar
1. the three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
2. the possessive pronoun my
3. regular plurals
Chapter Two - An object lesson (Pages 33-50)
Competences
1. identifying and locating objects
2. expressing possession
3. stating where you live
4. recognizing numbers
Grammar
1. the possessive pronouns my, your, his, her, our, their, whose
2. the verb to live
3. the prepositional case after and
4. the numerals 1 to100
Chapter Three - Work / Nationality (Pages 51-64)
Competences
1. recognizing and talking about jobs
2. stating your nationality and identifying the nationality of other people
3. expressing movement on foot and by transport
4. using simple constructions of time
Grammar
1. the use of (+ dative) in set expressions
2. the verbs to work () and to go (, )
3. the accusative case with movement and expressions of time
Chapter Four - At the airport (Pages 65-80)
Competences
1. speaking with a passport control officer and a customs officer
2. changing currency
3. reading addresses and telephone numbers
4. understanding airport announcements
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Grammar
1. the prepositional case ending - after and
2. the prepositional case after (about)
3. the accusative case to indicate the direct object
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ix
GRAMMAR SUMMARY
GRAMMAR SUMMARY
PREPOSITIONAL CASE
PRONOUNS
pronouns (Chapter 13)
the pronoun -self () (Chapter 18)
the pronoun such () (Chapter 18)
VERBS
CONJUGATIONS
the verb to live () (Chapter 2)
the verbs to work () and to go (, ) (Chapter 3)
expressing possession (to have) (Chapter 6)
the verbs to want () and to speak, say tell () (Chapter 7)
the verbs to eat () and to drink () (Chapter 8)
reflexive verbs (present and past tense) (Chapter 9)
the past tense of regular verbs (Chapter 9)
verbs of the type (Chapter 11)
the future tense of the verb (Chapter 14)
reflexive verbs (Chapter 17)
verbs with consonant mutation (Chapter 18)
the verb to put (Chapter 18)
VERBS OF MOTION
the multidirectional verbs of motion, and (Chapter 10)
the unidirectional and multidirectional verbs of motion (Chapter 17)
the compound verbs of motion (Chapter 17)
ASPECTS
perfective verbs formed by adding a prefix (Chapter 15)
perfective verbs formed by the process of shortening (Chapter 15)
perfective verbs formed by other internal adjustments (Chapter 15)
perfective verbs formed in other ways (Chapter 15)
IMPERATIVES
xi
GRAMMAR SUMMARY
MOODS
the formation of the conditional mood (Chapter 16)
the formation of the subjunctive mood (Chapter 16)
GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES
gerunds (Chapter 20)
participles (long and short forms) (Chapter 20)
ADVERBS
negative adverbs (Chapter 14)
adverbs derived from adjectives (Chapter 14)
the verb and frequency adverbs (Chapter 14)
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs (Chapter 14)
the superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs (Chapter 14)
NUMBERS AND DATES
the numerals 1 to 100 (Chapter 2)
the numerals 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 (Chapter 5)
the numerals 1,000 + (Chapter 6)
the ordinal numerals (Chapter 7)
the dates (years - 2002 ) (Chapter 9)
numerals in oblique cases (Chapter 17)
DOUBLE NEGATIVES
the double negatives ( , , etc.) (Chapter 10)
MISCELLANEOUS
or ? (Chapter 19)
expressing approximation (Chapter 19)
nouns in apposition (Chapter 19)
the particle (Chapter 19)
fill vowels (Chapter 20)
xii
INTRODUCTORY
CHAPTER THE BASICS
I.
Vowels
F
J
Consonants
R
V
N
P
2
SMALL
ENGLISH EQUIVALENT
f
j
a as in pack
o as in stork
r
v
n
p
k as in key
m as in moon
t as in tea
z as in zoo
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
rfr
vfr
rjn
pf
how
poppy
cat
behind
nfv
njv
njn
rnj
there
volume
that
who
Activity 2
Now look at how Russians write these letters. Write out each of the letters several
times.
Ff -
Jj -
Rr -
Vv -
Nn -
Pp -
Activity 1
Look carefully at the following words as the native speaker pronounces them on the
tape. Then listen again and repeat the words in the gaps provided on the tape.
Activity 3
Read the following words, compare the handwritten and printed versions, then copy
out the handwritten version.
jn
frn
nfr
nfrn
from
act
so
tact
njr
rjv
vfn
pfv
current
lump
mat
deputy
II.
Vowels
T
E
Consonants
D
Y
H
C
{
SMALL
ENGLISH EQUIVALENT
ye as in yes
oo as in spoon
t
e
v as in valley
n as in note
r as in Scottish bracken
s as in stop
ch as in Scottish loch
d
y
h
c
[
Activity 1
Look carefully at the following words as the native speaker pronounces them on the
tape. Then listen again and repeat the words in the gaps provided on the tape.
dtc
djh
yjc
hjn
hjcn
weight
thief
nose
mouth
growth
cjy
cjr
[jh
ec
e[*
sleep, dream
juice
choir
whisker
fish soup
* The accent is used to denote stress. Stress marks are generally not found in written Russian, although they are
widely used in dictionaries and grammar books. They are included in the first half of this course purely as an aid
to pronunciation.
A new ab initio Russian course
Activity 2
Now look at how Russians write these letters. Write out each of the letters several
times.
Tt -
Ee -
Dd -
Yy - Hh -
Cc -
{[ -
Activity 3
Read the following words, compare the handwritten and printed versions, then copy
out the handwritten version.
century
out
here (is/are)
coke
fate
III.
Vowels
?
B
>
Z
Consonants
<
U
L
K
G
A
hand, arm
course
sort
hundred
henna
SMALL
ENGLISH EQUIVALENT
/
b
.
z
yo as in yonder
ee as in meet
e as in egg
you as in youth
ya as in yak
,
u
l
k
g
a
b as in bottle
g as in gas
d as in day
l as in long
p as in paint
f as in face
Activity 1
Look carefully at the following words as the native speaker pronounces them on the
tape. Then listen again and repeat the words in the gaps provided on the tape.
,fk
,fh
lf
ljr
ujk
pfk
ck/n
cgjhn
ajhn
akjn
4
ball
bar
yes
dock
goal
hall
gathering
sport
fort
fleet
uhfa
dpk/n
kbcn
vbh
vz
hf
vh
k.rc
zr
count
take-off
leaf
peace, world
name
era
mayor
de luxe
yak
?/ -
Uu -
Bb -
Ll -
>. -
Kk -
Zz -
Gg -
<, -
Aa -
Activity 3
Read the following words, compare the handwritten and printed versions, then copy
out the handwritten version.
,jr
,jrc
uyjv
uhbgg
lyj
ljv
lfh
lfk
k/y
vjk
side
boxing
gnome
flu
bottom
house
gift
gave
flax
mole, pier
gjk
gk.c
pfkg
gkbc
gbh
cgbhn
akbhn
abyy
vf
floor
plus
volley
velveteen
feast
spirit
flirtation
Finn
sir
pit
Activity 2
Now look at how Russians write these letters. Write out each of the letters several
times.
IV.
CAPITAL
Consonants
:*
I*
O
W
X
SMALL
ENGLISH EQUIVALENT
s as in pleasure
sh as in shell
long shh (i.e. be quiet!)
ts as in bits
ch as in cheese
;*
i*
o
w
x
* As you will hear on the tape, and are much harder-sounding than their English equivalents. To produce these
sounds push your lower jaw forward, turn the tip of your tongue up and slightly back and raise the back part of
your tongue to where the Russian sound is pronounced.
Activity 1
Look carefully at the following words as the native speaker pronounces them on the
tape. Then listen again and repeat the words in the gaps provided on the tape.
;er
;fh
ihfv
ighbw
ob
obn
,jho
beetle
heat
scar
syringe
shchi (cabbage soup)
shield
borsch (beetroot soup)
wdtn
xfc
x/hn
xby
cx/n
uhfx
colour
hour
devil
rank
bill
rook
Activity 2
Now look at how Russians write these letters. Write out each of the letters several
times.
:; -
Ii -
Oo -
Ww -
Xx -
Activity 3
Read the following words, compare the handwritten and printed versions, then copy
out the handwritten version.
;ytw
;bh
ifyc
if[
ibi
oeg
reaper
fat
chance
check
fig
probe
kto
gkfo
gkfw
gkfx
x/n
bream
cloak
parade-gound
weeping
even number
rank
V.
() - this letter, which is rarely used, is called the hard sign or separating hard
sign. It appears only after the consonants , , and c when it separates them
from the softening influence of any one of the vowels , , and .
e.g. c]tk (ate, have/has eaten), d]tpl (entry), j,]/v (volume)
() - this letter, which is used much more frequently than the hard sign, is called the
soft sign. It serves to make the preceding consonant soft. It is very important to
soften consonants which are followed by since the soft sign can change the
meaning of a word. Compare the following, which are recorded on the tape:
vtk
djy
, h fn
(chalk)
(over there)
(brother)
vtkm
djym
,hfn m
(shoal)
(stench)
(to take)
Note: because the hard sign and the soft sign always follow other letters and never begin a word
they appear in capitals only when all the letters in a word are capitalized (e.g. in certain signs and
notices).
Activity 1
Look carefully at the following words as the native speaker pronounces them on the
tape. Then listen again and repeat the words in the gaps provided on the tape.
abkmv
c]tv
c]tk
c]/vrf
dtlm
film
(I) will eat
ate
shooting (of a film)
you see, you know
,jkm
hjkm
lhzym
rjhm
vfnm
pain
role
rubbish
measles
mother
}] -
Mm -
Activity 3
Read the following words, compare the handwritten and printed versions, then copy
out the handwritten version.
c]tcn
c]tcnm
c]/v
czlm
cjkm
dfkmc
ktym
ltym
wfhm
ybnm
waltz
laziness
day
tsar
thread
Activity 2
Now look at how Russians write these letters. Write out both the letters several times.
Activity 4
Listen to the native speaker reading the following pairs of words, the second of which
has the soft sign () at the end. Note the difference in both sound and meaning. Look at the
printed text, listen again and repeat the words in the gaps provided on the tape.
(was eating)
(chalk)
(gave)
(became)
(was lying)
(goal)
(table)
(given)
(kitty)
(mat)
(Pete)
(raft)
(is eating)
tk
vtk
lfk
cnfk
dhfk
ujk
cnjk
lfy
rjy
vfn
Gbn
gkjn
tcn
VI.
Q q
tkm
vtkm
lfkm
cnfkm
dhfkm
ujkm
cnjkm
lfym
rjym
vfnm
gbnm
gkjnm
tcnm
(fir tree)
(shoal)
(distance)
(steel)
(liar)
(the poor)
(so)
(tribute)
(horse)
(mother)
(to drink)
(flesh)
(to eat)
Listen again to these Russian words and compare them with similar- sounding English
words:
,sk : bill
lsv : dim csy : sin
* To produce this sound you should begin by pronouncing a Russian . Then put your tongue flat against the
bottom of your mouth, thereby tensing the muscles at the side and back of the throat. If you now try again to
make the sound the result should be a Russian .
Note: like the soft sign and the hard sign, never begins a word and therefore appears in capitals
only when all the letters in a word are capitalized (as in certain signs and notices).
A new ab initio Russian course
Activity 1
Look carefully at the following words as the native speaker pronounces them on the
tape. Then listen again and repeat the words in the gaps provided on the tape.
-
csh
vs
ysnm
gskm
csgm
,jq
vjq
cheese
we
to moan
dust
rash
battle
my
hjq
vfq
hfq
rhfq
rbq
rktq
qnf
swarm
May
paradise
edge
billiard cue
glue
iota
Activity 2
Now look at how Russians write these letters. Write out both the letters several times.
Ss
Activity 3
Read the following words, compare the handwritten and printed versions, then copy
out the handwritten version.
,sn
,snm
csn
gsk
nsk
hsnm
ktq
way of life
to be
satisfied, full
heat
rear
to dig
pour
gksnm
lfq
gfq
gjq
ckjq
cnjq
gtq
to sail
give
share
sing
layer
stand
drink
RUSSIAN ALPHABET -
PRINTED
LETTERS
WRITTEN
LETTERS
F
<
D
U
L
T
?
:
P
B
Q
f
,
d
u
l
t
/
;
p
b
q
R
K
V
Y
J
G
r
k
v
y
j
g
RUSSIAN
NAME
f
,
d
u
l
t (q')
/ (qj)
;
p
b
b
(b rhfnrjt)
rf
()
j
g
NEAREST
EQUIVALENT
a in pack
b in bottle
v in valley
g in gas
d in day
ye in yes
yo in yonder
s in pleasure
z in zoo
ee in meet
y in boy
k in key
l in long
m in moon
n in note
o in stork
p in paint
PRINTED
LETTERS
WRITTEN
LETTERS
H
C
N
E
A
{
X
I
O
}
h
c
n
e
a
[
x
i
o
]
S
M
s
m
>
Z
.
z
RUSSIAN
NAME
[f
x
if
nd/hlsq
pyfr
s
vzurbq
pyfr
. (qe)
z (qf)
NEAREST
EQUIVALENT
r in bracken
s in stop
t in tea
oo in spoon
f in face
ch in loch
ts in bits
ch in cheese
sh in shell
(long) shh
i in writ
e in egg
you in youth
ya in yak
Activity 1
The following pages are taken from an old Russian calendar. Write underneath each of
them the name of the month in English.
Word recognition
Activity 2
Match up the following sporting terms with the appropriate illustrations.
ujk m a
nyybc
d jk t q , k
htath
dbylchabyu
aen,k
[j r r q
,fcrtn,k
hfrnrf
ubvycnbrf
hu,b
,flvbyny
Activity 3
Label the illustrations of food and drink, using the list of names below.
uh qgahen
cfkn
ceg
ahrns
gtgcb-rkf
xfq
c yldbx
cjccrf
, f y y
dl r f
Activity 4
Match the list of professions below with the places where the people work.
HOSPITAL
CONCERT HALL
CAR
STADIUM
SHOP
PARLIAMENT
BANK
DIRECTORS OFFICE
UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OFFICE
vbycnh
lrnjh
aen ,jk c n
rjvgjpnjh
Activity 5
Look at the following puzzle and jot down (in English) 17 places or objects which you
might find in or near to a town.
R F AT
VT
J
W T YN H
<
B N
H
F H J G J
R Y T F
C H
I
NFRC
R
J
N
P J J GF H R F
K F F
L
F < F YR B
J
RBY
10
N H J
T
FH
N
H N
B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
1.
4.
7.
10.
2.
5.
8.
11.
3.
6.
9.
12.
Activity 6
All except one of the following words relate to education. Which is the odd one out and
what do the others mean?
Activity 7
The following are names of famous and infamous people. Can you identify them?
Njk c n q
kmwby
<hnnty
Girby
Uj h , fx/d
Itrcgh
Ljcnjdcrbq
Cnkby
Vec cjk y b
Xfqrdcrbq
Xhxbkkm
Hp td tkmn
Ijcnfr d b x
U nk t h
Vwfhn
Activity 8
Locate and identify the following countries on the map of Europe below.
RHNF TDHGS
Hj c cz
Dtkbrj,hbn y b z
Ut h v y b z
Ah y w b z
Bn k b z
Bcg ybz
Bhkylbz
Idwbz
Uh w b z
Erhfyf
Gkmif
Gjhneu kbz
X[bz
dcnhbz
11
Activity 9
When you have completed Activity 8, see how many other countries you can identify .
This can be done as an oral exercise together with your teacher. Your teacher will simply ask
you; e.g. ? (Where is Norway?) and you will point to it and reply
(Norway is here).
Activity 10
Now match up the following capital cities with the countries in Activity 8.
<thky
Fa y s
Vjcrd
K y l j y
Ghuf
Dfhidf
Gfh;
Hbv
Rtd
Dyf
Kbccf, y
L,kby
Vflhl
C n j r uk m v
Activity 11
Complete the following crossword about the family by choosing from the list below.
vvf
ctcnh
ggf
,,eirf
csy
lleirf
ljx m
ve;
, h fn
;ty
ACROSS
1. brother
2. sister
3. grandfather
4. husband
6. dad
DOWN
1. grandmother
2. son
3. daughter
4. mum
5. wife
Pronunciation
You should read through the following section carefully, but you are not required to absorb
all the information at this stage. Do not be deterred by the apparent complexity of the rules
on pronunciation, as you are not expected to master them all at once. Many languages,
including English, pose a similar range of difficulties, which non-native speakers come to
terms with gradually.
STRESS
As in English, Russian words are pronounced with the stress on certain syllables. However,
Russian words never have more than one stressed syllable. For example, the Russian for
dddy is ggf. In both words the first syllable is stressed and the second is unstressed. In
Russian the stressed syllable is even more pronounced than in English.
12
Vowels in unstressed syllables are pronounced shorter (or have a reduced value) and some
of them can vary in sound (or change their quality).
Unstressed J^ T^ Z
If a word only has one syllable the vowel is of course always stressed and if a word contains
the letter the stress is always on the , regardless of the number of syllables; e.g.
(liqueur), (gun), (to fidget).
(house)
(he)
(nose)
(growth)
(post)
(forest)
(weight)
(girl)
(ulcer)
(pit)
(yacht)
ljv
jy
yjc
hjcnr
gjcn
kt c
dtc
ltdxbq
zpr
zh k r
zxvym
[dam]
[an]
[nas]
[rastk]
[past]
[lis]
[visy]
[divchiy]
[yizk]
[yirlk]
[yichmyn]
(houses)
(she)
(noses)
(sprout)
(posts)
(forests)
(scales)
(girlish)
(language)
(tag)
(barley)
13
SOFT CONSONANTS
Soft consonants are very common in Russian. You already know that one of the
functions of the soft sign () is to soften the preceding consonant. What is not apparent
from the alphabet is that certain other letters, namely , , , and , can also act like a soft
sign. If a consonant precedes one of these letters, it is always pronounced soft.
Activity 2
Listen to how the native speaker pronounces the following pairs of words, the second
of which has one of the soft vowels (, , , , ) after the consonant. Then listen again to
the native speaker reading the words and repeat them in the gaps provided on the tape.
(mother)
(current)
(to howl)
(nose)
(onion)
(lynx)
(sir)
v fn m
njr
dsnm
yjc
ker
hscm
ch
vzn m
n/r
dbnm
y/c
k.r
hb c
c h b z
(to crumple)
(flowed)
(to weave)
(carried)
(hatchway)
(rice)
(serial)
Most Russian consonants have two forms of pronunciation: hard and soft. However , there
are three which only have a hard form. These are , and . When the soft vowels and
follow these consonants they are pronounced and respectively.
Activity 3
Listen to how the native speaker pronounces the following words. Then listen again to
the words and repeat them in the gaps provided on the tape.
l;ycs
;bh
wbrk
wbhr
iyf
ibi
(jeans)
(fat)
(cycle)
(circus)
(tyre)
(fig)
; t pk
;tcn
wtynh
itcnm
iz
(rod)
(gesture)
(centre)
(six)
(neck)
Voiceless
g
a
r
n
i
c
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Voiced consonants become voiceless at the end of a word, as in the following cases.
,
d
u
l
;
p
g
a
r
n
i
c
le,
hjd
ak f u
v/l
n ;
ufp
[doop]
[rof]
[flak]
[myot]
[etash]
[gas]
(oak tree)
(ditch)
(flag)
(honey)
(floor)
(gas)
Activity 4
Listen to how the native speaker pronounces the following words. Then listen again to
the words and repeat them in the gaps provided on the tape.
hf,
rhf,
kj,
ktd
h/d
ghf d
(slave)
(crab)
(forehead)
(lion)
(roar)
(right)
dhfu
,tu
vbu
cgf l
k/l
hzl
(enemy)
(running)
(instant)
(slump)
(ice)
(row)
ve;
ufh;
gkz;
hfp
uk f p
ghb p
(husband)
(garage)
(beach)
(once)
(eye)
(prize)
2. The effect of voiced and voiceless consonants on each other in combinations (or
clusters) of consonants.
When the last consonant in a combination (of two or more) is voiced, preceding voiceless
consonants are pronounced as their voiced equivalents; e.g.
c , h y b r [zbrnik]
nls[
[ddykh]
c lljv* [zdydom]*
(anthology)
(rest, holiday)
(with grandfather)
[svyet]
(light)
Conversely, when the last consonant in the group is voiceless, all preceding voiced consonants are pronounced as their voiceless equivalents; e.g
dc/
d lr f
d rby*
[fsyo]
[vtka]
[fkin]
(everything)
(vodka)
(to the cinema)
* This rule also applies with prepositions (which are pronounced as if they were joined to
the following word).
Activity 5
Listen to how the native speaker pronounces the following words. Then listen again to
the words and repeat them in the gaps provided on the tape.
A new ab initio Russian course
15
(department)
(selection)
(collection)
(sale)
(bend)
c ujy
clfnm
clkrf
c; t x m
cplb
(herding)
(to hand over)
(deal)
(to burn down)
(from behind)
16
(timid)
(deposit)
(Tuesday)
(to sew in)
(always)
dcle
k tur
pf u c
hlrj
klr f
(everywhere)
(easy)
(registry office)
(rarely)
(boat)
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER ONE -
INTRODUCTIONS
Activity One -
Listening/Reading
Informal greetings. Listen to and read the following.
- Plhdcndeq, Jku.
- Plhdcndeq, Yfnif.
nj
b
jy
18
Jy cnelyns&
- Plhdcndeq, Kyf.
- Plhdcndeq, Ukz.
cnelyns
plhdcndeq
ghbdn
- Ghbdn, Jku.
- Ghbdn, Kyf.
students
hello (informal)
hi
Chapter 1
Activity Two -
Listening/Reading
Formal greetings. Listen to and read the following.
nj vcnth Vfrtypb^
ujcgjly <tkd^
vccbc Cvbn^
ujcgj; Cckjdf b
vbcc Njvcjy& Jy
ghtgjlfdntkb&
Activity Three -
Speaking Greet the following people, using an appropriate register.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
vcnth
ujcgjly
vccbc
ujcgj;
vbcc
ghtgjlfdntkb
plhdcndeqnt
l,hsq ltym
19
Activity Four -
Speaking How would you respond to the following greetings? (You should fill in your
first name or surname, as appropriate, on the lines provided.)
Name of speaker
1. Fktrcq
2& Ujcgjly Bdfyd 3. Ujcgj; <tkzrdf 4. Vfhyf
5& Lrnjh* Geufx/d * Doctor (used in titles)
Russians very often do not use any title when addressing one another, although in
formal contexts uj cgjly and uj cgj;, followed by a surname, are becoming
increasingly common. The title njdhbo (comrade) has largely disappeared since the
collapse of Communism.
When introducing someone in a very formal context (e.g. an official function or business meeting) it is customary to use the persons full name, i.e. first name [vz], patronymic (or fathers
name) [nxt cndj] and surname [afvkbz]. However, if the person being
introduced is younger, it is common practice to omit the patronymic.
Russians use the first name together with the patronymic as a sign of respect in semi-formal
situations. Hence, it is normal to employ this mode of address when speaking to an older person
(e.g. to a teacher). Newly acquainted adults will also adopt this style before switching to purely
first name terms.
It is the custom to refer to young children and to friends, relatives and members of the same peer
group by just the first name. The use of diminutive or affectionate forms (as illustrated below)
and abridged forms, such as >h for hf or Kty for Kyf, is also extremely widespread.
MENS NAMES
First name Diminutives
Endearing forms
male
Fktrcylh
Fktrcq
<jhc
Dkflvbh
Bdy
Ybrjkq
G/nh
Citymrf^Citxrf^Ihjxrf
Fk/itymrf^ K/itymrf
<htymrf^ <htxrf
Djkltymrf^ Ddjxrf
Dfyif^ Dytxrf^ Dfyi(tx)rf
Rktymrf^ Ybrjkif
Gntymrf^ Gtnhi(r)f
Fktrcylhjdbx /
Fktrctdbx
/
<jhcjdbx
/
Dkflvbhjdbx /
Bdyjdbx
/
Ybrjktdbx
/
Gtnhdbx
/
Patronymics
female
Fktrcylhjdyf
Fktrctdyf
<jhcjdyf
Dkflvbhjdyf
Bdyjdyf
Ybrjktdyf
Gtnhdyf
WOMENS NAMES
20
Endearing forms
yyf
Tkyf
Bhyf
Yfnkmz
kmuf
Cdtnkyf
Nfnmyf
ytxrf^ Fyn(jxr)f
Kyjxrf
hjxrf^ Bhi(r)f
Yfnitymrf
ktymrf^ ktxrf
Cdnjxrf^ Cdtnkyrf
Nytxrf^ Nfyif
yz
Kyf
hf
Yfnif
kz
Cdnf
Nyz
Female Patronymics
Female patronymics are formed
from the fathers name in every
case (see above).
As you can see from the charts above, it is quite easy to form patronymics. Simply take the
fathers first name and add the appropriate endings.
Masculine Feminine -
e.g. < j h c
Fk trcq
Dfckbq
ujhm
Chapter 1
<jhcjdbx / <jhcjdyf
Fk trctdbx / Fk trctdyf
Dfckmtdbx / Dfckmtdyf
ujhtdbx / ujhtdyf
* Patronymics are frequently shortened in everyday speech. Hence, instead of Bdyjdbx / Bdyjdyf you
may hear Bdysx / Bdyyf.
Activity Five -
Reading/Writing
Look at the following graffiti and complete the activity below.
1.
2.
3.
5.
Could Sergei Pavlovich Borodin have a son called Sergei Sergeevich Borodin?
4.
6.
7.
8.
Could Sergei Pavlovich Borodin have a daughter called Anna Pavlovna Borodina?
What are the first names of the fathers of the following in Russian?
i) Sofia Sergeevna, ii) Ivan Ivanonich, iii) Nikolai Stepanovich, iv) Anna Igorevna
If Anton Pavlovich Pushkin has a son, Nikolai, and a daughter, Anna, what will their full names be
in Russsian?
Write out in Russian the male and female patronymics from the following names:
i) Anton, ii) Semion, iii) Pyotr, iv) Pavel, v) Sergei
21
Activity Six -
Speaking
Work out with a partner suitable dialogues based on the following
situations. (In some cases more than one form of address is acceptable.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Two school friends, Sasha and Kostya, greet each other in the street.
Two young women, Klara and Olga, who are already acquainted, acknowledge
each other at the hairdressers.
A mother says hi to her little daughter Lyuda (whom she knows affectionately as
Lyudochka). [The Russian for mummy is vvf.]
Sergei Sergeevich meets his bosss wife, Anna Pavlovna, at the bus-stop.
Miss Derby-Jones meets her Russian teacher, Natalya Antonovna, in the buffet.
A young Russian, Igor Petrovich, says hello to his new English teacher, Mrs
Cuttlefish.
An elderly couple, Fyodor Mikhailovich Karamzin and Lidia Vasilevna
Lomonosova, greet each other in a queue.
A young Russian businesswoman, Galina Vadimovna Derzhavina, meets her
American business partner, Mr Wellsbury, at Sheremetyevo airport.
Activity Seven -
Reading/Writing
Complete the family tree.
The Prokofievs, Marina and Pavel, have a daughter and son. Fill in their names and the
names of their children, by selecting carefully from the list below.
Camz Gdkjdyf^ Tkyf Fynyjdyf^ ujhm Fynyjdbx^ Dfk tyny
Ybrjktdbx^ Nfnmyf Ybrjktdyf^ Ybrjkq Gdkjdbx^ Fhrlbq
Ybrjktdbx
Fyny
Kfhcf
Fktrcylhjdbx
22
Fylhtdyf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chapter 1
Activity Eight -
Reading/Writing
Marina is getting old and confused. She no longer really
remembers the family relationships. Say whether her assertions, listed below, are True
(Ghdbkmyj) or False (Ytghdbkmyj).
Activity Nine -
Listening/Reading
Getting better acquainted. Listen to and read the following.
nj Fktrcq^
Bhyf^
Nfnmyf
b Bdy&
Plhdcndeqnt&
Plhdcndeqnt&
Rfr dfc pjdn$
Vty pjdn Fktrcq
Cthutdbx&
F afvkbz$
<tkd&
F dfc$
Vty pjdn Bhyf
Vfrcvjdyf^ f
afvkbz Gjgdf&
Plhdcndeqnt&
- Hfphtint ghtlcndbnmcz%
Plhdcndeqnt&
vty pjdn Bdy
Rfr dfc pjdn$
Bdyjdbx &&& f afvkbz
Vj afvkbz Rhgjdf& Bdfyd&
F vz b nxtcndj$
- xtym ghbnyj&
Vj/ vz Nfnmyf^
f nxtcndj Gdkjdyf&
- Nfnmyf Gdkjdyf
Rhgjdf&
vz
nxtcndj
hfphtint
ghtlcndbnmcz
xtym ghbnyj
first name
patronymic
allow me to introduce
myself
pleased to meet you
(literally: very pleasant)
23
Activity Ten -
Listening/Reading
Informal meeting. Listen to and read the following.
nj G/nh^ yyf
b Dhf&
- Plhdcndeq!
- Plhdcndeq!
- Vty pjdn G/nh^
kb ghcnj Gnz&
F nt, $
- Vty pjdn yyf^
kb yz&
- F rnj nj$
- nj vj gjlhuf^
Dhf&
- Plhdcndeq^ Dhf&
- Plhdcndeq! Rfr
nt, pjdn$
- Vty pjdn G/nh&
- Lj cdblybz^ yz&
- Lj cdblybz^ Gnz&
1.
Activity Eleven -
Speaking
Role-play
You are meeting your new Russian teacher for the first time. Your partner will play
the role of the teacher.
Your role
Say hello.
Introduce yourself by your first name.
Give your second name.
Say goodbye.
2.
Reply appropriately.
Ask the student his/her second name.
Express pleasure at meeting him/her.
Reply appropriately.
You are at a night club in Moscow and you have just met someone you quite like.
Your partner will play that person.
Your role
Say hello.
Ask your partner what his/her name
is.
Give your name. Ask him/her who
his/her friend is.
kb
ghcnj
24
or
simply
Reply appropriately.
Choose a suitable Russian name and
ask what his/her name is
Say that it is your (girl)friend, Zina.
gjlhuf
lj cdblybz
(girl)friend
goodbye
Chapter 1
Activity Twelve -
Listening/Reading
In a business context. Listen to and read the following.
- Gjpyfrvmntcm^ gj;keqcnf^ nj
Cthuq Hjvyjdbx Lth;dby&
- Hlf c dvb gjpyfrvbnmcz&
- Gjpyfrvmntcm^ gj;keqcnf^ nj
Ykkb Dbnkmtdyf Ajydpbyf&
- Hl c dvb gjpyfrvbnmcz&
Activity Thirteen -
Listening/Reading
Back in the night club. Listen to and read the following.
Fk trc y l h
Vfhz
Fktrcylh
Vfhz
Fk trc y l h
Vfhz
yyf
Vfhz
Fk trc y l h
D jk l z
Djklz b yyf -
Plhdcndeq^ Vif&
Ghbdn^ Cif& F rnj nj$
nj vj ctcnh^ yyf&
yyf$
Lf^ yyf&
Vs to/ yt pyfrvs&
xtym ghbnyj&
xtym ghbnyj&
F nj vjq ,hfn^ Djklz&
Ds pyfrvs$
Ytn^ vs yt pyfrvs&
xtym ghbnyj&
xtym ghbnyj&
(Embarrased pause)
F vs pyfrvs!
Lj cdblybz!
gjpyfrvmntcm
gj;keqcnf
hlf (female speaker) c dvb
gjpyfrvbnmcz
hfl (male speaker) c dvb
gjpyfrvbnmcz
ctcnh
lf
vs
to/ yt
pyfrvs (plural)
,hfn
ytn
f
yes
we
not yet
acquainted
brother
no
and, but
25
Activity Fourteen -
Listening/Reading
Describing how you feel. Listen to and read the following.
RFR LTK$
- Ybxtu&
- Gk[j&
- E;cyj&
Activity Fifteen -
Speaking
Role-play
Look at the drawings below and take it in turns to play the role of the person depicted. The
question will be the same in each case: Rfr ltk$
Activity Sixteen -
Listening
State how each of the following people feels.
1. Marina
2. Vitaly
3. Aleksandr
4. grandmother
5. the doctor
6. the student
Activity Seventeen -
Reading
Using the phrases below, state how you would most probably feel if you
had the following.
1. fggtylbwn
2. vbkkby lkkfhjd
XTYM {JHJI
rfr ltk$ hows things?
cgfc,j thanks
26
3. ntvgthfnhf
4. bynthcyfz ryuf
{JHJI
[jhji
fine, good
yjhvkmyj OK
G K {J
ybxtu
middling
(pronounced ybxtd)
E:CYJ
gk[j
bad, poor
(jq) e;cyj (oh) awful
yt
/
o
v
cd
gj
(f)
dj
vcn
hl
r
pyf
gjp
y
f
rv
gjp
mn t c
yfr
m
vb
nmc
vs
z
r
f
py
vs
Chapter 1
Activity Eighteen -
Reading In this chapter you have already met a number of similar-sounding words
connected with getting to know people. The common element in each case is pyfrv
(acquainted) which has the same root as the verb pyfnm (to know).Unfortunately, in the list
below the phrases have got rather muddled up. Sort them out and match them with the
appropriate translation on the right-hand side, if possible without referring back.
ke
qc
introductions
nf
Activity Nineteen -
Reading/Writing
The two most common Russian equivalents of bye! are very
informal and are only used when you know someone quite well. Find the words for bye
(running vertically below) and also state the meaning of each of the words running horizontally. (You can check whether you are right by looking at Activity Twenty-One.)
1&
2&
g
u j
l j r
p y f
h
c
e
r
b
g
v
j
d
j
t
v
t
l
y
c
n
b y
n
n d j
p l h f d c
j n x
a f
u j c
c t c n
g j ; f k
c g f c b
h t d
j
n
t
v
g
h
e
,
j
x
d
c
b
j
f
q
j
k
t
e
n
k
;
q n t
d j
b z
f
c n f
m d t h
y m
Activity Twenty -
Writing
Devise similar charts to the one above to illustrate each of the following
words (using the written form of the alphabet) and then try them out on someone else.
1&
2&
3&
4&
,
c
g
g
f
n
j
h
,
e
p
j
e
l
y
c
i r f
t y n
f r j v m n t c m
n j
27
Activity Twenty-One -
Reading
There are a number of ways to say goodbye in Russian. You have already
met lj cdblybz!, which is the most neutral expresssion and can be used in both formal
and informal situations. In Activity Nineteen you also came across gjr! (bye) and
cxfcnkdj! (which is rarely written and is a corrruption of cxfcnkdjuj gen! (bon
voyage!). Another alternative is lj pdnhf! (see you tomorrow).
Look at the following and say if you think that the form suggested below is appropriate.
- Gjr!
- Lj cdblybz!
- Lj cdblybz!
- Cxfcnkdj! - Lj pdnhf!
Activity Twenty-Two -
Speaking
Which of the four forms listed above would appear most suitable in the
following situations? (You may choose more than one if you wish.)
1. A boy saying goodbye to his teacher.
2. A business woman saying goodbye to her partner.
3. A student saying cheerio to his friend who is returning home (before they go out again
in the evening).
4. A policeman saying goodbye to an old woman.
5. A schoolgirl saying goodbye to her friend after school on a Monday afternoon.
6. A priest saying goodbye to his flock after a church service.
Activity Twenty-Three -
Listening/Reading/Speaking
Firstly, listen twice to the following scene which takes
place at a Russian wedding and answer the questions below in English (without referring to
the text). Then read the transcript on the next page with your partner(s) and, if possible, act
out the scene.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Yf cdlm,t At a Wedding
Bdy Gtnhdbx
Vfhz Cntgyjdf
Bdy Gtnhdbx
Vfhz Cntgyjdf
28
- Plhdcndeqnt
- Plhdcndeqnt& Hfphtint ghtlcndbnmcz% vty pjdn
Vfhz Cntgyjdf&
- xtym ghbnyj&
- F rfr dfc pjdn$
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 1
Bdy Gtnhdbx
Vfhz Cntgyjdf
Bdy Gtnhdbx
Vfhz Cntgyjdf
In Soviet times people either had a simple, unpretentious wedding ceremony in the local registry office ( PFUC)
or a more elaborate and grand affair in the so-called Wedding Palace (Ldjhw ,hfrjcjxtnybz). Nowadays
there is an increasing tendency for people to get married in church. The festivities which follow the wedding
ceremony have always been big occasions, with an abundance of food and drink, which can last anything up to
two or three days (especially in rural areas). The celebrations include numerous speeches, a great deal of music and
dancing and countless toasts, frequently to the accompaniment of the refrain uhmrj! (bitter!), which is the
prompt for the newly-weds to kiss, thereby sweetening the atmosphere. Couples who decide to take their
honeymoon (vtldsq vczw) after the wedding (which is by no means the norm) will not usually leave until
all the revelry has finished.
dif afvkbz (formal)
rjyxyj (pronounced rjyiyj)
crf;nt^ gj;keqcnf
csy
djn
A new ab initio Russian course
your surname
of course
tell me please
son
here is/are
ljxm (feminine)
lheu
rfr ndj ltk$ (informal)
(literally: how are your
things?)
daughter
friend
how are things with
you?
29
GRAMMAR
TO BE OR NOT TO BE?
You may have already noticed, there is no present tense of the verb to be in Russian. You
have already met the following examples:
we are acquainted
- vs pyfrvs
are you acquainted?
- ds pyfrvs$
they are students / teachers - jy cnelyns / ghtgjlfdntkb
A / THE
Russian similarly does not have the definite article (the) or the indefinite article (a). Hence,
nj cnelyn means both this is the student and this is a student. The plural form nj
cnelyns means both these are the students and they/these are students.
GENDERS IN RUSSIAN
Russian, like German, has three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) in the singular and
one plural form. Normally it is possible to guess the gender of a word by looking at the
ending.
Masculine
Nouns ending in a consonant or - are usually masculine:
e.g. ,hfn (brother), ljv (house/block of flats), rfhfyli (pencil), Ekmc (Wales), nhfvdq
(tram)
Note: ggf (dad) and lleirf (grandfather) are clearly also masculine, despite ending in a vowel
rat (coffee) is also masculine, despite ending in -
Some nouns ending in a soft sign (-) are masculine:*
e.g. ghtgjlfdntkm (lecturer), gjhnakm (briefcase), exntkm (teacher), lj;lm (rain), ltym
(day)
Feminine
Neuter
HOW TO SAY MY
Masculine
Neuter
vjq
vj
vj/
vj
Feminine
Singular
vjq ,hfn
my brother
vj ctcnh
my sister
vj/ nxtcndj my patronymic
Chapter 1
You have already met all the different forms for my. They are as follows:
Plural
vj cnelyns my students
vj ihns
my shorts
Activity Twenty-Four -
Reading
The following phrases have got jumbled up. Draw lines to indicate which
form of my should go with which word. Each form of my appears three times.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
11&
12&
vj
vj/
vj
vjq
vjq
vj/
vj
vj
vj
vj/
vj
vjq
gbcmv
,hfn
ctcnh
cbufhns
afvkbz
rfhfyli
cnelyns
nxtcndj
gjhnakm
ntnhlm
ghtgjlfdntkb
cxcnmt
(letter)
(brother)
(sister)
(cigarettes)
(surname)
(pencil)
(students)
(patronymic)
(briefcase)
(exercise book)
(lecturers)
(happiness)
REGULAR PLURALS
Masculine
To form a plural from a masculine noun, you normally just add -:
c n el y n
vfufpy
ljrevyn
(student)
(shop)
(document)
c nel y n s
vfufpys
ljrevyns
(students)
(shops)
(documents)
Note the spelling rule: if the final letter is , , , , , or , you must use - instead of -:
gkz;
rfhfyli
(beach)
(pencil)
gk;b
rfhfylfi
(beaches)
(pencils)
If the noun ends in a soft sign (-) or -, remove the final letter and add -:
gjhnakm
nhfvdq
(briefcase)
(tram)
gjhnakb
nhfvdb
(briefcases)
(trams)
31
Feminine
To form a plural from a feminine noun, you normally remove the final - and add -:
;yobyf
cbufhnf
rdfhnhf
rhnf
(woman)
(cigarette)
(flat)
(map)
;yobys
cbufhns
rdfhnhs
rhns
(women)
(cigarettes)
(flats)
(maps)
ryuf
kbyqrf
(book)
(ruler)
ryub
kbyqrb
(books)
(rulers)
xfcnm
n/nz
cnywbz
ctvm
(part)
(aunt)
(station)
(family)
xcnb
n/nb
cnywbb
cvmb
(parts)
(aunts)
(stations)
(families)
jry
gbcmv
vcnj
(window)
(letter)
(place)
ryf
gcmvf
vtcn
(windows)
(letters)
(places)
vht
eghf;yybt
ghtlvcnmt
(sea)
(exercise)
(suburb)
vjh
eghf;yybz
ghtlvcnmz
(seas)
(exercises)
(suburbs)
Note the spelling rule: if the final letter is , , , , , or , after you have removed -, you must use
- instead of -:
If the noun ends in a soft sign (-) or - /- / -, remove the final letter and add -:
Neuter
To form a plural from a neuter noun, you normally remove the final - and add -:
Activity Twenty-Five -
Writing
Put the following words into the plural.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
pfdl
c n el y n
rhnf
jry
fdnjvj,km (m)
kvgf
ntnhlm (f)
,b,kbjnrf
gkz;
cj,hybt
nxtcndj
eybdthcbnn
gkt
ctvm
vtklbz
(factory)
(student)
(map)
(window)
(car)
(light, lamp)
(exercise book)
(library)
(beach)
(meeting)
(patronymic)
(university)
(field)
(family)
(tune)
Activity Twenty-Six -
Writing The following phrases are in the plural. Put them back into the singular.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
32
vj rfhfylfi
g jk
vj ,,eirb
vj gcmvf
ryub
vj fdnjvj,kb
(my pencils)
(fields)
(my grandmothers)
(my letters)
(books)
(my cars)
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 1
A new ab initio Russian course
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER TWO -
AN OBJECT LESSON
the possessive pronouns my, your, his, her, our, their, whose
the verb to live ()
the prepositional case after d and yf
the numerals 1 to 100
Activity One -
Listening/Reading
Object identification. Listen to and read the following.
cfvjdh&
vfnh/irf&
34
ufpnf
newspaper
Ctulyz
Segodnya = Today (quality
(pronounced Ctdjlyz) daily newspaper)
;ehyk
magazine, journal
Jujy/r
Ogonek = Small Flame
(popular monthly current
affairs magazine)
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 2
Activity Two -
Reading/Speaking Identify the objects/people illustrated below by matching them
up with the following list of words. (You have already met all twenty words.)
Then point to different illustrations and ask your partner rfr gj-hccrb &&&$ (how
do you say ... in Russian?). He/She will reply nj gj-hccrb &&& (in Russian it is ...)
and will thereupon ask you to identify an object/person, and so on.
Finally, shut your books and see how many of the twenty objects/people you can recall
in one minute. This can be played as a game in pairs or groups.
Activity Three -
Listening/Reading
Identifying animals. Listen to and read the following.
Note: when Russians talk about animals or pets they do not say Whats this? but Whos this?
rfr gj-hccrb &&&$
nj gj-hccrb &&&
in Russian it is ...
35
Rnj nj$
nj cj,rf&
nj rirf&
nj rhkbr&
nj xthtg[f&
nj ckjy&
nj kiflm&
nj vsim&
nj ktd&
Whilst Russias rural population or peasantry has, of course, been brought up with farm animals, the vast majority
of town-dwellers live in large blocks of flats and hence have always found it difficult to keep pets. The ravages of
the Second World War and the harsh economic realities of life under Communism likewise had a dramatic effect on
pet-ownership. However, in recent times an increasing number of people have begun to keep cats and dogs and
other small domestic animals and there are considerably more stray animals roaming the streets. As a result of the
increase in organized and petty crime, many more Russians have invested in large dogs, such as Alsatians and
Rottweilers, to protect themselves and their property. For some of Russias new lite, stud farms with expensively
equipped stables and emaculately groomed horses are now becoming a status symbol to match their latest Mercedes
and BMW cars.
Activity Four -
Writing
Fill in the grid below with the names of the animals you have met so far.
cj,rf
rjn/rirf
rhkbr
36
dog
cat
rabbit
xthtg[f
ckjy
kiflm (f)
tortoise
elephant
horse
vsim (f)
ktd
mouse
lion (also the Russian for
Leo, as in Leo Tolstoy)
QUESTION
ANSWER
Chapter 2
Xtq nj rk.x$
nj vj/
rk .x&
Xmz nj cbuhf$
nj vj
gknmt&
Xm/ nj gknmt$
nj vj
ihns&
Xmb nj ihns$
nj vjq
cbuhf&
Activity Six -
Speaking
Imagine that you are working in a lost property office (,.h yf[ljr)
and that a number of people are waiting to claim their missing possessions. Ask dif ferent
students in your group (or, if there are only two of you, your partner who will play several
roles) whose the objects are in the first list. The respondents will identify different objects as
their own; (e.g. you ask Xtq nj ;ehyk$ and someone replies nj vjq ;ehyk&)
Then change the roles with respect to the second list. Remember to pay attention to the
correct forms of the words in each case.
1.
2&
ajnjrgbz
gfkmn (indeclinable)
gknmt
xfq
cjxbyybt
photocopy
coat
dress
tea
essay
37
Activity Seven -
Listening/Reading/Speaking
First, listen to the following dialogue which involves
an argument between young people and their teacher, Anna Pavlovna, about cigarettes. Then
read it aloud or act it out in groups.
- Xmb nj cbufhns$ nj ndj cbufhns^ <jhc$
- Ytn^ yt vj^ yyf Gdkjdyf& nj ndj cbufhns^
Yfnif$
Y fnif
- Ytn^ nj yt vj cbufhns& nj t/ cbufhns& (Pointing at
Marina)
Vfhyf
- nj ytghdlf& nj yt vj cbufhns& nj^ v;tn ,snm^
tu cbufhns& (Pointing at Igor)
ujhm
- Ytn^ yt vj& Z yt reh& nj b[ cbufhns!
(Pointing at the twins, Sasha and Masha)
Cif b Vif - nj yt yib cbufhns&
ujhm
- Cif b Vif^ nj dib cbufhns&
Cif b Vif - Ytn^ nj yt yib cbufhns& Vs yt pytv^ xmb nj
cbufhns&
<jhc
- Hpdt nj yt dib cbufhns^ yyf Gdkjdyf$
Exntkmybwf - Vj$
<jhc
- Lf^ dib&
Exntkmybwf - Jq^ ghjcnnt& Lf^ nj vj cbufhns&
(Everyone laughs)
Exntkmybwf
<jhc
Activity Eight -
Listening/Speaking
Listen again to how the native speakers pronounce the following phrases and repeat them in the gaps provided on the tape.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6.
7&
8&
9&
10&
11&
12&
Xmb nj cbufhns$
Vs yt pytv^ xmb nj cbufhns&
nj ndj cbufhns^ <jhc$
Ytn^ yt vj&
Ytn^ nj yt vj cbufhns&
nj^ v;tn ,snm^ tu cbufhns&
nj b[ cbufhns!
nj ytghdlf&
nj yt yib cbufhns&
Hpdt nj yt dib cbufhns^ yyf Gdkjdyf$
Vj$
Lf^ nj vj cbufhns&
38
your
his
her
our
your
their
yt
ghdlf
nj ytghdlf
v;tn ,snm
z yt reh
vs yt pytv
hpdt
ghjcnnt
not
truth
thats not true
perhaps, maybe
I dont smoke
we dont know
in fact, really
forgive (me)
Chapter 2
Activity Nine -
Listening/Reading/Writing
Look at the map of Russia and listen to where the
interviewees say they live. Then match up each person (from the following list) with the
appropriate town.
You will need to know the Russian for where do you live? - ult ns ;bd/im$ (informal and used
with children) or ult ds ;bd/nt$ (formal/plural) and also the reply I live in ... - z ;bd d ... .
Note: the form of the word changes slightly after the preposition d.
If the town is masculine the letter - is added; e.g. Hjcnd (Rostov) changes to d Hjcndt.
If the town is feminine the final - (or -) is removed and the letter - is added; e.g. Vjcrd (Moscow)
changes to d Vjcrd.
RHNF HJCCB
Activity Ten -
Speaking
Role-play. You play the part of A and your partner plays B, then reverse
the roles.
A
z ;bd
d (+ prepositional)
I live in
39
Activity Eleven -
Reading/Speaking
Look at the list of names in the left-hand column and state where
you think he or she is most likely to live. All the possibilities are provided, in jumbled-up
form, in the right-hand column.
You will need to know the Russian for where does he/she live? - ult jy#jy ;bd/n$ and the reply
he/she lives in ... - jy#jy ;bd/n d ... .
Note: if a country ends in - the final - is removed and the letter -b is added; e.g. yukbz (England)
changes to d yukbb. In France is dj Ahywbb, for ease of pronunciation.
Rnj nj$
1&
2&
3.
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
11&
12&
Bcgybz
Ijnkylbz
ylbz
Ahywbz
Uthvybz
Bnkbz
Zgybz
Uhwbz
Bhkylbz
Gkmif
Ujkkylbz
Hjccz
Activity Twelve -
Writing
Read the biographies below and write down similar details about where
you live. Include the following information: type of accommodation, name of city/town/
village, country.
Vty pjdn Ybrjkq&
Z ;bd d rdfhnht d
uhjlt Djhyt;^ d
Hj c cb&
jy ;bd/n
jy ;bd/n
yukbz
Ahywbz
Bcgybz
Ijnkylbz
40
he lives
she lives
England
France
Spain
Scotland
ylbz
Uthvybz
Bnkbz
Zgybz
Uhwbz
Bhkylbz
India
Germany
Italy
Japan
Greece
Ireland
Gkmif
Ujkkylbz
Hjccz
uhjl
lthdyz
d lthdyt
Poland
Holland
Russia
town
village, countryside
in a/the village, in the country
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
z
ns
jy
jy
(we) v s
ds
(they) j y
;bd/im
;bd/n
;bdn
;bd/nt
;bd
;bd/n
;bd/v
we live
he lives
they live
you live (informal)
you live (formal/plural)
I live
she lives
Chapter 2
Activity Thirteen -
Writing Without looking back at the previous pages, sort out the correct forms for
the verb to live by drawing arrows linking the appropriate parts. In order to help you, one
of the two forms which you have not yet met has been done for you. (You can check your
solution by referring to the Grammar section.)
Activity Fourteen -
Reading
Where do the people pictured below live?
41
Activity Fifteen -
Reading/Writing
State in which towns the following famous European football clubs
play. The towns are given below. You will use the same construction each time.
e.g. Fhctyfk buhtn d Kyljyt - Arsenal play in London
1. Fcnjy Dbkkf
2& >dtynec
3&
4&
{b,thybjy
Cgfhnr
ntktdpjh
hlbj
gkqth
rjvgmnths
rfccnybr
kvgf
ncnth
ghynth
dbltjrvthf
ajnjfggfhns
ghjrnjh
ghjuhsdfntkm
jy (m)
jy (f)
jy (n)
jy (pl)
(jy#jy#jy) buhtn
(jy#jy#jy) hf,nftn
(jy) hf,nf.n
42
it/he
it/she
it
they
(he/she/it) plays
(he/she/it) works
(they) work
ntktdpjh
hlbj
gkqth
rjvgmnth
rfccnybr
kvgf
ncnth
television
radio
walkman
computer
cassette player
lamp
toaster
ghynth
dbltjrvthf
ajnjfggfhn
ghjrnjh
ghjuhsdfntkm (m)
printer
camcorder
camera
projector
recordplayer
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
jl y
ldf
nhb
xtnht
gznm
itcnm
ctvm
dctvm
ldznm
lcznm
11&
12&
13&
14&
15&
16&
17&
18&
19&
20&
jlyyflw fnm
ld tylw fnm
nhbylw fnm
xtnhyflw fnm
gznylw fnm
i t cnylw fnm
c tvylw fnm
dj c tvylw fnm
l tdznylw fnm
ldlw fnm
21&
22&
30&
40&
50&
60&
70&
80&
90&
100&
Chapter 2
Numbers do not normally pose great problems in Russian. It might help to consider the following:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Activity Seventeen -
Listening You will hear three different activities recorded on the tape.
1. Bingo (Kjn). Fill in the boxes below with numbers between 1 and 20 of your own
choice. The native speaker will then read out a series of numbers twice each and you should
cross out your numbers as soon as they are called. The winner is the first to cross out all his/
her numbers.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
2. The native speaker will test your arithmetic by reading out a number of simple subtraction
and addition sums. (Listen for the words gk.c and vyec.)
3. The native speaker will count in four recognizable patterns. Jot down the particular
pattern in each case.
I. ............................................................ III. ............................................................
II. ............................................................ IV. ............................................................
A new ab initio Russian course
43
Activity Eighteen -
Speaking
You and your partner should jot down ten different expressions of quantity in English (e.g. pints in a gallon) and then ask each other to provide relevant responses
in Russian; e.g. your partner says players in a rugby league team and you reply
nhbylw fnm.
Activity Nineteen -
Listening
You will hear ten numbers recorded on the tape, each of which relates to a
different place or building below. Write alongside each picture the number which relates to it.
Choose from the following: ntnh^ eybdthcbnn^ irkf^ j,ot;nbt^ rby^
djrpk^ gfhr^ cj,h^ cnflby^ gvznybr
Activity Twenty -
Listening
You will hear six Russians saying where they live. You should fill in the
following information: i) the number of their block of flats ( ljv), ii) the number of their flat
(rdfhnhf) and iii) their telephone number (ntktay), which will consist of six digits
divided into three blocks of two.
1
ntnh
irkf
j,ot;nbt
rby (indeclinable)
djrpk
gfhr
44
theatre
school
student hostel
cinema
station
park
cj,h
cnflby
gvznybr
ntktay
lhtc
,jkmiq
cathedral
stadium
monument
telephone
address
big
ghjcgrn
kbwf
kbwf Nhel
vjcrdcrbq (adjective)
gkoflm (f)
ghjcgrn Gj,ls
avenue
street
Labour Street
Moscow
square
Victory Avenue
gj ytl kmybr*
dnhybr
c h tl
xtndhu
gnybwf
ce,,nf
djcrhtcymt
Lyb ytlkb
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Chapter 2
* Days of the week do not begin with a capital letter unless they are the first word in a sentence.
Three of the days are connected with numbers, i.e. dnhybr = dnjhq (ltym) : second (day);
xtndhu = xtnd/hnsq (ltym) : fourth day; gnybwf = gnsq (ltym) : fifth day.
Two days have religious connections: ce,,nf = the sabbath; djcrhtcymt is cognate with
djcrhtcybt (resurrection).
The word chtl means milieu or medium. It is the day which is in the middle of the week.
The word gjytlkmybr suggests the day after Sunday. (Its origin can be traced back to Old
Church Slavonic.)
Activity Twenty-One -
Writing Using the grid below, fill in the days of the week. (Only one order is
possible.)
Activity Twenty-Two -
Writing Using the grid on the next page, check that you got the days of the week
right in the previous exercise. Then complete the missing squares by filling in the appropriate
Russian names from the list provided below. The names are given in random order.
A new ab initio Russian course
45
Russian names
Hccrbt bvty
GJ
UJHBPJYNKB(ACROSS)
ujhm
<kkf
Fhrlbq
Cyz
kz
yz
yyf
V f ul f k y f
46
Hvvf
Pz
Cn/gf
Vz
F k t rc q
Bhyf
kz
Rkhf
GJ DTHNBRKB
F k trcylhf
Ybrnf
hf
Hnf
Rbhkk
Y fnif
(DOWN)
Hvf
kz
Nyz
Vfhz
Hz
Vb[fk
MY
YOUR
vjq
vj
vj/
vj
ndjq
ndj
ndj/
ndj
HIS
tu
tu
tu
tu
HER
OUR
t/
t/
t/
t/
yfi
yif
yit
yib
YOUR
dfi
dif
dit
dib
THEIR
b[
b[
b[
b[
WHOSE
Chapter 2
GRAMMAR
xtq
xmz
xm/
xmb
Note: The above forms also express the predicative possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours,
theirs.
Activity Twenty-Three -
Reading/Writing
Express the following phrases in Russian. To assist you, a list of
all the required forms and nouns is provided below, although not in the right order.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
my cigarettes
my house
their school
our university
your radio (formal)
your shorts (informal)
our library
his sister
vj
ndj
yfi
yif
ndj/
yib
dif
vj
ghtgjlfdntkb
irkf
vvf
ihns
rk .x
gknmt
cbufh
ljv
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
my mum
your exercise book (informal)
your exercise (formal)
our letters
my dress
your pen (formal)
her key
your lecturers (informal)
t/
dit
b[
ndj
tu
vjq
ndjq
vj/
ctcnh
hxrf
,b,kbjn rf
eghf;yybt
eybdthcbnn
gcmvf
ntnhlm
hlbj
Activity Twenty-Four -
Speaking/Writing
Now write up another sixteen phrases and their English
equivalents beginning with the following forms. You can then test your partner on them by
asking either Rfr gj-hccrb &&&$ (What is the Russian for ...?) or Rfr gjfyukqcrb &&&$ (What is the English for ...?).
1.
2.
3.
4.
vj
yif
dif
ndj/
5.
6.
7.
8.
ndj
yfi
vj/
yit
9.
10.
11.
12.
vj
dit
yib
vjq
13.
14.
15.
16.
ndjq
dib
dfi
ndj
47
=
=
=
=
jy
jy
jy
jy
(it/he)
(it /she)
(it)
(they)
Instead of repeating the noun, Russian (like English) frequently uses pronouns. When
referring to people the gender is obvious.
e.g.
However, when referring to objects you must remember the gender of the object and use
the appropriate pronoun for that object:
e.g.
Ul t cnjk$
Wheres the table?
Ul t ,b,kbjnrf$
Wheres the library?
Ul t jry$
Wheres the window?
Ul t cbufhns$
Where are the cigarettes?
Cnjk pl t cm&
The table is here.
<b,kbjnrf nfv&
The library is there.
Jry nfv&
The window is there.
Cbufhns pltcm&
The cigarettes are here.
Jy pltcm&
It is here.
Jy nfv&
It is there.
Jy nfv&
It is there.
Jy pltcm&
They are here.
z
ns
jy
jy}
jy
; b d
;bd/im
;bd/n
I
live
you live
he
she} lives
it
vs
ds
;bd/v
;bd/nt
we
you
live
live
jy
;bdn
they
live
In addition to conveying the idea I live etc., the above forms also express the notions I am living, I do
live etc. because there is only one present tense in Russian. Hence, ult ns ;bd/im$ means where do
you live? Note that only has a capital letter at the beginning of sentences.
HOW TO EXPRESS IN, ON AND AT
The prepositions (in, at) and (on, at, in) take what is called the Prepositional case.
Masculine -
xtvjly (suitcase)
Hjcnd (Rostov)
48
cnjk (table)
rjywhn (concert)
If a noun ends in a soft sign (-), remove the soft sign and add -t
gjhnakm (briefcase)
d gjhnakt (in a/the briefcase) fdnjvj,km (car)
nhfvdq (tram)
gcyz (song)
a,hbrf (factory)
Chapter 2
Feminine
If a noun ends in a soft sign (-), remove the soft sign and add -
gtxnm (print)
d gtxnb (in print)
If a noun ends in -, remove - and add -
yukbz (England) d yukbb (in England)
Neuter
krwbz (lecture)
gbcmv (letter)
jry (window)
vht (sea)
Usually means in and means on, but sometimes is used to convey the meaning in, as in some
of the examples above and with the following words: pfdl (factory), cnflby (stadium), Ehk (the
Urals), ehr (lesson), hf,nf (work), vfiyf (car) and other forms of transport.
Note: some foreign words ending in vowels do not change; e.g. d Ukpuj (in Glasgow), yf nfrc (by
taxi), yf vtnh (by metro / on the underground), d rby (in/at a/the cinema).
Activity Twenty-Five -
Speaking
First, look at the picture below in which one object is piled on top of
another and state where each object is situated. Start at the top and work down. (You will
begin Rfhfyli yf gbcmv& Gbcmv yf ryut& Ryuf yf &&& &) Then go
round the class adding another object each time.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
(f) _______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
49
50
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER THREE
WORK
NATIONALITY
Z gj ghjaccbb
vtlctcnh&
Z gj ghjaccbb
by;tyh&
F z ghtgjlfdntkm(ybwf)&
Z dhfx&
rnj ds gj ghjaccbb$ (formal)
rnj ns gj ghjaccbb$ (informal)
rfrz e dfc ghjaccbz$ (formal)
rfrz e nt, ghjaccbz$ (informal)
52
Z ija/h&
what is your profession?
(literally: who are you by
profession?)
what is your profession?
(literally: what profession
do you have?)
F z jabwbynrf&
vtlctcnh
by;tyh
ghtgjlfdntkm(ybwf)
dhfx
ija/h
jabwbynrf
nurse
engineer
lecturer
doctor
driver
waitress
Question
ntktajycnrf
vfibycnrf
frnhcf
ljviyzz [jpqrf
telephone operator
typist
actress
housewife
Reply
;ehyfkcn
exntkm (m)
gtdwf
utkju
journalist
teacher
singer
geologist
Chapter 3
Activity Two -
Speaking Look at the pictures below and the accompanying captions (which state
briefly the persons name, job and place of residence) and interview your partner about the
people. You should ask the following questions in each case.
aen,jkcn
fldjrn
,fyrh
ubvycnrf
footballer
barrister
banker
gymnast
53
Activity Three -
Reading/Writing Work out the Russian for builder (in the bold box which runs
vertically) by filling in the answers to the clues provided in the grid below. Words which you
have not yet met are given at the foot of the page.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
Jy hf,nftn d ,jkmywt&
Jy hf,nftn d ntnht&
Jy hf,nftn d ,yrt&
Jy hf,nftn d htcnjhyt&
Jy hf,nftn yf pfdlt&
Jy hf,nftn d rfywtkhbb&
Jy hf,nftn d g,t&
Jy hf,nftn d eybdthcbnnt&
Jy hf,nftn d irkt&
Activity Four -
Speaking
Role-play. You play the part of A and your partner plays B, then reverse
the roles. You will need to know the expressions z hf,nf. (I work), and ult ns
hf,nftim$ # ult ds hf,nftnt$ (where do you work?).
A
54
waiter
barman
hospital
theatre
bank
restaurant
office
pub
I work
where do you work?
where do you work?
hf,nftim
ns
hf,nftn
jy
hf,nftv
jy
hf,nftnt
vs
hf,nf.
ds
hf,nf.n
jy
hf,nftn
we work
Chapter 3
Activity Five -
Writing You have now met all the forms of the verb hf,nfnm (to work), except
vs (the first person plural). Match up the appropriate endings below. The vs-form is
done for you. (You can check your solution by referring to the Grammar section.)
they work
she works
he works
I work
Activity Six -
Listening
Listen twice to the descriptions on the tape and answer the following
questions in English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Activity Seven -
Reading/ Speaking/Writing You are by now quite familiar with the prepositional case
after and & As you know, in Moscow = d Vjcrd. However, if a word ends in - the
ending is not - but -. Hence, ujcnyfz (lounge) becomes d ujcnyjq.
Bearing in mind the above rule, first of all put the following into Russian:
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
dining room
bedroom
study
toilet
attic
bathroom
kitchen
cellar
basement
garage
cnjkdfz
cgkmyz
rf,byn
nefkn
xthlr
dyyfz
r[yz
guht,
gjldk
ufh;
Then answer the questions on the next page (relating to the drawing of the house). You will
need to recognize the following vocabulary:
rfhnyf (picture)^ rhjdnm (f) (bed)^ ry;ysq irfa (book cupboard)^ ufhlth, (wardrobe)^ gtxm (f)
(oven, stove)^ ,ean (sideboard)^ gbfyyj (indeclinable) (piano)^ hrjdbyf (sink, wash-basin)^ rknrf
(cage)^ rhckj (armchair)^ kvgf (lamp, light)^ phrfkj (mirror)^ xfc (pl) (clock, watch)^ dyyf (bathtub)^ cnjk lkz yfcnkmyjuj nyybcf (table-tennis table)^ xtvjlys (suitcases)^ dby (wine)^ vfiyf
(car).
A new ab initio Russian course
55
VJQ LJV
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
Xnj yf xthlfr$
Xnj d cnjkdjq$
Xnj d ujcnyjq$
Xnj d rf,bynt$
Ult hlbj$
Ult gtxm$
Ult dby$
Ult vfiyf$
Rnj d dyyjq$
Ult vvf$
Yf xthlfr
Jy d
Ghtgjlfdntkm
(r[yz)
Now interview your partner about the contents of the various rooms and the location of
different objects.
Activity Eight -
Listening/Reading
Nationalities. Listen to and read the following.
Rnj ds gj yfwbjykmyjcnb$ (Rnj ns gj yfwbjykmyjcnb$)
Z gj yfwbjykmyjcnb
hccrbq&
Z n;t hccrfz&
56
Vs hccrbt&
hccrbq (m), hccrfz (f) Russian
hccrbt (pl)
Russians
n;t
also
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 3
Z fvthbrytw&
Z fyukbxyrf&
Z rfyltw&
Activity Nine -
Listening/Reading
First, study the table of nationalities below, then (with the help
of the table) answer the listening comprehension questions which follow. You may need to
listen twice to each description.
Nationality
American
Australian
Canadian
Chinese
English
French
German
Indian
Italian
Japanese
Russian
Spanish
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
fvthbrytw
fdcnhfktw
rfyltw
rbntw
fyukbxyby
ahfywp
yvtw
byltw
bnfkmytw
zgytw
hccrbq
bcgytw
PL
fvthbryrf
fdcnhfkqrf
rfylrf
rbnfyrf
fyukbxyrf
ahfyw;tyrf
yvrf
bylbyrf
bnfkmyrf
zgyrf
hccrfz
bcgyrf
fvthbryws
fdcnhfkqws
rfylws
rbnqws
fyukbxyt
ahfywps
yvws
bylqws
bnfkmyws
zgyws
hccrbt
bcgyws
ADJECTIVE
fvthbrycrbq
fdcnhfkqcrbq
rfylcrbq
rbnqcrbq
fyukqcrbq
ahfywpcrbq
ytvwrbq
bylqcrbq
bnfkmycrbq
zgycrbq
hccrbq
bcgycrbq
Activity Ten -
Reading/Writing
State the nationalities of the following people (assuming that they
were all born in the capital city where they now live).
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
Jy ;bd/n d d Dibyunjyt&
{hbcnby ;bd/n d <thkyt&
<h.c ;bd/n d Ry,thht&
Vhnf ;bd/n d Hvt&
Cnelyns ;bdn d Kyljyt&
Vs ;bd/v d Vflhlt&
Jy
Jy
Vs
what is your nationality?
(literally: what nationality do you have?)
student hostel, hall of residence
57
Activity Eleven -
Reading
Match up the names of the people with their likely nationality from the list
in bold below.
1&
2&
3&
yvrf
Af,bty
L;jy
Dfwkfd
bylbyrf
bhkyltw
4&
5&
6&
{fqlb
Cjylbg
Frtvb
bcgytw
zgyrf
7&
8&
9&
fvthbrytw
{efy
Tktyf
Gfnhbr
hccrfz
xt[
ahfyw;tyrf
The Verbs bln (to go/be going on foot) and [fnm (to go/be going by transport)
I am going
you are going
he/she/it is going
{FNM
z le
ns ltim
jy#jy#jy ltn
we are going
you are going
they are going
vs bl/v
ds bl/nt
jy bln
I am going
you are going
he/she/it is going
we are going
you are going
they are going
vs ltv
ds ltnt
jy len
The Russian for Where are you going? is Rel ns bl/im#ltim$ or, using the formal/plural form,
Rel ds bl/nt#ltnt$ (Do not use ult &&&$ with movement.) When you state the name of your
intended destination (e.g. Im going to the park) you normally use d or yf (as appropriate) followed
by the Accusative case. The endings of the Accusative case are easy:
M
F
N
PL
z
z
z
z
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Igor
Masha
Lena
Petya
Vanya and Anna
Kolya and Natasha
Klara
Alyosha
bl#le d gfhr
bl#le d irke
bl#le d ctk
bl#le d Fays
gfhr - gfhr
irkf - irke
ctk - ctk
Fays- Fays
(no change)
(-f replaced by -e)
(no change)
(no change)
Activity Twelve -
Listening
A group of students are discussing where they are planning to go in the
evening. Jot down in each case both their intended destination and the form of transport they
hope to use. (You will need to know the word for on foot - gtirv.)
bhkyltw#bhkylrf
xt[#xirf
58
Irishman/Irish woman
Czech (man/woman)
rel &&&$
ctk
gtirv
on foot
Activity Fourteen -
Reading/Writing Express the following in Russian by selecting appropriate phrases
from the columns on the right. (They are of course in random order.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
English
Pronoun
Verb form
Vs
Jy
Ns
Z
Z
Vs
Jy
Jy
le
bl/im
ltv
ltn
bl/v
ltn
bln
le
d ,b,kbjnre
d ntnh
d Vjcrd
d irke
d uhjl
d Jlcce
yf cnflby
d eybdthcbnn
Chapter 3
Activity Thirteen -
Speaking
Memory game. One of you begins by saying where you are going (e.g.
z ble d eybdthcbnn) and the next person both repeats your phrase and adds another
destination (e.g. z ble d eybdthcbnn b d ,b,kbjnre) and so on. You start with
ten points and lose one point each time you forget a destination or make a grammatical
mistake. The winner is the last person to lose all ten points.
or gtirv
yf nhfvdt&
gtirv&
yf nhjkkq,ect&
yf gtplt&
gtirv$
gtirv&
yf dtkjcbglt&
yf vfiyt&
Activity Fifteen -
Speaking/Writing Role-play. You play the part of A and your partner plays B, then
reverse the roles.
A
Now make up your own role-play. You should include questions relating to the following:
i) health, ii) nationality, iii) work, iv) your partner s intended destination. Stick to what you
know and do not be over-ambitious.
uhjl
Jlccf
nhjkkq,ec
town
Odessa (Black Sea resort)
trolleybus
gtpl
dtkjcbgl
gjxtv($)
train
bicycle
why(?)
gjnjv xnj
because
59
Activity Sixteen -
Listening/Reading Telling the time. Listen to and read the following.
Rjnhsq xfc$
(Ctqxc) xfc&
Xtnht xfc&
Itcnm xfcd&
Ctvm xfcd&
Dctvm xfcd&
Lcznm xfcd&
Jlyyflwfnm xfcd&
Ldznm xfcd&
Ldtylwfnm xfcd&*
Activity Seventeen -
Listening
Listen twice to the following recordings from the radio in which an announcer tells you different times in Moscow. Jot down the times after the second listening.
Each announcement begins Ujdjhn Hlbj Vjcrd& Vjcrdcrjt dhvz &&&
(Radio Moscow speaking. Moscow time is ...). Notice that the announcer uses the twentyfour hour clock.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Activity Eighteen -
Writing Fill in the appropriate forms of the Russian for hour(s) or oclock: xfc
(after numbers ending in 1, except 11), xfc (after numbers ending in 2, 3, 4, except 12,
13, 14) and xfcd (after all other numbers).
i& 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ii. 12 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& iii. 4 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& iv. 23 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
v. 21&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& vi. 11 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& vii. 16 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& viii. 22 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
crkmrj ctqxc dhvtyb$ (colloquial) whats the time?
(literally: how much now is the time?)
rjnhsq xfc$ (higher style)
what is the time?
(literally: which (is the) hour?)
60
ctqxc
gkltym (m)
gkyjxm (f)
ujdjhn
now
midday
midnight
is speaking
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The footballer
Galina
Aleksandr
The doctor
Yevgeniya
Nikita
Chapter 3
Activity Nineteen -
Listening
The following speakers are all talking about their plans to go out. State
where each person is intending to go and at what time. To express at a given time, Russians
simply use d (+ accusative). The endings do not change; e.g. d xfc (at one oclock), d
ldf xfc (at two oclock), d xtnht xfc (at four oclock), d gznm xfcd (at five
oclock), d lcznm xfcd (at ten oclock), d gkyjxm (at midnight).
d gjytlkmybr
dj * dnhybr
d chle
d xtndhu
d gnybwe
d ce,,ne
d djcrhtcymt
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Activity Twenty -
Listening
Say on which days of the week Inna (who has eclectic taste) listens to the
types of music listed below. Note that the noun goes into the Accusative case after the
phrase z ckif. (I listen to). This rule is explained in the next chapter.
hjr-y-hkk
gjg-vpsrf
l;fp
cnhlyfz vpsrf
rkfccxtcrfz vpsrf
huub
yfhlyfz vpsrf
(d) xfc
(d) ldf#nhb#xtnht xfc
(d) gznm#itcnm (etc.) xfcd
z ckif. (+ accusative)
hjr-y-hkk
gjg-vpsrf
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
l;fp
cnhlyfz vpsrf
rkfccxtcrfz vpsrf
huub
yfhlyfz vpsrf
jazz
light music
classical music
reggae
folk music
61
GRAMMAR
THE USE OF GJ (+ DATIVE) IN SET EXPRESSIONS
You do not need to know all the endings of the Dative case at this stage. However, you
should remember that the preposition gj usually takes the Dative and you should learn the
following expressions by heart:
rnj ns#ds gj ghjaccbb$
z gj ghjaccbb &&&
By now you will realize that all verbs, apart from to be, have special forms for the present
tense. It is important to distinguish between these forms since verbs are generally just listed
under the infinitive in Russian dictionaries (to do, to work etc.). You can easily recognize the
infinitive by its last two letters, usually - (e.g. lkfnm - to do) and occasionally -
(e.g. gtxm - to bake) or - (e.g bln - to be going).
As you will have noticed, the ending of the verb is determined by the personal pronoun
(z^ ns^ jy^ jy^ jy^ vs^ ds^ jy). In most cases you simply remove - from the
infinitive and add the relevant endings:
HF<NFNM
z hf,nf-.
vs hf,nf-tv
ns hf,nf-tim
ds hf,nf-tnt
jy, jy, jy hf,nf-tn jy hf,nf-.n
The endings -^ -tim^ -^ -^ -^ - are very common when the infinitive ends in
- or - (e.g. vtynm - to change). Verbs in this group (which in future we will refer
to as first conjugation or type I verbs) always adhere to the following two rules:
1)
2)
Activity Twenty-One -
Writing
Work out how to conjugate the verbs xbnnm (to read) and ckifnm
(to listen to).
z xbn&&&
ns xbn&&&
jy#jy xbn&&&
62
vs xbn&&&
ds xbn&&&
jy xbn&&&
z ckif&&&
ns ckif&&&
jy#jy ckif&&&
vs ckif&&&
ds ckif&&&
jy ckif&&&
Activity Twenty-Two -
Writing
Match the personal pronouns with the appropriate forms of the verb
vtynm (to change).
vty.n
vty.
vtytv
vtytim
vtytn
vtytnt
Chapter 3
vs
ns
jy
ds
z
jy#jy
bl/n
we are going
you are going
they are going
z le
ns ltim
jy#jy#jy ltn
z bl#le d gfhr
z le d <ptkm*
z bl#le d ctk
z le yf vht
P L z bl yf nyws
z le d Fays
gfhr
- gfhr
< p t k m - <ptkm
(no change)
(no change)
i r k f - irke
(-f replaced by -e)
l t h d y z - lthdy. (-z replaced by -.)
ctk
vht
Im going to a dance
Im going to Athens
n y w s - nyws
Fays - Fays
- ctk
- vht
(no change)
(no change)
(no change)
(no change)
* The names of towns and islands ending in a soft sign ( -m) are masculine.
Activity Twenty-Three -
Writing The following expressions all use the Accusative case. What would the
standard (or Nominative) form of the word in the Accusative be?
1. Jy ltn d lthdy.&
2. Vs ltv d Vjcrd&
3& Z bl d uhjl
63
THE ACCUSATIVE CASE (WITH TIMES OF THE DAY AND DAYS OF THE WEEK)
The Accusative case is used after d to express at a certain time and on a day of the
week. However, you will find it easier just to remember the following as set phrases.
Telling the time - 12-hour clock
at one oclock/ at midday/ at midnight
at two/three/four oclock
at five/six/seven/eight > twelve oclock
d xfc#gkltym#gkyjxm
d ldf#nhb#xtnht xfc
d gznm#itcnm#ctvm#dctvm > ldtylwfnm xfcd
on
on
on
on
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
d gnybwe
d ce,,ne
d djcrhtcymt
on Friday
on Saturday
on Sunday
As in many other languages, some jobs only have masculine or feminine forms, whilst others
have two possibilities. Here is a list of the jobs you have met so far.
MASCULINE
fldjrn*
frn/h
,fyrh**
,fhvy
dhfx **
u t k j u**
ubvycn
;ehyfkcn
by;tyh**
vtl,hn
jabwbyn
gtdw
g h t g jl f d n tk m
cnhjntkm**
ntktajycn
exntkm
a e n , jk c n
ija/h**
FEMININE
rnhcf
,hvtyif
ubvycnrf
;ehyfkcnrf
vfibycnrf***
vtlctcnh
jabwbynrf
gtdwf
g h t g jl f d n tkmybw f * * * *
ctrhtnhif*****
ntktajycnrf
exntkmybwf
a e n , jk c n r f
ENGLISH
barrister
actor/actress
banker
barman/bar woman
doctor
geologist
gymnast
journalist
engineer
typist
(male) nurse
waiter/waitress
singer
lecturer
secretary
builder
telephonist
teacher
footballer
driver, chauffeur
Theoretically the form fldjrfnccf exists but the masculine form is generally preferred even
for women, since fldjrfnccf sounds over-stylized and pedantic.
**
If no generally acceptable female form exists, the masculine form is used; e.g. jy [jhibq
dhfx (she is a good doctor), jy bpdcnysq utkju (she is a well-known geologist).
*** The masculine word vfibycn means machinist/machine engineer or engine driver.
**** The form ghtgjlfdntkmybwf is used less frequently than ghtgjlfdntkm and can
have somewhat pejorative overtones.
***** The masculine form ctrhtnhm refers to the secretary of an organization. Note that
ctrhtnhm is also used of women, especially in compound forms (e.g. ctrhtnhmvfibycnrf).
64
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER FOUR -
AT THE AIRPORT
Activity One -
Reading
Work out the meaning of the following words which relate to passport
control and customs. To help you with the more difficult ones, clues are provided. (You will
find the answers in the vocabulary list at the foot of the next page.)
Checks
gcgjhnysq rjynhkm
nfv;yz
Places
fhjghn
,.h
Clues:
1. Nfv;yz - traditions or habits, now
disappearing within the European Union?
2. The Russian verb yjcnm means to carry.
3. The Russian word uhfywf means
a frontier or border.
4. The word valuta is in the English
dictionary. Does it mean i) a ballroom dance
in triple time, ii) courage, iii) currency,
iv) a gentlemans personal attendant?
People
yjckmobr
nfv;tyybr
gjuhfyxybr
nehcn(rf)
Objects
,fu;
dpf
ltrkfhwbz
gcgjhn
dfknf
66
At Pulkovo - 2 Airport
Chapter 4
D fhjgjhn Gkrjdj - 2
Activity Two -
Listening/Reading
The following is a dialogue between an English tourist and a
Russian passport control officer (or, more strictly speaking, a border guard). Listen to it and
then read it out in pairs.
GCGJHNYSQ RJYNHKM
Gjuhfyxybr
Ne h c n
Gjuhfyxybr
Ne h c n
Gjuhfyxybr
Ne h c n
Gjuhfyxybr
Ne h c n
Gjuhfyxybr
Ne h c n
Gjuhfyxybr
Ne h c n
Gjuhfyxybr
Ne h c n
Gjuhfyxybr
Ne h c n
* Russian frequently uses a dash to indicate the present tense of the verb to be.
gcgjhnysq
rjynhkm
gcgjhn
nfv;yz
nfv;tyybr
fhjghn
d fhjgjhn
office
porter
border guard
tourist
luggage
visa
(hard) currency
ltrkfhwbz
gj;keqcnf
djn
;ty
dc/
d gjhlrt
dc/ d gjhlrt
declaration (form)
please, youre welcome
here (is/are)
wife
everything, all
in order
everything is OK
67
Activity Three -
Speaking Role-play. Passport control. You play the role of A, the passport control
officer or boarder guard (gjuhfyxybr), and your partner plays the role of B, the tourist
(nehcn#rf). Then reverse the roles.
A
Say hello.
Ask to see his/her passport.
Ask for his/her visa.
Ask him/her what his/her nationality is.
Ask why he/she lives in England.
Ask what job he/she does.
Ask him/her for his/her name.
Say goodbye.
Respond appropriately.
Offer him/her your passport.
Present your visa.
Say you are Canadian.
Say that you work in Manchester.
Tell him/her that you are a doctor.
Tell him/her your name.
Reply appropriately.
Activity Four -
Listening/Reading
The following is a dialogue between the English tourist, Mr
Thomson, and a Russian customs officer. Listen to it and then read it out in pairs.
NFV:YZ
Nfv;tyybr
Ne h c n
Nfv;tyybr
Ne h c n
Nfv;tyybr
Ne h c n
Nfv;tyybr
Ne h c n
Nfv;tyybr
Ne h c n
Nfv;tyybr
Ne h c n
Nfv;tyybr
Activity Five -
Speaking Run through the above dialogue in pairs replacing the italicized words with
the following:
Plhdcndeqnt
L,hjt nhj
Fvthbrycrbt lkkfhs
800 (djctvmcn) lkkfhjd
lkkfhs
e dfc (tcnm) &&&$ (formal)
lf^ tcnm
rfrz e dfc dfknf$
crkmrj$
aeyn
fyukqcrbt ayns
e vty (tcnm) &&&
nczxf
68
nczxf aynjd
he,km (m) (he,k)
e vty ytn he,kq
v;yj($)
gjvtynm
,.h gj j,vye dfkns
l,hjt nhj
lkkfh
fvthbrycrbt lkkfhs
djctvmcn lkkfhjd
a thousand pounds
rouble (roubles)
I do not have any roubles
can one/I/you/we?, one can
to change
currency exchange bureau
good morning
dollar
American dollars
eight hundred dollars
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
nj
dfi ,fu;$
E dfc tcnm dfknf$
Ult dif ltrkfhwbz$
Rnj ds gj ghjaccbb$
Ds fyukbxyby$
Ult v;yj gjvtynm dfkne$
D ,yrt&
Djn jy&
Z exntkm&
Lf^ z fyukbxyby&
Lf^ vjq&
Vty pjdn Vqrk&
Lf^ tcnm&
Chapter 4
Activity Six -
Reading
Match the following questions with the appropriate answers.
Activity Seven -
Reading
Look at the Russian declaration form and answer the questions below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
69
Activity Eight -
Reading/Speaking/Writing Answer the following questions in English relating to the
business cards below. Then write down your answers to the same questions in Russian with
reference to the box below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
* Abbreviations: ek& = kbwf^ l& = ljv^ rd& = rdfhnhf^ gh& = ghjcgrn^ ntk& = ntktay
** Moscow has seven-digit numbers. 350 = nhcnf gznmltcn
*** Yjdjc/kjd - Russians usually omit the two dots (or diaeresis) in writing.
T/ pjdn kmuf&
Jy ghtgjlfdntkm&
kmuf ;bd/n d Vjcrd
yf kbwt Ltrf,hcnjd^
d lvt @ nhlwfnm^
d rdfhnht @ itcnmltcn ctvm&
T/ ntktay% 350 - 43 - 70&
Finally use the business cards and the model above as the basis for four interviews with your
partner. You should reverse the roles each time. The questions you should ask will be as
follows:
Rfr tu#t/ pjdn$
D rfrv lvt$
Rnj jy#jy gj ghjaccbb$ D rfrq rdfhnht$
Ult jy#jy ;bd/n$
Rfrq e ytuj # e yt/
ntktay$
ek& Ltrf,hcnjd
gh& Djccnybz
ek& Yjdjc/kjd
gh& Rekmnhs
yvth (=@)
70
Decembrists Street
Avenue of the Uprising
New Setttlers Street
Culture Avenue
number
rfrq
d rfrv (m) ... / d rfrq (f) ...?
(adjectives in prepositional case)
e ytu
e yt/
Chapter 4
Activity Nine -
Listening
Listen twice to the following dialogue and fill in the gaps in the partial
transcription below.
Activity Ten -
Speaking Act out the above dialogue in pairs, replacing the amounts you wish to
change with the following. You should change roles each time.
1.
(3)
(4)
180
$65
2.
(3)
(4)
75
$130
3&
(3)
(4)
125
$50
4&
(3)
(4)
48
$195
Activity Eleven -
Listening/Reading
A small group of masculine nouns take the Prepositional case
ending - (always stressed) after d and yf. With very few exceptions (e.g. fhjghn - d
fhjgjhn), they are monosyllabic (i.e. they consist of only one syllable). Look at the
pictures below and note where the people and objects are.
Ult Bdy$
Ult jxr$
Ult yyf$
Ult knf$
Jy d ktc&
Jy yf yjc&
Jy yf ,fk&
Jy d Rhsv&
I would like
I would like
to change foreign currency
clerk, employee
how many pounds / dollars?
(do) you want(?)
two / three / four thousand
at the moment, now
rehc aynf
rehc lkkfhf
ktc (d ktc)
jxr
yjc (yf yjc)
,fk (yf ,fk)
knf
Rhsv (d Rhsv)
71
Activity Twelve -
Reading
Look at the following pictures and, using the vocabulary at the foot of the
page, answer the questions below.
Ult yjckmobr$
Ult nfrc$
Ult ,fu;$
Ult cj,rf$
Activity Thirteen -
Reading
There is another common preposition (or before the vowels , , ,
, ) - about, which takes the Prepositional case. Note: when j is used before any of the
monosyllabic nouns above, the ending is -; (e.g. j vcnt - about the bridge). Look at
the front covers of these books and suggest what each is about.
e.g.
This is a book
about a dog.
nj ryuf
j cj,rt&
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
Activity Fourteen -
Speaking Which town are you thinking about? - J rfrv uhjlt ns
lvftim$
You should split up into pairs or groups and then run through the English alphabet from A to Z
each naming in turn a town beginning with the appropriate letter; e.g. the first player might
begin z lvf. j, F,thlyt, the second might say z lvf. j <cnjyt, the third z
lvf. j Rv,hbl;t and so on. You have five seconds to answer and you score one
point for each town you name. If you fail to think of a town or get the ending wrong you score
no points.
fhjghn (d fhjgjhn) airport
nfrc (n indeclinable)
taxi
vjcn (yf vjcn)
bridge
72
gjknbrf politics
htkubz
religion
vpsrf
music
ylbz
India
lvfnm (I) to think
QUESTION ( J
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
x/v$ # J rjv$
J x/v ns lvftim$
J ___ ns lvftim$
J ___ ns lvftim$
J ___ ns lvftim$
J ___ ns lvftim$
J ___ ns lvftim$
J ___ ns lvftim$
J ___ ns lvftim$
SUBJECT
irkf
;yobyf
aen,jkcn
gjhnakm
cj,rf
ve;xyf
yukbz
ktc
ANSWER ( Z
Z lvf. j irkt&
Z lvf. _______
Z lvf. _______
Z lvf. _______
Z lvf. _______
Z lvf. _______
Z lvf. _______
Z lvf. _______
Chapter 4
Activity Fifteen -
Reading/Writing
The Prepositional forms of xnj (what) and rnj (who) are j
x/v (about what) and j rjv (about whom) respectively. Write out questions and answers
relating to the nouns below, using the completed example (no.1) as your model.
Activity Sixteen -
Listening/Reading
Listen to all the forms of the personal pronouns ( z, ns, jy,
jy, jy, vs, ds, jy) in the Prepositional case. Then listen again and match up the
different forms with the appropriate pronouns. (You will notice that the phrase for about me
is somewhat unusual.)
about me
about you (informal)
about him/it
about her/it
about it (n)
about us
about you (plural/formal)
about them
,j
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
yfc
y/v
ytq
dfc
yb[
nt,
vyt
y/v
Activity Seventeen -
Reading
Look at the picture of the Aeroflot ticket and answer the questions below.
You should refer to the vocabulary provided at the foot of the page.
,bkn
htqc
vcnj
dhvz jnghfdkybz
dhvz ghb,nbz
vfhihn (jn # lj)
gjclrf
d[jl
arrival time
route (from / to)
boarding
gate, exit
73
Activity Eighteen -
Listening
Listen to the following airport announcements, which are recorded on the
tape. You you should not expect to understand everything, but you should be able to
recognize the flight numbers, gate numbers and destinations. When you have heard all the
announcements once, listen to each of them again and fill in the gaps in the partial
transcription below.
1& J,]zdktncz htubcnhwbz ,bknjd b ,fu;f yf htqc @
dsktn.obq d
^ dsktn.obq d
Activity Nineteen -
Reading/Writing
Look at the following timetable and answer the questions below in
Russian. You should refer to the vocabulary list at the foot of the page.
VJCRD
KYLJY
fhjghn Ithtvnmtdj - 2
Lyb ytlkb
Dhvz
jnghfdkybz
Dhvz
ghb,nbz
Xhtp
Htqc @
Gjytlkmybr
12.00
18.30
Gfh;
N194
Dnhybr
10.15
14.15
ghzvq
N192
C h tl
15.45
19.25
<thky
N087
Gnybwf
12.00
18.30
Gfh;
N194
Ce,,nf
10.15
14.15
ghzvq
N192
Djcrhtcymt
20.00
03.10
Dyf
N065
Xtndhu
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
dsktnnm (I)
ghb,sdnm (I)
ktnnm (I)
74
cfvjk/n
ghzvq
xhtp (+ accusative)
plane
direct
via
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
You already know that the Accusative case is used after d (with verbs of movement, days and times). It
is also used after very many verbs. Nouns and pronouns which receive the action of the verb (i.e.
which have an action performed upon them) and which take the Accusative case without a preposition
are called direct objects. The direct object always answers the one-word question whom? or what?.
In Russian the direct object (or Accusative) form is usually the same as the standard, nominative forms
for masculine, neuter and plural nouns. However, when a feminine noun is at the receiving end of the
verb, the final - is replaced by -. Hence, to change currency is gjvtynm dfkne (not dfknf).
Chapter 4
Activity Twenty -
Listening/Reading
Listen to the following extract from a Russian childrens poem
and see how many feminine Accusative forms you can spot. Then read through it carefully
and make a note of all the feminine nouns in the Accusative case.
<FU: (C& Vfhir)
Lvf clfdkf d ,fu;
Lbdy^
X t vjl y ^
Cfrdj;^
R f hn y e^
Rjh p y e^
R f hn y re^
B vk tymre. cj,fxyre&
Dlfkb lvt yf cnywbb
Xtnht ptk/ys[ rdbnywbb
J njv^ xnj gjkxty ,fu;%
Lbdy^
X t vjl y ^
Cfrdj;^
Rfhnyf^
Rjh p y f ^
Rfhnyrf^
B vk tymrfz cj,fxyrf&
Ghb[fkb d uhjl :bnvbh&
Yjckmobr gznylwfnsq yvth
Dtp/n yf ntk;rt ,fu;%
Lbdy^
X t vjl y ^
Cfrdj;^
R f hn y e^
Rjh p y e^
R f hn y re^
F cplb dtln cj,fxyre&
A lady checked in
Settee
Cfrdj;
Grip
Rjhpyf
Rfhnyrf
vktymrfz cj,fxyrf
Basket
Hat-box
small dog
Ghb[fkb
gznylwfnsq yvth
Dtp/n yf ntk;rt
Activity Twenty-One -
Speaking Look at the following list of objects and say which items are normally
checked in and which are not. (Remember the Accusative endings.)
usually
gbfyyj (n indeclinable)
piano
,v,f
bomb
75
Activity Twenty-Two -
Listening/Reading Just as some nouns change in the Accusative case, so too do
pronouns (cf. English: The lecturer knows me, him, her, us, them). The Accusative form
of rnj (who) is rju (whom), in which is pronounced . Listen to the different forms of
the personal pronouns (z, ns, jy, jy, jy, vs, ds, jy) in the Accusative case,
which are recorded three times. Then match up the various forms with the appropriate pronouns, in response to the following question:
Rju pytn ghtgjlfdntkm$
he knows me
he knows you (informal)
he knows him/it
he knows her/it
he knows it (n)
he knows us
he knows you (formal/plural)
he knows them
pytn
pytn
pytn
pytn
pytn
pytn
pytn
pytn
dfc
b[
vty
tu
yfc
tu
nt,
t/
* The Accusative of xnj (what) is the same as the Nominative, hence What does the lecturer know? is
Xnj pytn ghtgjlfdntkm$
Activity Twenty-Three -
Speaking Role-play. You play the role of A and your partner plays the role of B.
Then reverse the roles.
A
76
whom
to know
Avenue of Strikes
novel
Brothers Karamazov (novel by
(z) ,kmit
Fyodor Dostoevsky, 1879 - 1880) k.,k
ns
jy#jy#jy
vs
ds
jy
xbn.
xbntim
xbntn
xbntv
xbntnt
xbn.n
ckif.
ckiftim
ckiftn
ckiftv
ckiftnt
ckif.n
lkf.
lkftim
lkftn
lkftv
lkftnt
lkf.n
u ek .
u ek t i m
u ek t n
u ek t v
u ek t n t
u ek .n
j nl s [ .
j nl s [ t i m
j nl s [ t n
j nl s [ t v
j nl s [ t n t
j nl s [ . n
Chapter 4
Activity Twenty-Four -
Listening/Reading
Revising type I verbs. Look at the following first conjugation
verbs, some of which you have already met: xbnnm (to read) ckifnm (to listen), lkfnm
(to do, make), ueknm (to go for a stroll), jnls[nm (to rest, go on holiday), dcnhtxnm
(to meet). In the list below you will find them in all their conjugated forms. Listen twice to the
telephone conversation on the tape and circle any forms of the verbs which you hear .
dcnhtx.
dcnhtxtim
dcnhtxtn
dcnhtxtv
dcnhtxtnt
dcnhtx.n
Activity Twenty-Five -
Listening Listen twice to the recording and fill in the table in English. In addition to
the vocabulary at the foot of the page, you will find the following phrases helpful:
ctulyz nfrz [jhifz gjulf (its such good weather today), e llb <hb (at Uncle Boryas),
r;tncz (it seems, apparently), (ns) xtv pfybvtimcz$ (what are you up to?), xhtp xfc (in an hour),
jy knbn r yfv bp Vjcrd (she is flying here from Moscow), ns hpdt yt pytim (dont you really
know?), ye^ yt ,le nt, ,kmit pflh;bdfnm (well, I wont detain you any longer).
Natasha (Yfnif)
Tanya (Nyz)
Activity Twenty-Six -
Listening Listen twice to the descriptions of peoples daily routines and fill in the grid
below in English. (Some of the answers are completed for you.)
VZ$
Ivan
LKFTN
P F D N H F R F T N $ RFR JY() J < L F T N $
LKFTN
:BYFTN$
XNJ JY()
P F HZ L RE $ DJ CRKMRJ$ LTN D
DJ CRKMRJ$ L J V I Y T T DJ CRKMRJ$ L K F T N
BYCNBNEN$
PFLYBT$
DXTHJV$
bus
12 oclock
Yuri
listens to
music
ueknm (I)
j,lfnm (I)
jnls[nm (I)
dcnhtxnm (I)
to go for a stroll
to have lunch
to rest, go on holiday
to meet
rjyathywbz
lkfnm (I) pfhlre
pdnhfrfnm (I)
dj crkmrj$
conference
to do exercises
to have breakfast
at what time?
ljviytt homework
pflybt
;byfnm (I) to have supper
dxthjv
in the evening
77
GRAMMAR
THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE ENDING -/ (ALWAYS STRESSED) AFTER D AND YF
Nominative (xnj$)
fhjghn
,fk
Rhsv
ktc
vjcn
yjc
g jk
cfl
,htu
,jhn
uk f p
rhfq
k/l
kj,
keu
gjhn
gjcn
g h el
hjn
(airport)
(ball)
(Crimea)
(forest, wood)
(bridge)
(nose)
(floor)
(garden)
(shore, bank)
(side of ship, board)
(eye)
(edge)
(ice)
(forehead)
(meadow)
(port)
(post)
(pond)
(mouth)
Prepositional (ult$)
d f hjgjhn
yf ,fk
d Rhsv
d ktc
yf vjcn
yf yjc
yf gjk
d cfl
yf ,thtu
yf ,jhn
d uk fp
yf rhf
yf kml
yf k,
yf keu
d gjhn
yf gjcn
d ghel
dj hn
(soft ending)
(fleeting vowel, plus filling m )
(fleeting vowel)
(house)
(briefcase)
(tram)
j lvt
j gjhnakt
j nhfvdt
(flat)
(exercise-book)
(France)
j rdfhnht
j ntnhlb
j Ahywbb
(letter)
(sea)
(building)
j gbcmv
j vht
j plybb
(window)
(England)
j, jry
j, yukbb
78
(shore, bank)
(forest, wood)
(edge)
j ,htut
j kct
j rht
Nominative
rnj($)
xnj(?)
z
ns
jy#jy
jy
vs
ds
jy
Prepositional
j rjv($)
j x/v(?)
j ,j vyt
j nt,
j y/v
j ytq
j yfc
j dfc
j yb[
(about what(?))
(about whom(?))
(about me)
(about you)
(about him/it)
(about her/it)
(about us)
(about you)
(about them)
Chapter 4
Pronouns
The direct object (or Accusative) form is generally the same as the standard, nominative forms for
masculine, neuter and plural nouns.
MASCULINE
;ehyk
(magazine)
NEUTER
gbcmv
(letter)
PLURAL
ufpns
However, when a feminine noun is at the receiving end of the verb, the final - is replaced by - and the
final - is replaced by -. The ending does not change if the final letter is -.
FEMININE
ryuf
ctcnh
n/nz
vfnm
(book)
(sister)
(aunt)
(mother)
cnelyn
cnelyn
cnelyn
cnelyn
xbntn ryue
pytn t/ ctcnh
pytn t/ n/n.
pytn t/ vfnm
Pronouns
Nominative Accusative
rnj($)
xnj($)
z
ns
jy#jy
jy
vs
ds
jy
rju ($)
xnj($)
vty
nt,
tu
t/
yfc
dfc
b[
rju jy ckiftn$
xnj jy ckiftn$
jy ckiftn vty
jy ckiftn nt,
jy ckiftn tu
jy ckiftn t/
jy ckiftn yfc
jy ckiftn dfc
jy ckiftn b[
80
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER FIVE -
SHOPPING FOR FOOD
cegthvhrtn / eybdthcv
xcnysq vfufpy
ufcnhjyv
hyjr / ,fph
82
supermarket
private shop
food store
market
rbcr
kfh/r
he,km (m)
rjgqrf
kiosk
stall
rouble
kopeck
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
nj
nj
nj
nj
nj
nj
vjkxysq jnlk
[k,ysq jnlk
h,ysq jnlk
vzcyq jnlk
rjylnthcrbq jnlk
jdjoyq jnlk
Chapter 5
Activity One -
Writing Look at the pictures below of various departments in a Russian supermarket.
Choose the appropriate name for each department from the vocabulary list at the foot of the
page. Fill in the correct name above each picture.
meat department
confectionary
vegetable department
83
Activity Two -
Reading
Read and translate the following text. Complete the tasks after the text,
using the vocabulary list at the foot of the next page to help you.
noun
j,l
Chapter 5
Activity Three -
Reading/Writing Indicate whether the following sentences (based on Activity Two)
are True () or False () and correct the sentences in Russian where required. The first
sentence is done for you.
Activity Four -
Reading/Listening/Writing Read the following text and fill in the gaps choosing the
adjectives from the box below. Put the adjectives in the appropriate gender, number and
case. Listen to the tape to check your answers.
,ksq
gjke;hysq
cd;bq **
ckdjxysq
,jkmiq
;/knsq
rhcysq
x/hysq
ptk/ysq
ljhjuq
ghbujndbnm
jy [xtn
drcysq j,l
yj cyfxkf
y;yj
regnm
ghjlrns
rhvt ahrnjd
ghjlfncz
gjregnm (I)
,ksq [kt,
,kjxrf
to cook
she wants
delicious dinner
but first (of all)
it is necessary to
to buy
food
except for fruit
are sold
to buy
white bread
bread roll
gjnv
ckdjxyjt
vckj
gjke;hyjt
vjkjr
cd;fz rfgcnf
vjhrdm (f)
cfkn
lheuq
djob
ds,bhnm (I)
ptk/ysq ghtw
then
butter
half fat milk
fresh cabbage
carrots
salad
other
vegetables
to choose
green pepper
rhcyst
gjvblhs
x/hyfz brh
ljhjuq
nkmrj
h,f
yfrjyw
xn-yb,elm
(yf) ltchn
njhn
;/knsq
,fyy
red
tomatoes
black caviar
expensive
only
fish
finally
something
(for) dessert
cake
yellow
banana
85
Activity Five -
Speaking/Writing Pairwork. Look at the following pictures of food products and
ask your partner in which department you can buy them. Use the model in the box below to
help you. Complete the sentences underneath each picture.
Note: an adjective in a phrase such as in the bread department should be used in the Prepositional case (since
it agrees with the case of the noun department). In order to use a masculine adjective in the Prepositional case,
simply remove the nominative masculine ending - and replace it with -:
d [k,y jnlk
in the bread department
[k,y jnlk
bread department
jnlkt&
jnlkt&
jnlkt&
jnlkt&
jnlkt&
jnlkt&
* Many requests in Russian start with direct phrases such as crf;nt^ gj;keqcnf^ &&& (tell me, please ...),
,lmnt lj,h &&& (be so kind ...) or ghjcnnt^ gj;keqcnf^ &&& (excuse me, please ...). These phrases are largely
interchangable.
86
You will need to know how to form the Prepositional case of feminine adjectives, as the names of some shops in
Russian look like feminine adjectives. They are part of a small group of so-called adjectival nouns, which look like
adjectives, and change their endings in the same way as adjectives. In order to use a feminine adjective in the
Prepositional case simply remove the nominative feminine ending - and replace it with -:
,kjxy
bakery
Chapter 5
Activity Six -
Speaking Pairwork. Ask your partner where it is possible to buy different products
in Russia. You should use the model in the box below and you may refer to the photographs
to help you.
d ,kjxy
at the bakery
ldcnb
nhcnf
xtnhtcnf
500
600
700
gznmcn
itcnmcn
ctvmcn
800 djctvmcn
900 ltdznmcn
1,000 n c z x f
Note: compound numerals are formed by placing simple numerals in sequence, exactly as in English; e.g. 456
(xtnshtcnf gznmltcn itcnm - four hundred and fifty-six)^ 1,973 (nczxf ltdznmcn cvmltczn
nhb - one thousand nine hundred and seventy-three)&
,kjxyfz
rjylnthcrfz
bakery
confectioners
vfufpy vjkjr\
fgnrf
87
Crkmrj nj cnbn$
To ask the price of a single item, simply use the phrase crkmrj cn + a singular noun in the Nominative case:
Crkmrj cn vjkjr$
Crkmrj cn [kt,$
Crkmrj cn h,f$
If the noun that you want to ask about is plural, use the phrase crkmrj cn + a plural noun in the Nominative
case:
Crkmrj cn ,fyys$
How much are the bananas?
Crkmrj cn gjvblhs$
How much are the tomatoes?
Activity Eight -
Reading/Speaking
Read the following statements about the prices of various foodstuffs and fill in the price tags below in figures. Then ask your partner about the prices, using
the model in the box below to help you.
- Ghjcnnt^ gj;keqcnf^ crkmrj cnbn rjrf-rkf$
- Rjrf-rkf cnbn lcznm he,kq ,enkrf*&
* When you have to use the phrases per kilo/bottle or each simply say the price + the noun kilo/ bottle or
each in the Nominative case.
1&
2&
3&
4&
,fyys
,enkrf
88
bottle
njhn
inrf
each
vjkjr
rbkjuhvv
kbvys
kilogramme
kbvy
lemon
Purchase
Price
Chapter 5
Per
1.
2.
3.
How to say Where are you from?
Where from is one word in Russian - jnrlf. Simply say jnrlf + the Nominative case of a
personal pronoun or noun:
Jnrlf ds/ns$
Where are you from?
Jnrlf jy/jy$
Where is he/she from?
Jnrlf Yfnif$
Where is Natasha from?
The answer to the above questions is expressed by the preposition (from) + the place name in the
Genitive.
If the place name is masculine the ending - is added: Kyljy (London) - bp Kyljy (from London).
If the place name is feminine the final - (or -) is removed and the ending - (or -) is added respectively:
Vjcrd (Moscow) - bp Vjcrd (from Moscow); yukb (England) - bp yukb (from England).
Jnrlf ds$
I am from Russia
Z bp Hjccb
Activity Ten -
Speaking/writing Look at the following pictures and say who these people are and
where they are from. Complete the sentences under each picture in Russian. Then find out
where your fellow students are from.
nj
nj
nj
Jy bp
Jy bp
Jy bp
dby
cjr
wine
juice
gfrn
csh
carton
cheese
xfq
tea
89
A ctivity Eleven -
Reading
Read the newspaper advertisement below of a Russian import company
and answer the following questions in English. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page
to help you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Activity Twelve -
Speaking
Pairwork. Using the countries and products mentioned in the advert from
Activity Eleven, compose and act out dialogues along the lines of the following model.
- Crf;nt^ gj;keqcnf^ jnrlf dfi c[fh$
- Yfi c[fh c* Erhfys&
* In Chapter 1 you learned that some nouns require instead of + the Prepositional case. These nouns require
/ instead of + the Genitive case; e.g. Erhfyt (in Ukraine) - c Erhfys (from Ukraine). Almost all
islands require + the Prepositional and accordingly require + the Genitive case.
rhgysq bvgjhn/h
dscjrjrxtcndtyysq
ghjlrns gbnybz
CYU
Tdhgf
X[bz
ghtlkfunm (I)
90
large importer
high quality
foodstuffs
CIS
Europe
Czech Republic
to offer
c/cj (+ genitive)
crkfl
c[fh
rat (m indeclinable)
Rbgh (yf Rght)
Wtqky
Ujkkylbz
from
warehouse
sugar
coffee
Cyprus
Sri Lanka
Holland
Erhfyf
vjkxyst
ghjlrns
lncrjt gbnybt
rjyans
vjkxysq
ijrjkl
Ukraine
dairy
products
baby food
sweets
milk
chocolate
Chapter 5
Activity Thirteen -
Listening/Reading
Listen to the forms of the personal pronouns (z^ ns^ jy^ jy^
jy^ vs^ ds^ jy) in the Genitive case. Then listen again and match up the various
forms with the appropriate pronouns. One of them is done for you.
* Personal pronouns in the Genitive case are frequently used after the preposition in phrases expressing
possession (to have). When , , are used after a preposition, the letter y is added to the pronoun, so they
become , , (to facilitate pronunciation); e.g. e ytu/yt/ tcnm ljv$ - does he/she have a house?; e yb[
tcnm vfiyf$ - do they have a car?
Activity Fourteen -
Speaking Pairwork. Ask your partner if he/she possesses any of the objects below.
You will need to know the Russian for do you have a + noun? - e dfc/nt, tcnm + noun in the Nominative
case?; e.g. e nt,/dfc tcnm ljv$ - do you have a house? If you want to give an affirmative reply, simply add lf
at the beginning of the sentence and change the personal pronoun to e vty to refer to youself; e.g. f^ e vty
tcnm ljv - yes, I have a house. If you want to give a negative reply, use the negative word ytn + e vty ytn +
noun in the Genitive case; e.g. ytn^ e vty ytn lvf - no, I dont have a house. Note: I dont have a watch =
e vty ytn xfcd&
91
Activity Fifteen -
Writing
There are five differences in the following two pictures. Spot them and
complete the sentences below in Russian.
Activity Sixteen -
Listening Listen to the dialogue. Although you will not understand everything, you
should be able to complete the table below. Use ticks to indicate which items the couple have
and which they do not have.
GHJLRNS
vckj
[k t,
,fyys
rat
cfkn
v jk j r
kbvys
vjhrdm
cjr
xfq
dby
csh
ghtw
92
TCNM
YTN
GRAMMAR
Adjectives are words which describe the quality of something, for example, red dress, fresh
bread, hot tea.
In Russian the adjective always agrees with the noun it describes in gender, case and number.
Therefore, if the noun is masculine, singular, nominative, the adjective must have a masculine,
singular, nominative ending; e.g. [k,ysq jnltk& This is also the form in which adjectives
appear in dictionaries.
Chapter 5
ADJECTIVES
Preceding
consonant
unstressed ending various
, , *
, , , *
stressed ending
any
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
[k,y
rjylnthc
cd
[k,y
[k,y
[k,y
rjylnthc rjylnthct rjylnthc
cd
cd
cd
jdjoyq
jdjoy
jdjoy
Plural
jdjoy
(i) replaces after , , , , , and - lku (long), hccr, n[ (quiet), cd;, [jhi
(good), ujhx (hot), yfcnjo (real);
(ii) unstressed j is replaced by after , , and - cd;, [jhi, ujhx, yfcnjo.
Remember that the stressed ending - is used after any consonant.
There are also about thirty so called soft adjectives which end with - in the masculine
nominative form. They have the following endings:
Masculine
cy (blue)
form.
Feminine
cy
Neuter
cy
Plural
cy
Activity Seventeen -
Writing
Fill in the gaps in Russian using the following adjectives in the appropriate
1. d r c y s q
__________ dby^ __________ [kt,^ __________ h,f^ __________ ,fyys
2. c d ; b q
__________ vckj^ __________ njhn^ __________ rfgcnf^ __________ djob
3. l j h j u q
__________ brh^ __________ rat^ __________ ahrns^ __________ vjkjr
93
Activity Eighteen -
Writing/Speaking/Listening Using the appropriate form of rfrq, make each of
the phrases from Activity Seventeen into (i) a question, (ii) an exclamation. Use the model
below to help you. Then listen to the tape to check your answers. Listen again and repeat
each phrase in the gap provided on the tape, trying to imitate the native speaker s intonation.
- Rfrt nj dby$ (What wine is it?)
- Rfrt drcyjt dby! (What delicious wine!)
1.
2.
3.
dby$
[k,$
h,f$
,fyys$
dby!
[k,!
h,f!
,fyys!
vckj$
nhn$
rfgcnf$
djob$
vckj!
nhn!
rfgcnf!
djob!
brh$
rat$
ahrns$
rjyans$
brh!
rat!
ahrns!
rjyans!
Activity Nineteen -
Writing/Reading Put the adjectives in brackets in the appropriate form, and translate the sentences into English. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
1. Yfnif ;bd/n d (,jkmiq^ [jhibq) lvt& 2& D (rjylnthcrbq) jnlkt
v;yj regnm nhn^ ijrjkl b rjyans& 3& J (rfrq) akmvt ds
hfccrpsdftnt^ j (ahfywpcrbq) kb j (hccrbq)$ 4& D (rfrz) rvyfnt ;bdn
nb cnelyns^ d (,jkmiz) bkb (vktymrfz)$ 5& D (cd;tt) vjkjr vyuj
rkmwbz^ f d (cd;fz) vjhrdb vyuj rfhjnyf& 6& Z j,xyj gjreg. [k, d
(,kjxyfz)^ f yt d ufcnhjyvt& 7& D (cytt) vht dkys gkoen^ d (cytt) y,t
pd/pls ,koen&
hfccrpsdfnm (I) to talk, relate
rvyfnf
room
vktymrbq
small
94
vyuj
rkmwbq
rfhjny
a lot
calcium
carotene
vht
sea
dkys the waves
gkoen are lapping
y,j
sky
pd/pls the stars
,koen are shining
You have already used forms of the Genitive case when talking about the time and prices.
Some of the forms you learned were singular (e.g. d 2 xfc) and some were plural (e.g. d 5
xfcd or 100 he,kq). The Genitive is always used after numbers above one. After two,
three, four and any other number which ends with two, three or four (but not 12, 13, 14)
nouns are used in the Genitive singular. From five onwards nouns are used in the Genitive
plural, which will be dealt with later.
Chapter 5
There are four basic endings for singular nouns in the Genitive case. They are -^ - (masculine
& neuter) and -^ - (feminine).
Masculine
Genitive
ldf kbvf
xtnht gjvblf
Genitive
nhb he,k
ldf xz
Feminine
All feminine nouns have exactly the same endings as in the Nominative plural and choice between - or - is governed by the same rules (see Chapter 1). But the Genitive singular can
differ from the Nominative plural in the position of the stress (as in the first example):
Nominative (singular)
ctcnh
rjgqrf
vjlkm
dakz (wafle)
Nominative (plural)
c/cnhs
rjgqrb
vjlkb
dakb
Genitive (singular)
nhb ctcnh
ldlwfnm xtnht rjgqrb
ldt* vjlkb
xtnht dakb
Neuter
(i) if the noun ends with -^ replace it with -:
Nominative
gbcmv
Genitive
ldf gbcmv
Genitive
ldf vhz
95
nj _____________________________
nj __________________________________
nj _____________________________
nj __________________________________
Note: only the second element of rrf-rkf declines; gtxymt is always singular; the masculine genitive
singular of vqcrbq is vqcrjuj , and rat is an indeclinable masculine noun!
rjh,rf
gtxymt
96
box
biscuit(s)
gxrf
,yrf
packet
jar
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 5
Activity Twenty-One -
Reading/Listening
Listen to and translate the following dialogue. Use the
vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
* When a phrase containing the Genitive case, which expresses the meaning of , is used after a verb requiring the
Accusative case, only the first part of the phrase is put into the Accusative. The second part remains in the
Genitive case (z djpmv (+ acc) > rjh,re (+ gen) > vhvtkflf).
Activity Twenty-Two -
Writing/Speaking Write out two dialogues of your own, using the dialogue from
Activity Twenty-One as a model, and then act out your dialogues in pairs.
Activity Twenty-Three -
Writing
Write down the answers to the following questions using the words in brackets
in the correct form (remember to use bp, c or ,tp as appropriate).
1. Jnrlf nb cnelyns$ (yukbz^ Hjccz^ Fvhbrf^ Bhy)
4& Ds [jnnt xfq ,tp vjkjr$ (say yes and without c[fh^ v/l^ dfhymt)*
vfhvtkl
njul
z djpmv (+ acc)
rfrj (n indeclinable)
gjkexnm (I)
A new ab initio Russian course
fruit jellies
then
Ill have
cocoa
to receive
97
98
- bon apptit!
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER SIX -
I CANT HEAR YOU VERY WELL! - !
In Chapter Six you will learn how to do the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Activity One -
Writing
The Russian for a female telephone operator is, as you already know,
ntktajybcnrf. See how many Russian words you can make in 5 minutes using these
letters. (The letters and may each appear twice in words.)
Until recently, using the telephone in Russia posed quite a problem and
required both patience and perseverance. It was often difficult to get
through and reception could be very poor. Most long-distance and
international calls on public phones had to be booked in advance at the
central telegraph office (wtynhkmysq ntktuha) or a head postoffice (gjxnvn). However, the situation has changed for the better in
the last few years. About half the population now has a mobile phone
(vj,kmysq ntktay or cjnjdq ntktay), and in big cities it is
possible to phone virtually anywhere from a public phone ( ntktayfdnjvn or nfrcja y), using coins ( vjy ns), a phone card
(nfrcja yyfz gkfcn rjdfz rhnjxrf) or even a credit card
(rhtl nyfz rhnjxrf).
Activity Two -
Reading The words and phrases below are all associated with telephoning. By using
the knowledge of Russian which you have already acquired and a process of deduction, see
if you can identify their meaning from the jumbled-up list of equivalent English terms. (You
will find the answers in the vocabulary section.)
gjhnfndysq ntktay^ ntktajyhjdfnm^ ntktajybpwbz^ ntktayyfz cnywbz^
ujdjhnm gj ntktaye^ ntktayyfz ,lrf^ fdnjvj,kmysq hflbjntktay^
ntktayysq hfpujdh^ vj,kmybr&
to speak on the telephone, portable phone, telephone installation, telephone conversation,
mobile, carphone, telephone booth, to telephone, telephone exchange
100
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Nehcn(rf)
Ck;fobq
Chapter 6
Activity Three -
Listening/Reading/Speaking
Read and listen to the following text about booking
an international phone call and then take it in turns to play the parts of the speakers.
Activity Four -
Speaking Pairwork. Using the above dialogue as your model, make up two similar
conversations in a telegraph office, taking the names and telephone numbers of friends or
relatives. (Or if you cannot recall a suitable number, invent friends in, say, Brighton [01273]
and Aberdeen [01224].) Reverse the roles after the first dialogue.
Remember: in Scotland = d Ijnkylbb, in Wales = d Ekmct, in (Northern) Ireland = d (Cdthyjq)
Bhkylbb, in America = d Fvhbrt, in Canada = d Rfylt. If a number has five digits, you should split
it up into two elements of three and two (e.g. 45897 = 458 97) and if it has six digits you should refer to three twofigure numbers (e.g. 918462 = 91 84 62).
v;yj($)
pfrfpnm
hfpujdh
cnhfy
yf[lbncz
Dtkbrj,hbnybz
n tcnm
,ltnt ujdjhnm?
yvth f,jyynf
gjybvnm (I)
yf,bhnm (I)
gjynyj
rjl uhjlf
yjkm = yekm
pyxbn
dspsdnm (I)
yf crkmrj
vbyn?
to understand
to dial
understood
town code
zero, nill
thats to say
to call
for how many
minutes?
yf 5 vbyn
115 he,kq
gkfnnm dfv$
vyt (dative)
clxf
,lrf
;lnt
e ntktayf
for 5 minutes
115 roubles
do I pay you?
(to) me
change
booth
wait
(here:) by the
telephone
101
Activity Five -
Reading/Speaking Read the following statements about prices and write them out in
figures on the products below. Then interview your partner about the prices. (Your question
will, of course, be Crkmrj cnbn &&&$ each time.)
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
Below are the numbers from1,000 onwards. (You have already learnt the numbers 1 to 100 in
Chapter Two and 200 to 1,000 in Chapter Five.) After 10,000 you will recognize the recurring
patterns and forming larger numbers should pose few serious problems.
1^000
2^000
3^000
4^000
5^000
6^000
7^000
8^000
9^000
10^000
( jl y )
nczxf
ldt
nhb
nczxb
xtnht
gznm
itcnm
ctvm
nczx
dctvm
ldznm
lcznm
20^000
100^000
200^000
1^000^000
2^000^000
3^000^000
4^000^000
5^000^000
20^000^000
100^000^000
ldlwfnm
cnj
ldcnb
( jl y )
ldf
nhb
xtnht
gznm
lcznm
cnj
nczx
v b k k b y*
v b k k b y f*
vbkkbyjd
* The forms vbkkby and vbkkbyf equally apply in numbers such as 21,000,000 and 22,000,000.
Activity Six -
Listening/Writing
Listen twice to the following numbers and jot them down in
figures. When you have checked your answers write the numbers out in full in Russian. To
help you, the first one is done for you.
1& 7896
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
102
1. 998345
2. 356729
3. 1076354
4. 728018
5. 42217
6. 601844
7. 9015534
8. 304066
9. 85623
Chapter 6
Activity Seven -
Speaking/Writing First, read out the following telephone numbers in Russian. Then
write them out in full, paying particular attention to spelling. (Remember that seven-digit
numbers split up into three elements of three, two and two [e.g. 579-85-91], that six-digit
numbers split up into three equal elements of two [e.g. 88-17-11] and that five-digit numbers
split up into two elements of three and two [e.g. 338-29].)
10. 2948670
11. 665941
12. 5171282
Activity Eight -
Listening Listen twice to the following telephone numbers in Russian and write them
down in the spaces provided below. To help you, the first one is done for you.
1. 1845932
2. _______
3. _______
4. _______
5. _______
6. _______
7. _______
8. _______
9. _______
10. _______
11. _______
12. _______
Activity Nine -
Listening/Reading/Speaking Read and listen to the transcript of the following
telephone call and then take it in turns to play the parts of the speakers.
Yyf
Cntgy
Yyf
Cntgy
Yyf
Cntgy
Yyf
Cntgfy
Yyf
Cntgy
Fkk!
Gjghjcnt Yfnie^ gj;keqcnf&
Dfc gk[j ckiyj& Ujdjhnt uhvxt&
Yfnie^ gj;keqcnf&
Ds^ yfdhyjt^ ji,kbcm yvthjv& Rfrq yvth ds
yf,bhtnt$
79-64-23 (cvmltczn ldznm - itcnmltcn xtnht - ldlwfnm
nhb)&
nj 79-64-32 (cvmltczn ldznm - itcnmltcn xtnht nhlwfnm ldf)&
Bpdbynt^ gj;keqcnf&
Ybxtu& Lj cdblybz&
Lj cdblybz&
Remember that the direct object of the verb (i.e. Yfnfif) goes into the Accusative case.
fkk! (used on phone)
gjghjcnt (imperative)
dfc gk[j ckiyj
ujdjhnt (imperative)
hello!
ask for, call
I cant hear you
(very) well
speak
uhvxt
yfdhyj(t)
ds ji,kbcm yvthjv
bpdbynt
ybxtu
louder
probably
youve got the wrong number
sorry, excuse me
(here:) it doesnt matter
103
Activity Ten -
Listening/Reading/Speaking Read and listen to the transcript of the following
telephone call and then take it in turns to play the parts of the speakers.
Cntgy
kmuf
Cntgy
kmuf
Cntgy
kmuf
Cntgy
kmuf
Fkk$
Z dfc ckif.&
nj Yfnif$
Ytn^ nj yt Yfnif&
F Yfnie v;yj$
Jy pltcm e; yt ;bd/n& Gjpdjynt gj yvthe 15-74-89&
{jhji& 15-74-89& Cgfc,j ,jkmit&
Gj;keqcnf& Lj cdblybz&
Activity Eleven -
Listening/Reading/Speaking Listen to the telephone conversation and fill in the gaps
in the partial transcription below. When you are sure that you know all the missing words,
read through the conversation in pairs.
Yfnif
Cntgy
Yfnif
Cntgy
Yfnif
Cntgy
Yfnif
Cntgy
Yfnif
Cntgy
Fkk! Ckif.&
_______________& nj ns^ Yfnif$
Lf^ e ntktayf&
nj _______________ Cntgy& Gvybim vty$
Rjyxyj gvy.&
Z cydf d ________________& E nt, tcnm cdj,lyjt dhvz$
Lf^ tcnm&
Lfdq dcnhnbvcz&
Lfdq& F rjul$
Xhtp___________ e d[lf d {hfv {hbcn Cgfcntkz& Ns pytim^
ult yf[lbncz {hfv {hbcn Cgfcntkz$
Ytn^ yt_____________&
nj cjdcv ydjt plybt& Nfv^ ult hymit yf[jlkcz jnrhnsq
,fccqy `Vjcrd\&
Lf^ ctqxc gvy.& Lj _______________!
Gjr!
RUSSIAN TELEPHONE ETIQUETTE
There are many more standard telephone expressions in Russian than in English. When making a call Russians
usually say Fkk! (sometimes pronounced Fk/!), which may be followed by the name of the town (e.g. Fkk!
Vjcrd$). The most frequent response is either Fkk! or Z dfc ckif.^ Ckif. dfc or simply
Ckif. (literally: I hear you). Russians rarely give their names when they pick up the receiver, although if
they expect the call to be for them personally they sometimes reply E ntktayf (literally: On/By the phone).
If they wish to identify themselves they may, of course, use the phrase nj ujdjhn &&& (literally: this is ...
speaking). When the quality of the line is poor, you will often hear Russians remark Dfc (or Nt,) gk[j
ckiyj or Z dfc (nt,z) gk[j ckie (I cant hear you very well).
(z dfc) ckif.
v;yj (gjghjcnm) (+ acc) $
e; yt
gjpdjynt gj
yvthe
e ntktayf
nj ujdjhn &&&
gvybim vty$
gvy. (nt,)
104
yes, speaking
can I speak
to ...?
no longer
call (number)
..., ring ...
speaking
... speaking
remember me?
I remember you
cydf
e nt, (tcnm) &&&$
cdj,lyjt dhvz
lfdq dcnhnbvcz
rjul ($)
xhtp xfc
e d[lf d (+ acc)
{hfv {hbcn
Cgfcntkz
again
do you have?
spare time
lets meet
when (?)
in an hour
by the
entrance to
Cathedral of
Christ the
Saviour
where is ...
(situated)?
brand new
previously
was
situated
open(-air)
swimmingpool
till we next
meet
Chapter 6
Activity Twelve -
Listening Listen to the following recordings of Russians stating their age and fill in the
details below. The first one is done for you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Anna Pavlovna
Galya
Boris Ivanovich
Yuri Popov
Svetlana
46
__________
__________
__________
__________
6. Viktor Luzhkov
7. Nelya Sergeevna
8. Pyotr
9. Katya
10. Pavel Oblomov
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
ldt ltnq
two children
jy hfpdtlty
she is divorced
ht,/yjr
child
105
When Russians talk about age they say to me ... years, to you ... years etc., which is expressed by use
of the Dative case. You have already met most of the Dative forms of the personal pronouns: to me =
vyt, to you = nt, or dfv (see above), to him = tv, to her = tq, to them = bv.
Activity Fourteen -
Writing Work out the Russian for the English phrases on the left-hand side by
matching up the ages on the right with the appropriate personal pronouns in the middle. (The
only unfamiliar form is done for you.)
He is eighteen years old
Vyt
Nt,
ldznm ktn
Tv
Tq
djctvylwfnm ktn
Yfv
jlyyflwfnm ktn
Dfv
cvmltczn ktn
Bv
//
>
The most common form of the word for years is , as you already know; e.g. Crkmrj nt, ktn$
(How old are you?) - Vyt jlyyflwfnm ktn& (I am eleven years old.). However, for reasons which
will become clear later in the course, after the number one you must use the word ; e.g. tv jly
ujl (he is one year old), tq ldlwfnm jly ujl (she is twenty-one years old). After two, three and
four you must use the form ; e.g. tv nhb ulf (he is three years old), tq nhlwfnm xtnht
ulf (she is thirty-four years old), dfv cnj ldf ulf (you are a hundred and two years old).
Activity Fifteen -
Speaking Establishing the ages of other students in the class. Every student in the
class should ask every other student his or her age Crkmrj nt, ktn$ or Crkmrj
dfv ktn$ if you wish to be more formal. The student being questioned can either tell the
truth or make up an alternative age. The questioner then has to decide whether the age
suggested is ghdbkmyj (correct) or ytghdbkmyj (incorrect). If the questioner guesses
correctly the interviewee will respond ns ghd() or, more formally, ds ghds (youre
right), but if he/she gets it wrong, the response will be ns yt ghd() or ds yt ghds.
If the questioner is right he/she gets a mark, if not, the interviewee gets the mark. However ,
the interviewee will get no marks if the questioner spots a mistake in his/her use of the forms
ujl, ulf and ktn. The winner is the student who emerges with the largest overall number
of marks.
106
1. You are on holiday in Moscow and you have fallen ill. You have gone to the
gjkbrkybrf (the equivalent of your local medical centre or GPs surgery) and the receptionist asks to take down your details. Reverse the roles when you have completed the
scene.
Your role
Chapter 6
Activity Sixteen -
Speaking Role-play
Say hello.
State your first name and your surname.
Give your nationality.
Say that you are living in the Hotel Rossiya.
State your age.
Thank the receptionist.
2. You have been asked by the local police to find out some basic information about a
(non English-speaking) Russian tourist who has got lost from his/her party. Reverse the roles
when you have completed the scene.
Your role
Russian tourist
Respond appropriately.
Give a suitable Russian name.
Say in a hostel (j,ot;nbt) in Enfield.
State your age.
Reply that your passport is in the bus.
Say no.
Express your gratitude.
Activity Seventeen -
Writing Write a short description of your family in Russian, giving their names, ages,
where they live and other relevant information (e.g. their nationality, their interests/hobbies,
their jobs and their place of work).
You may find the phrases below helpful. (Do not worry about the endings and other unfamiliar forms they will all be explained at a later stage.)
gge#jnw pjdn &&&
vve#vfnm pjdn &&&
vj[ hjlntktq pjdn &&&
e vty jly ,hfn^ e vty
ldf#nhb#xtnht ,hnf
e vty jly ctcnh^
e vty ldt#nhb#xtnht
ctcnh
lleire pjdn &&&
e vty ldt#nht#
xndthj ltnq
cyf pjdn &&&
vj[ ltnq pjdn &&&
ggt &&& ujl#ulf#ktn
cflntcm^ gj;keqcnf
A new ab initio Russian course
he is called ...
she is called ...
they are called ...
my brother/s
is/are called ...
my sister/s
is/are called ...
yt ,tcgjrqntcm (imperative)
do not worry
107
Activity Eighteen -
Listening/Writing As you will have noticed in the exercise above, not only do the
personal pronouns change in the Dative case, but nouns also change their forms. There are
four basic endings: , -, -, -:
(m) Bdy > Bdye, Dfckbq > Dfckb., exntkm > exntk.
(f) yyf > yyt, n/nz > n/nt, Vfhz > Vfhb
Listen to the statements about the following people and fill in their ages in the gaps below.
The first one is done for you. When you have completed the listening task, write out the
nominative form of the people mentioned.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
Activity Nineteen -
Reading
The Dative case is also used in a wide range of impersonal expressions,
such as Bdye crxyj - Ivan is bored (literally: To Ivan it is boring). (For a more
comprehensive list of impersonal expressions, see the Grammar section.)
Drnjhe [jhji&
Pbyflt crxyj&
A/ljhe dctkj&
Ldeirt [kjlyj&
Bv ntgk&
Vkmxbre gk[j&
Tv yhdbncz ukma&
Tq yhdbncz nyybc&
ht yhdzncz rjyans&
crxyj
dctkj
ldeirf
108
bored
happy
girl
[kjlyj cold
ntgk
warm
vkmxbr boy
Name
Ivan
Mariya
Yuri
Igor
Alya
Yekaterina
Likes a lot
Beer
Quite likes
Dislikes
Coffee
Chapter 6
Activity Twenty -
Listening Listen to the recording in which members of the Petrov family talk about
which drinks they like and dislike and complete the table below. Some of the items are
already filled in. (All the drinks are given in alphabetical order at the foot of the page,
together with other essential vocabulary.)
Tea
Note: n;t - also (used when the object is the same but the subject is different); (f) nr;t - also, likewise (broader
usage - can be used when the subject is the same). See Chapter Thirteen, p. 241.
Activity Twenty-One -
Speaking Now agree upon the choice of six drinks with your partner, but do not tell
each other your order of preference. You should ensure that there is one drink which you like
a great deal, another four which you like to varying degrees (to be listed in declining order of
preference) and a sixth which you positively dislike. Your objective is to try to establish in
the least number of goes possible each others order of preference, by asking the question Nt, yhdbncz &&&$ or Dfv yhdbncz &&&$, if you wish to be more formal. If you
very much like the drink mentioned you should reply Lf^ vyt ,kmit dctu yhdbncz
&&& or Lf^ vyt xtym yhdbncz &&& and if you strongly dislike the drink mentioned you
reply Ytn^ vyt cjdcv yt yhdbncz &&& . Otherwise, you reply in every case Lf^
vyt yhdbncz &&&^ yj vyt ,kmit yhdbncz &&& and you name the drink which is
next highest on your list. This activity can, of course, be repeated with other subjects such as
different football teams.
Activity Twenty-Two -
Speaking/Writing
Answer the following questions in writing, then use the questions
as the basis for interviewing your partner about his/her likes and dislikes.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
dby
rrf-rkf
rjymr
kbvjyl
gdj
wine
coca-cola
cognac
lemonade
beer
109
Activity Twenty-Three -
Reading
Logic exercise. Five schoolchildren (Natasha, Boris, Lyena, Ivan and
Marina) were asked to place Russian, Maths, History, Latin and English in declining order of
preference. They all agreed that thay had one subject which they liked a great deal, one
which they strongly disliked and three which they liked to varying degrees. However ,
remarkably, none of them placed any of the subjects in exactly the same position as any of
the others. Below are the details of their preferences.
Yfnit yhdbncz fyukqcrbq zpr^ yj ,kmit yhdbncz vfntvnbrf&
<jhce yhdbncz bcnhbz^ yj ,kmit yhdbncz fyukqcrbq zpr& Kyt
yhdbncz kfnycrbq zpr b xtym yhdbncz vfntvnbrf& Bdye cjdcv
yt yhdbncz vfntvnbrf^ yj tv yhdbncz kfnycrbq zpr& Bdye
nr;t xtym yhdbncz bcnhbz& Vfhyt yhdbncz b bcnhbz^ b
vfntvnbrf^ yj tq cjdcv yt yhdbncz hccrbq zpr& <jhce ,kmit
yhdbncz fyukqcrbq zpr^ xtv Yfnit& Yfnit ,kmit yhdbncz
fyukqcrbq zpr^ xtv Bdye& Kyt cjdcv yt yhdbncz fyukqcrbq
zpr& Bdye ,kmit yhdbncz hccrbq zpr^ xtv kfnycrbq zpr b
,kmit yhdbncz kfnycrbq zpsr^ xtv fyukqcrbq zpr& Kyt ,kmit
yhdbncz hccrbq zpr^ xtv bcnhbz& Yfnit n;t ,kmit yhdbncz
hccrbq zpr^ xtv bcnhbz& Vfhyt ,kmit yhdbncz bcnhbz^ xtv
vfntvnbrf^ b tq yhdbncz vfntvnbrf ,kmit^ xtv kfnycrbq zpr&
Kyt ,kmit yhdbncz kfnycrbq zpr^ xtv Bdye& <jhce ,kmit
dctu yhdbncz hccrbq zpr&
Now, by putting the appropriate subjects in the correct squares below, see if you can work
out the order of preference of each of the children. (No.1 represents the children s favourite
subject, while No.5 is the subject which they liked least of all.)
Remember: strong dislike is expressed by the phrase &&& cjdcv yt yhdbncz &&&, while
strong liking is expressed either by &&& ,kmit dctu yhdbncz &&& or by &&& xtym
yhdbncz &&& Note that since none of the children placed a single subject in the same
position as any of the others you should have different subjects in each column, both horizontally
and vertically.
Yfnif
<jhc
Kyf
Bdy
Vfhyf
1
2
3
4
5
hccrbq zpr
vfntvnbrf
110
Russian (language)
mathematics
b &&& b
xtv
Activity Twenty-Four -
Listening/Reading/Speaking
Read and listen to the following text about shopping
for clothes and then take it in turn to play the parts of the speakers.
- Plhdcndeqnt! Xtv z vju dfv gjvxm$
- Gjrf;nt^ gj;keqcnf^ vt[jd. igre&
- Gj;keqcnf&
- Crkmrj jy cnbn$
- 580 (gznmcn dctvmltczn) he,kq& Ghbvhmnt&
- Jy vyt dtkbr& F vymit e dfc tcnm$
- Ytn^ e yfc nkmrj ,jkmit hfpvhs&
- F x/hyst r;fyst gthxnrb e dfc tcnm$
- Djn^ gj;keqcnf& Gjcvjnhnt&
- Jy vyt vfk& <kmibt gj hfpvhe tcnm e dfc$
- Tcnm& Ghbvhmnt&
- nj rfrq hfpvh$
- Ctlmvq*&
- {jhji^ jy vyt rfr hfp& Crkmrj jy cnzn$
- 320 (nhcnf ldlwfnm) he,kq&
- Lqnt^ gj;keqcnf^ ldt ghs&
- nj 640 (itcnmcn chjr) he,kq
- Cgfc,j& Lj cdblybz!
Chapter 6
G h jl f d w
Gjregntkm
G h jl f d w
Gjregntkm
G h jl f d w
Gjregntkm
G h jl f d w
Gjregntkm
G h jl f d w
Gjregntkm
G h jl f d w
Gjregntkm
G h jl f d w
Gjregntkm
G h jl f d w
Gjregntkm
G h jl f d w
Gjregntkm
* Ctlmvq (Seventh) = Size 7. Russian sometimes uses ordinal numbers where English uses cardinal numbers.
Activity Twenty-Five -
Speaking You are in a Russian shoe shop and you have seen a pair of black shoes
which you really like. You play the part of the customer and your partner the role of shop
assistant. Reverse roles when you have completed the scene.
Customer
Say hello.
Ask the assistant to show you the black leather
shoes (nakb) and say how much you like them.
Say that you are size 37.
Say that they are big on you.
Say thank you and ask how much they cost.
Tell the assistant that you will take them.
ghjlfdw (ghjlfdowf)
gjregntkm(ybwf)
xtv z vju dfv gjvxm$
gjrf;nt (imperative)
vt[jdq
igrf
ghbvhmnt (imperative)
jy(-^ -^ -) vyt
dtkr (-^ -^ -)
vymit
nkmrj
,jkmiq hfpvh
x/hysq
A new ab initio Russian course
shop assistant
customer, shopper
(how) can I help you?
show (me)
fur
hat
try (it/them) on
its (they are) big
on me
smaller, less
only, just
large size
black
Sales assistant
r;fysq
gthxnrb (sing. gthxnrf)
gjcvjnhnt (imperative)
jy(-^ -^ -) vyt
vfk (-^ - ^ -)
,kmibq (-fz^ -tt^ -bt)
gj hfpvhe
tcnm e dfc$ = e dfc tcnm$
jy (-^ -^ -) vyt
rfr hfp
lqnt ldt ghs
rjhxytdsq
nakb (sing. nakz)
leather
gloves
have a look
its (they are) small
on me
bigger size (literally:
according to size)
do you have?
it is (they are) just
right on me
Ill have two pairs
brown
shoes
111
GRAMMAR
EXPRESSING POSSESSION (TO HAVE)
You have now met the majority of the forms used for expressing possession. As you will have noticed,
there is no verb to have in Russian. Instead, Russians say e vty (tcnm) &&& in my possession (is)
... (etc.). The full forms are as follows:
e
e
(pronounced e ytd) e
e
e
e
e
1) E rju tcnm vzx$
Who has a ball?
vty (tcnm)
nt, ( t c n m ) (informal)
ytu ( t c n m ) (m & n)
yt/ ( t c n m )
yfc ( t c n m )
dfc ( t c n m ) (formal/plural)
yb[ ( t c n m )
I have
you have
he/it has
she/it has
we have
you have
they have
2) E rju vzx$*
Who has the ball?
E vty&
I have.
In the first example, the question aims to establish the existence of the ball. In the second example, the
existence is not in doubt - the question seeks merely to identify the location of the ball.
The word tcnm is therefore usually omitted in statements where the noun is qualified by an adjective,
since in such cases we tend to be more concerned with the quality of an object than with its existence.
1) E vty tcnm vzx&
I have a ball.
The word tcnm is, however, used with adjectives when their function is merely to provide supplementary information about an object, (in cases where the existence of the object is already established). By
extension, therefore, tcnm is used when the adjective is seen more or less as an integral part of the
noun.
1) E vty tcnm ,ksq vzx&
I have got a white ball.
In the first example, the adjective white merely serves to give us a clearer idea of what the ball looks
like. In the second example, tennis ball is virtually a single entity .
Hence, tcnm is commonly used in questions (even when the noun is qualified by an adjective), since
questions frequently seek to establish the existence, rather than the quality, of an object.
1) E nt, tcnm ydsq vzx$ Lf^ tcnm&
Do you have a new ball?
Yes, I do.
Use tcnm for:
SUMMARY OF USES
1) Existence
2) Existence & supplementary information
1) Quality (=adjectives)
2) Location
* All italicized words are stressed. We are indebted to Robert L. Baker, who provides a useful summary
of the main points listed here in Russian for Everybody, Sixth Edition, pp. 165 - 166.
112
There are four basic endings for nouns in the Dative case, which are illustrated below by the use of the
preposition (towards, to [someones place]) The endings are -^ - (masculine & neuter) and -^ -
(feminine).
MASCULINE
d h fx
nhfvdq
g h t g jl f d n t k m
NEUTER
jry
vht
plybt
FEMININE
vtlctcnh
Nyz
y uk b z
gkoflm
(doctor)
(tram)
(lecturer)
[r] dhfx
[r] nhfvd.
[r] ghtgjlfdntk.
(window)
(sea)
(building)
[r] jry
[r] vh.
[r] plyb.
(nurse)
(Tanya)
(England)
(square)
[r]
[r]
[r]
[r]
vtlctcnh
Nyt
yukbb
gkoflb
Chapter 6
Note: masculine nouns ending in - or - (e.g. ggf or Rkz) are treated the same as feminine
nouns.
Pronouns
Nominative
Dative
rnj($)
xnj($)
rjv ( $ )
xtv($)
z
ns
jy
jy
vs
ds
jy
vyt
nt,
tv
tq
yfv
dfv
bv
[r#gj] rjv ( $ )
[r#gj] x t v ( $ )
[rj#gj] v y t
[r#gj] n t ,
[r#gj] y t v
[r#gj] y t q
[r#gj] y f v
[r#gj] d f v
[r#gj] y b v
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
113
1. Impersonal constructions
Sensations and feelings
vyt (etc.) ... [jhji^ gk[j^ kxit^ [;t^ dctkj^ uhcnyj^ bynthcyj^ crxyj^ ntgk^ ;hrj^
liyj^ [kjlyj^ el,yj^ cnhiyj^ niyj
I feel/am (etc.) ... fine, poorly, better, worse, happy, sad, interested, bored, warm, hot, suffocated, cold,
comfortable, terrified, sick
Age
Note: the form ujl is used only when the number actually ends in jly (e.g. 21, 31, 41, 81, 101) and the form
ulf is used only when the number actually ends in ldf#nhb#xtnht (e.g. 22, 32, 43, 73, 104). Hence, I am
eleven = vyt jlyyflwfnm ktn and I am twelve = vyt ldtylwfnm ktn.
Set phrases
vyt (etc.)
vyt (etc.)
vyt (etc.)
vyt (etc.)
vyt (etc.)
vyt (etc.)
vyt (etc.)
vyt (etc.)
vyt (etc.)
Im sorry that...
I must ..., I have to ...
I must ..., I have to ...
I need ...
I need ...
I need ...
I need ...
it is time for me to ...
I dont mind (literally: its all the same to me)
it suits me
they suit me
it is (they are) big on me
it is (they are) small on me
it is (they are) just right on me
it will suit me (i.e. meet my requirements)
they will suit me (i.e. meet my requirements)
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
The Dative case is used to express to or for (with living objects), after verbs such as to give, to say/
speak, to write, to show, to buy etc. In these examples the Dative form is known as the Indirect
object.
lqnt vyt (etc.), gj;keqcnf^ hxre
jy vyt (etc.) dctul ujdjhn ytn\
jy gitn vyt (etc.) gj-hccrb
gjrf;nt vyt (etc.)^ gj;keqcnf^ vzx
jy vyt (etc.) xcnj gjregtn hps
Chapter 6
There are many other verbs (which you will meet in later chapters) that also take the Dative case. These
include: dhbnm (to believe), pdjynm (to ring), gjvjunm (to help), gjpdjknm (to permit, allow),
hfphtinm (to allow), hfccrpsdfnm (to relate, narrate, tell) and cjdnjdfnm (to advise).
jy (-^ -^ -) gj hfpvhe
gjpdjynt gj yvthe &&&
rpvty gj apbrt
gj hlbj#ntktdpjhe
blnt gj kbwt
gj vjtv vyyb.
djghtr cjdne
Activity Twenty-Seven -
Writing
Write out the Russian for the following ages, paying particular attention to
the Dative case and the forms j, and .
1. Ivan is 67 years (old)
2. She is 35 years (old)
3. Petya is 2 years (old)
4. I am 44 years (old)
5. Marina Pavlovna is 28 years (old)
6. Fyodor Petrovich Karamzin is 31 years (old)
7. He is 53 years (old)
8. They are 12 years (old)
9. Sergei Alexandrovich is 59 years (old)
10. Grandmother is 91 years (old)
A new ab initio Russian course
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
115
Djn ,rf&
Ns vyt gjregtim ,r$
Activity Twenty-Eight -
Writing Write out the Russian for the following, paying particular attention to the adjective
endings.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
116
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER SEVEN -
AT THE HOTEL -
In Chapter Seven you will learn how to do the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ordinal numerals
the declension of titles
the instrumental singular of nouns and personal pronouns (after c)
the accusative case to express duration of time
the verbs to want () and to speak, say, tell ()
When looking for accommodation in Russia, the traveller
is presented with several possibilities. Western-style
hotels have now appeared in major cities. They are of
high quality but the rooms (yjvth) are often very
expensive. The old Intourist hotels, which once were the
best available, now tend to occupy the middle range.
Municipal hotels are cheap but standards are generally
low. They often have inadequate plumbing, periods
without hot water and poor hygiene. (You may need to
know the Russian word for cockroach - nfhfry!).
118
Note: floors in Russian are numbered differently than they are in English. The English ground floor is
called the first floor (ghdsq n;) in Russian and so on up.
Chapter 7
Activity One -
Listening
The tape outlines the facilities available at an hotel in St. Petersburg.
Listen to the recording twice and complete the tables below. In the first table tick any
facilities which you hear mentioned. Listen again and indicate in the second table where the
different facilities are located. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
Ordinal numbers (first, second etc.) decline like hard adjectives with the endings - /-, except for
nhnbq. Like adjectives, ordinal numbers agree in gender, case and number with the noun they qualify.
For further details, see the Grammar section.
Facilities
restaurant
car
hire
currency
exchange
Gr.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Activity Two -
Speaking Pairwork. Using the information from Activity One, say which facilities
are present in the hotel and which are not. Use the following model as a guide:
Xnj tcnm d ujcnybwt $ - D ujcnybwt tcnm ,fh&
Xtu ytn d ujcnybwt $ - D ujcnybwt ytn ,hf&
You will need to know the Russian for there is / are - tcnm + Nom and there isnt / arent - ytn +
Genitive.
Note: the English word order is different from Russian; e.g. d ujcnybwt tcnm ,fh - there is a bar in the
hotel; d ujcnybwt ytn ,hf - there isnt a bar in the hotel.
ujcnm (m) / ucnmz (f)
ljhjut ucnb
eckub
r dibv eckufv bv.ncz
,ean
,fccqy
geyrn gj j,vye dfkns
gfhbrv[thcrfz
ceyf
A new ab initio Russian course
guest
dear guests
services
for your use there are
snack-bar
swimming-pool
currency exchange office
hairdresser
sauna
car hire
car-park
satellite TV
are situated
ground fioor
1st floor
2nd floor
3rd floor
4th floor
119
Activity Three -
Writing / Speaking
Pairwork. Look at the tables below and write down where the
various facilities are located in each hotel. Then repeat the activity orally. Use the following
model as a guide:
- Ult yf[lbncz gfhbrv[thcrfz d ujcnybwt Tdhgf / d Tdhgt$
- Jy yf[lbncz yf dnjhv nf;&
Note: if the names of hotels are quoted, they are declined, unless they are preceded by ujcnybwf
(hotel), which is itself declined, instead.
n;
ujcnybwf Hjccz
n;
ujcnybwf Tdhgf
You will need to know the Russian for it is situated in/on ... - jy/jy/jy yf[lbncz d/yf
+ Prepositional; e.g. ,fh yf[lbncz yf xtnd/hnjv nf; - the bar is situated on the fourth floor (3rd
floor in the UK).
When asking questions, remember that the English word order is different from the Russian; e.g. ult
yf[lbncz ,fh$ - where is the bar situated?
Activity Four -
Speaking Role-play. You play the part of A and your partner the role of B, then
reverse the roles. Use vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
A (guest)
Say good afternoon.
Ask whether there is a bar in the hotel .
Ask where it is situated.
Say thank you.
Tdhgf
yf[lbncz
flvbybcnhnjh
nhtyf;/hysq pfk
geyrn vtlbwycrjq gvjob
gjxndsq obr
120
B (receptionist)
Europe
is situated
receptionist
gym
first aid room
post box
afrc
rjyathyw-pfk
crf;nt^ gj;keqcnf
,kb;qibq
Vtnhjgkm (m)
fax
conference room
could you tell me please
nearest
Metropole
Fyrnf ucnz
afvkbz
vz^ nxtcndj
yvth gcgjhnf
wtkm gjplrb
chjr ght,sdybz
ljviybq lhtc
Chapter 7
Activity Five -
Reading/Writing Upon arrival at a hotel all guests are required to fill in a registration
form (fyrnf ucnz) like the one given below. Read the form using the vocabulary list at the
foot of the page and try to fill it in.
lnf
glgbcm
Activity Six -
Reading /Speaking After registration all guests are issued with a guest card. This is
used to re-enter the hotel and collect the room key. Look at the card below and answer the
following questions in Russian. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
* To answer this question you will need to know the Russian for (for) 1, 2, 3 ... days:
1 (jly)
2 (ldf)
3 (nhb)
4 (xtnht)
5 (gznm )
ltym
lyz
lyz
lyz
lytq
lnf
glgbcm (f)
yvth rvyfns
crkmrj lytq
,ltn ;bnm
hfcx/nysq xfc
ghjlkybt
date
signature
room number
(for) how many days
(he/she) will stay
check-out time
extension
121
z [jx
ns [xtim
jy/jy/jy [xtn
vs [jnv
ds [jnnt
jy [jnn
I want
you want
he/she/it wants
we want
you want
they want
Activity Seven -
Listening/Reading The following is a dialogue between a hotel receptionist and a
family of three (mother, father and teenage daughter). Listen to it and repeat it with your
partner.
Jnw
Flvbybcnhnjh
Jnw
Flvbybcnhnjh
Jnw
Flvbybcnhnjh
Vfn m
Ljxm
Vfnm
Flvbybcnhnjh
Jnw
Flvbybcnhnjh
Vfn m
Flvbybcnhnjh
Vfn m
Flvbybcnhnjh
Jnw
Flvbybcnhnjh
Vfn m
*
djcmvq 'n;
** xtnhtcnf ldlwfnm gnsq
*** xtnhtcnf ldlwfnm itcnq
pfrfpnm (+ acc)
yvth (pl. yjvth)
lde[vcnysq yvth
jlyjvcnysq yvth
yf crkmrj lytq ...?
yf nhb lyz
lei
c litv
ckb v;yj
dyyf
122
to book, order
hotel room
double / twin room
single room
for how many days ...?
for three days
shower
with a shower
if possible
bath
c dyyjq
z vju ghtlkj;nm
e dfc ybxtu ytn$
r cj;fkyb.
kban
pfgkybnm (+ acc)
pfgkybnt (imperative)
ujndj
;tk. dfv ghbnyjuj
nls[f
with a bath
I can offer
do you have anything?
unfortunately
lift
to fill in
could you fill in
its done
I wish you a pleasant
stay
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
Chapter 7
Activity Eight -
Listening/Reading Listen to the dialogue again and indicate whether the following
statements are True (G) or False (Y). The first answer is already provided for you.
G
c dyyjq
c dvb
c jnwv
Nom (hard/soft)
Instr (hard)
Instr (soft)
f
dyyf/n/nz
c dyyjq
c n/ntq
n
jry/gkt
c jryv
c gktv
Activity Nine -
Speaking Role-play. Make up a new traveller - receptionist conversation. You play
the role of A and your patner plays the role of B. Then reverse the roles. You should refer to
the vocabulary list at the foot of the page.
A (traveller)
B (receptionist)
vacant, free
tenth floor
from
123
Activity Ten -
Listening/Reading/Writing Listen to the following extract from a Russian childrens
poem and see how many masculine and feminine Instrumental forms you can recognize.
Then read it through carefully and write the appropriate Nominative forms for them in the
spaces provided. Finally, complete the partial translation below.
VCNTH NDCNTH (C& Vfhir)
Vcnth
Ndcnth^
<dibq vbycnh^
Vcnth
Ndcnth^
Vbkkbjyh
D[lbn d ujcnybwe
Fyuktnh
Lh;bn dj hne
Pjkjn. cbuhe
B ujdjhn
Gj-fyukqcrb
Idtqwhe%
- Tcnm kb
D jnkt
E dfc yjvth$
Dfv ntktuhvve
Gjckkb dxth&
- Tcnm^ - ujdjhn jy^Ldt rvyfns hljv
C dyyjq^
Ujcnyjq^
Ajynyjv
B cljv&
Ghdfz kcnybwf^
Nhnbq n;&
Ckljv pf dvb
Ljcndzn ,fu;&
Djn pf idtqwhjv
Ghj[lzn wtgxrjq
Ndcnth
C ;tyq^
J,tpmyrjq
B lxrjq&
124
Twister
The ex-
The
To the doorman
First staircase,
Closely behind they will bring
Your
The doorman
Is followed in file by
enu
jltkj
gjlirf
gjkjnywt
bukrf
ynrb
y;ybws
Chapter 7
Activity Eleven -
Speaking Pairwork. Look at the following pictures of objects which you might need
in your hotel room. Taking alternately the roles of guest and receptionist, ask for each item in
turn and give an appropriate reply based on the model below (Choose a different room
number each time.)
In Chapter 6 you learned how to say I need + verb - vyt y;yj + verb. In this construction, the word
y;yj is an adverb, which doesnt change. However, when you want to say that you need an object (I
need + nom), the word need - y;ty (ye;y^ ye;y^ ye;y) is a short adjective which agrees in
gender and number with the following noun. The noun is always used in the Nominative case.
vyt y;ty ;ehyk (m sing)
vyt ye;y ryuf (f sing)
vyt ye;y hlbj (n sing)
vyt ye;y cbufhns (pl)
I need a magazine
I need a book
I need a radio
I need cigarettes
Note: when asking for an extra item (e.g. blanket, pillow etc.) use to/ jly (jly^ jly^ jly); e.g.
vyt ye;y to/ jly gjlirf - I need an extra pillow. The form jly is used with plural-only
nouns; e.g.vyt ye;y to/ jly y;ybws - I need another pair of scissors.
enu
jltkj
gjlirf
gjkjnywt
bukrf
iron
blanket
pillow
towel
needle
ynrb (pl)
aty lkz djkc
y;ybws (pl)
to/ jly (jly^ jly^ jly)
thread
hair-drier
pair of scissors
extra, one more
125
Activity Twelve -
Reading Read the following extract from a hotel brochure.You will not understand
everything, but you should be able to glean enough information to answer , in English, the
questions below. (Note that the stress marks are not generally included in written Russian.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
- .
-.
,
.
.
:
-500, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , .
: , ,
Internet, .
: -
, , ,
.
: , -,
, , 6, 9, 12, 15
.
!
!
126
Fyukbxyby
Flvbybcnhnjh
Fyukbxyby
Flvbybcnhnjh
Fyukbxyby
Fyukbxyrf
Flvbybcnhnjh Fyukbxyrf
Flvbybcnhnjh Fyukbxyby
Flvbybcnhnjh Fyukbxyrf
Flvbybcnhnjh Fyukbxyby
-
Chapter 7
Activity Thirteen -
Reading Read the following text and translate it into English (with the help of the
vocabulary at the foot of the page).
Activity Fourteen -
Writing If you have been especially observant, you may have noticed that the text
above contains all six forms of the type II (or second conjugation) verb ujdjhnm (to
speak, say, tell). Using the text to help you, try to complete the table below. (You can check
your answers in the Grammar section.)
z ujdjh___
ns ujdjh___
jy#f ujdjh___
vs ujdjh___
dsujdjh___
jy ujdjh___
fyukbxyby#fyukbxyrf
fyukbxyt
jnrlf ds$
bp yukbb
ujdjhnm (II)
kxit vty
,scnht
xcnj
Englishman/woman
the English
where are you from?
from England
to speak, say, tell
better than me
quicker, more quickly
often
I speak
you speak
he/she speaks
we speak
you speak
they speak
c ghtgjlfdntktv
j,xyj
nkmrj
ujdjhnm (II) gj-fyukqcrb
cdj,lyj
ujdjhnm (II) gj-ahfywpcrb
ds vjkjlw!
jnkxysq
127
GRAMMAR
ORDINAL NUMERALS (1 - 100)
Apart from ghdsq (first) and dnjhq (second) all ordinal numbers derive from their
respective cardinal numbers (see Chapter 2). They are as follows:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
ghdsq
dnjhq
nhnbq
xtnd/hnsq
gnsq
itcnq
ctlmvq
djcmvq
ltdnsq
ltcnsq
jlyyflw fnsq
ldtylwfnsq
nhbylwfnsq
xtnhyflwfnsq
gznylwfnsq
itcnylwfnsq
ctvylwfnsq
djctvylwfnsq
ltdznylwfnsq
20th
21st
22nd
30th
31st
40th
41st
50th
51st
60th
61st
70th
71st
80th
81st
90th
91st
100th
101st
ldflwnsq
ldlwfnm ghdsq
ldlwfnm dnjhq
nhblwnsq
nhlwfnm ghdsq
c j h j rjd q
chjr ghdsq
gznbltcnsq
gznmltcn ghdsq
itcnbltcnsq
itcnmltcn ghdsq
ctvbltcnsq
cvmltczn ghdsq
djcmvbltcnsq
dctvmltczn ghdsq
ltdzycnsq
ltdzycnj ghdsq
cnsq
cnj ghdsq
Ordinal numbers decline like hard adjectives with the endings -/-, except for nhtnbq
which has irregular endings (which should be learned by heart). Like adjectives, ordinal
numbers agree in gender, case and number with the noun they qualify:
Hard:
Irregular:
Nom
ghd yvth
ghd ryuf
ghd gbcmv
Prep
d ghd yvth
d ghd ryut
d ghd gbcmv
nhn ljv
nhn rvyfnf
nhn jry
d nhnmtv lv
d nhn rvyfn
d nhn jry
Ordinal numbers from 50th to 80th have central -- which appears in place of the central -in cardinal numbers:
cardinal
gznltcn
ordinal
gznltcnsq
In compound numbers only the final component has the form of an ordinal number and is
declined: itcnmltcn xtnd/hnsq yvth - d itcnmltcn xtnd/hnjv yvtht&
Note: Russian ordinal numbers are used with house/room numbers, pages, chapters, channels etc.
where cardinals are used in English:
ctlmvq njv
gj xtnd/hnjq ghjuhvvt
yf gznylwfnjq cnhfywt
128
volume seven
on channel four
on page fifteen
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
Chapter 7
Activity Fifteen -
Writing Replace the figures with words in the appropriate forms in the sentences
below.
case:
Activity Sixteen -
Writing Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. There is a hairdresser in this hotel.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
129
If the names of hotels or titles of books, magazines, newspapers, films etc. are quoted, they
are declined unless preceded by the words ujcnybwf^ ryuf^ ;ehyk^ ufpnf^ abkmv
etc. (which themselves are declined instead).
Activity Seventeen -
Reading Pairwork. Read the following dialogues putting each title given in brackets
into the appropriate case.
1& -
3& -
Otkryxbr
Rhjrjlk
Xqrf
Ydsq vbh
Jnkkj
2& 4& -
Xnj ns xbntim$
(Djqy b vbh)&
F xnj ns xbntim$
F z xbn. (Jnkkj)&
Ds ;bd/nt d ujcnybwt
(Tdhgf)$
Lf^ z ;bd d (Tdhgf), f ds$
F z ;bd d (Vtnhjgkm)&
xfc
(jly) ytlk.
vczw
u jl
to read
to stay
for an hour
for a week
for a month
for a year
If a numeral is involved; e.g. for 2 hours; 4 weeks etc. the numeral takes the Accusative case and the
subsequent noun takes the Genitive (see Capter 5):
xbnnm
;bnm
2 (ldf), 3 (nhb),
to read
4 (xtnht) xfc
2 (ldt), 3 (nhb),
to stay
4 (xtnht) ytlkb^
vbyns
2 (ldf), 3 (nhb),
4 (xtnht) vczwf
2 (ldf)^ 3 (nhb)^
4 (xtnht) ulf
for 2, 3,
4 hours
for 2, 3,
4 weeks,
minutes
for 2, 3,
4 months
for 2, 3,
4 years
As you have already learned, nouns used with numbers 5 and above take the Genitive plural. You do not
need to know all the plural endings of the Genitive case at this stage. However, the following phrases
are frequently used and should be learned by heart:
5
5
5
5
5
130
... xfcd
... vbyn
... ytlkm
... vczwtd
... ktn
Singular
(First conjugation)
z
ns
jy/jy/jy
[jx
[xtim
[xtn
Plural
(Second conjugation)
I
you
he/she/it
want
want
wants
vs
ds
jy
[jnv
[jnnt
[jnn
we
want
you want
they want
Chapter 7
This verb combines the personal endings of 1st and 2nd conjugations and doesnt conform to any of
the patterns of regular verbs.
Note: the verb [jnnm is generally used with an infinitive of another verb; e.g. z [jx ckifnm hlbj - I want
to listen to the radio. If [jnnm is followed by a noun, the noun should be used in the Accusative case; e.g. Dhf
[xtn rvyfne c litv - Vera wants a room with shower. However, if the noun denotes food or drinks it is
normally used in the Genitive case (which is expressed in English by some); e.g. z [jx vjkjr/[k,f - I want
some milk/bread.
Activity Eighteen -
Reading /Writing Complete the sentences given below.
1.
2&
3&
Vs ([jnnm) ...
4&
- Ns ([jnnm) ...$
- Ytn^ z ([jnnm) ...
5&
- Ds ([jnnm) ...$
- Lf^ ([jnnm)
131
I
you
he/she
speak
speak
speaks
vs
ds
jy
we
you
they
ujdjhv
ujdjhnt
ujdjhn
speak
speak
speak
Note: some type II verbs have different endings in the infinitive than -; e.g. cjlth;nm (to contain), ghbyflkt;nm (to belong), dltnm (to see), cvjnhnm (to watch), cnjnm (to stand).
If the stem of a class II verb ends in certain consonants, the verb usually mutates in the first person
singular, as follows: > , > , c > , > , > ; e.g. gkfnnm (to pay): z gkfx^ ns gknbim^
jy/ gknbn^ vs gknbv^ ds gknbnt^ jy gknzn&
If the stem is a sibilant (, , or ), the third person plural changes from - to -&
Activity Nineteen -
Writing Conjugate the following type II verbs in full.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
11&
12&
13&
14&
15&
16&
* Remember the rule about the mutation in the first person singular.
**Remember the rule about the change in the third person plural after sibilants.
c ntktayjv
c ctcnhq
c ,hnjv
m
ljv/gjhnakm
c lv
c gjhnak
f
vvf/n/nz
c vv
c n/n
n
gbcmv/vht
c gbcmv
c vh
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
z
ns
jy
jy
jy
cj vyq
c nj,q
c ybv
c ytq
c ybv
with me
with you
with him
with her
with it
vs
ds
jy
rnj
xnj
c
c
c
c
c
yvb
dvb
yvb
rtv
xtv
with us
with you
with them
with whom
with what
Chapter 7
Note: in phrases such as you and I; mother and father; bread and butter etc., the preposition is translated into
Russian as c: z c nj,q (literally: I with you), vvf c ggjq^ [kt, c vckjv
Activity Twenty -
Writing Fill in the gaps using personal pronouns in appropriate forms.
1& nj Vfhyf& Z hf,nf. c __________ d ,yrt& 2& Z ctqxc tle d vfufpy&
Rnj [xtn gj[fnm cj __________$ 3& nj Ybrjkq Fynyjdbx& Vjq ggf ltn
c __________ d Vjcrd& 4& Vj ,,eirf b lleirf ;bdn d Rhsv& Z xcnj
hfpujdhbdf. c ___________ gj ntktaye& 5& Vs dctul jnls[tv yf vht& D
njv ujl Jku n;t [xtn jnls[nm c ___________& 6& Ns bl/im ueknm$ Z
n;t gjql c__________& 7& Ds ltnt d eybdthcbnn yf vfiyt$ Z [jnk ,s
gj[fnm c___________^ ckb v;yj&
HOW TO SAY I NEED + (NOUN)
When you want to say that you need an object (I need + noun), the word need - y;ty
(ye;y^ ye;y^ ye;y) is a short adjective which agrees in gender and number with the
following noun. The noun is always used in the Nominative case. Personal pronouns in such
constructions are always used in the Dative case.
vyt
vyt
vyt
vyt
I
I
I
I
need a rest
need a visa
need a warm coat
need money
Remember: when you ask for an extra item, you use to/ jly (jly^ jly^ jly); e.g.
vyt ye;y to/ jly jltkj - I need an extra blanket& The form jly is used with
plural-only nouns; e.g.vyt ye;y to/ jly jxr - I need another pair of glasses.
Activity Twenty-One -
Speaking Look at the pictures below and say what each person needs based on the
following model.
Tq ye;y jxr&
133
134
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER EIGHT -
RUSSIAN CUISINE -
In Chapter Eight you will learn how to do the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
j,l
;by
Activity One -
Speaking
Pairwork. Look at the pictures above, then ask your partner what is
being served for breakfast, lunch and supper. Use the following model as a guide:
- Xnj ctulyz yf pdnhfr$
- Ctulyz yf pdnhfr [kt, b rat&
Note: the English word order is different from Russian; e.g. xnj ctulyz yf pdnhfr$ - what is for breakfast
today?
pdnhfr
j,l
;by
yf pdnhfr
yf j,l
136
breakfast
dinner
supper
for breakfast
for dinner
yf ;by
rhbwf
;htyfz h,f
gjvblh
wdtnyz rfgcnf
for supper
chicken
fried fish
tomato
cauliflower
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
The Russian breakfast tends to be a major meal which can comprise porridge, sausage, cold meat, eggs
and cheese as well as the usual bread, butter, jam etc. with coffee or tea. You can choose as much or as
little as your appetite dictates. To follow the conversation you will need to understand: z [jnkf ,s
pfrfpnm ... (I would like to order ...), rat cj ckdrfvb (coffee with cream), jy e yfc xtym
drcyst b cd;bt^ nkmrj xnj bcgtrk (we have very tasty and fresh ones, just baked).
Uj cnm
Jabwbynrf
Uj cnm
Jabwbynrf
Uj cnm
Jabwbynrf
Uj cnm
Jabwbynrf
Uj cnm
Jabwbynrf
Uj cnm
Jabwbynrf
Uj cnm
Jabwbynrf
Chapter 8
* The adjective [jklysq is used in the Instrumental case. The Instrumental singular of adjectives is very
simple to form. For masculine and neuter adjectives just remove the Nominative ending -/- and add the
ending -. If the stem of an adjective ends with , , , , , , , then remove -/- and add -:
[jklysq cjr
[jklyjt vjkjr
c [jklysv crjv
c [jklysv vjkjrv
ujhxbq xfq
ujhxtt vjkjr
For feminine adjectives remove - (or soft -) and add - (or soft -):
[jklyfz djl
c [jklyjq djlq
cyzz cvrf
jabwbynrf
fgtkmcyjdsq cjr
zxybwf
ndhju (ndjhu)
dfhymt
ujhxbq
waitress
orange juice
fried egg(s)
cottage cheese
jam
hot
[jklysq
,kjxrf
hjukbr
r rat
gjdnjhnm (I)
pfrp
c ujhxbv xtv
c ujhxbv vjkjrv
c cytq cvrjq
cold
bun
croissant
with coffee
to repeat
order
137
Activity Three -
Speaking Role-play. Using the breakfast menu below play the part of A and your
partner the role of B, then reverse the roles.
VTY PDNHFRF
1& dfh/yst qwf drhen.
2& dfh/yst qwf dcvnre
3& jvkn
4& zxybwf
5& csh
6& cjccrb
7& jdcyfz rif
8& vyyfz rif
9& hcjdfz rif
A (waiter/waitress)
B (guest)
Respond appropriately.
Choose any fruit juice and an egg.
Make your own choice.
Say you would like some pancakes, but
without cottage cheese. Order them with jam
and soured cream.
Say you would like some coffee with hot milk.
Activity Four -
Speaking Pairwork. Look at the pictures on the next page and ask your partner at
what time people have their breakfast, lunch and supper. Then change roles and answer
your partner questions about the time of your meals.
You will need to remember the Russian for to have breakfast/lunch/supper, first introduced in Chapter
Four, which are expressed by one word. Simply add - to the noun for the meal in question:
pdnhfr +fnm = pdnhfrfnm
breakfast
to have
breakfast
vty (n indeclinable)
zqw (pl qwf)
dfh/yjt zqw
drhen. (adverb)
dcvnre (adverb)
jvkn
cjccrf
rif
jdcyfz rif
138
menu
egg(s)
boiled egg
hard boiled
soft boiled
omelette
frankfurter
porridge
oat porridge
j,l
lunch
+fnm = j,lfnm
to have
lunch
vyyfz rif
hcjdfz rif
jklmz (pl jklmb)
jklmb cj cvtnyjq
,ky(xbr)
fyfycysq cjr
uhtqgahnjdsq cjr
v/l
,tp (+ gen)
;by +fnm
supper
= ;byfnm
to have
supper
semolina
rice pudding
drop-scone(s)
drop-scones with soured cream
pancake, small pancake
pineapple juice
grapefruit juice
honey
without
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 8
This verb has very unusual singular endings. Learn the conjugation of this verb by heart:
TCNM
Singular
z
tv
I
eat
ns
tim
you
eat
jy/jy/jy tcn
he/she/it eats
Plural
vs tlv
ds tlnt
jy tln
we
you
they
eat
eat
eat
This verb has regular first conjugation endings. The only thing to remember is that you have
to replace the -- of the infinitive with -- in all personal forms:
GBNM
Singular
z
gm.
I
drink
ns
gm/im you
drink
jy/jy/jy gm/n
he/she/it drinks
Plural
vs gm/v
ds gm/nt
jy gm.n
we
you
they
drink
drink
drink
to eat
to drink
to eat / drink for breakfast
toast
flakes, cereals
vpkb (pl)
rjycthdhjdfyyfz afckm (f)
,try
(aherndsq) quehn
l;tv
muesli
baked beans
bacon
(fruit) yoghurt
marmalade
139
Activity Six -
Reading Read the following extract from a book for young parents which gives
advice on feeding a child. Answer the questions below in English. Use the vocabulary list at
the foot of the page to help you.
CJDNS HJLNTKZV
Ljhjut hjlntkb^ tl ht,/yrf ljk;y ,snm drcyjq b hfpyjj,hpyjq&
Pdnhfr lk;ty drk.xnm d ct, ldlwfnm gznm/nhlwfnm ghjwynjd cnjxyjuj
hfwbyf^ j,l - nhlwfnm gznm/chjr ghjwynjd b ;by - nhlwfnm/chjr
ghjwynjd&
Yt ghbye;lqnt ht,/yrf tcnm^ ckb jy yt [xtn& Yt hfphtiqnt tv
hfpujdhbdfnm^ xbnnm ryue bkb cvjnhnm ntktdpjh dj dhvz tl& C itcn
ktn jy v;tn tcnm pf ,obv cnjkv c hjlntkzvb&
Gvybnt% cklrjt ghnbn fggtnn& Yt lfdqnt ht,/yre ckljcnb lj tl&
Ht,/yjr lk;ty tcnm xhtp nhb c gjkjdyjq - xtnht xfc&
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
pdnhfr - 25%/30%%
cnjxyjuj hfwbyf
Activity Seven -
Listening The following recording outlines a suitable breakfast menu for children.
Listen to it twice and fill in the partially completed table below in English.
Food
Quantity
hard-bolied egg
drop-scones with soured cream
rice pudding
semolina
cottage cheese with soured
cream and jam
cjdn
ljhjuq
hjlntkb (pl only)
ljk;y (f) ,snm
drcy s q
hfpyjj,hpy s q
drk.xnm d ct,
140
advice
dear
parents
should be
tasty
varied
to contain
80 gm
-----------
-----200 gm
200 gm
200 gm
ghjwyn
cnjxysq hfwby
dj dhvz (+ gen)
ghbye;lnm (+ acc)
ckb
hfphtinm (I) (+ dat)
tl (sing)
Drink
Quantity
fruit juice
coffee with milk
-----------
-----------
-----------
------
-----percent
daily ration
during
to force
if
to allow
meal(s)
200 gm
200 gm
-----gvybnm (II)
cklrbq
ghnbnm (+ acc)
ckljcnm (f)
lj (+ gen)
nhb c gjkjdyjq
gckt (+ gen)
to remember
sweet
to ruin, damage
sweetmeat
before
three and a half
after
Chapter 8
Activity Eight -
Reading/Speaking Pairwork. As in Britain, the menu in Russia is usually divided into
sections. Read the following menu and complete the dialogue on the right. Use the vocabulary
list at the foot of the next page to help you.
Note: you will see some words with the endings - (hard) /- (soft). These are the Instrumental
plurals of nouns: uhb, (mushroom) - c uhb,vb; [kgmz - c [kgmzvb&
Vty
Lbfku
[jklyst pfrcrb%
1& x/hyfz/rhcyfz brh
2& cfkn c gjvblhfvb b cvtnyjq
3& jctnhyf c jdjovb
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
ujhxbt pfrcrb%
1& uhyrb c dtnxbyq^ chjv b jdjovb
2& uhb, c krjv
ghdst ,klf%
1& ,jho
2& ob
3& e[
4& ,ekmy c gbhj;rvb
dnjhst ,klf%
1& hcn,ba c ufhyhjv
2& ,tacnhufyjd c hcjv
3& iywtkm c rfhnatkmysv g.h
4& jctnhyf gfhjdz
5& gknec ;htysq
ltchn%
1& ,kjxysq gbhu
2& vjh;tyjt
3& dbiy/dsq rjvgn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
fkrjukmyst
1& dlrf
2& rjymr
3& l;by
4& dhven
5& kbr/h
yfgnrb%
,t pfkrjukmyst yfgnrb%
1& fgtkmcyjdsq/fyfycysq cjr
2& rbckm
3& rrf-rkf/ggcb-rkf
4& vbythkmyfz djl
5& xfq
6& rat
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
141
Activity Nine -
Reading/Writing Read the menu from Activity Eight again. Choose one dish from
each section for your friend. He/she doesnt like meat, but likes fish, as well as fruit and
vegetables. He/she is allergic to dairy products, citrus fruit and coffee and doesnt drink
vodka. Fill in the table below with the dishes of your choice in Russian.
[jklyst pfrcrb
ujhxbt pfrcrb
ghdst ,klf
dnjht ,klf
ltchn
,tpfkrjukmyst yfgnrb
fkrjukmyst yfgnrb
Activity Ten -
Listening/Reading/Speaking Listen twice to the following extract about table
manners from a book for young parents and see how many Instrumental forms of the noun
you can recognize. Then read it through carefully and answer the questions below in Russian.
Ljhjut hjlntkb^ cktlnt pf ntv^ xn,s ht,/yjr ghdbkmyj lth;k k;re%
yt d rekfr^ f nhtv gkmwfvb ghdjq her* yt tk k;rjq nj^ xnj ylj tcnm
dkrjq& Ghbexqnt ht,/yrf gkmpjdfnmcz yj;v& Ylj lth;nm yj; d ghdjq
her^ f dkre - d kdjq&
Gckt tl ht,/yjr lk;ty ghjgjkjcrnm hjn djlq&
1&
2&
3&
4&
Note: you should have found five forms of the Instrumental case of the noun in this text. They are:
gkmw (pl), k;rjq (f sing), dkrjq (f sing), yj;v (m sing), djl (f sing). As you can see, the
Instrumental case in this text is used without a preposition. When it is used in this way, it indicates the
instrument by which an action is performed. This is often called the Instrumental of function; e.g.
tcnm yj;v b dkrjq - to eat with a knife and fork. In English, this meaning is generally expressed by
the preposition with + noun.
sturgeon
crouton
ham
mushroom
ker
onion(s)
,ekmy
clear soup
gbhj;r
small pasty
hcn,ba
roast beef
ufhyh
garnish
,tacnhufyjd beef stroganoff
iywtkm (m)
breaded veal cutlet
rfhnatkmyjt mashed potatoes
g.h
gfhjdq
steamed
jctnhyf
uhyrf
dtnxby
uhb,
142
gknec
;htysq
,kjxysq gbhu
dbiy / dsq rjvgn
rjymr
l;by
dhven
kbr /h
rbckm (m)
cktlnt pf ntv^
xn ,s
ghdbkmyj
lth;nm (II)
rekr
halibut
fried
apple pie
cherry compote
cognac
gin
vermouth
liqueur
fruit jelly
make sure that
correctly
to hold
fist
nhvz
gkmwfvb
ghdsq
her
k;rf
nj, xnj
dkrf
ghbexnm
gkmpjdfnmcz
yj;
ylj lth;nm
kdsq
ghjgjkjcrnm
hjn (+ instr)
with three
fingers
right
hand, arm
spoon
what, that which
fork
to teach
to use
knife
one should hold
left
to rinse out ones
mouth (with)
One day
,
,
Chapter 8
Activity Eleven -
Listening/Reading Listen twice to the following poem by the Russian childrens poet
S. Mikhalkov and see if you can spot any nouns used in the Instrumental case of function.
Then read it through carefully and complete the partial translation below.
Carrots,
Peas,
Parsley and beetroot.
Aaah!..
And the
began to argue
Who is the best, the tastiest and the most useful in the
world:
Rfhnirf$
?
Rfgcnf$
?
Vjhrdrf$
?
Uj h [ $
?
Gtnhirf bkm cd/rkf$
or
?
J[!&&
Aaah!..
Vvf ntv dhvtytv y;br dpzk
Meanwhile
took a small knife
B y;brjv nbv rhjinm yfxfk%
And with this knife began to chop:
R f h n i r e^
,
R f g c n e^
,
V j h r d r e^
,
Uj h [ ^
,
Gtnhire b cd/rke&
and
.
J[!&&
Aaah!..
Yfrhnst rhirjq d liyjv ujhir Packed tightly in the saucepan, covered with the lid
Rbgkb^ rbgkb d rhenv rbgznr%
Were boiling, boiling in the seething water:
Rfhnirf^
,
Rfgcnf^
,
Vjhrdrf^
,
Uj h [ ^
,
Gtnhirf b cd/rkf&
and
.
J[!&&
Aaah!..
B ceg jdjoyq jrfpkcz ytgk[!
And the vegetable
was delicious!
Activity Twelve -
Speaking Pairwork. Using the model below, ask your partner which sorts of food
and drink he/she prefers.
- Xnj ns ,kmit k,bim - xfq bkb rat$ - What do you prefer, tea or coffee?
- Z ,kmit k.,k xfq& - I prefer tea.
Note: the verb k.,nm (to like, love) is followed by the Accusative case; e.g. z k.,k vcj/h,e - I like
meat/fish.
143
Activity Thirteen -
Listening/Writing Listen to the following dialogue, stopping and recapping as
often as you need, and fill in the gaps in Russian.
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm Jabwbynn% Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm
Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm Gjctnntkm Jabwbyn
Gjctnntkm -
Activity Fourteen -
Reading Pairwork. Read the completed version of the dialogue from Activity
Thirteen and answer the following questions in English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
cjdnjdfnm (cjdne.^
cjdnetim)
yfcnjobq
ltkbrfnc
ghwbz
z yt ukjlty/ujkjly
144
to advise
real
delicacy
portion
I am not hungry
kxit
dfh/ysq
rfhnirf
,jrk
cx/n
lqnt cx/n^ gj;keqcnf
better, best
boiled
potato
tall wine glass
bill
could you bring the bill, please
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
GRAMMAR
Chapter 8
hard
f
ydsq ydfz
Nominative
n
ydjt
cybq
soft
f
cyzz
cytt
Instrumental
hard
soft
m
f
n
m
f
yd yd yd cy cy
cy
End-stressed adjectives (e.g. ujke,q - blue) in the Instrumental case decline like ydsq.
Note: some adjectives whose stem ends with , , , , , , appear to have a mixed declension. For
example, hccrbq looks like a soft adjective in the masculine Nominative/Instrumental singular and all
plural forms. Remember the spelling rules:
1. replaces after , , , , , , ;
2. unstressed is replaced by after , , , (e.g. compare c ,jkmi h,jq and c [jhi
h,jq).
Activity Fifteen -
Writing Put the nouns and adjectives in brackets into the Instrumental case.
1& Ctulyz yf pdnhfr rif cj (ckdjxyjt vckj) kb zxybwf c (;htyfz
rjk,fc)^ rat b ncns c (rke,yxyjt dfhymt)& 2& Vvf dctul h;tn [kt,
(,jkmiq yj;)^ f ahrns - (vktymrbq yj;)& 3& Z xtym k.,k ob cj (cd;fz
rfgcnf)& 4& Vjz ctcnh- dtutnfhbyrf& Jy yt tcn vcj^ yj xtym k,bn djob
c (hfcnntkmyjt vckj)^ jdjoyt ceg b gbh;yst c (ijrjklysq rhtv)& 5&
<kby j,xyj gjlfn cj (cd;fz cv tnyf) b dfhymtv r x.& 6&
Nhflbwbyyjt hccrjt ,klj - ,kby c (rhcyfz kb x/hyfz brh)&
Activity Sixteen -
Speaking Pairwork. Name, in Russian, the dishes pictured below and say which
ones you like and do not like.
145
This verb has unusual singular endings. In the plural forms an extra consonant -- appears
which is absent from the infinitive and singular forms.
z tv
I eat
vs tlv
we eat
ns tim
you eat
ds tlnt
you eat
jy/jy/jy tcn
he/she/it eats
jy tln
they eat
This verb has regular first conjugation endings, but you have to remember to replace the
-- of the infinitive with -- in all personal endings.
z gm.
I drink
vs gm/v
we drink
ns gm/im
you drink
ds gm/nt
you drink
jy/jy/jy gm/n
he/she/it drinks
jy gm.n
they drink
Activity Seventeen -
Listening/Writing Listen to the tape twice and fill in the gaps in Russian.
D Hjccb^ rfr b d yukbb^ xtym k,zn ___________&xfq& Fyukbxyt j,xyj&
___________&xfq c vjkjrv b ,tp c[fhf& F hccrbt ___________&xfq ,tp
vjkjr^ xcnj c c[fhjv b kbvyjv& R x. j,xyj gjlfn cklrjt% dfhymt^
v/l^ gbhju^ rjyans b gtxymt& Dfhymt b v/l ___________&c [k,jv kb
gtxymtv^ f byjul ghcnj rkfln d xfq& <kby - n;t nhflbwbyyjt ,klj
r x.& B[ v;yj ___________&c vckjv kb cvtnyjq^ c dfhymtv^ c v/ljv b
c ndhjujv& Hccrbt jc,tyyj k,zn ___________&xfq dxthjv^ gckt ;byf^
rjul v;yj cgjrqyj gjcblnm^ gjujdjhnm ljgjply^ jlyv ckdjv^
- gjxf/dybxfnm&
Activity Eighteen -
Reading/Speaking Read through the completed exercise above and answer the
following questions in Russian. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
1&
2&
3&
4&
byjul
ghcnj rkfln
cgjrqyj gjcblnm
146
sometimes
simply put
to sit quietly
The Instrumental plural of nouns is very simple. Irrespective of gender, the endings
are - (for nouns with a hard stem - ending with a consonant, - or -) and -
(for nouns with a soft stem - ending with --, --, -- and --).
Gender
Nom sing
Instr pl
hard
m
yj;
yj;vb
f
k;rf
k;rfvb
n
dby
dyfvb
soft
m
rbckm
rbctkvb
f
diyz
diyzvb
Chapter 8
n
dfhymt
dfhymzvb
Note: those nouns which have - in the Nominative plural (cnkmz^ csyjdm^ ,hnmz) have - in the
Instrumental plural ([kgmzvb^ cnkmzvb^ csyjdmvb^ ,hnmzvb).
A few feminine nouns have ending - instead of -& At this stage you need to remember only three of them:
ljxm - ljxthmv^ klb (people) - k.lmv^ ltnb (children) - ltnmv.
Activity Nineteen -
Speaking/Writing Look at the pictures below and answer the following questions. The
first question is already answered for you as an example.
gjvblhs
,kjrb
3& C xtv nj vjkjr$
[kgmz
4& C rtv vvf pdnhfrftn$
lxthb b csyjdm
147
The Instrumental case without a preposition is generally used to indicate the instrument
with which an action is perfomed. In English this meaning is expressed by the preposition
with + noun: to write with a pen/pencil - gbcnm hxrjq/rfhfylfiv.
Activity Twenty -
Reading Read and translate the following Russian recipe for coffee cream. Underline
all adjectives and nouns used in the Instrumental case. Can you distinguish which of them
express the meaning of function? Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
Lthtdyyjq k;rjq hfcnthnm zxyst ;tknr c c[fhjv b dfybkyjv&
Dcrbgznnm ckdrb b lj,dbnm yf,[ibq d rat ;tkfny& Gjcntgyyj
dvtinm dkrjq ujhxbt ckdrb d zxye. vcce b gjlth;nm yf djlzyq ,yt&
Cvpfnm jkdrjdsv kb hfcnntkmysv vckjv vktymrbt ahvjxrb^
hfpkj;nm d yb[ rhtv b gjcndbnm d [jkjlkmybr yf xfc& Jghjryenm
ahvjxrb c rhvjv yf nfhkre& Erhcbnm rhtv ahrnfvb^ ijrjkljv^
dp,nsvb ckdrfvb& Gjlfdnm yf ltchn c xtv kb rat&
Note: all verbs in the text act as command forms (you should ...); e.g. hfcnthtnm - (you should) whisk.
case.
Activity Twenty-One -
Writing Complete the sentences below, putting the missing words in the appropriate
lthtdyysq
hfcnthnm
zxysq ;tknr
dfybky
dcrbgznnm (II)
lj,dbnm (II)
yf,[ibq ;tkfny
gjcntgyyj dvtinm
148
wooden
to whisk
egg yolk
vanilla
to boil
to add
dissolved gelatin
gradually fold in
vccf
gjlth;nm (II)
djlzyz ,yz
cvpfnm
jkdrjdsq
hfcnntkmysq
ahvjxrf
hfpkj;nm (II)
mass
to hold
bain-marie
to grease
olive
vegetable
mould
to spoon
gjcndbnm (II)
jghjryenm
nfhkrf
erhcbnm (II)
dp,nst ckdrb
gjlfdnm
pgfl
ylbz
to put
to turn out
plate
to decorate
whipped cream
to serve
west
India
There are two different ways to express preference in Russian. In Chapter 6 you learned
how to say I like - vyt yhdbncz. In this chapter you came across one more verb which
usually expresses a greater degree of preference: to love - k.,nm. As in English, these
verbs are often interchangeable, but you must remember that in Russian the two
grammatical constructions are different:
Chapter 8
To say that you prefer something simply add ,kmit (more) before the verb:
vyt ,kmit yhdbncz h,f= z ,kmit k.,k h,e
(I prefer fish)
This verb is of the same type as the verb ujdjhnm (type II; see Chapter Seven). However,
note:
1. an -k- in the first person singular only: ,/,k - k.,nm/k.,k
2. mobile stress: infinitive and first person singular - last syllable stressed; other
forms - penultimate syllable stressed: k.,nm - k.,k^ k,bim etc.
z k.,k
ns k,bim
I love
you love
vs k,bv
ds k,bnt
jy k,zn
we love
you love
they love
Activity Twenty-Two -
Listening On the tape a mother is describing her familys preferences for various
foods and drinks. Although you might not understand everything, you should be able to pick
out the preferences of the different members of the family. Listen to the recording twice and
indicate in the table on the next page these preferences. The first one is done for you as an
example.
You will need to know the Russian for (they) cant stand - nthgnm yt vjun and for (they)
adore - j,j;.n.
149
150
vfnm
ljxm
---------
jnw
-----
csy
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER NINE -
NOW AND THEN -
In Chapter Nine you will learn how to do the following:
1. to talk about past events
2. to say when things happened
3. to ask about things and reply in the past (affirmative and negative)
You will learn the following points of grammar:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Activity One -
Reading /Listening Look at the photographs and read text A, then read and listen
to text < and answer the questions after the texts.
< D vkjljcnb
Dkflvbh
Bdyjdbx ;bk
d C f y r n Gtnth,hut& Jy
[jnk exnmcz d
eybdthcbnnt^ yj
cnfk cjklnjv^
gjnjv xnj nj
,sk 1941 ujl&
njn ujl - yfxkj dnjhq vbhjdq djqy* d
Hjccb& Gckt djqy jy gjcnegk d Vjcrdcrbq
eybdthcbnn yf vtlbwycrbq afrekmnn& Gckt
eybdthcbnnf jy hf,nfk dhfxv d lncrjq
,jkmywt&
* In Russian the Second World War is usually called Dtkrfz Jnxtcndtyyfz djqy (the Great Patriotic War).
gycbz
dyer/dyxrf
dcgjvbynm (I)
ghikjt (n)
vkjljcnm (f)
152
pension
grandson/granddaughter
to remember
the past
youth
yfxkj
beginning
dnjhz vbhjdz djqy World War II
gckt (+ gen)
after
cnfnm (+ instr)
to become
cjkln
soldier
gjcnegnm (II)
vtlbwycrbq
afrekmnn
lncrbq
,jkmywf
to enrol
medical
faculty
childrens
hospital
Which text is about the present and which one is about the past?
Find an example of the past tense of the verb [jnnm&
What is the last letter of this verb in the past tense?
What is the last letter of the other verbs in text <?
What gender are these verbs?
Complete the following rule:
Chapter 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
To form the masculine past tense remove ___ from the infinitive and replace it with ___.
Note: in order to form the feminine, neuter and plural past tense add -, - or - respectively to the masculine past
tense.
xbnnm (infinitive)
xbnk (past m)
xbnkf (past f)
xbnkj (past n)
Activity Two -
Listening/Writing Read text D and fill in the gaps choosing the appropriate verb from
the box below. Use the past tense in each case. Listen to the tape to check your answers.
dcnhnbnm
pf,jknm
k.,nm
cnfnm
,snm
;bnm
crexnm
ghj;nm
regnm
plbnm
D D ,jkmywt jy
cdj
,leoe. ;ty& Jy
vtlctcnhq& Jy xtym
lheu
lhuf b
dvcnt 35 ktn& 5 ktn
yfpl jy
b evthk&
Dkflvbh Bdyjdbx lkuj
jly^ yj ytldyj jy
cj,re
b ntghm tv yt nfr jlbyrj& D byt
Dkflvbh Bdyjdbx
d
Gtnth,hu b
e cyf^ f cj,rf
d Vjcrd c cjclzvb& Jy
xtym
lheu gj lhue&
dcnhnbnm (II)
cdjq
,leofz ;ty
k.,nm (II) lheu lhuf
ghj;nm dvcnt
5 ktn yfpl
pf,jknm
evthk (f)
A new ab initio Russian course
to meet
ones (own)
future wife
to love each other
to stay together
5 years ago
to fall ill
died
lkuj
ytldyj
tv yt nfr jlbyrj
plbnm (II)
ujcnnm (II) e (+ gen)
cjcl/cjclrf (f)
crexnm (I) lheu gj lhue
153
Activity Three -
Reading/Writing Complete the sentences below matching a part of the sentence
from column A with a part from column . Put the verbs in column into the past tense.
A
1& Gckt djqy &&&
2& Z cnfk cjklnjv d 1941 ujl^ &&&
3& Ctqxc z ;bd d Vjcrd^ &&&
4& Z dcnhnbk cdj ,leoe. ;ty
d ,jkmywt^ &&&
5& Vs xtym k.,kb lheu lhuf b &&&
6& Vj csy b dyer ;bdn
d Gtnth,hut^ &&&
Activity Four -
Speaking Pairwork. Ask and answer questions using the phrase Rjul ns d
gjcklybq hfp &&&$ - When did you last ...?, plus a follow-up question each time. Make a
note of your partner s answers and tell the class what you learned about him/her. Use the
expressions from the list below.
nhjv > instr morning ghikjq yxm.
> instr last night
dxth
ly/v
> instr afternoon d ghiksq gjytlkmybr > acc last Monday
yesterday dxthjv > instr evening d ghike. gnybwe
> acc last Friday
d ghikjv ujl
> prep last year
d ghikjv vczwt
> prep last month
yf ghikjq ytlkt
> prep last week
- Nyz^ rjul ns d gjcklybq hfp j,lfkf d htcnjhyt$
- Yf ghikjq ytlkt&
- B xnj ns kf$
- Z kf ,jho b h,e&
Reporting back: D gjcklybq hfp Nyz j,lfkf d htcnjhyt yf ghikjq
ytlkt^ jyf kf ,jho b h,e&
You may like to use the following ideas for your questions:
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
154
[jlnm d vfufpy
;bnm d ujcnybwt
cvjnhnm dltj
ckifnm vpsre
gbnm ifvgycrjt
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
xbnnm hjvy
,snm d ntnht
ujdjhnm gj ntktaye
tcnm ijrjkl
gbcnm gbcmv
Note: the Russian verbs ,snm^ cnfnm^ hf,nfnm take the Instrumental case of the following noun
in constructions like jy [xtn ,snm dhfxv - he wants to be a doctor; jy hf,nftn dhfxv - she
works as a doctor; jy cnkb dhfxvb - they became doctors& This rule applies to all tenses.
However, remember that the verb to be - ,snm does not have a present tense form in Russian, therefore
the Nominative is used: jy dhfx - he is a doctor&
Ntghm
Hymit
Chapter 9
Activity Five -
Writing Look at the pictures below and complete the sentences. Use the verbs in
brackets in the appropriate tense.
155
Activity Six -
Writing/Listening Translate the following sentences into Russian, then listen to the
texts A, and from Activities One and Two. Can you find these sentences in the texts?
Number them in order of their appearance.
@ &&& She was a nurse.
@ &&& He wanted to study at university, but became a soldier.
@ &&& After university he worked as a doctor at a childrens hospital.
Activity Seven -
Speaking Role-play. You play the part of A and your partner the role of B, then
reverse the roles. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
A
Say hi (informal).
Ask your partner how he/she feels.
Say you are well.
Say you are a doctor.
Say you did work as a teacher for two years but
recently became a doctor. Ask your partner where
he/she is working.
Say you were pleased to meet your friend
and goodbye.
Reply appropriately.
Describe how you feel and ask the same
question.
Ask what job your partner is doing now.
Say you remember that your partner
wanted to be a teacher and work with children.
Say you work as an engineer at a big factory
as you always wanted.
Respond appropriately.
B (official)
Respond appropriately.
Ask what else ( Xnj to/ &&&$)your client
can do.
Say there is a vacancy at the local school
and ask whether you client would like to
work as a teacher.
Ask what your client would like to do.*
Say there is a vacancy in an oil firm in
London.
Say: I wish you luck. (:tk. elxb)
Reply appropriately.
* When asking about occupations, the phrase what would you like to do ...? is usually rendered in the
following way - rtv ns [xtim / ds [jnnt hf,nfnm &&&?
gvybnm (II)
dfrycbz
a,hbrf
156
to remember
vacancy
factory
evnm
vcnysq
gthtdlxbr
ytanzyz ahvf
bynthcyj
;tknm (I) (+ gen)
oil firm
interesting
to wish
gbnm
cvjnhnm
ujdjhnm
plbnm
ckifnm
ktnnm
Chapter 9
Activity Eight -
Writing/Listening Look at the pictures below and complete the questions with the
appropriate verb from the box. Use the verbs in the past tense. Listen to the tape, paying
particular attention to the intonation of the questions.
________ yf vfiyt$
_________ ntktdpjh$
________ yf cfvjk/nt$
_______ gj ntktaye$
_________ rjrf-rke$
Possible answer
- Lf^ ckifkb&
(Yes, they did.)
- Ytn^ yt ckifkb&
(No, they didnt.)
- Z yt edhty(f)&
(I am not sure.)
157
Activity Ten -
Reading Read the text about the life of the Russian writer Anton Chekhov.
You will need to know the Russian for in 1884 and other dates. This is very simple: the first three
numbers are used in the Nominative case and the last one in the Prepositional (d nczxf djctvmcn
dctvmltczn xtnd/hnjv ujl)& If the date ends in zero, the last two digits are used in the Prepositional case; e.g. in 1920 - d nczxf ltdznmcn ldflwnjv ujl&
dtkrbq
gbcntkm (m)
hjlnmcz (II)
.u
gmcf
bpdcnys (pl)
hfccrp
rjvvthcyn
cjlth;nm (II)
edktrnmcz (I) (+ instr)
158
past (m sing)
hjlkcz
great
writer
to be born
south
play
known
short story
businessman
to own
to be keen on
past (f sing)
hjlbkcm
hbcjdnm
gtnm
ntnh
ljviybq
cgtrnrkm (m)
hfpjhnmcz (II)
pfryxbnm (II)
kdjxrf
c,hybr
ne,threk/p
to draw
to sing
theatre
domestic
performance
to go bankrupt
to graduate
small shop
volume
TB
past (n sing)
hjlbkcm
past (pl)
hjlbkcm
gtht[fnm d (+ acc)
Rhsv
Llz Dyz
Nhb ctcnh
Dbiy/dsq cfl
bpvtynmcz (II)
exnmcz (II)
vth (m)
;tynmcz (II) yf
(+ prep)
to move to
Crimea
Uncle Vanya
Three Sisters
The Cherry Orchard
to change
to study
died
to marry, get
married to
Chapter 9
Activity Eleven -
Writing Look at the pictures below and complete the sentences. Use the verb
in its appropriate form.
____________
______________
____________
Activity Twelve -
Reading Indicate whether the following sentences are True () or False (). Correct
the false sentences in English. The first sentence is done for you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Activity Thirteen -
Speaking Answer the following questions in Russian.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
Hjlk cz/hjlbkcm
ult$
rjul$
crkmrj dfv ktn$
Hjl n tk b
dphfcn$
hf,nf$
ult$
Irkf
rjul$
ult$
ghtlvns$
nls[
[,,b$
cgjhn$
lhepm$
Hf,nf/ Ey b d thcbnn
rfrz/rfrq$
rjul$
ult$
159
Activity Fifteen -
Listening Two people on the tape talk about how they met their spouse. Split up into
two groups. Group A listens to Marinas story and group B listens to Igor s story. Then
answer, in English, the questions about your couple.
How we met -
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Activity Sixteen -
Speaking Find a partner from the other group and compare information. Ask and
answer questions in Russian. Look at the photographs of the two couples. How old do you
think they are? How old were they when they met? Tell your own story or your parents
story. Use the questions below to help you.
You will need to know the Russian for he/she was ... years old - tv / tq ,kj &&& ktn/ujl/ulf&
Note: if you want to give an approximate age, he/she is/was about 19/23 years old, simply place the
words ktn/ujl/ulf before the number - tv/tq ,kj ktn 19 / ujlf 23&
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
Ns pve;tv # ;tyn$
E nt, cnm ldeirf # ghtym$
Rjul b ul ds dcnhnbkbcm$
Crkmrj dfv ,skj kn^ rjul ds
dcnhnbkbcm$
Ult ds njul ;kb$
Ult ds njul hf,nfkb # exkbcm$
Xnj ds lkftnt ctqxc$
Xnj lkftn ndjz ldeirf # ndq ghtym$
Ult jy() hymit hf,nfk(f) #
exkcz (exkfcm)$
dcnhnbnmcz (II)
ajnjrjhhtcgjylyn
vjkjl/;ysq
ajnjuhabz
[,,b (n indeclinable)
gjlhf,nsdfnm (I)
ajnjfntkm
(n indeclinable)
;tyn (m) / pve;tv (f)
160
to rent a flat
salary
more than
journalism
foreign languages faculty
by chance
three-room
flat
boyfriend / girlfriend
1.
The masculine past tense of verbs with an infinitive ending in - is formed by replacing
- with -:
infinitive
gbcnm
ujdjhnm
gjdnjhnm
,jknm
2.
past (m)
jy gbck
jy ujdjhk
jy gjdnjhk
jy ,jkk
he was writing/wrote
he was talking/talked
he was repeating/repeated
he was ill
The feminine, neuter and plural forms are formed by adding endings -f^ -j and -b
respectively to the masculine form:
past (m)
jy gbck
jy ujdjhk
jy gjdnjhk
jy ,jkk
3.
Chapter 9
GRAMMAR
past (f)
jy gbckf
jy ujdjhkf
jy gjdnjhkf
jy ,jkkf
past (n)
jy gbckj
jy ujdjhkj
jy gjdnjhkj
jy ,jkkj
past (pl)
jy gbckb
jy ujdjhkb
jy gjdnjhkb
jy ,jkkb
The past tense agrees with the subject of the verb in number (sing, pl) and gender (m, f, n):
z gbck
z gbckf
ns gbck
ns gbckf
vs^ ds^ jy gbckb
Some types of verbs have no - in the masculine past tense, but in all other forms they follow
the usual rules. In this chapter you came across one such verb, namely evthnm (to die).
All verbs ending with - follow the same pattern: remove - from the infinitive in
order to form the masculine past tense; add - and the appropriate endings for the feminine,
neuter and plural past forms:
evthnm (inf)
vth (past m)
evthk (past f)
vthkj (past n)
To ask a question about the past simply emphasize the verb in the past tense by raising your
voice. The word order doesnt change in Russian as in English: jy [jlk d rby - he went
to the cinema; jy [jlk d rby$ - did he go to the cinema?
To give a negative reply about the past, use the negative particle before the verb in the
past tense:
- Ns xbnk ne ryue$
- Ytn^ yt xbnk&
161
Activity Seventeen -
Speaking Pairwork. Choose a verb from the box below and make up a sentence in
the past tense. Use the nonsense verb nfnfk(-f, -j, -b) (which is something like English
blah-blah) instead of the verb you chose. Your partner should give the past tense of the
missing verb, then you should change roles if the missing verb is named correctly.
xbnnm
pf,jknm
evthnm
gbcnm
dcnhnbnm
k.,nm
dcgjvbynm
plbnm
hf,nfnm
gjcnegnm
,snm
cnfnm
pfryxbnm
ckifnm
regnm
Rjul
Rjul
Rjul
Rjul
F
F
Activity Nineteen -
Listening/Writing Listen to the tape again and write down in Russian when each
activity happened.
1&
2&
3&
4&
162
2&
3&
4&
5&
Cdnf kf ijrjkl&
<jhc
Chapter 9
Activity Twenty -
Writing Look at the picture of Sveta and her husband Boris. They never do the
same things on the same day, for example:
Dxth Cdnf [jlkf d vfufpy&
Dxth <jhc yt [jlk d vfufpy&
Activity Twenty-One -
Reading/Listening/Writing
Read and translate the two texts below. There are
three factual mistakes in each text. Listen twice to the tape and find the correct details.
Write them down, as in the model provided.
Cjdncrbq k/nxbr hbq Ufuhby cnfk ghdsv xtkjdrjv^ rjnhsq gj,sdk
d rcvjct& nj ghjbpjik d 1961 ujl^ ldtylwfnjuj fghkz& Ufuhby dgthdt
j,ktnk Pvk. yf rjcvxtcrjv rjhf,k Djcnr, rjnhsq dcbk 5 njyy&
Gjk/n ghjljk;kcz 100 vbyn& Vfrcbvkmyfz dscjn ,sk 200 vbkm&
1& Gjkn ghjljk;fkcz yt 100 vbyen& Jy ghjljk;fkcz 108 vbyen&
2.
3.
Glossary
c
,
f
200
163
Ghdsq xtkjdr gj,sdk yf Key d 1967 ujl& nj ghjbpjik ldlwfnm
ghdjuj bkz d 3 xfc 58 vbyn enh& Fvthbrycrbq fcnhjydn Ybk
hvcnhjyu gjryek rjcvxtcrbq rjh,km Fgkkj - 12 b clkfk ghdsq ifu
yf Key&
Glossary
3 58
1.
2.
3.
Tq ,sk 1 ujl
Tv ,sk 41 ujl
Bv ,sk 51 ujl
Activity Twenty-Two -
Writing Look at the pictures below and write down, in Russian, how old these
people are now and how old they were at different times in the past.
164
10 ktn
24 ulf
56 ktn
Ctqxc ______________
3 ulf yfpl _________
5 ktn yfpl __________
13 ktn yfpl _________
Ctqxc ______________
6 ktn yfpl __________
15 ktn yfpl _________
18 ktn yfpl _________
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
All Russian verbs ending with the particle - in the infinitive are called reflexive verbs. In the
present tense they conjugate like any other verb of a given type. To determine the type of the
reflexive verb simply ignore the particle; for example, the verb ;tynmcz is of the same
type as the verb ujdjhnm. The only thing to keep in mind is that the particle - changes
to - when preceded by a vowel:
Chapter 9
REFLEXIVE VERBS
Present tense
ujdjhnm
z
ns
jy/jy/jy
vs
ds
jy
;tynmcz
ujdjh
ujdjhim
ujdjhn
ujdjhv
ujdjhnt
ujdjhn
z
ns
jy/jy/jy
vs
ds
jy
cm
cz
cz
cz
cm
cz
Past tense
In order to form the masculine past tense of reflexive verbs replace the - of the infinitive
by -, leaving the particle - in place:
dcnhnbnmcz (infinitive) - dcnhnbkcz (past m)
In order to form the feminine, neuter and plural forms in the past tense add -^ - and -
respectively to the masculine form. The particle - changes to - when preceded by a
vowel:
dcnhnbkcz (past m), dcnhnbkfcm (past f), dcnhnbkjcm (past n), dcnhnbkbcm
(past pl)
Activity Twenty-Three -
Writing The table below is partially completed with reflexive verbs from the text in
Activity Nine. Fill in the remaining spaces in the table.
infinitive
past (m sing)
past (f sing)
past (n sing)
past (pl)
* This verb applies only to men; a different one pf (+ acc) is used for women.
165
Activity Twenty-Four -
Writing Fill in the gaps using the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense and form.
1& hbq Ufuhby ___________ (hjlnmcz) d 1934 ujl^ f tu cnhifz ljxm
___________ (hjlnmcz) d 1959 ujl& 2& Ctqxc Vfrcv ___________ (exnmcz)
d Vjcrdcrjv eybdthcbnnt^ f hymit jy ___________ (exnmcz) d irkt& 3& D
ghikjv ujl Cdnf xtym ___________ (edktrnmcz) gjg-vpsrjq^ f ctqxc
tq ,kmit ___________ (yhdbnmcz) rkfccxtcrfz vpsrf& 4& Vj hjlntkb
___________ (dcnhnbnmcz) 20 ktn yfpl& 5& Vs c ctcnhq __________ (hjlnmcz)
d jly b njn ;t ltym& 6& Ctqxc z ___________ (edktrnmcz) ntnhjv b
kbnthfnhjq^ f vj ,hnmz ___________ (edktrnmcz) nyybcjv b aen,kjv&
7& ujhm ___________ (dcnhnbnmcz) c Vfhyjq 2 ulf yfpl b &___________
(;tynmcz) yf ytq d ghikjv ujl&
How to answer the question D rfrv ujl &&&$ (In which year ...?)
Years in Russian are expressed by ordinal numerals; e.g. ctqxc nczxf ltdznmcn ltdzycnj gnsq
ujl - it is 1995 now (literally: it is the 1995th year now).
To answer the above question use the Prepositional case. In Chapter Seven you learned that in
compound numbers only the the final component has the form of an ordinal number and is declined.
Therefore, if you want to say in 1995, only the last digit should be used in the Prepositional case:
d nczxf ltdznmcn ltdzycnj gnjv ujl - in 1995
Note that the final component of a compound number may contain more than one digit:
in 1900 (three digits)
in 1980 (two digits)
* Remember: ordinal numbers from 50th to 80th and from 500th to 900th have a central -- which appears
in place of the central -- in cardinal numbers. The central -- appears in all cases:
nczxf itcnbcnsq ujl / d nczxf itcnbcnjv ujl
nczxf ltdznmcn itcnbltcnsq ujl / d nczxf ltdznmcn
itcnbltcnjv ujl
1600 / in 1600
in 1960
Activity Twenty-Five -
Speaking Say in Russian in which year each of the people pictured below was born
and died.
Itrcgbh
(1564 - 1616)
166
Geirby
(1799 - 1837)
Vthbkby Vjyhj
(1926 - 1962)
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
The Russian verbs ,snm^ cnfnm and hf,nfnm take the Instrumental case of the following noun in
constructions like ,snm/cnfnm dhfxv - to be/become a doctor and hf,nfnm dhfxv - to work
as a doctor& This rule applies to all tenses. However, remember that the verb to be - ,snm does not have
a present tense form in Russian, therefore the Nominative case is used: jy dhfx - he is a doctor.
Activity Twenty-Six -
Reading/Speaking Read the Curriculum Vitae given below and tell the story of
Alexanders life in Russian.
Chapter 9
Fdnj,bjuhabz
vz^ afvkbz^ nxtcndj%
Ujl hj;lybz%
Vcnj hj;lybz%
J,hfpjdybt%
Ghjaccbz%
Hf,nf%
Ctvm%
<hfr%
Lnb%
{,,b%
Activity Twenty-Seven -
Speaking/Writing Pairwork. Enquire about your partner s Curriculum Vitae in
Russian and write down the details. Tell the group what you have found out. (You havent yet
learnt how to use the phrase for from ... to ...with dates, so avoid this construction.)
fdnj,bjuhabz
ujl hj;lybz
vcnj hj;lybz
j,hfpjdybt
,bkju
,bjkubz
ghtgjlfdntkm (m)
gtlbycnbnn
curriculum vitae
year of birth
place of birth
education
biologist
biology
lecturer, teacher
pedagogical institute
,tphf,nysq/-fz
lj yfcnjotuj dhvtyb
rjycekmnyn
Bycnbnn j[hys
ghbhls
gtycbjyh
,hfr
fh[bntrnhf
unemployed
until the present time
consultant
Environmental Protection
Institute
pensioner
marriage
architecture
167
168
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER TEN -
(+ instr)
()
()
(I) (+ instr)
170
(I) (+ instr)
to enjoy
(+ instr)
Chapter 10
(+ instr)
( )
( )
Activity Two -
Writing/Speaking Insert the missing questions in the following exchanges. The first
one is done for you. When you have completed the exercise, ask your partner the same
questions relating to his/her interests. Then reverse the roles.
Note: the second conjugation verbs (to spend time), (to go on foot) and (to go
by transport) mutate in the first person singular: , , . (See the Grammar section for
further details.)
1. - ?
- .
2. - _______________________________________________________________?
- .
3 - _______________________________________________________________?
- .
4. - _______________________________________________________________?
- .
5. - .
- _______________________________________________________________?
6. - _______________________________________________________________?
- .
(II)
foreign
usually
to go on holiday
figure skating
aerobics
in my free time
(I)
(II)
to collect stamps
stamps to do with space
often
to go (on foot)
at the disco
on Saturdays
171
Activity Three -
Listening
Listen to the following recordings by Russians and state in the boxes
below how they spend their leisure time. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to
help you.
Name
Leisure activities
(I)
172
(, -) (+ instr)
(I) (+ acc)
(I)
sometimes
to be interested in
horse riding
to support
summer cottage, dacha
to grow flowers
fruit
vegetables
A
Ask how your partner spends his/her
free time.
Ask what he/she does on his/her days off.
Ask if he/she goes to the dacha.
Ask if your friend likes to go hiking.
A
Ask your friend how he/she spends
his/her holidays.
Ask your partner where he/she has been.*
B
Say that you have very little free time.
You are very busy.
Say that you usually go to the country.
Reply that you do not have a dacha and
you usually go mushroom picking in the woods.
Reply that you do not like hiking. You always
go by car.
B
Say that you like to go abroad.
A
Ask if your partner has a hobby.
Ask where your partner usually buys
them.
Ask what sort of CDs your partner collects.
B
Reply that you like to collect CDs.
Say that you usually buy them at the
supermarket or in a specialist shop.
Say that you collect rock-music CDs.
Chapter 10
Activity Four -
Speaking Role-play. You play the part of A and your partner plays B, then reverse
the roles.
Activity Five -
Reading/Speaking Work out the meaning of the following dialogues, using the
vocabulary provided on the following page, and then read them in pairs. (Note: the words in
bold relate to Activity Six.)
VBH EDKTXYBQ
Rj y w hn
Dkz
Cif
Dkz
Cif
Dkz
- . ?
, .
- . ,
?
- . , .
- , . ?
- .
.
/
pvjv
A new ab initio Russian course
I am busy
on (ones) days off
to go to the country
to go mushroom picking
in the woods
to go hiking
" " "
to spend ones holidays
( /)
-
(I)
(?)
-
-
173
Ntnh
Dflv
Cyz
Dflv
Cyz
Yfnif
Kpf
Yfnif
Kpf
Yfnif
Kpf
Yfnif
Kpf
Yfnif
Kpf
Dkz
Vif
Dkz
Vif
- ?
- ,
.
.
- ? ?
- , .
.
* * *
- , . .
- ? ?
- . , .
.
- . ,
?
- , .
.
- ? ?
- , , .
- ? ?
- , , .
.
- , t .
.
Rby
- , ? ?
- , .
- ?
- ? .
.
?
,
...?
(, -)
(, )
174
world of entertainments
will you come with us?
the fact is that
spare ticket
variety show/music
solo concert
other singers as well
(they) will perform
(s/he) will also sing
well, in that case
you can listen to that
where will be?
concert hall
lets meet
main entrance
just
Swan Lake
(Duke) Bluebeards
Castle
to get, obtain
to buy
Maly (Small) Theatre
(I)
(II)
(I)
(I)
theatre
to prefer
operetta
to remember
last year
premiere
The Merry Widow
to invite
the stalls
balcony
middle
third row
famous, well known
it will be necessary
programme
foyer
Ill go
with pleasure
thanks for the invitation
to show
all the tickets are sold out
with great difficulty
Masculine:
Neuter:
Feminine:
______
______
______
______
______
______
(hard)
(soft)
(hard)
(soft)
(hard)
(soft)
Chapter 10
Activity Six -
Writing The forms in bold in the previous exercise are singular adjectives in the
Genitive case. Bearing in mind that the masculine and neuter forms are the same, complete
the chart below. (You can check your answers in the Grammar section.)
Activity Seven -
Reading/Listening Read the following dialogue and work out what it means. Then
listen to the tape and fill in the gaps.
The form which you are listening out for in each case is the Instrumental plural of adjectives. As you will
hear, the ending is the same for all three genders, although soft adjectives differ in spelling from hard
adjectives and the spelling rule also affects some of the forms. (See the Grammar section for further
details.)
Bdfy d
Gtnh d
Bdfy d
Gtnh d
- , ?
?
- , _____ _____
? ?
- ______ ______
______ . ______
______ .
- , . _____
c______ ______ .
Activity Eight -
Writing/Speaking
Answer the following questions, using the vocabulary list at the
foot of the next page, if necessary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
?
?
?
: , , ?
: ,
?
6. ?
?
...?
hows things?
stamp collection
how do you know ?
foreign
second-hand book
physical map
various types
computer game
Soviet
very old, ancient
New Year card
175
7. ? ?
8. ?
9. , , ?
10. ? ?
Activity Nine -
Listening Listen to the following dialogues and complete the table below. The first
one is done for you. The necessary vocabulary is provided for you at the foot of the page.
Name
Andrei
Tanya
Natasha
Oleg
Availability
Reasons given
He loves French films
Activity Ten -
Reading
Read the television schedules below and identify the programmes listed in
English. Dont expect to understand every word!
6
7.45, 2.45
8.00, 20.00, 22.35
8.10, 0.30
8.25
10.40 ,
12.20 -
13.20
13.55
14.40
16.15
16.45, 20.55
17.15
18.25 -, -
18.55 -
20.10
21.10, 22.45
0.45 -
!
2.30 - .
(m)
176
18.00
18.30
19.00, 22.00
19.30
20.00 , 4-
()
21.00
21.45
22.35
0.15
1.00
1.05
?
folk music
?
detective story
block buster
musical comedy
circle
tragedy
thriller
31
9.00, 17.20
9.35
11.00, 12.50, 17.50, 19.50, 21.20,
23.35 TV-Shop
13.05
14.35
15.35
15.50
18.05 -
19.45, 23.30
20.05 -
20.35
21.35
22.00
0.05
1.05
cartoon
soap opera
collecting
shall we go?
what is showing?
it seems; I think
comedy
maybe, perhaps
()
()
(+ gen) ...
another time
lets go
I cant
thing (to do)
lets go
I dont feel
like going to ...
soon, shortly
1. Theatrical Monday
2. The old flat
3. My dog and I
4. Motor plus
5. Serial Spies
6. Today
7. Scandals of the week
8. Window on Europe
9. Film The Russian Field
10. Good morning
8.00
8.45
9.05
9.30
9.55
. .
10.15 -
10.30
11.00
11.15
11.30
11.55 ?
12.25
12.50
-
13.00 -
. .
13.25
14.00, 20.00, 0.55
14.20
15.10 , ...
15.25 -
15.50
16.20
16.45 -2 :
17.40
18.05
19.00 . 5-
20.35
.
22.00
22.05
23.00
1.10
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
5
10.10
10.25
10.55, 12.55, 14.55, 16.55, 19.55
-
11.10
11.40
12.10
12.40 -
13.10
14.30
15.10
15.25
15.45 ?
16.10
16.25
17.10
17.35 .
18.05
18.35
19.40
20.20
21.55
22.10 -
22.50
23.05 . -
()
23.45
Chapter 10
8.00
8.20
9.40
10.00, 15.00
10.15 :
10.30 !
11.00
11.35
11.55
. 2-
12.30
13.00
14.30
15.20
. 3-
16.15 .
.
16.55 . () ()
-
18.55
20.45 , !
21.00
21.40
22.40 .
.
23.20 -
0.05 --96
0.25
Activity Eleven -
Speaking
Ask your partner when different programmes begin, based on the
examples given in the exercise above. Then reverse the roles. You will need to use the phrase
(or ) __________________?
A new ab initio Russian course
177
Activity Twelve -
Reading
Read the following text and indicate with arrows which TV programmes
Olegs family watches. The first one is done for you.
.
.
. - 1.
- .
. .
-.
. . . ,
, .
, ,
, !. , !.
,
.
, !
, !
- 1
()
(I)
(+ dat)
(, ,
) (+ gen)
178
every
never
to miss
match
world championship
football review
not at all
serial, series
to sit
to wait (for)
the start
Night Express
younger/youngest
sister
childrens programme
, ! Good night, kids!
favourite
, !
Just You Wait!
to go dancing
Chapter 10
Activity Thirteen -
Speaking
Pairwork. Ask your partner (i) whether he/she takes part in the following
sports, and (ii) whether he/she enjoys them, then reverse the roles. Use the vocabulary list at
the foot of the page to help you.
Activity Fourteen -
Reading/Speaking
Math up the sports person in the left-hand column with the
appropriate sport in the right-hand column, as illustrated. Then say what each sports person
does, using (+ instr).
rowing
water skiing
running
track (athletics)
surfing
American football
cycling
diving
fencing
shooting
179
Activity Fifteen -
Reading/Speaking Pairwork. Using the table below ask your partner how many
games a team has won, draw or lost in the Russian Football League, based on the model
below.
- dbuhfnm
Win
- csuhnm dybxm
Draw
- ghjbuhnm
Lose
- // ?
- 22 , 6 ,
6 .
Note: the form is used with the following numerals: 5-20, 25-30, 35-40, etc.
- 96
1.
22
6
2.
21
9
3.
21
7
4.
20
7
5.
20
6
6. ()
15
10
7.
12
10
8. ()
13
6
9.
12
9
10.
13
4
11.
11
8
12.
10
11
13.
11
6
14.
10
6
15.
10
6
16.
8
9
17.
4
12
18.
6
4
6
7
8
9
12
15
13
17
15
13
17
18
18
17
18
24
Activity Sixteen -
Reading
The following page is taken from a brochure for Russian football fans
travelling to the European Championships. Answer the questions below in English.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
180
What was the name of the tourist company organizing the trip?
In which country were the championships taking place?
When and where did Russia play Italy?
When and where did the final take place?
What is the Russian for semi final?
How long was Tour 1 for?
Where did Tour 1 fly to and from?
What meals were provided in the tours?
What excursions did Tour 2 offer?
How much did Tour 2 cost, using a 3 star hotel?
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
11
16
!!!
,
19
26
,
30
,
1
9 20
12 /11
2
25 2
8 /7
-
!
:
- : - ,
- ;
- ***, *****;
- :
, ;
- :
;
- :
- ,
- ,
- ;
- ;
,
;
- ;
- ;
-
:
3050$, ***
3910$, *****
Chapter 10
:
- : - ,
- ;
- ***, ****, *****;
- :
, ;
- :
;
- :
,
;
- ;
,
;
- ;
-
- ;
-
:
3575$, ***
4050$, ***
4385$, *****
181
Activity Seventeen -
Speaking
Answer the following questions which will almost certainty require a
negative response!
THE DOUBLE NEGATIVE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
?
?
?
?
?
GRAMMAR
GENITIVE SINGULAR OF ADJECTIVES
You already know that the adjective always agrees with the noun in number (singular or
plural), gender (m, f, n) and case. The adjective endings for the Genitive singular are as
follows: (m, f, n)
- (hard)/- (soft) (pronounced - and -, respectively)
- (hard) and - (soft)
Masculine/Neuter:
Feminine:
Note the spelling rule: unstressed - cannot follow , , , , and is replaced by -; e.g.
- we dont have hot water
Nominative
Masculine/Neuter
/-
/-
/-
/-
...?
182
Feminine
last time
who of you ?
Genitive
Masculine/Neuter
Feminine
atomic physics
Activity Eighteen -
Writing Complete the following sentences (using the Genitive case after a negative
verb). The first one is done for you.
Chapter 10
1. ( ) .
.
2. () .
______________________________________________.
3. () .
______________________________________________.
4. () .
______________________________________________.
5. ( ) .
______________________________________________.
6. () .
______________________________________________.
Activity Nineteen -
Writing Put the nouns and adjectives into the Genitive case.
( ), ( ),
( ), ( ) ( ). ,
( ) ( ). ,
( ) ( )*. (
). ,
( ).
* The Genitive case is also used with food and drink to denote some.
(II)
yesterdays
not a single, no
market
sweet
apple
we went
butter
new potatoes
full fat sour cream
green onions
fresh milk
to recall
()
()
(II)
(I)
(II)
white bread
country cheese
she said
she would like
warm milk
strong tea
to offer, propose
to drink (up)
black coffee
to decide
a glass
orange
183
Activity Twenty -
Writing Translate the following sentences into Russian using the prepositions
provided in the boxes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
- (hard), - (soft).
All genders
Nominative
Instrumental
Activity Twenty-One -
Writing Fill in the gaps using the adjectives given in brackets in the Instrumental
plural.
1. __________ () .
2. __________ () .
3. _________ () .
(f)
184
present
different
article
church
textbook
required
(wet)suit
scuba diving
I returned
student library
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 10
4. ________ () .
5. _________ () .
6. _________ ()
_________ () .
7. _______ () ,
________ () .
8. _________ () .
Activity Twenty-Two -
Reading
Read the following sentences and put the words in brackets into the
Accusative or the Instrumental case, as appropriate.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
().
( ).
( ).
().
( ).
( ).
THE MUTUAL PRONOUN -/-/-/-
There is no Nominative form of this pronoun and only the second element declines.
Uses with verbs alone
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
/ (+ instr)
(I) (+ instr)
content (with)
excellent
mark
sports
to work on
plan, project
wild
()
(II) (+ instr)
animal
plant
(ballroom) dancing
to be renowned for
Olympic games
weight-lifting
185
Activity Twenty-Three -
Speaking/Writing Complete the dialogues, using the mutual pronoun in
the appropriate cases.
1. - ?
- , _________ _________.
2. - ?
- ________ _________.
3. - ?
- , ________ ________.
4. - ________ ________?
- , ________ ________ ________
____________.
5. - , _________ _________.
- !
6. - - ?
- . , ________ ________.
- . , ________ ________.
to be friends
to correspond
to say hello
to meet
to quarrel
to speak
to talk
to talk
to be worried
to dream
to love
to recall
to respect
to remember
to hate
to hear
to listen
to give
to write
to phone
to send
to hand over
to help
(II) (+ instr)
(I)
(II) (+ dat)
(II) (+ acc)
186
to be friends with
to send
parcel
to relate to, think of,
get on with
to be angry at
to be angry
to rely on
to look at
Time Machine
lots of concert goers, a big
audience
people
almost
(, ) to be sitting
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 10
Activity Twenty-Four -
Writing In chapter 10 you have met the phrase , (the fact is that),
which is one of many expressions based on the construction , (that which, the thing
which, what, the fact that); e.g. , (what is necessary) and ,
(he found out what he needed to know). Similar constructions are , (someone who, the person who) and , (those who, people who); e.g. , ,
... (someone who thinks that ) and , (those who know me). Use one of
these phrases, as appropriate, in the following sentences.
1. , . ______________
-, .
2. - ?
- ______________ .
3. . ______________ .
4. - ?
- ______________ .
5. - -?
- ______________ .
6. _______________ - .
NEGATIVE PRONOUNS ,
The negative pronouns and adverbs are formed by adding - to the following pronouns and
adverbs: , , , , , (from where), , .
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
no one, nobody
nothing
not any, no
nowhere (location)
nowhere (direction)
from nowhere
never
by no means, in no way
(II) (+ gen)
(II)
A new ab initio Russian course
to ask s.one
to reply, answer
recently
original
187
DOUBLE NEGATIVES
Remember: when these negative pronouns are used with the verb they are always accompanied by another negative.
Without prepositions
- no one answered my call
- there was no one at home
- he is not interested in anything
- I do not have any books
- I do not know anything about it
- I do not take part in any sport
With prepositions
- I do not correspond with anybody
- he is not thinking about anyone
Activity Twenty-Five -
Writing Use the pronoun in brackets in the appropriate form. Note that it will not
change in every sentence.
1. () .
2. () .
3. () .
4. () .
5. () .
6. () .
7. () .
8. () .
9. () .
10. () .
11. () .
12. () .
Activity Twenty-Six -
Writing Fill in the gaps with negative pronouns and adverbs.
___________ , ___________ ___________ .
___________ .
, ___________ , ,
___________ . ___________ ,
.
(, )
(II)
(, , )
188
to find
to leave the house
to be able (to)
(, )
/
to understand
to be alone
()
( )
( )
/ ( )
( )
( )
( )
Chapter 10
The multidirectional verbs and are used to express the following types of
action:
1. to denote habitual or repeated movement (frequently with purpose) and non-occurrence
or irregular occurrence (sometimes accompanied by such words as , ,
, , and ), as well as more generalized action:
- my sister already goes to school
- I often go to the cinema
- we rarely go abroad
- they used go to town on Saturdays
? - do you usually go to the Black Sea?
- we never used to go to the swimming
pool
2. to denote movement there and back in the past (where it can be assumed that a return
journey has taken place):
- yesterday we went to the cinema
? - did you go to France in the summer?
3. to denote movement in more than one direction (frequently without a special purpose):
- she walked around the park
- in the autumn I like to walk through the
woods
- last year we went around
the Golden Circle
189
Activity Twenty-Seven -
Writing Fill in the gaps with the appropriate forms of verbs ( or ).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
__________ .
__________ .
__________.
__________ .
__________ , _________
.
6. _________ .
7. __________ - .
8. __________ , _________
.
9. __________ .
10. _________ .
Activity Twenty-Eight -
Speaking/Writing Change the sentences below based on the following model. Choose
or as appropriate:
.
.
1. .
_________________________________________________________________.
2. .
_________________________________________________________________.
3. , , 10
.
____________________________________________________________________.
4. - ? - .
_________________________________________________________________.
5. .
_________________________________________________________________.
6. .
_________________________________________________________________.
7. .
_________________________________________________________________.
(I)
190
chemist, pharmacist
sports camp
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
///
///
Chapter 10
Activity Twenty-Nine -
Writing Translate the sentences below into Russian using the following examples to
help you.
.
.
.
, , .
1.
2.
3.
4.
191
192
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER ELEVEN -
HEALTH -
In Chapter Eleven you will learn how to do the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Note: from Chapter Eleven onwards, stress marks are only included for the purpose of emphasis. Y ou
will have to get used to coping without stress marks, since they are not normally used in written
Russian.
Activity One -
Reading
Give the meaning and grammatical form of the following words which
relate to health and medicine. Fill in your answers in the table below. The first one is done for
you. The answers are provided in the comprehensive vocabulary list at the end of the book.
fkkthubz
fynb,bjnbr
fggtylbwbn
fcnvf
,hjy[bn
dbnfvby
bvveyyfz cbcntvf
jgthfwbz
ntvgthfnehf
gbltvbz
Activity Two -
Reading The following is a dialogue between two neighbours who are discussing
family health problems. Read the text and answer the questions below in English.
Ufkbyf Dfcbkmtdyf - Plhfdcndeqnt^ Vfhbyf <jhbcjdyf&
Vfhbyf <jhbcjdyf - Lj,hsq ltym^ Ufkbyf Dfcbkmtdyf& Lfdyj dfc yt
dbltkf& Rfr ltkf$
194
Chapter 11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
fcnvf
xedcndjdfnm (III)* ct,z
gj;bkjq
ytlfdyj
,hjy[bn
cbkmysq rfitkm (m)
fynb,bjnbr
ujhfplj kexit
,jkmybwf
jgthfwbz
fggtylbwbn
asthma
to feel
elderly
recently
bronchitis
bad cough
antibiotic(s)
much better
hospital
operation
appendicitis
195
Activity Three -
Reading Read the dialogue below and indicate whether the sentences are True () or
False (). Where appropriate, correct the sentences in English. The first one is done for you.
Crjhfz gjvjom
Ljxm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
196
ghbvbnt dspjd
pfgbcfnm
,jkm (f)
,jkmyjq/,jkmyfz
d ntxtybt (+ gen)
Chapter 11
Activity Four -
Speaking Pairwork. Look at the pictures below and ask your partner what is wrong
with each person. Then change roles and answer your partner s questions. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
The Russian equivalent of the English phrase What is wrong with you/him/her/them? is Xnj e nt,z/dfc/ytuj/
yt//yb[ ,jkbn$ which translates roughly as What is hurting you/him/her/them?. To reply to this question
simply use the following construction:
e vtyz/ytuj/yt//yb[ ,jkbn (sing) / ,jkzn (pl) + nom (e.g. e vtyz ,jkbn ujkjdf - I have a headache)
Activity Five -
Listening/Reading/Writing Listen to the dialogue twice and fill in the gaps in the
partial transcription below.
V fn m
B uj h m
V fn m
B uj h m
V fn m
B uj h m
Vfnm
Bujhm
Vfnm
* The adjectives pe,yjq^ yjdfz and the pronoun yfif are used in the Dative case. The Dative singular of
adjectives and pronouns is very simple to form. For masculine and neuter just remove the Nominative endings
-/-^ - and add ending -& If the stem of an adjective or a pronoun ends with , , , , remove -^
- and add the ending -%
bpdtcnysq/pe,yjq dhfx
,jkmyjt ujhkj
r bpdtcny/pe,y dhfxe
r ,jkmy ujhke
[jhjibq dhfx
[jhjitt gbcmvj
r [jhji dhfxe
r [jhji gbcmve
For feminine adjectives remove - (or soft -) and add - (or soft -):
yjdfz cjctlrf
r yjd cjctlrt
cbyzz nf,ktnrf
r cby nf,ktnrt
If the stem of a feminine pronoun ends with - then remove - and add -; e.g. yfif cjctlrf - r yfi cjctlrt
(for more details on pronouns see Chapter 13).
ujkjdf
ukfp()
ujhkj
e[j (eib)
yju (yub)
her (hrb)
,ktlysq
head
eye(s)
throat
ear(s)
leg(s), foot
arm, hand
pale
pe,
pe,yjq dhfx
pfgbcsdfnmcz (I) / pfgbcfnmcz r (+ dat)
dsgtq gjrf nf,ktnre
fyfkmuby
gjlj;lb (imperative)
z cghjie
tooth
dentist
to make an appoinment with
for the time being take a tablet
common painkiller in Russia
hang on, wait
Ill ask
197
Activity Six -
Writing Look at the pictures below. Choose the appropriate name for each doctor
from the vocabulary list at the bottom of the page. Fill in the correct name above each picture
then complete the sentences beneath the pictures. The first one is done for you.
nj pe,yjq dhfx&
nj
nj
nj
Jyf pfgbcfkfcm r
Jyb pfgbcfkbcm r
ukfpyjq dhfx
ltncrbq dhfx
198
Jyf pfgbcfkfcm r
eye surgeon
pediatrician
dtnthbyfhysq dhfx
veterinary surgeon
You will need to know the Russian for on Mondays etc. - gj + Dative (pl). The Dative plural ending for all nouns
is - (hard) /- (soft). Simply add -/- to masculine nouns; e.g. gjytltkmybr - gj gjytltkmybrfv^ ltym
- gj lyzv& With feminine and neuter nouns remove the final vowel and add -/-; e.g. chtlf - gj chtl^
djcrhtctymt - gj djcrhtctym.
Chapter 11
Activity Seven -
Speaking Role-play. You play the part of A and your partner plays the role of B, then
reverse the roles. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
B (receptionist)
* Russians go to polyclinics - gjkbrkbybrb. They differ from British health centres in that both GPs and
specialists work in them. If you wish to see a specialist the general receptionist will make an appoinment directly
with the specialist concerned without the need for an initial consultation with the GP. The patient is given an
appointment card (nfkjy) with the name of the specialist and the date and time of the appointment.
- At the doctors
A (doctor)
B (patient)
Reply appropriately.
Say you have a bad stomach ache.
Say that yesterday evening it was 37.4*.
Agree to this suggestion.
Say that you thought so because you are
hot.
Express your agreement.
Reply that it hurts very much.
Say that you thought as much.
to see (patients)
for Wednesday
sit down
stomach
to take (temperature)
high (literally: raised)
vyt ;fhrj
(gj-)oegfnm (I) (+ acc)
kzu(nt) (imperative)
,jkmyj
cghfdf
z nfr b levfk(f)
I am hot
to examine (by touching)
lie down
it hurts
on the right (side)
I thought as much
199
Activity Eight -
Reading Read the advertisement below from a Russian magazine for a brand of
medicine and answer the following questions in English. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of
the page to help you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
cgjrjqcndbt
hfljcnyj
pljhjdsq
vfksi
ytpljhjdbnmcz
(+ dat)
(ghj-)htpfnmcz
gjlyzkfcm
ntvgthfnehf?
200
peace of mind
joyful(ly)
healthy
little one
to feel unwell
to teethe
has his/her
temperature
risen?
bvtnm gjl herjq
yfl/;ysq
ktrfhcndj
gjvjufnm (I) /
gjvjxm (+ dat)
aatrnbdysq
,tpjgfcysq
chtlcndj
hfphf,jnfyj
in such a case
to have at hand
reliable
medicine
to help
effective
safe
remedy
developed
cgtwbfkmyj
(adj.)
yt ,eltn
rfghbpybxfnm (I)
cnfytn ktuxt
(+ dat)
jlj,htyj (+ instr)
specially
(by) taking
strawberry
taste
(he/she) will
not play up
will become
easier (here:
get better)
approved (by)
1.
Chapter 11
Activity Nine -
Speaking/Writing Look at the pictures below and say how people feel. Write down
your answers beneath the pictures. The first one is done for you.
Vfhbz Bdfyjdyf b
<jhbc Gtnhjdbx
Vfhbb Bdfyjdyt b <jhbce
Gtnhjdbxe [jkjlyj
[jkjlyj
2&
Yfnfif b Vfrcbv
______________________
______________________
crexyj
3&
Nfnmzyf
______________________
______________________
gkj[j
4&
Cthutq
______________________
______________________
;fhrj
201
5&
Rjn Vehpbr
______________________
______________________
k.,jgsnyj
6&
Fynjy
______________________
______________________
,jkmyj
Activity Ten -
Reading Read the doctors advice on keeping healthy and try to match each of the
suggestions with one of the pictures given below.
Xnj,s ,snm pljhjdsv xtkjdtrjv^ ye;yj yt rehbnm^ tcnm vyjuj jdjotq b
ahernjd^ htuekzhyj pfybvfnmcz cgjhnjv^ yt gbnm fkrjujkmyst yfgbnrb b yt
tcnm vyjuj ;bhys[ b ckflrb[ ghjlernjd&
202
Cjdtn dhfxf
Jlyf;ls r dhfxe ghbi/k jlby xtkjdtr& Dhfx dybvfntkmyj jcvjnhtk tuj b
crfpfk%
- Ktrfhcndj dfv yt gjvj;tn& Dfv ye;yj [jhjij jnlj[yenm& Gjtp;fqnt yf
vtczw d lthtdy.^ cgfnm kj;bntcm hfyj^ gtqnt vjkjrj^ vyjuj uekzqnt b rehbnt
njkmrj jlye cbufhtne d ltym&
- Z cltkf. dc/^ rfr ds vyt cjdtnetnt^ ljrnjh^ - crfpfk ,jkmyjq b ei/k&
Xthtp vtczw jy jgznm ghbi/k r dhfxe&
- Ye^ rfr ltkf$ Rfr dfit pljhjdmt$ - cghjcbk tuj dhfx&
- Ctqxfc z xedcnde. ct,z kexit^ - jndtnbk xtkjdtr& - Z [jhjij jnlj[yek&
Kj;bkcz cgfnm hfyj^ gbk vjkjrj^ vyjuj uekzk& Yj vyt nhelyj ,skj rehbnm&
Hfymit z ybrjulf yt rehbk&
go on holiday do not smoke have plenty
of sleep
Chapter 11
Activity Eleven -
Listening /Reading Read and listen to the recording of the text Doctors advice,
which is a commonly cited piece in Russian language textbooks, and tick in the table below
what the patient was advised to do. Then read the text again and translate it into English.
drink plenty
of milk
Activity Twelve -
Reading/Speaking Pairwork. You are at the doctor s complaining about general
tiredness and the doctor questions you on your lifestyle and gives advice. Read through the
text and, where appropriate, translate the information given in English.
D h fx
- Lj,hsq ltym! Cflbntcm^ gj;fkeqcnf& Yf xnj ds ;fketntcm$
Gfwbtyn - Say hello to the doctor. Explain that you often have a headache and
sleep badly.
D h fx
- Ask if there are any problems at home or at work.
Gfwbtyn - Ytn^ ljvf b yf hf,jnt e vtyz dc/ d gjhzlrt&
D h fx
- Vj;tn ,snm^ ds jxtym vyjuj hf,jnftnt$
Gfwbtyn - Say that you often work a lot and sometimes even on Sundays.
D h fx
- Z levf.^ xnj dfv ye;yj [jhjitymrj jnlj[yenm& Gjtp;fqnt
d jngecr d lthtdy. bkb yf vjht&
Gfwbtyn - Say that you have just been on holiday but still feel unwell.
D h fx
- Ask whether the patient smokes and drinks coffee and alcohol.
Gfwbtyn - Lf^ z reh. b jxtym k.,k. rjat^ yj z jxtym htlrj gm.
fkrjujkmyst yfgbnrb&
cjdtn
ghbi/k
dybvfntkmyj
jcvjnhtnm (II)
gjtp;fqnt (imperative)
kj;bnmcz cgfnm
cgfnm (cgk.^ cgbim^ cgzn)
hfyj
A new ab initio Russian course
piece of advice
came
carefully
to examine
go
to go to bed
to sleep
early
gtq(nt) (imperative)
z cltkf.
dc/^ rfr
jgznm
cghjcbnm (II)
jndtnbnm (II)
vyt nhelyj ,skj
[jhjitymrj
drink
I will do
everything as
again
to ask
to answer
I found it difficult
properly, well and truly
203
D h fx
Gfwbtyn
D h fx
Gfwbtyn
Activity Thirteen -
Listening/Writing Listen twice to the tape and write down in Russian in each box
what the problem is and which of the suggestions is the most appropriate. The first one is
done for you in full and the others have also been partially completed.
Vfhbyf
Cfif
Vb[fbk
Fyyf <jhbcjdyf
Yfnfif
G/nh Bdfyjdbx
Cthutq
K.lf
Ds
Activity Fourteen -
Listening Listen to the tape again and write down in English what other actions have
been suggested for each person.
Vfhbyf
Cfif
Vb[fbk
Fyyf <jhbcjdyf
Yfnfif
G/nh Bdfyjdbx
Cthutq
K.lf
Ds
204
GRAMMAR
Chapter 11
hard
yjdsq
Nominative
f
yjdfz yjdjt
m
cbybq
soft
f
cbyzz cbytt
hard
f
yjd yjd
Dative
n
yjd
m
cby
soft
cby
cby
Activity Fifteen -
Writing Put the nouns, adjectives and pronouns in brackets into the Dative case.
1& E vtyz jxtym ,jkbn pe,^ (z) ye;yj pfgbcfnmcz r (pe,yjq dhfx)& 2& Ctujlyz
(vkflibq ,hfn) 10 ktn& 3& R (heccrbq xfq) j,sxyj gjlf.n dfhtymt^ v/l b
lheubt ckfljcnb [sweets]& 4& Vs t[fkb gj (,jkmifz [jhjifz ljhjuf)& 5& (Vs)
ye;yj dspdfnm Crjhe., (yfif ,f,eirf) jxtym gkj[j& 6& (Yjdsq cjctl) e;t
75 ktn^ yj jy to/ hf,jnftn b buhftn d ntyybc gj ce,,jnfv& 7& (Vkflifz ljxm)^
yfdthyjt^ jxtym crexyj yf rjywthnt^ dtlm jyf yt k.,bn rkfccbxtcre. vepsre&
8& Vjz cj,frf jxtym gkj[j tcn^ (vs) ye;yj pfgbcfnmcz r (dtnthbyfhysq dhfx)&
9& Dhfx cjdtnetn (,jkmyjq) yt rehbnm& 10& Ctujlyz (cnfhibq csy) ujhfplj
kexit^ e ytuj ytn ntvgthfnehs b rfikz& 11& Z ble d fgntre regbnm ktrfhcndj
(yfif vfvf)&
THE DATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
The Dative plural of nouns is very simple. Irrespective of gender, the endings are - (for
nouns with a hard stem-ending with a consonant, - or -j) and - (for nouns with a soft
stem-ending with -^ -^ - and -).
gender
Nom sing
Dat pl
hard
m
dhfx
dhfx
f
gznybwf
gznybw
n
jryj
jry
m
gjhnatkm
gjhnatk
soft
n/nz
n/n
n
gjkt
gjk
Note: those nouns which have - in the Nominative plural (,hfn ^ csyjd ^ cnek ) have - in the
Dative plural (,hfn^ csyjd ^ cnek).
205
Activity Sixteen -
Reading/Writing Read the notice showing the opening times at the doctor s surgery
and write down the answers for the questions given below.
XFCS GHB?VF
gjytltkmybr
c 8&00 x& lj 19&00 x&
dnjhybr
c 9&00 x& lj 20&00 x&
chtlf
c 9&00 x& lj 21&00 x&
xtndthu
c 7&30 x& lj 18&30 x&
gznybwf
c 8&00 x& lj 19&00 x&
ce,,jnf
ytn ghb/vf
djcrhtctymt
ytn ghb/vf
1& Gj rfrbv lyzv dhfx ghbybvftn c 8&00 xfcjd lj 19&00 xfcjd$ (c djcmvb
lj ltdznyflwfnb xfcjd)*
2& Gj rfrbv lyzv dhfx ghbybvftn lj 21 xfcf$ (lj ldflwfnb jlyjuj xfcf)
* The numbers are written out for you in the Genitive case. You will meet the oblique cases of numbers in Chapter
16.
206
surgery hours
soft
cby
on which days ...?
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 11
Activity Seventeen
Ctvyflwfnjt pflfybt
Listening/Reading/Speaking Listen to and read the following extract from a poem
about a vet by the Russian childrens poet K. Chukovsky. Then listen again and repeat the
poem. When you have completed the first task see if you can spot any nouns and adjectives
which are used in the Dative plural in the last five lines.
Diminutive nouns
There are five so-called diminutive nouns (marked with asterisks) in the poem above. They are mainly
used in colloquial speech to indicate various emotional nuances and can be formed by the addition of a
special suffix:
* i) The diminutive suffix - (never stressed) is usually affixed to the stems of masculine nouns to
indicate smallness; e.g. ,tutvjn - ,tutvjnbr (small/baby hippo), pe, - pe,br (little tooth), ljv ljvbr (small house); or to express emotional nuances such as affection, scorn or irony; e.g. ;bdjn ;bdjnbr (tummy), dpukzl (look) - dpukzlbr (withering look); ii) the diminutive suf fix -j is
affixed to the stems of neuter nouns and also indicates smallness or expresses emotional nuances; e.g.
ujhkj - ujhksirj (poor little throat), cjkywt (sun) - cjkysirj (as a term of endearment for the sun).
The other most commonly used diminutive suffixes are given in the table on the following page.
A new ab initio Russian course
207
masculine
feminine
neuter
-bxrf/-rf/-jymrf/-tymrf
ctcnhf - ctcnhbxrf (dear little sister)
kbcf (fox) - kbcbxrf (small fox)
gnbwf (bird) - gnbxrf (birdie)
ljxm - ljxtymrf (dear daughter)
ctcnhf - ctcnh/yrf (-//-) (dear little
sister)
-brj/-rj/-wj/-wt
kbwj (face) - kbxbrj
(dear little face)
zqwj - zbxrj (small egg)
gbcmvj - gbcmvtwj
(short letter)
pthrfkj - pthrfkmwt
(small mirror)
** The suffix -(a) (or -(a) after , , ) is usually used to indicate baby animals and birds; e.g.
rjnznf (kittens), otyznf (puppies), enznf (ducklings), rhjkmxfnf (baby rabbits), djkxfnf (wolf
cubs), vsifnf (baby mice).
Activity Eighteen -
Writing Put the nouns, pronouns and adjectives in brackets into the Dative plural.
1& Ctujlyz djcrhtctymt^ b (vjb hjlbntkb) yt ye;yj blnb yf hf,jne& 2& R
(heccrbt gtkmvtyb) dctulf gjlf.n cvtnfye bkb vfckj& 3& Gj (dnjhybrb b
djcrhtctymz) vs buhftv d ntyybc^ f gj (chtls b gznybws) [jlbv d ,fcctqy& 4&
(Vjb vkflibt c/cnhs b ,hfnmz) crexyj^ gjnjve xnj (jyb) ytkmpz ckeifnm
vepsre% ,f,eirf ,jkttn& 5& Ctujlyz r (yfib cjctlb) ghb[jlbk dhfx^ yfdthyjt^
Rjkz jgznm pf,jktk&
THE -/- VERBS
1.
All verbs of this type have the suffix - or - (after stems ending with -x and -w) replaced by
- in all personal forms:
z xedcnde.
ns xedcndetim
jy/jyf/jyj xedcndetn
vs xedcndetv
ds xedcndetnt
jyb xedcnde.n
2.
All verbs of this type have fixed stress, either on the suffix or the root of the infinitive. In either
case, the stress remains in the same position in all personal forms.
3.
All verbs of this type are first conjugation, but are referred to in this course as type III verbs.
You have to pay particular attention to the vowel preceding --, as there are a number of verbs in
Russian containing vowels other than -j/-t&
Note:
a) if this first vowel is -j/-t, the whole suffix is replaced by -e- (followed by personal endings); e.g.
/
z ;fke.cm / nfywe.
ns ;fketimcz / nfywetim
jy/jyf/jyj ;fketncz / nfywetn
208
vs ;fketvcz / nfywetv
ds ;fketntcm / nfywetnt
jyb ;fke.ncz / nfywe.n
b) if this first vowel is --, the suffix -- is dropped, and the personal endings are added to --; e.g.
z l.
ns l/im
jy/jyf/jyj l/n
vs l/v
ds l/nt
jyb l.n
c) if this first vowel is --/--, the whole suffix remains in all personal forms; e.g.
Chapter 11
/
z hfpujdfh. / pfgbc.
ns hfpujdfhtim / pfgbctim
jy/jyf/jyj hfpujdfhtn / pfgbctn
vs hfpujdfhtv / pfgbctv
ds hfpujdfhtnt / pfgbctnt
jyb hfpujdfh.n / pfgbc.n
209
210
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER TWELVE -
EDUCATION -
In Chapter Twelve you will learn how to do the following:
1.
2.
3.
Activity One -
Reading
Nina Gamelgaard is a Danish student who is studying Russian (as a foreign
language) and Linguistics at a Russian University. Look at her timetable below and answer
the questions on the following page.
1
2
3
4
G J Y T L T K M Y B R
bcnjhbz [I]
bcnjhbz [I]
cbynfrcbc
cbynfrcbc
1
2
3
4
X T N D T H U
hfpujdjhyfz htxm
hfpujdjhyfz htxm
felbhjdfybt
felbhjdfybt
5
6
gthtdjl
gthtdjl
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
D N J H Y B R
fyfkbp ntrcnf
fyfkbp ntrcnf
ctvfynbrf
ctvfynbrf
cnhfyjdtltybt
cnhfyjdtltybt
C H T L F
ghfuvfnbrf
ghfuvfnbrf
uhfvvfnbrf
uhfvvfnbrf
bcnjhbz [II]
bcnjhbz [II]
cbynfrcbc
gthtdjl
fyfkbp
ntrcnf
ctvfynbrf
212
syntax
translation
textual
analysis
semantics
cnhfyjdtltybt
hfpujdjhyfz htxm
ghfuvfnbrf
felbhjdfybt
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
G Z N Y B W F
kbnthfnehf [I]
kbnthfnehf [I]
bcnjhbz heccrjuj zpsrf
bcnjhbz heccrjuj zpsrf
cnbkbcnbrf
cnbkbcnbrf
C E < < J N F
kbnthfnehf [II]
kbnthfnehf [II]
background (country)
studies
spoken language
pragmatics
listening (comprehension)
cjdhtvtyysq
kbnthfnehf
bcnjhbz heccrjuj
zpsrf
cnbkbcnbrf
modern
literature
history of
Russian
stylistics
Chapter 12
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
Activity Two -
Speaking Pairwork. One of you asks questions about Ninas timetable (such as
Rjulf e nt,z &&&$ or Rfrbt ghtlvtns e nt,z d &&&$) and the other replies as if you
were Nina Gamelgaard. When you have asked five questions, reverse the roles.
Activity Three -
Speaking/Writing Pairwork. First, you should run through the following questions
on student life with your partner, then you should write a brief description of student life.
Ult ns exbimcz$
Z execm d Dekmdth[tvgnjycrjv
eybdthcbntnt&
Yf rfrjv rehct ns exbimcz$
(Yf rfrjv ns rehct$)
Z yf gthdjv/dnjhjv/nhtnmtv rehct&
Activity Four -
Speaking Role-play. You play the part of A and your partner plays the role of B, then
reverse the roles. (You should use the informal mode of address in the first dialogue and the
ds form in the second dialogue.)
A
1. Ask your partner where he/she goes to
university.
Ask him/her which year he/she is in.
Find out what classes he/she has today.
Ask him/her what his/her favourite subject is.
Ask him/her if he/she likes Russian.
Enquire about the other languages he/she studies.
B
Reply appropriately.
2. Introduce yourself.
Activity Five -
Reading/Writing Complete Marinas school timetable on the following page based
on the information which she provides below. (Note that the word ehjr is used of lessons in
school, while pfyznbt or, of course, ktrwbz is preferred for classes in higher education.
The homework, ljvfiytt pflfybt, is already filled in for you.)
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
214
lesson
religious studies
ljvjdjlcndj
hbcjdfybt
home economics
drawing, art
kfnbycrbq zpsr
gjcktlybq
Latin
last, final
i
ii
iii
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
i
ii
iii
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
i
ii
iii
L J V F I Y T T
P F L F Y B T
[bvbz
heccrbq zpsr
bcnjhbz
D N J H Y B R
vfntvfnbrf
vfntvfnbrf
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
,bjkjubz
,bjkjubz
fyukbqcrbq zpsr
fyukbqcrbq zpsr
L J V F I Y T T
P F L F Y B T
htkbubz
,bjkjubz
fyukbqcrbq zpsr
C H T L F
ahfywepcrbq zpsr
kfnbycrbq zpsr
P F L F Y B T
vfntvfnbrf
kfnbycrbq zpsr
utjuhfabz
i
ii
iii
ahfywepcrbq zpsr
ahfywepcrbq zpsr
abprekmnehf
L J V F I Y T T
P F L F Y B T
abpbrf
ahfywepcrbq zpsr
G Z N Y B W F
utjuhfabz
utjuhfabz
L J V F I Y T T
P F L F Y B T
vfntvfnbrf
ahfywepcrbq zpsr
C E < < J N F
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
bcnjhbz
L J V F I Y T T
i
ii
iii
X T N D T H U
fyukbqcrbq zpsr
ljvjdjlcndj
Chapter 12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
G J Y T L T K M Y B R
,bjkjubz
1
2
fyukbqcrbq zpsr
3
fyukbqcrbq zpsr
4
heccrbq zpsr
5
heccrbq zpsr
6
7
8
i
ii
iii
L J V F I Y T T
P F L F Y B T
Activity Six -
Speaking Pairwork. When you have filled in the timetable above, one of you should
pretend to be Marina and the other will ask a variety of questions about her timetable (such
as - Rjulf e nt,z &&&$, - Rfrjq e nt,z gthdsq ehjr d &&&$, - Rfrbt e nt,z ehjrb d
&&&$, and - Rfrjt e nt,z ljvfiytt pflfybt yf (+ acc) &&&$). When you have asked six
or seven questions, reverse the roles.
irjkmyjt hfcgbcfybt school timetable
A new ab initio Russian course
ljvfiytt pflfybt
homework
abprekmnehf
P. E.
215
Activity Seven -
Reading/Writing
Every four or five years an international Russian language
competition for schoolchildren (Vt;leyfhjlyfz jkbvgbflf) is held in Moscow. You
have been asked to attend as group leader. Fill in the form below as appropriate.
VT:LEYFHJLYFZ FCCJWBFWBZ
GHTGJLFDFNTKTQ HECCRJUJ
ZPSRF B KBNTHFNEHS
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
Jhurjvbntn Jkbvgbfls
vt;leyfhjlysq
fccjwbfwbz
jkbvgbflf
irjkmybr
fyrtnf
herjdjlbntkm (m)
jhurjvbntn
ghbdtncndjdfnm
exfcnbt
ghjcbnm (II)
216
international
association
olympiad
school pupil
questionnaire
leader
organizing
committee
to welcome
participation
to ask, request
pfgjkybnm (II)
gtxfnyfz ,erdf
gjk
ujl hj;ltybz
pdfybt
ex/yfz cntgtym
vtcnj hf,jns
ljk;yjcnm (f)
gjkysq
cke;t,ysq/ljvfiybq ntktajy
to fill in
printed letter
sex, gender
year of birth
title
academic degree
place of work
position
full
work/home
telephone
gjlgbcm (f)
signature
lfnf
date
ytj,[jlbvj (+ dat) must, it is
necessary
ghbckfnm
to send
lj (+ gen)
before
;tkfnm (I)
to wish
ecgt[(b)
success
bv(tyb) (+ gen)
named after
ctrhtnfhbfn
secretariat
ghtgjlfdfybt
teaching
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
- MARKS
The Russian school system uses five grades for assessing schoolchildren, which are recorded in the
pupils notebook/diary or lytdybr. The marks are as follows: (5) gzn/hrf - jnkbxyj
(excellent), (4) xtnd/hrf - [jhjij (good), (3) nhjqrf - eljdktndjhbntkmyj (satisfactory),
(2) ldjqrf - yteljdktndjhbntkmyj (unsatisfactory), (1) tlbybwf - jxtym gkj[j (very
poor). In practice any mark below 4 is considered disappointing and teachers are very reluctant to
give 1 or 2. In some institutes of higher education (deps) the fourth grade disappears, while
universities frequently apply just two grades, pfx/n (pass) and ytpfx/n (fail). The term pfx/n
means test and is used in the phrases clfnm pfx/n (to pass a test) and vyt gjcnfdbkb
pfx/n gj (+ dat) (I was awarded a pass in ...). Other phrases which you might need to know
include clfdfnm rpfvty (to take an exam), clfnm rpfvty (to pass an exam) and, purely
theoretically (we hope), yt clfnm rpfvty / ghjdfkbnmcz yf rpfvtyt (to fail an
exam). Note that the majority of the marks in Russia are based on oral assessments rather than on
written examinations.
Chapter 12
J W T Y R B (J N V T N R B)
Activity Eight -
Writing
Participants in the finals of the Russian language Olympiad are required to
provide a range of personal information (as listed below). Write a brief description of each of
the following pupils, using the vocabulary at the foot of the page, where necessary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
grammar school
A new ab initio Russian course
Herr
lyce
madam
monsieur
p a n (Mr)
special school
217
Activity Nine -
Writing
Using the table below, write down when you and various members of your
family were born.
Vjq
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Vjz
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Vjb
"
"
Z
ve;
,hfn
jntw
ltl(eirf)
lzlz
repty*
gktvzyybr
csy
"
"
"
"
"
Z
;tyf
ctcnhf
vfnm
,f,eirf
n/nz
repbyf*
gktvzyybwf
ljxm
"
"
"
"
"
,hfnmz
c/cnhs
ltnb
hjlkcz
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
hjlbkcm
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
hjlbkcm
"
"
gthdjuj
dnjhjuj
nhtnmtuj
xtnd/hnjuj
gznjuj
itcnjuj
ctlmvjuj
djcmvjuj
ltdznjuj
ltcznjuj
jlbyyflwfnjuj
ldtyflwfnjuj
nhbyflwfnjuj
xtnshyflwfnjuj
gznyflwfnjuj
itcnyflwfnjuj
ctvyflwfnjuj
djctvyflwfnjuj
ltdznyflwfnjuj
ldflwfnjuj
ldflwfnm gthdjuj
ldflwfnm dnjhjuj
ldflwfnm nhtnmtuj
ldflwfnm xtnd/hnjuj
ldflwfnm gznjuj
ldflwfnm itcnjuj
ldflwfnm ctlmvjuj
ldflwfnm djcmvjuj
ldflwfnm ltdznjuj
nhblwfnjuj
nhblwfnm gthdjuj
zydfhz
atdhfkz
vfhnf
fghtkz
vfz
b.yz
b.kz
fduecnf
ctynz,hz
jrnz,hz
yjz,hz
ltrf,hz
Note that the date (e.g. gznjuj) and the month (e.g. vfz) are both in the Genitive case. If
a year is specified, that too takes the Genitive case (e.g. vjq jntw hjlbkcz 10 b.yz^ 1951 u&
= ltcznjuj b.yz nsczxf ltdznmcjn gznmltczn gthdjuj ujlf).
on 12th April, 1945 - ldtyflwfnjuj fghtkz nsczxf ltdznmcjn cjhjr gznjuj ujlf
on 22nd January, 1950 - ldflwfnm dnjhjuj zydfhz nsczxf ltdznmcjn gznbltcznjuj ujlf
on 18th March, 1705 - djctvyflwfnjuj vfhnf nsczxf ctvmcjn gznjuj ujlf
on 4th August, 1900 - xtnd/hnjuj fduecnf nsczxf ltdznbcjnjuj ujlf
on 30th October, 2000 - nhblwfnjuj jrnz,hz lde[nsczxyjuj ujlf
218
cousin
cousin
gktvzyybr
gktvzyybwf
nephew
niece
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Activity Eleven -
Listening/Speaking/Writing Listen twice to the following recording in which a young
Russian describes her university course abroad (in German and Spanish) and fill in the missing details in her timetable below.
G J Y T L T K M Y B R
1
2
3
4
5
6
Chapter 12
Activity Ten -
Speaking Interview other students in the group about their date of birth. In each case
you should ask the question Rjulf ns hjlbkcz#hjlbkfcm$ (Rfrjuj xbckf (gen)
ns hjlbkcz#hjlbkfcm$) (On what date were you born?) and you should jot down the
reply which will include the year as well as the date and month.
X T N D T H U
1
2
3
4
5
6
D N J H Y B R
1
2
3
4
5
6
G Z N Y B W F
1
2
3
4
5
6
C H T L F
1
2
3
4
5
6
C E < < J N F
1
2
3
4
5
6
Formal education in Russia usually begins with the nursery school or kindergarten, ltncrbq cfl, at the
age of 3 or 4. Children then move on to basic eleven-year schooling, jlbyyflwfnbktnyzz irjkf or
chtlyzz j,otj,hfpjdfntkmyfz irjkf, consisting of three parts, yfxfkmyfz irjkf (6 - 10),
ytgjkyfz chtlyzz irjkf (11 - 15) and gjkyfz chtlyzz irjkf (16 - 17). At 15 they receive a
general certificate of (incomplete) secondary education, cdbltntkmcndj j ytgjkyjv chtlytv
j,hfpjdfybb, and at 17 they are awarded their school-leaving certificate, fnntcnfn phtkjcnb.
Nowadays they tend to go on to a rjkktl;, although they frequently have the choice of alternative
educational establishments, including technical and vocational schools, such as the GNE [pronounced
g-n-] (ghjatccbjyfkmyj-nt[ybxtcrjt exbkbot) or nt[ybrev. Young people usually take
their higher education entrance exams, dcnegbntkmyst rpfvtys, at the age of 17 and, on successful
completion of their degree course at a dep (H.E. institution), they receive their degree or lbgkjv j
dscitv j,hfpjdfybb. Graduates are called dsgecrybrb while postgraduates are known as
fcgbhfyns. The main higher education qualifications are the rfylblfncrfz cntgtym, roughly
equivalent to a Ph.D., and ljrnjhcrfz cntgtym, effectively a post-doctoral degree, which bestows on
scholars the highly prestigious title of ljrnjh yfer. The only academic title with even higher status is
frfltvbr.
A new ab initio Russian course
219
Activity Twelve -
Reading/Writing
Read the following secondary school-leaving certificate
(Cdbltntkmcndj j djcmvbktnytv j,hfpjdfybb) which was awarded to a Russian
pupil and answer the questions below.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
fnntcnfn
jcyjdyjq
j,obq
chtlyzz irjkf
gjkexbnm (II) (pf)
yfbvtyjdfybt
fkut,hf
utjvtnhbz
byjcnhfyysq zpsr
xthxtybt
bpj,hfpbntkmyjt
bcreccndj
220
leaving certificate
basic
general
secondary school
to receive
name, title
algebra
geometry
foreign language
sketching
fine arts
abpbxtcrfz
rekmnehf
(= abprekmnehf)
nheljdjt
j,extybt
ghfdj
ddtltybt d (+ acc)
rjyjvbrf
vbhjdjq
[elj;tcndtyysq
rekmnehf
P. E.
labour
instruction,
teaching
law, rights
introduction to
economics
world
art(istic)
culture
jwtyrf gj
(+ dat) &&&
gj rfrbv
ghtlvtnfv &&&$
dslfnm (pf)
cdbltntkmcndj
ghb gjvjob
(+ gen)
gthtdtlbnt
(imperative)
(+ acc) yf
heccrbq zpsr
a mark in ...
in which
subjects ...?
to issue
certificate
with the
help (of)
translate
s.th. into
Russian
irjkmybrb
cneltyns
extybrb
exfobtcz
exfncz d
"
"
"
exbkbof[
eybdthcbntnf[
yfxfkmys[ irjkf[
chtlyb[ irjkf[
Chapter 12
As the above exercise illustrates, the Prepositional plural of nouns and adjectives in Russian is
very straightforward. The hard adjective ending is - for all genders (or - where there is a
soft adjective or the spelling rule applies). The normal noun ending is - for all genders (or -
where the nominative plural is - and where the singular noun ends in (i) a soft sign, (ii) the
vowels -, - or soft -, or (iii) the vowel -, except in the combinations - and -, which
have the ending -).
GENITIVE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
The Genitive plural of adjectives is exactly the same as the Prepositional plural of adjectives,
i.e. - or - for all genders.
Activity Fourteen -
Listening Listen twice to the following dialogue between a young child and her teacher
about the various objects which she has in her bedroom and fill in the gaps in the partial
transcription below.
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
irjkmybr#-ybwf
extybr#-ybwf
exfobqcz#
exfofzcz
yfxfkmyfz irjkf
exbkbot
schoolchild
school pupil
student (in trade/
vocational school)
junior school
vocational school
irfa
buheirf
rerkf
rjvgm.nthyfz
buhf
rjvgfrnysq lbcr
cupboard
toy
doll
computer
game
CD
buhfnm yf (+ prep)
to play (an
instrument)
[jnnm ([jx^ [xtim^ to want,
[xtn^ [jnv^
wish
[jnnt^ [jnn)
gjckeifnm (II) (pf)
to listen (to)
221
(xfc)
(hsyjr)
(jnw)
(nhfvdfq)
(,hfn)
(byjcnhytw)
(nf;)
(he,km)
(vtcnj)
(jryj)
(gjkt)
(plfybt)
(rybuf)
(rerkf)
(buheirf)
(n/nz)
(felbnjhbz)
(ntnhflm)
PL (ec)
(k.lb)
(,h.rb)
gznm xfcd*
e yfc ytn hyrjd
vyjuj jnwd
ytn nhfvdtd
itcnm ,hnmtd
vfkj byjcnhywtd
ltcznm nf;q
nsczxf he,kq*
vyjuj vtcn
ctvm rjy
,tp gjkq
vfkj plybq
vyjuj rybu*
ctvm rrjk*
vyjuj buhitr*
e yb[ ytn n/ntq
gznm felbnhbq
ytn ntnhflq*
e ytuj ytn ecd
vyjuj k.lq
e vtyz ytn ,h.r
(add -jd)
(hsyjr > hsyrjd, fleeting vowel)
(jntw > jnwjd, [stressed -tw], fleeting vowel)
(remove -q, add -td)
(if plural is -mz, remove -z^ add -td)
(yyjcnhfytw > yyjcnhfywtd, [unstressed -tw], fleeting vowel)
(if ending is -;^ -x^ -i or -o, add -q)
(remove -m, add -tq)
(remove -j, zero ending)
(jryj > jrjy, zero ending, fill vowel -j)
(remove -t, add -tq)
(remove -t, add -q)
(remove -f, zero ending)
(rerkf > rerjk, zero ending, fill vowel -j)
(buheirf > buheitr, zero ending, fill vowel -t if ending is
-;rf^ -xrf^ -irf^ -orf)
(remove -z, add -tq* colloquially n/nm)
(remove -z, add -q)
(remove -m, add -tq)
(remove -s, add -jd)
(remove -b, add -tq)
(remove -b, zero ending)
222
market
foreigner
toy
moustache
without
people
trousers
ghjlfdtw/ghjlfdobwf
gjregfntkm(-ybwf)
uheif
fgtkmcby
gthcbr
gjkrbkj
z,kjrj (pl z,kjrb)
shop assistant
shopper
pear
orange
peach
half a kilo
apple
,fyfy
kbvjy
ghfrnbxtcrb
xnj ds!
yfvyjuj (before
comparatives)
,jkmit
banana
lemon
practically
what are you saying!
much, far, many
more
d h t v z
GJYTLTKMYBR fel&
09&00 - 10&30 fyukbqcrbq zpsr
74
(uhfvvfnbrf)
10&30 - 12&00 heccrfz
59
kbnthfnehf
12&00 - 13&30 fyukbqcrbq zpsr
78
(hfpujdjh)
13&30 - 15&00 abkjcjabz
45
d h t v z
DNJHYBR
09&00 - 10&00 ytvtwrbq zpsr
(uhfvvfnbrf)
10&30 - 12&00 fyukbqcrbq zpsr
12&00 - 13&30 j,ott
zpsrjpyfybt
13&30 - 15&00 fyukbqcrbq zpsr
(hfpujdjh)
d h t v z CHTLF
09&00 - 10&00 ytvtwrbq zpsr
(hfpujdjh)
10&30 - 12&00 fyukbqcrbq zpsr
(uhfvvfnbrf)
12&00 - 13&30 pfhe,t;yfz
kbnthfnehf
13&30 - 15&00 fyukbqcrbq zpsr
(cnhfyjdtltybt)
Byyf yf gthdjv rehct&
Jyf exbncz
conversation
philosophy
phonetics
general
linguistics
d h t v z
XTNDTHU
09&00 - 10&00 ytvtwrbq zpsr
(uhfvvfnbrf)
10&30 - 12&00 fyukbqcrbq zpsr
(hfpujdjh)
12&00 - 13&30 bcnjhbz abkjkjubb
74
35
12&00 - 13&30
70
13&30 - 15&00
fel&
106
72
18
74
fel&
107
fel&
106
Chapter 12
78
43
74
fel&
74
59
74
101
fel&
78
18
foreign
literature
philology (language
and literature)
ujcelfhcndtyysq state
afrekmntn
faculty, school
jnltktybt
department, section,
division
rfatlhf
sub-faculty
223
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
11&
12&
13&
14&
15&
16&
17&
18&
19&
20&
* Use the adjectival form in your reply (e.g. d cjhjr ltdznjq felbnjhbb).
In order to express from ... to with numbers (e.g. she has Philosophy from 13.30 to 15.00 on
Monday), Russian uses the construction c (+ gen) &&& lj (+ gen). The Genitive case of numbers
(used in time expressions) is as follows:
c#lj xcf (colloquially lj xce)
c#lj lde[#nh/[#xtnsh/[
c#lj gzn#itcn#ctv#djcmv#ltdzn#ltczn#jlyyflwfnb#ldtylwfnb
If the minutes are included, the same pattern follows; e.g.
Each 1-hour session is known in Russian as a gfhf (i.e. a pair of 45-minute classes). Typically
linguists will major in one foreign language (English in the case of Inna) and study a second related
language for 3 or 4 years (German in Innas case). In their third year they specialize in either
literature or linguistics and they may take up a third language from the same sub-faculty (e.g. Dutch
or Norwegian). In January and June students have their main assessment period (known as ctccbz)
which consists of 3 or 4 exams (rpfvtys) and 5 or 6 formal tests (pfx/ns) on specialist
courses (such as pedagogics). In their fifth year they take their State Examination (in Innas case
Ujcelfhcndtyysq rpfvty gj fyukbqcrjve zpsre^ ytvtwrjve zpsre b j,otve
zpsrjpyfyb.) and they also have to complete and defend a dissertation (which is a process
known as pfobnf lbgkjvyjq hf,jns).
crjkmrj hfp d &&& (+ acc) ?
hfp
2#3#4 hfpf
5 > 20 hfp
224
cgtwbfkbpbhjdfnmcz
gj ... (+ dat)
gfhf
ctccbz
to specialize in ...
pair, couple; 1-hour class
examination period
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
ujhjl
hsyjr
jntw
vtcnj
jryj
exbkbot
rybuf
rerkf
cbufhtns
,h.rb
d ujhjl
yf hsyr
j, jnw
d vtcn
d jry
d exbkbo
d rybu
j rerk
j cbufhtn
yf ,h.r
j ,hfnm
j csyjdm
d gjhnatk
j lzl
yf nhfvdf
d gjk
d plfyb
j ljxth
d xfcn
j n/n
d felbnjhb
j ltn
Chapter 12
GRAMMAR
(fleeting vowel)
(fleeting vowel)
(fleeting vowel)
ENDINGS OF ADJECTIVES
There are just two endings for adjectives in the Prepositional plural. The standard adjective ending is - for all
genders. The ending - occurs where there is a soft adjective or the spelling rule applies, as illustrated below.
yjdsq
cnfhsq
cjdhtvtyysq
ujke,jq
rfrjq$
,jkmijq
cbybq
d yjd ujhjlf[
d cnfh vtcnf[
d cjdhtvtyy exbkbof[
yf ujke, nhfvdfz[
d rfr jryf[$
(spelling rule)
d ,jkmi ljvf[
(spelling rule)
yf cby ,h.rf[
(soft adjective)
vj
ndj
tuj
t/
yfi
dfi
b[
cdj
225
dct[
n
nt [
pyfrjvsq#pyfrjvfz
heccrbq#heccrfz
;bdjnyjt
pyfrjv
heccr
;bdjny
Activity Seventeen -
Writing
Put the following phrases into the Prepositional plural, using the
preposition provided in brackets.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
USES
226
1.
To express possession
lhepmz vjb[ ,hfnmtd
gkfnmz vjb[ ctcn/h
2.
my brothers friends
my sisters dresses
so many foreigners
few people
many friends
3.
After negatives
pltcm ytn vfkmxbrjd
yt ,skj ltdeitr
z yt db;e vfiby (or vfibys)
4.
5.
6.
without mistakes
instead of skyscrapers
around the dachas
for my children
up to the brim (literally: the edges)
(to learn) from the newspapers
from behind the doors
because of the problems
a cigarette packet
apart from my sisters
opposite the old buildings
near the sports halls
far away from the big cities
after all long wars
against our expectations
he fell off the scaffolding
amongst our acquaintances
at your parents; your parents have
7.
Chapter 12
cnjkmrj byjcnhfywtd
vfkj k.ltq
vyjuj lheptq
ENDINGS
There are five main noun endings: (masculine) -^ - (or -)^ -; (neuter and feminine) zero ending, -^
-&
M xfc
hsyjr
jnw
nhfvdfq
rhfq
,hfn (pl ,hfnmz)
csy (pl csyjdmz)
byjcnhytw
vtczw
nf;
ghtgjlfdfntkm
fyukbxfyby
A new ab initio Russian course
xfcjd
hsyrjd
jnwjd
nhfvdftd
rhf/d
,hfnmtd
csyjdtq
byjcnhywtd
vtczwtd
nf;tq
ghtgjlfdfntktq
fyukbxfy
(final consonant)
(final consonant, fleeting vowel)
(final stressed -tw, fleeting vowel)
(final -q)
(final -q, irregular)
(nominative plural -mz)
(irregular nominative plural)
(final unstressed -tw, fleeting vowel)
(final unstressed -zw)
(final -;^ -x^ -i^ -o)
(final -m)
(masculines with final -fyby)
227
vtcnj
jryj
gbcmvj
lthtdj (pl lthtdmz)
gjkt
exbkbot
cthlwt
plfybt
dhtvz
rybuf
rerkf
;tyf (pl ;/ys)
ctcnhf (pl c/cnhs)
buheirf
n/nz
ctvmz
ytltkz
felbnjhbz
ntnhflm
ljxm (pl ljxthb)
PL ec
if[vfns
nhecbrb
,h.rb
ltymub
k.lb
ltnb
(final -j)
(final -j, fill vowel -j)
(final -j, fill vowel -t, irregular)
(nominative plural -mz, irregular)
(final -t)
(final -bot)
(final -t, fill vowel -t, irregular)
(final -bt)
(neuters with final -z)
(final -f)
(final -f, fill vowel -j)
(final -f, plural mutation -t > -/)
(final -f, plural mutation -t > -/, fill
vowel -/)
buheitr
(final -;rf^ -xrf^ -irf^ -orf^ fill
vowel -t)
n/ntq (colloquially n/nm) (final -z)
ctvq
(final stressed -mz)
ytltkm
(final -kz)
felbnjhbq
(final -bz)
ntnhflq
(final -m)
ljxthq
(irregular nominative plural)
ecd
(final -s)
if[vfn
(final -s)
nhecbrjd
(final -b)
,h.r
(final -b)
ltytu
(final -b, fill vowel -t, irregular)
k.lq
(final -b)
ltnq
(final -b)
vtcn
jrjy
gbctv
lthtdmtd
gjktq
exbkbo
cthltw
plfybq
dhtv/y
rybu
rerjk
;/y
ctcn/h
xtkjdtr
hfp
cjklfn
uhfvv(jd)
ukfp
The Genitive plural of adjectives is exactly the same as the prepositional plural of adjectives, i.e. - or - for
all genders.
Activity Nineteen -
Writing
Put the following phrases into the Genitive plural.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
228
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Chapter 12
Activity Twenty-Two
Speaking/Writing Write down six questions beginning with the phrase Crjkmrj e
nt,z &&& (+ gen) $ and then interview your partner using your own questions.
A new ab initio Russian course
229
230
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER THIRTEEN -
MY FAMILY AND (OTHER) ANIMALS -
In Chapter Thirteen you will learn how to do the following:
1. to talk about your family
2. to talk about animals
You will learn the following points of grammar:
1.
2.
3.
4.
pronouns
the animate accusative
miscellaneous nouns
prepositions which take the accusative case
Activity One -
Writing Fill in the missing words to find out the Russian for relations. You have
already met most of the common words used to describe members of the family, but to
remind you, they are given again (in no logical order) below.
Parents
Father
Uncle
Son
Aunt
Grandson
Grandfather
Granddaughter
Wife
Nephew
Grandmother
Niece
_
_ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_ _ _ _ _
_
_
_
_
_ _ _
= great grandfather
= great great grandson
Chapter 13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Activity Three -
Writing
Establish the identity of the following in Russian.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Activity Four -
Reading Read the following description of the family below and identify the relations
to whom the young speaker, Klara, is referring. Then answer the questions on the next page
in Russian.
, . , , ,
. , . ,
. , ,
. , , .
, , , . ,
. .
, . , ,
. - , - .
. , . , ,
, , . , , ,
- . . . ,
: , .
(past /)
()
A new ab initio Russian course
former
member
Communist Party
theme
Great October Socialist
Revolution (1917)
weak, poor
vision
to die
older, oldest
alive
(I)
(+ gen)
() (+ acc)
()
(pf)
to talk, chat
ones own
to the left of
childrens theatre
on a business trip
dressed in
to bear, endure
sunglasses
incidentally
almost
to forget
233
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Activity Five -
Listening Listen twice to the following descriptions of Ivans family and fill in the
missing details below. Relevant vocabulary is given on the following page.
Name
Age
Relationship
to Ivan
Place of
residence
Job
Interests
Married/
single
Spouses
name & age
Children and
relevant
information
234
26
25
4, 5
21
22
2
32
34
3, 5, 8
38
43
(-, -) (+ acc)
(+ instr)
(+ prep)
(+ acc)
//
(+ acc)
,
(+ instr)
(colloquial)
theme, subject
dressed in
married (of a woman)
married (of a man)
older than me by
sailor
two/three/four children
I moved to
surgeon
to take part in track
and field athletics
sprinter
100 metres hurdles
five-year old child
who, which
I hope that
he will become
well known
athlete
St Petersburg
(+ instr)
(+ acc)
(, ,
, , )
(III)
(I)
/
Chapter 13
Activity Six -
Speaking Pairwork. Devise conversations based on the following information. First
you play the role of A, then reverse roles.
235
27
-
34
28
24
(
)
1, 4
Activity Seven -
Reading
Look at the photograph below and say whether the following statements
are True () or False ().
1. . .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
Activity Eight -
Writing The above examples illustrate the personal pronoun in all six cases (1.
Nominative, 2. Accusative, 3. Genitive, 4. Dative, 5. Instrumental, 6. Prepositional).
Make up six sentences about each of the following, using the personal pronouns listed below:
(i) your friend (), (ii) your teacher (), (iii) George Bush (), (iv) the British queen
(), (v) you and your family (), and (vi) your neighbours (). Note that you do not
need to stick rigidly to the model above.
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
()
()
()*
()*
()*
()*
()
()*
()*
()*
()*
()
()
()
()*
()*
()*
()*
()
* The sound precedes all forms of the prepositions , and , whenever they follow a preposition; e.g.
(for him), (with her), (towards them). Compare: - I love him;
- I am interested in them; - we help her.
-
CD
(f)
model airplane
(II) (, ) to breed
236
(II) (, )
to translate
c (+ gen) (+ acc)
from ... into ...
(, , , , , ) to drink
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
2.
Chapter 13
Activity Nine -
Speaking Role-play. You play the role of A and you partner plays B. Then reverse
roles.
Activity Ten - c
Reading/Listening Read the following biography carefully and then listen to the
description by Ivans elderly and forgetful mother of her sons life. Make a list of any
inaccuracies which you note in her description.
, ,
, , .5, .322
39
( : )
(
)
(78), ,
(81), ,
(17), (14), (12)
- (40), -
,
() ()
() (+ gen)
A new ab initio Russian course
he graduated (from
university)
faculty of languages
and literature
Moscow State
University
foreign language
the Embassy of the
Russian Federation
technician
shop assistant
secretary
numismatics (collection
or study of coins etc.)
he called him after
() ,
(f)
writer
amabassador
United Nations
Organisation
technocrat
(he) wanted him to
become a pilot
as fas as I can remember
however
it must be admitted
memory
you know, you see
a little
in ones youth
excellently
237
Activity Eleven -
Speaking Role-play. One of you thinks of a mutual acquaintance or friend. The other
has to guess who it is, with the help of the questions and answers below. Stick initially to the
full phrase, using the pronouns (etc.) or (etc.) and each time, as appropriate. Then repeat the exercise, based on a different friend, using the more natural sounding
(etc.) or (etc.), which are listed on the following page. (Once again the questions are
grouped in accordance with grammatical case.)
Nominative
/ ?
Or: /
/ ?
Or: /
/ ?
Or: /
/ ?
Or: /
/
?
Or: /
Accusative
/
?
Or: /
/ /
?
Or: /
Genitive
/
/ ?
/
?
Or: /
, / ,
/ ?
Or: /
Dative
/
?
Or: /
/
(, , )?
Or: /
238
/
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
/, /
() / .
/
/
/ /
, /
, /
/ ,
, /
/ ,
, / ,
,
, /
() , ()
, / ,
/
/
/, /
()
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
/
/
Prepositional
Chapter 13
Instrumental
/ ?
Or: /
/
?
Or: /
() /
Or: /
Possessive pronouns
SINGULAR
Masculine
Nom
Acc
/*
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep ()
/*
()
()
()
/*
()
/*
()
()
Neuter
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
Feminine
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
PLURAL
All genders
Nom
Acc
/*
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep ()
/*
()
()
()
/*
()
/*
()
()
* Genitive = Accusative for all animate nouns (except for feminine singular). See Activity Thirteen.
239
Activity Twelve -
Speaking/Writing As stated above, the Accusative form of all animate nouns (as
well as pronouns and adjectives), except the feminine singular, is the same as the Genitive.
Answer the following questions, paying particular attention to this grammatical rule, where
appropriate.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
?
- ?
?
?
?
()?
Activity Thirteen -
Writing
Imagine that you have just made a new penfriend in Russia and that you are
sending him/her your first letter. You should write in particular about yourself, your hobbies,
your family and your friends, but also ask him/her appropriate questions. T ry to stick to
vocabulary which you know and do not be too ambitious. Your letter should begin
/ and finish with a phrase such as ! (All the best).
Note that Russian also has a reflexive pronoun (with the same declension as or )
which is used to refer back to noun and pronoun subjects; e.g.
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
* Although (etc.) is preferred in sentences of this type, , , and (etc.) may be used as
an alternative. Sometimes the pronoun may be omitted altogether, especially when speaking about people; e.g.
- I love my brother; - he was talking to his sister.
** (etc.) cannot, however, be replaced by , or when it refers back to noun or pronoun subjects;
cf. () - he used to help his (own) brother and - he used to help
his (i.e. someone elses) brother, or - she can see her (own) house and
- she can see her (i.e. someone elses) house.
Activity Fourteen -
Reading/Writing The relative pronoun (which, who) has the same endings
as any normal hard adjective and agrees with its antecedent in gender and number (although
its case depends on the grammar of the relative clause); e.g. ,
- - I know a person who speaks Danish or ,
- heres the person (whom) I know. Read the following sentences and identify (i) the
appropriate missing noun from the box below, and (ii) the gender, case and number of the
relative pronoun.
240
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
Chapter 13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
, , , , -, -,
,
Activity Fifteen -
Writing One of the most difficult concepts to translate into Russian is also, too or
as well (as). Complete the following grid, using the expressions in bold below. (Note that,
in accordance with crossword tradition, gaps do not appear between phrases consisting of
two or more words.)
(also, too)
(I)
to perform roles
pupil
to receive money
foreigner
classmate
- single father
- heroine of
motherhood
() Muscovite
241
Activity Sixteen -
Reading Read the following passage with the help of the vocabulary at the foot of the
page. Then answer the questions in English.
, . .
, ,
. .
. , , ,
.
. ,
. ,
, ,
. . ,
, .
- , , , .
, .
.
, . ,
.
, , .
. . , -,
, , .
, , , , ,
.
, , ,
. , , , .
, . ,
. , - .
(II)
(f)
(I)
(I)
(,
, )
(III)
(I)
(II)
(III)
(+ acc)
,
(pl )
242
far away
to look out of
the window
the journey takes
folk song
dear, darling
word
trite, banal
real
love
to arrive
to meet
to cook, bake
pancake
to spend the
night
the next day
to set off
to spend (time)
to complain about
the fact that
child (children;
lads)
(I)
(I)
(I)
(,
)
(pf)
()
(+ gen)
()
(+ acc)
(pl )
/
(I)
(pl )
to go bathing
to go cycling
to gather, pick
berry, soft fruit
mushroom
bonfire
to weep, cry
to die
they died
during, at the
time of
was wounded
everyone has
animal, pet
especially
including
chicken
goat
to be born
kid
dear
(pl )
(pl )
(indeclinable)
(m)
(m)
(m)
()
(pl )
(I) (+ acc)
(+ gen)
(, )
(II)
friendly
early
foal
foal (of ass)
pony
too (many)
cramped
wild
animal
deer
bear
I saw
once
she-bear
bear cub
probably
to assure
wolf
to be afraid of
to inhabit
as the saying
goes
Chapter 13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Activity Seventeen -
Reading
Read the following traditional folk song. If you are musically inclined, you
may also wish to sing it in pairs.
MY DEAREST
- ,
!
, ,
.
My dearest,
Take me with you!
In that far-away land
I will be your wife.
- ,
.
, ,
.
My dear,
I would take you.
But in that far-away land
I have a wife.
- ,
!
, ,
.
My dearest,
Take me with you!
In that far-away land
I will be your sister.
- ,
.
, ,
.
My dear,
I would take you.
But in that far-away land
I have a sister.
- ,
!
, ,
.
My dearest,
Take me with you!
In that far-away land
Ill be a stranger to you.
- ,
.
, ,
.
My dear,
I would take you.
But in that far-away land
A stranger is not what I need.
243
GRAMMAR
1. Pronouns
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS (I, YOU, HE, SHE, WE, YOU, THEY)
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
()
()
()
()*
()*
()*
()*
()
()*
()*
()*
() ()*
()
()
()
()*
()*
()*
()*
()
* The sound precedes all forms of the prepositions , and , whenever they follow a
preposition; compare:
(acc)
(gen)
(dat)
(instr)
Note that prepositions are not followed by the Nominative and that the Prepositional case by
definition always requires the sound ; e.g.
(prep.) - we often think about them
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
/*
()
/*
()
Masculine
() ()
/*
()
/*
()
()
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
()
()
Neuter
() ()
()
()
()
()
Feminine
() ()
()
()
()
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
244
()
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
/*
()
/*
()
All genders
/*
() () ()
/*
()
()
Chapter 13
PLURAL
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
Masculine
/*
()
Neuter
()
Feminine
()
Plural
/*
()
* The Genitive case is used whenever animate nouns are in the Accusative (except where the
nouns are feminine singular). This form is known as the Animate Accusative:
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
Masculine
()
Neuter
()
Feminine
()
Plural
()
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
()
()
Masculine
()
Neuter
()
Feminine
()
Plural
()
245
Masculine
Nom
Acc /
Gen
Dat
Instr ()
Prep ()
Neuter
c*
()
()
Feminine
()
()
Plural
**
/
()
()
* c also means everything and is followed by a (neuter) singular verb; e.g () - everything
is (was) OK
** also means everyone/everybody and is followed by a plural verb; e.g. () - they
are (were) all at the university
Activity Eighteen -
Writing
Fill in the appropriate form of the personal pronoun.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
246
.
?
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
Activity Nineteen -
Writing
Fill in the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.
?
?
?
.
.
.
.
.
.
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
,
5, .
,
.
,
.
,
, -.
,
.
,
, .
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
, .
Activity Twenty -
Writing Complete the following sentences using the appropriate form of .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
Chapter 13
Activity Twenty-One -
Writing Translate the following into Russian.
Activity Twenty-Two -
Writing
Complete the following sentences using the appropriate form of .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
Singular
*
()
Plural
()
Singular
()
Plural
()
* The form frequently means lads. The normal plural of (child) is (children). Note the
special forms // .
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
()
247
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
Singular
()
Plural
()
Singular
()
Plural
()
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
Singular
()
Plural
()
(motion towards)
(to)
(expressions of time etc.)
(in, on, for, at)
( before)
(during)
(behind - motion)
(for)
(in [s time])
(over, across)
(through, by means of)
(ago)
(each)
(under - motion)
(through)
248
/
/
/
/
/
Chapter 13
A new ab initio Russian course
249
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER FOURTEEN -
THE WEATHER
Chapter 14
1.
2.
3.
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
11&
* In your answer you have to choose either an adjective or an adverb from texts A or < depending on the
question, i.e. (-^ -^ -)$ requires an adjective in the answer whereas $ requires an adverb.
Activity Two -
Listening/Writing
Read the text below and fill in the gaps forming the appropriate
adverb from the adjectives given in the box. Listen to the tape to check your answers.
lj;lkbdsq (rainy)
cjkytxysq (sunny)
htlrbq (rare)
[jkjlysq
gfcvehysq
nevfyysq (foggy)
dtnhtysq (windy)
n/gksq
j,kfxysq (cloudy)
yt [jkjlysq
Heccrbt ujdjhzn% Ctynz,hm - pjkjnfz jctym, gjnjve xnj nhfdf b kbcnmz e;t yt
ptk/yst^ f ;/knst& D ctynz,ht to/ ___ ____________ b xfcnj ,sdf.n cjkytxyst
lyb&
Jrnz,hm e;t ghj[kflysq vtczw& Cjkywt cdtnbn ____________ b gjnjve yf ekbwt
____________ b ____________& Enhjv xfcnj ,sdftn nevfy^ f ly/v j,kfrf& Njulf
gj hflbj ujdjhzn% Ctujlyz enhjv ____________^ f ly/v ____________.
D yjz,ht xfcnj blen lj;lb b letn dtnth& K.lb yt [jnzn ,hfnm jngecr^ rjulf yf
ekbwt ____________ b ____________& Cfvjt gjgekzhyjt dhtvz lkz jngecrjd - ktnj^
rjulf yf ekbwt ____________ b ____________&
cfvsq [jkjlysq
dhtvz ujlf
ghjljk;fnmcz (I)
vjhjpysq/vjhjpyj
cjkytxysq/cjkytxyj
cyt;ysq/cyt;yj
vyjubt ,then
jngecr
bl/n lj;lm (m)
gjzdkznmcz (I)
ptk/ysq/ptktyj
kbcn (kbcnmz)
nhfdf
,sdf.n uhjps
winter
the coldest
season
to last
frosty
sunny
snowy
many people
take (a/their)
holiday
it is raining
to appear
green
leaf (leaves)
grass
there are storms
dc/ hfdyj
n/gksq/ntgkj
dtplt
wdtcnb (wdtne^
wdtn/n^ wdtnen)
wdtnjr (wdtns)
yfhwbcc
n.kmgfy
kfylsi
gfcvehysq
n/gksq/ntgkj
byjulf
;fhrbq/;fhrj
ktnj
yfxfkj
jctym
still, nevertheless
warm
everywhere
to flower
flower(s)
daffodil
tulip
lily of the valley
overcast
warm
sometimes
hot
summer
beginning
autumn
[jkjlysq/[jkjlyj
ghj[kflysq/
ghj[kflyj
blen lj;lb
letn dtnth
gjujlf cnjbn
cshjq/cshj
yf ekbwt
htlrbq
dtcyf ghb[jlbn
nfznm
cytu
pjkjnjq
cjkywt cdtnbn
j,kfrj
njulf
cold
cool
it rains
its windy
the weather is
damp
outside
rare
spring comes
to melt
snow
golden
the sun shines
cloud
then
251
Activity Three -
Writing/Listening
Translate the following phrases into Russian, then listen to the texts
from Activities One and Two. Can you find these phrases in the texts? Number them in order of
their appearance.
@ &&&
@ &&&
@ &&&
@ &&&
Note: whereas in English we say it is when talking about the weather (e.g. it is cold), the Russian equivalent
is simply [jkjlyj. In Russian, the word it is always omitted and the verb to be is only used in the past and
future tenses. Usually, the order of the remaining words is reversed (i.e. the Russian adverb comes at the end
of the sentence); e.g. ctujlyz [jkjlyj - it is cold today; dxthf ,skj [jkjlyj - it was cold yesterday&
Activity Four -
Writing
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences by each one. Use the
appropriate adverb and tense of the verb to be - ,snm. The first one is done for you.
Dxthf ,skj* lj;lkbdj&
Ctujlyz ______________&
Pfdnhf* _______________&
Dxthf_________________&
Ctujlyz_______________&
Pfdnhf________________&
Dxthf_________________&
Ctujlyz_______________&
Pfdnhf________________&
* Use the neuter singular ,skj for the past tense and ,eltn for the future tense.
252
z
ns
jy/jyf/jyj
vs
ds
jyb
,eltim
,eltn
,elen
,ele
,eltv
,eltnt
we will be
he/she/it will be
they will be
you will be (informal)
I will be
you will be (formal plural)
Chapter 14
Activity Five -
Reading Sort out the correct forms of the future tense for the verb to be by drawing
arrows linking the appropriate parts. In order to help you, one of the forms which you have just
met has been done for you. (You can check your solution by referring to the Grammar section.)
Activity Six -
Speaking Role-play. You play the part of A and your partner plays the role of B, then
reverse the roles. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
A
1. Say good morning.
Say that the weather is very cold today.
Ask whether he/she knows what the
temperature is.
Say that you read in the paper that it will be rainy
in the afternoon.
Say that the weather is very changeable in the
autumn and that you always have your umbrella
with you (c cj,jq)&
B
Reply appropriately.
Say: Yes, it is very cold and windy.
Say that you heard on the radio that it will be
+3 C* today.
Say that you do not have an umbrella because
it was dry yesterday.
2. Your partner (A) who normally lives in the Crimea is visiting you (B) in Moscow in December:
A
Say that it is very frosty weather in Moscow.
Say that the weather in the Crimea is dry and
sunny now.
Reply that it is usually +12 C in December.
Say that you rarely have frost and snow in the
Crimea.
B
Say that it is always cold in Moscow in
December.
Ask about the temperature.
Express your surprise (e.g. yte;tkb$!). Add
that it is often 20C in Moscow in December.
Say that in Moscow it can be frosty even in
March.
* There are two constructions for expressing temperature, i.e. +3C - nhb uhflecf ntgkf (literally: three degrees of
warmth) or gk.c nhb (plus three) and 20C - ldflwfnm uhflecjd vjhjpf (twenty degrees of frost) or vbyec
ldflwfnm (minus twenty).
umbrella
dry
changeable
- I am rarely in Moscow
- there are often thunderstorms in spring
c cj,jq
vjhjp
d Rhsve
with oneself
frost
in the Crimea
yte;tkb
lf;t
really
even
253
Activity Seven -
Reading/Writing/Speaking Read the expressions in the table below and work out
the meanings of the ones that you do not know. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the
page, if necessary. Rank them in order of frequency in the boxes provided (the words
denoting greater frequency are towards the top of the list). Some are already done for you.
Then answer the questions below in Russian.
bphtlrf
dctulf
htlrj
xfcnj
1. dctulf/dc/ dhtvz
2.
3.
4.
5. xfcnj
6.
7.
8.
9. dhtvz jn dhtvtyb
10.
11. ybrjulf (yt)*
* The particle yt is always used when the negative adverb is followed by a verb, but is omitted when there
is no verb:
d Fahbrt ybrjulf yt bl/n cytu - it never snows in Africa
d Fahbrt byjulf ,sdftn cytu$ - ytn^ ybrjulf - does it sometime Snow in Africa? - no, never
There are a number of negative adverbs which are also followed by particles yt/ytn& (For more details see
the Grammar section.)
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
bphtlrf
dhtvz jn dhtvtyb = dhtvtyfvb
ljdjkmyj
gjxnb
254
occasionally
from time to time
quite
almost
dc/ dhtvz
htlrj
ybrjulf
htuekzhyj
cjkywt
lj;lm
cytu
vjhjp
nevfy
dtnth
ehfufy
pfce[f
ntvgthfnehf dsit 30C
ljdjkmyj xfcnj
gjxnb dctulf
Chapter 14
Activity Eight -
Listening Listen to the recordings about typical weather conditions in Great Britain
and Indonesia, and fill in the missing information in the table below. Use the vocabulary list at
the foot of the page to help you, but do not expect to understand every word .
GJUJLF
DTKBRJ<HBNFYBZ
BYLJYTPBZ
Activity Nine -
Reading/Writing
Look at the pictures of the newspaper cuttings below which
explain the symbols that are used on Russian and British weather maps. Work out an English
or Russian equivalent in the case of each duplicated symbol, completing the table provided.
Gthtvtyyfz j,kfxyjcnm
Ntvgthfnehf djls
Sunny
Rain
Overcast
Now try to link with arrows the remaining English phrases with their Russian equivalents in the
columns below. Check your answers in the vocabulary list at the foot of the following page.
cloudy
drizzle
hail
sleet & sunny showers
snow
lightning
wind speed & direction
Dtkbrj,hbnfybz
Byljytpbz
[jnz
gjlybvfnmcz (I)
dsit (+ gen)
chtlybq
Great Britain
Indonisia
although
to rise
above
average
pfce[f
nevfy
byjcnhfytw (byjcnhfyrf)
cbkmysq
ehfufy
hfcgjkj;ty(-f^ -j)
drought
fog
foreigner
strong
hurricane
is situated
dljkm (+ gen)
rdfnjh
vt;le (+ instr)
Cbyufgeh
rjhjnrbq
k/urbq
along
equator
between
Singapore
short
light
255
Activity Ten -
Listening Listen to the weather forecast for the various regions of the CIS and
complete the table below, using the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you. The
first one is partially done for you.
Weather
Moscow
drizzle
St. Petersburg
Crimea
Central
Asia
Siberia
Urals
sunny
sunny intervals
cloudy
water temperature
windy
showers
dry
air temperature
+18C +20C
Activity Eleven -
Speaking Pairwork. Using the information from the table in Activity Ten, ask your
partner about the weather conditions in the various regions of the CIS. Swap roles after each
question. Use the following as a guide.
A.
.
A.
.
A.
.
* Remember that the form of the verb ,snm in the future tense depends on the number of the noun which it
precedes; in the past tense it depends on both the gender and number. If the verb ,snm is followed by an
adverb, remember to use the neuter singular form (past or future); e.g. dxthf d Vjcrdt ,skj lj;lkbdj /
pfdnhf d Vjcrdt ,eltn lj;lkbdj - it was rainy in Moscow yesterday / it will be rainy in Moscow
tomorrow&
ghjuyjp gjujls
j,kfcnm (f)
j;blfnmcz (I)
rhfnrjdhtvtyysq
lj;lm
djple[
gthtvtyyfz
j,kfxyjcnm (f)
256
weather forecast
region
to be expected
shower
air
sunny interval(s)
gjkjdbyf
djpvj;ty (djpvj;yf^ -j^ -s)
djlf
Abycrbq pfkbd
Chtlyzz Fpbz
uhfl
yf Ehfkt
half
is/are possible
water
Gulf of Finland
Central Asia
hail
in the Urals
vjhjczobq lj;lm
j,kfxysq/j,kfxyj
rhfnrjdhtvtyysq
lj;lm cj cytujv
vjkybz
yfghfdktybt b
cbkf dtnhf
drizzle
cloudy
showers with
sleet
lightning
wind direction
and speed
You will need to know how to form the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs. There are
two ways of expressing the comparative in Russian:
Chapter 14
Activity Twelve -
Writing Look at the weather maps of Russia and Britain which were published on
the same day in the summer. First identify whether the statements comparing the weather in
Britain and Russia are True () or False (). Then translate the descriptions below into
Russian.
a) by using the words ,jktt (more) / vtytt (less) before the adjective or adverb; e.g. rhfcbdsq
- ,jktt/vtytt rhfcbdsq (more/less beautiful); cjkytxyj - ,jktt/vtytt cjkytxyj (more/
less sunny)
b) by adding the ending - to the stem of the adjective or adverb; e.g. rhfcbdsq - rhfcbdtt
(more beautiful); cjkytxyj - cjkytxytt (more sunny/sunnier).
Comparative adjectives and adverbs are used in various types of constructions. One of the most
common of these contains the word xtv (than) always preceded by a comma; e.g. ctujlyz d
Vjcrdt ,jktt cjkytxyfz gjujlf^ xtv d Kjyljyt / ctujlyz d Vjcrdt cjkytxytt^ xtv d
Kjyljyt - the weather is sunnier in Moscow today than in London; d Vjcrdt ctujlyz ,jktt
cjkytxyj^ xtv d Kjyljyt - it is sunnier in Moscow today than in London.
GJUJLF D DTKBRJ<HBNFYBB
+15
GJUJLF D HJCCBB
+13
+ 17
+14
+15
++18
17
+19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
+18
Now write down some more comparisons of your own, based either on the weather maps above
or on information taken from a recent newspaper.
A new ab initio Russian course
257
Activity Thirteen -
Speaking/Writing Groupwork. Look at the weather maps below and discuss the
variations in the weather in the different parts of Britain over the three days. Use the model
below and the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
DXTHF
CTUJLYZ
PFDNHF
Yf pfgflt* Fyukbb dxthf ,skf vtytt lj;lkbdfz gjujlf^ xtv ctujlyz (or: Yf
pfgflt Fyukbb dxthf ,skj vtytt lj;lkbdj^ xtv ctujlyz). Pfdnhf nfv ,eltn
,jktt cjkytxyfz gjujlf^ xtv ctujlyz (or: Pfdnhf nfv ,eltn ,jktt cjkytxyj^ xtv
ctujlyz)&
* Always use the preposition yf with points of the compass; e.g. yf .ut (Prepositional) dctulf ntgkj - it
is always warm in the south; yf .uj-pfgflt (Prepositional) - in the south-west; z tle yf .u (Accusative)
- I am going to the south.
When you have completed the groupwork, you should write a brief description of the weather
in Great Britain (or any other country of your choice) over the past two days, and attempt to
predict the weather for the following day.
ctdth
.u
pfgfl
djcnjr
258
north
south
west
east
ctdthysq
.;ysq
pfgflysq
djcnjxysq
northern
southern
western
eastern
ctdthj-pfgfl
ctdthj-djcnjr
.uj-pfgfl
.uj-djcnjr
north-west
north-east
south-west
south-east
$
Vfhbz
<jhbc
Vfhbz
<jhbc
Vfhbz
Jkmuf
Vfhbz
<jhbc
Jkmuf
Chapter 14
Activity Fourteen -
Reading/Writing Read the following conversation in which three people discuss
their preferred means of travel and write answers in Russian about yourself based on the
questions after the text.
* The Instrumental case can be used to denote the means of transport as well as yf + the Prepositional case;
e.g. by car can be expressed as yf vfibyt (Prepositional case) or vfibyjq (Instrumental case).
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
Activity Fifteen -
Writing/Speaking
Groupwork. Discuss the types of transport that you prefer when
travelling on holiday, using as many superlative forms of the adjectives below as possible.You
should work in groups of three or four and use the text from Activity Fourteen as your
model.
elj,ysq
crjhjcnyjq
(convenient)
(high-speed)
,tpjgfcysq
safe
dbl nhfycgjhnf form of transport
A new ab initio Russian course
ytelj,ysq (incovenient)
yfl/;ysq (reliable)
vtlktyysq (slow)
ytyfl/;ysq (unreliable)
jgfcysq
dangerous
cjukfcty (cjukfcyf) agree(d)
rjkbxtcndj number
fdfhbz
accident
259
Activity Sixteen -
Speaking/Writing Pick any one of the groups given below. You now have five
minutes to ask as many people as possible which one of the items in this group they would
most like to have, and why. Write down the answers and report your preferences in Russian
to the other students in the group. Then repeat the activity based on the picture below.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
You will need to know how to say in Russian I would like to ... This is very simple: you use the verb [jntnm
in the past tense + particle ,s + the infinitive; e.g. z [jntk(f) ,s bvtnm cj,fre - I would like to have a dog;
jyf [jntkf ,s exbnmcz d eybdthcbntnt - she would like to study at university; vs [jntkb ,s
gentitcndjdfnm - we would like to travel. Note: when asking questions the particle ,s usually follows the
pronoun: xnj ,s ns [jntk(f) bvtnm$ - what would you like to have? When asking about pets you have to
use the pronoun rnj (remember that the verb bvtnm requires the Accusative case and therefore rnj changes
to rjuj); e.g. rjuj ,s ns [jntk(f) bvtnm% rjnf bkb cj,fre$ - what would you like to have: a cat or a dog?.
You will also need to know how to say most of all in Russian. This is a superlative adverb which is formed by
a comparative adverb ,jkmit + dctuj; e.g. xnj ,s [jntk(f) bvtnm ,jkmit dctuj$ - what would you
like to have most of all? For more details on superlative adverbs see the Grammar section.
elj,ysq
vtlktyysq
crjhjcnyjq
260
comfortable
slow
high-speed
yfl/;ysq
[jvzr
elfxf
reliable
hamster
luck
rhfcjnf
ev
nfkfyn
beauty
intelligence
talent
GRAMMAR
Adverbs are indeclinable words which qualify verbs (jy gj/n - he sings well), adjectives
( dt;kbdsq - always polite), nouns (xntybt - reading aloud) or other adverbs
( lj;lkbdj - it is sometimes rainy).
Chapter 14
ADVERBS
They answer questions such as rfr$ (how?), rfr xfcnj$ (how often?), rfr ljkuj$ (how
long?), ult$ (where?), rjulf$ (when?) etc.
Most adverbs are formed from adjectives by removing the adjectival ending and replacing it with
-j (if the adjective is hard) or - (if the adjective is soft):
hard adjective
rhfcbdsq
[jkjlysq
adverb
rhfcbdj
[jkjlyj
soft adjective
adverb
bcrhtyybq (sincere) bcrhtyyt (sincerely)
rhfqybq (extreme) rhfqyt (extremely)
Note: there are three exceptions to the above rule. The following soft adjectives form the adverbs
with -%
hfyybq (early)
hfyj (early)
gjplybq (late)
gjplyj (late)
lfdybq (long-standing)
lfdyj (long ago)
Adverbs derived from adjectives ending in #- are formed with -; e.g. kjubxtcrbq
(logical) - kjubxtcrb (logically). Some adverbs of this group have the hyphenated prefix gj(these usually denote an action in the manner or style of something): vzcj gj-ahfywepcrb
(meat cooked in a Franch style).
cvjnhtnm rhbnbxtcrb
ujdjhbnm gj-heccrb
xbnfnm gj-fyukbqcrb
rjat gj-nehtwrb
The Russian language is very rich in adverbs and the following list of the most common may prove
useful as a guide:
1.
2.
Adverbs of manner
dvtcnt
yfhjxyj
yfghfcyj
gj-yfcnjzotve
gjytdjkt
gj-cdjtve
gjxnb
xenm yt
tldf
nfr
yt nfr
cujhzxf
cj cyf
together
on purpose
in vain
properly
against ones will
in ones own way
almost, nearly
almost, all but (relates to avoidance of negative events; e.g. z xenm yt
egfk - I almost fell)
scarcely, hardly
thus, so (in reply to rfr)
wrong(ly) (literally: not so)
in the heat of the moment
half awake
Adverbs of place
ult
ult-nj
where
somewhere
261
ybult
dtplt
pltcm^ nen
nfv
ljvf
ljvjq
pf uhfybwtq
pf uhfybwe
c.lf
nelf
dybp
dybpe
yfdth[
yfdth[e
cktdf
cghfdf
yfktdj
yfghfdj
262
nowhere
everywhere
here
there
at home
home (homewards)
abroad (location)
abroad (movement)
here (movement)
there (movement)
downwards (movement)
below (no movement)
upwards (movement)
upstairs (no movement), on the top
on the left
on the right
to the left
to the right
3.
4.
Adverbs of quantity
jxtym
ckbirjv (vyjuj)
ckbirjv (vfkj)
vfkj
ytvyjuj
ytvyj;rj
vyjuj
,jkmit
ljdjkyj
very
too (much)
too (little)
little, few (not a little, a few)
little
a little
much
more
quite
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
enough
how much
so much
5.
6.
Interrogative adverbs
ult$
relf$
rfr$
rjulf$
hfpdt$
yte;tkb$
where? (location)
where? (direction)
how?
when?
can it be that ...?
really?, can it be that ...?
7.
Affirmative adverbs
lf
nfr
gjyznyj
hfpevttncz
rjytxyj
dtlm
d cfvjv ltkt
yes
so, it is so
of course, naturally
of course, evidently
of course
surely
indeed
8.
Negative adverbs
ybult (yt)
ybrelf (yt)
ybjnrelf (yt)
ybrjulf (yt)
ybcrjkmrj (yt)
ybrfr (yt)
yb hfpe (yt)
nowhere (location)
nowhere (direction)
from nowhere
never
not at all
in no way
not once
Chapter 14
ljcnfnjxyj
crjkmrj
cnjkmrj
* There are two adverbs which sound almost the same, but have different spelling and meaning - yb hfpe (not
once) and yt hfp (more than once); e.g. jyf yb hfpe yt ghbujnjdbkf j,tl - not once did she cook dinner;
z yt hfp ghjcbk nt,z e,hfnm rdfhnbhe - I asked you more than once to clean the flat.
Remember: the negative adverbs from the list above are always followed by yt when used with a verb; e.g. jyf
ybrelf yt bl/n ctujlyz dtxthjv - she is not going anywhere tonight.
It is possible to use more than two negatives in one sentence; e.g. ctujlyz ybrnj ybrelf yt bl/n - today
no one is going anywhere.
9.
1) in personal constructions with a subject in the Dative case. In such sentences they are always followed by
an infinitive; e.g. yfv ytrjulf cvjnhtnm ntktdbpjh - we have no time to watch television.
2) in impersonal constructions; e.g. cvjnhtnm ntktdbpjh ,skj ytrjulf - there was no time to watch
television.
A new ab initio Russian course
263
somewhere (location)
somewhere (direction)
somehow
at one time, once
for some reason
somewhere, anywhere (location)
somewhere, anywhere (direction)
somehow, anyhow
at any time, ever
for some reason or other
* All these adverbs can also combine with -kb,j& This is more bookish and expresses an even greater degree
of indefiniteness than the above adverbs; e.g. jy ,sk cfvsv bynthtcysv xtkjdtrjv bp dct[ k.ltq^
rjnjhs[ z rjulf-kb,j dcnhtxfk - he was the most interesting person I have ever met.
rjt-rnj
rjt-xnj
rjt-ult
rjt-rfr
rjt-rjulf
rjt-relf
someone
something, one or two things
in various places
somehow (with great difficulty); carelessly
occasionally
to a particular place
Activity Seventeen -
Writing Fill in the gaps choosing an adjective or adverb as appropriate from the
brackets. Make sure that any adjectives used are in their correct form.
1& Ctujlyz ,sk jxtym ___________j,tl& Vfvf dctulf jxtym ___________ ujnjdbn (drecysq
- drecyj) & 2& Jy jxtym ___________ xtkjdtr& Rfr ___________^ xnj z tuj dcnhtnbkf! ([jhjibq
- [jhjij) 3& Ctujlyz yf ekbwt ___________ & Pfdnhf nj;t ,eltn ___________ gjujlf&
(lj;lkbdsq - lj;lkbdj)& 4& ___________ bynthtcysq xtkjdtr! ___________ bynthtcyj jy
ujdjhbn! (rfrjq - rfr)& 5& Dxthf ,skj jxtym ___________ & D njv ujle jxtym ___________
ktnj& (;fhrbq - ;fhrj)& 6& Jctym. __________ blen lj;lb& Z yt k.,k. ___________
jctyybt lj;lb& (xfcnsq - xfcnj)&
Activity Eighteen -
Writing Translate the following into Russian.
1. She sings well. 2. It is cold today. 3. He speaks Russian well. 4. In England it is often cloudy
and rainy in the autumn. 5. It is cold and frosty in Russia in the winter. It often snows. 6. The
weather is very changeable in Britain, and people never know what the weather will be like
tomorrow. 7. I do not want to go anywhere tonight. 8. We have been nowhere since summer.
9. We have nowhere to live. 10. Last night they watched television until late. 11. I like Turkish
coffee. 12. It never snows in Central Asia. 13. Sometimes it is very hot in the south of Russia.
14. It was very windy yesterday. 15. Today the weather is warm and sunny.
THE VERB <SDFNM ( I ) - TO BE
This verb is used to denote frequency or repetition and is usually preceded by a frequency adverb (e.g. often,
rarely, sometimes etc.); e.g. jyb xfcnj ,sdf.n f Vjcrdt - they are often in Moscow
Sometimes ,sdfnm can be translated into English as to visit:
264
1. It is rarely cold in May. 2. Sometimes in the summer the temperature is above 30C in Britain.
3. Usually it is not very windy in Indonesia, but occasionally there are hurricanes. 4. He seldom
visits his parents. 5. Occasionally there are droughts in the south of Spain. 6. We are often in
London. 7. They used to visit us from time to time.
Chapter 14
Activity Nineteen -
Writing Translate the following into Russian.
Note: the future tense is generally used in Russian after the conjunctions rjulf and tckb, while the present
tense is used in English after the corresponding conjunctions when and if; e.g. rjulf z ,ele d Vjcrdt^ z
,ele ujdjhbnm gj-heccrb - when I am in Moscow I will speak Russian; tckb gjujlf ,eltn [jhjifz^ vs
,eltv uekznm d gfhrt - if the weather is nice we will walk in the park&
Activity Twenty -
Writing Translate the following into English.
1& Pfdnhf ,eltn [jhjifz gjujlf& 2& Dxthf ,skj [jkjlyj^ f pfdnhf ,eltn ntgkj& 3&
Rjulf z ,ele d Kjyljyt^ z ,ele ujdjhbnm gj-fyukbqcrb& 4& Tckb gjujlf ,eltn
lj;lkbdfz b [jkjlyfz^ vs ,eltv ljvf^ f tckb ,eltn cjkytxyj^ vs ,eltv d lthtdyt
yf lfxt& 5& Rjulf ds ,eltnt d Vjcrdt^ regbnt vyt^ gj;fkeqcnf^ heccrbt ufptns b
;ehyfks&
THE COMPARATIVE OF ADJECTIVES
Most Russian adjectives have two comparatives:
1)
those formed with ,jktt#vtytt + long adjective; e.g. ,jktt bynthtcysq ;ehyfk (a more interesting
magazine), vtytt rhfcbdfz vfibyf (the less beautiful car). These are generally used attributively
(i.e. before the noun). The words ,jktt#vtytt are invariable, while the long adjective agrees with the
noun it qualifies in gender, number and case:
m
,jktt rhfcbdsq
cfl
2)
f
,jktt rhfcbdfz
vfibyf
n
,jktt rhfcbdjt
gkfnmt
pl
,jktt rhfcbdst
ljvf
case
ytn ,jktt rhfcbds[
ljvjd
those formed by removing the ending of a long adjective and adding the ending - or - to the stem of the
adjective. These are used predicatively (i.e. after the verb to be):
a) the ending - (which is often shortened to - in conversational Russian) is the regular ending
of the comparative of most adjectives; e.g. rhfcbdsq (beautiful) - rhfcbdtt (more beautiful).
Adjectives which have a stressed - in the feminine short form have a stressed - in the
comparative; e.g. yjdsq (yjd) - yjdt& Elsewhere, occasionally the stress is on the ending;
e.g. pljhjdsq (pljhdf) - pljhjdt)&
b) the ending - is added when the stem of an adjective ends in ^ or & In the comparative the
consonants ^ ^ change to ^ ^ respectively; e.g. ljhju (expensive) - ljh (more
expensive), ;fhrbq (hot) - ;fhxt (hotter), vzurbq (soft) - vuxt (softer), ce[ (dry) - cit (drier).
265
Comparatives in - or - are invariable, i.e. they are used with nouns of any gender, case or number; e.g.
ljv rhfcbdtt
the house is more beautiful
vfibyf rhfcbdtt
the car is more beautiful
gkfnmt rhfcbdtt
the dress is more beautiful
ljvf rhfcbdtt
the houses are more beautiful
There are a number of adjectives with irregular comparatives. Here is a list of the most common ones:
i) those which end in -%
,jkmijq
big
,kmit
bigger
vfktymrbq
small
vymit
smaller
[jhjibq
good
kxit
better
cnfhsq
old
cnhit
older
njyrbq
thin
nymit
thinner
ljkubq
long
lkmit
longer
ii) those which end in -;t^ -ot^ -t%
vjkjljq
young
gkj[jq
bad
nd/hlsq
hard
uke,jrbq
deep
gjplybq
late
xfcnsq
frequent
ckflrbq
sweet
ghjcnjq
simple
ibhjrbq
wide
dscjrbq
tall
vjk;t
[;t
nd/h;t
uk,;t
gp;t
xot
ckot
ghot
iht
dit
younger
worse
harder
deeper
later (also gjplyt)
more frequent
sweeter
simpler
wider
taller
Activity Twenty-One -
Writing Form the comparatives from the following adjectives. The first one is done
for you.
yjdsq
[jkjlysq
cdt;bq
vjkjljq
;fhrbq
266
,jktt yjdsq_____
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
yjdtt________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
Activity Twenty-Two -
Writing Compare the objects and people in the pictures below and write down your
comparisons. The first one is done for you.
Gkfnmt ljhj;t^ xtv ,h.rb
Chapter 14
nb[bq
ckflrbq
rhfcysq
n/gksq
267
These alternative forms differ stylistically. The comparatives in -^ - are more neutral sounding, whereas
and those in - are more bookish.
Activity Twenty-Three -
Writing Form the comparatives from the following adverbs.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
cjkytxyj
[jkjlyj
lj;lkbdj
;fhrj
uke,jrj
kjubxtcrb
vyjuj
[jhjij
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
THE SUPERLATIVE OF ADJECTIVES
Superlative adjectives are formed by putting cfvsq before the long adjective; e.g. cfvsq rhfcbdsq ljv
(the most beautiful house).
The word cfvsq agrees with the adjective and noun in gender, number and case:
m
cfvsq rhfcbdsq
ljv
f
cfvfz rhfcbdfz
ltdeirf
n
cfvjt rhfcbdjt
gkfnmt
pl
Genitive pl
cfvst rhfcbdst ytn cfvs[ rhfcbds[
ljvf
ljvjd
Note: cfvsq can also combine with the comparatives kexibq and [elibq%
cfvst kexibt gj;tkfybz (the very best wishes), cfvjt [elitt^ xnj vjukj ckexbnmcz (the worst
thing that could happen).
Kexibq and [elibq^ cnfhibq and vkflibq can function as comparatives or as superlatives
depending on the context.
The superlative in - and -
1. certain adjectives can also form the superlative by adding the suffix - (plus the appropriate ending) to
the stem; e.g. rhfcbdsq - rhfcbdtqibq (rhfcbdtqifz^ rhfcbdtqitt^ rhfcbdtqibt)&
2. the suffix - is added to stems ending in ^ ^ which change to ^ ^ respectively; e.g.
cnhjbq
vtkmbq
nbbq
268
strict
small
quiet
cnhjfqibq
vtkmxfqibq
nbfqibq
the strictest
the smallest
the quietest
Chapter 14
All these forms are characteristic of high style, although some of them are used in conversational Russian too;
e.g. ,kb;fqibq vfufpby (the nearest shop), rhfnxfqifz ljhjuf (the shortest road).
Activity Twenty-Four -
Writing First fill in the gaps using the word cfvsq in the appropriate form, then
translate the sentences into English.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
THE SUPERLATIVE OF ADVERBS
2. adding the words yfb,jktt or yfbvtytt before an adverb; e.g. yfb,jktt zhrj (most vividly),
yfbvtytt nhelyj (least difficult). This type of superlative adverb is characteristic of bookish style.
Note that adverbs which end in -#- can form the superlative of both types; e.g. bynthtcyj - bynthtcytt
dctuj#dct[ or yfb,jktt#yfbvtytt bynthtcyj&
The adverbs which do not end in -#- can only form the superlative with yfb,jktt#yfbvtytt; e.g.
lhe;tcrb - yfb,jktt#yfbvtytt lhe;tcrb&
cnfnmz
jcnhsq
article
sharp
hfccnjzybt
distance
269
Activity Twenty-Six -
Writing Form the superlatives from the following adverbs. The first one is done for you.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
ntgkj
[jkjlyj
jgfcyj
uke,jrj
kjubxtcrb
[jhjij
gkj[j
ntjhtnbxtcrb
ljhjuj
bcrhtyyt
ntgktt dctuj#dct[
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
yfb,jktt#yfbvtytt ntgkj
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
Activity Twenty-Seven -
Writing Translate the following phrases into Russian.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
270
best of all
to sing loudest (most loudly)
younger than anyone else
most dangerously
worst of all
to speak most quietly
the deepest of all
the most friendly
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER FIFTEEN -
A HORRIBLE SIGHT (OR ASPECT?) -
In Chapter Fifteen you will learn how to do the following:
1.
2.
3.
Infinitive:
Past: () (I built, I have built, I had built, etc.)
Future: * (I will build, etc.)
* The perfective future is formed by following the appropriate conjugation pattern of the verb. In this
case, the verb is second conjugation: , , () , ,
, .
Chapter 15
Perfective
In summary we have three tenses in Russian: present, past (with imperfective and perfective
forms) and future (with imperfective and perfective forms). You will notice that the various
forms of the past and future tenses correspond to a number of English tenses, and that the
approximate English translation cannot alone tell you which aspect to use. We will look at
how aspectual usage works after we have considered the classification of various imperfective and perfective pairs.
Classification of imperfective and perfective pairs*
(i)
(ii)
273
Aspectual usage
PAST
The imperfective aspect describes generalized or habitual actions in which the result is
incomplete or not established, or is otherwise of secondary importance to the process:
(i) continuous action
e.g. (I built the dacha for a whole year = I spent a
whole year building the dacha)
(ii) repeated action
e.g. (I often built / used to build dachas)
(iii) process
e.g. , (I was [in the process of] building the
dacha when my mother fell ill)
(iv) incomplete action (generalised description)
e.g. (yesterday I painted the fence and built
the dacha)
(v) result undetermined or in doubt
e.g. - ? (have you ever built a dacha?)
(vi) most negatives
e.g. (I have never built dachas)
The perfective aspect places strong emphasis on the completion of actions:
(i) definite result
e.g. () (I have/had [already] built / finished building the
dacha)
(ii) single event (on one occasion)
e.g. (I only once built a dacha)
FUTURE
The imperfective aspect again emphasizes generalized, incomplete and habitual actions:
(i) continuous action
e.g. (I will build the dacha over a whole year = I
will spend a whole year building the dacha)
(ii) repeated action
e.g. (I will always build dachas)
(iii) process
e.g. (I will [be in the process
of] build[ing] the dacha during the football match)
(iv) incomplete action (generalised description)
e.g. (I will build dachas all my life)
(v) result undetermined or in doubt
e.g. - ? (will you [ever] [be] build[ing]
dachas?)
(vi) negatives denoting a general state of affairs
e.g. (I will never [be] build[ing] dachas)
274
Chapter 15
The future perfective is used very commonly in statements and questions and does not
always place such strong emphasis on the completion of an action as the past perfective:
(i) definite result
e.g. (I will [finish] build[ing] the dacha)
(ii) single event (on one occasion)
e.g.
(this evening I will build a model aeroplane for my son)
(iii) negatives emphasising incompletion (of a specific task)
e.g. (I will never [finish] build[ing] the dacha)
Activity One -
Reading
Translate the following sentences into English and explain the use of
aspects, with the help of the vocabulary at the foot of the page.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1855 .
.
2000 .
.
.
.
7. .
8. .
9. : .
10. 1932 .
(coll.)
villa
railway
metro, underground
275
Activity Two -
Reading/Writing Answer the following questions in Russian.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
, ?*
?
( ), ?
?
, ?
* The third personal plural (without the pronoun ) is often used in colloquial Russian where English
might prefer a passive construction; e.g. , ? - when was the
house in which you live built?
Activity Three -
Reading/Writing Read the following passage, paying particular attention to the use
of verbal aspects. Then answer the questions below in English.
Points to consider:
1. Imperfective verbs are sometimes accompanied by adverbs such as (always), (some
times), (often), (rarely), (usually), (for a long time), / /
/ (every day / year / month / week).
2. The verbs - (to begin), - (to continue), -
(to finish) are always followed by imperfective infinitives.
3. The adverbs (suddenly), (unexpectedly), (immediately),
(all of a sudden) tend to be used with perfective verbs.
.
.
. - .
. ,
.
. , - .
. . ,
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
(I) / (II)
()
(I) / (II)
(+ acc)
-
276
once
Heart of a Dog
to discuss
he began to enjoy theatre
after finishing school
to go to (college etc.)
drama school
theatre is life itself
unexpectedly
studies
Philological Faculty
1. ?
_________________________________
( )
2. ?
_________________________________
( )
3. ?
_________________________________
( )
4. ?
_________________________________
( )
5. ?
_________________________________
( )
6. ?
_________________________________
( )
Chapter 15
Activity Four -
Reading/Speaking
Answer the questions below using the past tense of the
imperfective verbs given in brackets.
Activity Five -
Reading/Writing Put the verbs in brackets into the imperfective past and explain the
precise meaning of the forms used.
1.
, () .
2.
, () .
3.
() .
4.
() .
5.
() .
6.
() .
7.
() .
8.
(), ( ) .
9.
() , ()
.
10. () .
(I) / (II)
to check, mark
test
on (ones) days off
to visit a friend
annually, every year
(I) /
(, )
collective farm
to visit
before sleeping
housewife
277
Activity Six -
Speaking
Look at the pictures below and say what the people are doing now and
what they were doing yesterday, using the imperfective form of the verbs given in brackets.
()
()
()
( )
()
()
( )
()
()
(-) (, )
(I)
278
to cry
to cycle
(-) (, )
to laugh
1. - 9 .
- 9.30, .
Chapter 15
Activity Seven -
Writing/Speaking Complete the following dialogues, putting the second part of each
sentence into the perfective past. The verb forms are stated in the box below. The first one is
done for you.
2. - 11 .
- 11.30,
3. - 10 .
- 10.10,
4. - 5.30.
- 5.45,
5. - 12 .
- 17 ,
6. - 6 .
- 6.15,
7. - 2.20.
- 2.25,
8. - 10.15.
- 10.35,
9. - 5 .
- 5.05,
10. - 8 .
- 8.10,
11. - 10 .
- 10.40,
12. - 3 .
- 3.50,
Imperfective
Perfective
(past , )
English
to begin
to open
to close
to return
to set off
to end
to finish
to wake up
to go to bed
to meet (up)
279
Activity Eight -
Writing
Put the following sentences into the past tense, using appropriate phrases
such as , (the day before yesterday) and (last
Thursday).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
. .
.
.
Activity Nine -
Writing
Describe how you spent yesterday, using at least ten different verbs in the
past tense. The following list of verbs may help you.
/ (to wake up), / (to get up), (-) (to have
breakfast), / (to go), / (to go by transport), /
(to return), (-) (to watch, look at), (-) (to listen to), (-) (to
read), (-) (to have dinner/lunch), / (to rest), (-) (to have
supper), / (to go to bed), / (to fall asleep)
Activity Ten -
Speaking
Describe your daily routine using the present tense. The following
questions may help you.
?
(, )?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
280
meeting
morphology
the day after tomorrow
competition
academic day
Imp
Pf
Cases
(acc, / + acc)*
(acc, / + acc)
(acc, / + acc)
English
to stand, be standing
to lie, be lying
to lie, be lying
to hang, be hanging
to sit, be sitting
Imp
Chapter 15
Activity Eleven -
Writing
Look at the pictures below and describe Marinas morning routine using
the questions provided.
,
?
?
?
?
,
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
,
?
alarm clock
(-) (+ acc) to dream about
(+ dat) ...?
is it time for ?
A new ab initio Russian course
picture
pillow
(I) / (I) (+ acc) to be late for
281
Activity Twelve -
Reading/Writing/Listening Read the following text and put the appropriate verb in
brackets in its correct form. The basic conjugation patterns are given below as a reminder .
(Remember: there are two forms of the future - the perfective future and the imperfective
future, which emphasizes generalized, incomplete and habitual action, and is formed by
taking the appropriate person of the verb and adding the imperfective infinitive.) When
you have finished, listen to the answers on the tape.
( - ) . , (
- ) . ( - )
. , ( - )
. ( - ) , ( - )
( - ) .
, ( - ) .
, ( - ) .
( - ) , ( ) .
IMPERFECTIVE (PRESENT)
(, , , , , )
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, -, -, -, -,
-)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, , , , , )
PERFECTIVE (FUTURE)
(, , , , ,
)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, -, -, -, -,
-)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, -, -, -, -, -)
(, , , , , )
Activity Thirteen -
Speaking Answer the questions below, using words such as ,
, , , , , etc. The first
one is done for you.
1. - ?
- , .
2. - ?
3. - ?
4. - ?
5. - ?
6. - ?
7. - ?
8. - ?
9. - ?
10. - ?
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II)
282
rule
furthermore
to let (s.one) know in
advance
to fulfil, carry out
definitely
possibly
most likely
probably
it is unlikely
Chapter 15
Activity Fourteen -
Speaking Pairwork. Ask your partner about his/her plans for tomorrow, using the
questions given below. Then reverse roles.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
Activity Fifteen -
Reading/Writing Read the following account of how Yuri spent the previous day,
then imagine that he is predicting how he will spend the following day. Rewrite the passage in
the future tense, replacing the italicised verbs currently in the past tense. You should consult
the vocabulary list at the foot of the page. Begin with the adverb .
. , :
.
. 8.30 9.00 .
, .
. .
. ,
-.
: ,
. - 12 ,
.
(, ) /
(, )
() (I) / ()
(, )
(I) /
(, )
(II) / (,
)
(-) (II)
(-) (II)
(+ gen)
A new ab initio Russian course
to get up
to begin
to return
to go to bed
to cook, prepare
to boil, cook
during
(-) (III) (,
)
(I) /
(, )
(-) (II)
(I) /
(, )
(I) / (II)
(II) /
(, )
to talk, converse
(here:) to study
student canteen
to ring, telephone
to invite
to meet (up)
to spend (time)
283
Activity Sixteen -
Reading
Read the following childrens story by Tolstoy, paying particular
attention to the use of imperfective and perfective verbs. Then answer the questions
below, putting the verbs in their appropriate forms and indicating the aspect in brackets.
The first one is done for you.
(. )
. .
. .
. . *,
, . ** :
. . :
- , , - ?
:
- .
:
- , .
:
- - , . ,
, ,
. .
:
- , .
, .
* = (sitting room)
** = (she counted). Both words are now considered old-fashioned.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. ?
(-) (I)
()
c (I) / (II)
,
(-) (,
)
284
(pf) .
(I) / (II)
(-) (, -)
(I) /
(, )
(I) / (II)
(pf) (,
)
(pf) (,
)
just, at once
to swallow
to go pale
to die
to throw (away)
window
to begin to laugh
to begin to cry
GRAMMAR
Present
I am
you are
he is
she is
it is
we are
you are
they are
Past
()
()
Future
I will be
you will be
he will be
she will be
it will be
we will be
you will be
they will be
Chapter 15
Activity Seventeen - C
Writing Put the following sentences into the past tense. Remember that the
Instrumental is generally used after the past tense of the verb to be.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
, .
, - .
- .
IMPERFECTIVE
Present
Past
()
()
Future
I build, am building
you build, are building
he builds, is building
she builds, is building
we build, are building
you build, are building
they build, are building
I built, was building, used to build
you built, were building, used to build
he built, was building, used to build
she built, was building, used to build
we built, were building, used to build
you built, were building, used to build
they built, were building, used to build
I will build, will be building
you will build, will be building
he will build, will be building
she will build, will be building
we will build, will be building
you will build, will be building
they will build, will be building
PERFECTIVE
No present
Past
()
()
Future
285
Activity Eighteen -
Writing
Complete the following sentences using the appropriate form of the verb
or .
1.
2.
3.
4.
_____________ , .
_____________ .
_____________ .
_____________ ,
.
5. _____________,
.
6. _____________ , ,
.
7. _____________ .
8. _____________ .
9. _____________ .
10. - _____________ (future) ?
Activity Nineteen -
Writing/Speaking
Put the following sentences into () the past and () the future.
The first one is done for you.
1. .
() () .
() .
2. .
() ________________________________________________.
() ________________________________________________.
3. .
() ________________________________________________.
() ________________________________________________.
4. .
() ________________________________________________.
() ________________________________________________.
5. .
() ________________________________________________.
() ________________________________________________.
6. .
() ________________________________________________.
() ________________________________________________.
(pl)
286
/
(, )
(, )
(+ instr)
to wash (oneself)
policeman
to look after
1. ? - . -
.
2. ? - . - ___________ .
3. ? - . - ____________
.
4. ? - . - ____________ .
.
5. ? - . -
____________.
6. ? - . -
____________ .
7. ? - . - ____________
.
8. ? - . -
____________ .
9. ? - . - ____________ .
10. ? - .
____________ .
Chapter 15
Activity Twenty -
Writing/Speaking
Complete the following sentences, putting the verbs printed in
bold into an appropriate form. The first one is done for you.
Activity Twenty-One -
Speaking
Answer the questions below, using first the past tense and then the future
tense. The first one, which is done for you, provides the model.
1. - ?
- , .
- , .
2. - ?
- , _____________________________________________.
- , ____________________________________________.
3. - ?
- , _____________________________________________.
- , ____________________________________________.
4. - ?
- , _____________________________________________.
- , ____________________________________________.
5. - ?
- , ________________________ _____________________.
- , ____________________________________________.
(-) (II)
(-) (I)
(-) (II)
(-) (II)
(+ dat)
dictation
to repair
to play, walk
to learn
to prepare (oneself)
for
(I) / (II)
(, )
() (I) / ()
(, )
(I) / (II)
(, )
to buy
to open
to finish
287
6. - ?
- , ____________________________________ ________.
- , _____________________________________________.
7. - ?
- , _____________________________________________.
- , ____________________________________________.
8. - ?
- , _____________________________________________.
- , ____________________________________________.
9. - ?
- , _____________________________________________.
- , ________________________________________ ____.
10. - ?
- , _____________________________________________.
- , ____________________________________________.
Activity Twenty-Two -
Speaking/Writing Make up meaningful sentences by matching a phrase in column
with a phrase in column .
1. ,
...
2. , ...
3. ...
4. - ...
5.
, ...
6. ...
7. ...
8. ...
9.
...
10. - ...
11. ...
12. ,
...
13. ...
(I) / (I)
(-) (,
)
(+ dat)
(-) (II)
(I) /
(, )
288
to win
championship
to learn (how to)
to visit (s.one)
to call
entrance exam
(i) to meet, (ii) be
about (to), intend (to)
?
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 .
?
.
.
(I) /
(,
)
-
wtksq
(I) / (,
)
hall, foyer
to get better
once
whole
basket
to forget
( - ) . ( ) . ( - ) ,
. () , ( ) ( - ) . ( - )
- ( - ). (
- ) . ( - ) .
Chapter 15
Activity Twenty-Three -
Reading/Writing/Listening Read the following text and put the appropriate verb in
brackets in its correct form. When you have finished, listen to the answers on the tape.
to manage
to succeed in
to forget
e.g. - I managed to solve the difficult problem
- I will not succed in learning all the words
, , - he will probably forget to buy the salt
but - he forgets to turn off the light
The perfective infinitive is normally used after the following modal words:
, , , , , .
e.g. - I have to return to the dacha on Saturday
- we have to do the homework
- he ought to pay for the watch repair
- every student should buy a dictionary
- you must take the medicine
but - we have to eat
(I) / (,
)
(, ) / (,
)
(, )
(, ) /
(, )
to gather,
collect
to take
to look for
suitable
to make a camp
fire
(I) / (II)
(, ) /
(, )
/
(, )
(I) / (II)
to arrange
to sit down
to rest, relax
by evening
to recall
walk
289
Note that only the imperfective infinitive is possible when these modal words are used in the
negative:
- - I dont have to get angry over trifles
- he should not go so fast in the car
- she should not forget her parents
- - its not worth getting upset about failures
- theres no need to cry
Activity Twenty-Four -
Reading/Writing Fill in the gaps with the appropriate infinitive in brackets.
1. ___________ ( - ) .
2. __________ ( - ) .
3. ____________ ( - )
____________ ( - ) .
4. , ____________ ( - )
.
5. ___________ ( - ) .
6. ___________ ( - )
.
7. ___________ ( - ) ,
.
8. ____________ ( - )
.
9. ____________ ( - ) .
10. , ___________ ( ) .
The verbs to put, to lie, to sit, to hang etc.
To stand/put (something somewhere) - (-) (+ acc) / (+ acc)
(, , , , , )
(, , , , , )
To stand (= to be standing) - z
(, , , , , )
(II) /
(, )
(I) /
(, )
290
to go through,
(here:) to take
its not worth it for him
yoga
till now
to visit, to attend (classes)
(I) /
(, )
(-) (,
) (+ acc)
an ill person
to take, accept
on time
to be angry at
about trivia
Chapter 15
Activity Twenty-Five -
Reading/Writing Answer the questions below, denoting first placement (i.e. or
followed by the Accusative case) and then location (i.e. or followed by the
Prepositional case). The first one is done for you.
1. - () ?
- () .
- ?
- .
2. - ? ()
- __________________________________________________
- ?
- __________________________________________________
3. - ? ()
- __________________________________________________
- ?
- __________________________________________________
4. - () ? ()
- __________________________________________________
- ?
- __________________________________________________
5. - () ? ()
- __________________________________________________
- ?
- __________________________________________________
6. - ? ()
- __________________________________________________
- ?
- __________________________________________________
shelf
(mans) jacket
291
Chapter15
7. - ? ()
- __________________________________________________
- ?
- __________________________________________________
8. - ? ()
- __________________________________________________
- ?
- __________________________________________________
Activity Twenty-Six -
Reading/Writing Insert the correct form of the verbs - ,
- , - or , , , as appropriate.
1. - ____________ ?
- .. ____________
.
2. - ____________ ?
3. - ____________ .
- ___________ .
4. - ____________ .
- ____________ .
5. - ___________ .
- _________ .
6. - ____________ , ____________ .
7. - ____________ . ____________
.
8. - ____________ .
9. - ____________ ?
11. - ____________ .
(+ dat)
292
statue (of)
public garden
hanger
(entrance) hall
bread basket
housewife
kettle
stove
winter things
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER SIXTEEN -
IN THE TOWN -
Activity One -
Listening Listen to the recording of a guided coach tour around central St. Petersburg.
Indicate with a tick in the table below whether the various places mentioned are on the right
or the left of Nevsky Prospekt. The first one is done for you. Use the vocabulary list at the
foot of the page to help you.
Place
Nevsky Restaurant
Nevsky Palace Hotel
Souvenir shop
Grand Hotel Europe
Gostiny Dvor
Kazan Cathedral
The Admiralty
The Hermitage
On the right
On the left
Note: the adverbs yfktdj/yfghfdj are always used to indicate direction when they follow a verb. The
adverbs cktdf/cghfdf usually indicate location. However, they can also indicate movement from a
location or position:
jy bl/n yfktdj/yfghfdj
- he is going left/right
gjxnf yf[jlbncz cktdf/cghfdf - the post-office is on the left/right
vfibyf tltn cktdf/cghfdf
- the car is coming from the left/right
Note also the spelling of these adverbs: those beginning with - end in - (yfghfdj/yfktdj) and
those beginning with c- end in -f (cghfdf/cktdf).
Ytdcrbq ghjcgtrn
ukfdysq
yfktdj
yfghfdj
ghjtp;fnm (I) (imp) (+ acc)
htcnjhfy Ytdcrbq
lfkmit gj (+ dat)
cktdf (jn + gen)
cghfdf (jn + gen)
294
Nevsky Prospekt
main
to the left
to the right
to pass
Nevsky restaurant
further along
on/from/to the left (of)
on/from/to the right (of)
Ytdcrbq Gfkfc
pyfvtybnsq
eybdthcfkmysq vfufpby
Ujcnbysq ldjh
Rfpfycrbq cj,jh
ghzvj
Ldjhwjdfz gkjoflm
Flvbhfkntqcndj
hvbnf;
Nevsky Palace
famous
department store
Gostiny Dvor
Kazan Cathedral
straight on
Palace Square
The Admiralty
the Hermitage
Chapter 16
Activity Two -
Listening/Writing
Listen to the text from Activity One again and indicate whether
the following statements are True (G) or False (Y). Where you have put (Y) write out the
correct version in Russian. The first one is done for you.
Activity Three -
Writing/Speaking
Moving from Alexander Nevsky Square to Palace Square,
complete in Russian the partial map of Nevsky Prospekt below. Refer to Activities One and
Two for the necessary information, then play the role of a tourist guide and describe the
location of the places on the map during the return journey from Palace Square to Alexander
Nevsky Square.
295
Third-person plural
(jyb) hf,jnf-.n
(jyb) uekz-.n
(jyb) gjcnhj-zn
(jyb) ujdjh-zn
(jyb) gjcvjnh-zn
(jyb) yt djkye-.ncz
Stem
hf,jnfuekzgjcnhjujdjhgjcvjnhyt djkye-
Imperative
hf,jnfq(nt)
uekzq(nt)
gjcnhjq(nt)
ujdjhb(nt)
gjcvjnhb(nt)
yt djkyeq(cz/ntcm)
Activity Four -
Speaking Pairwork. Ask your partner to carry out the necessary action in the
following situations, choosing the appropriate imperative (formal or informal) in each case.
Use the model below as your guide, and reverse roles after each command.
nj jxtym bynthtcyfz rybuf^ nt,t ye;yj ghjxbnfnm t/&
nj jxtym bynthtcyfz rybuf^ ghjxbnfq t/&
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
* With the verbs jnrhsnm/pfrhsnm the vowel -- changes to -- in all personal forms; e.g. z jnrhj./
pfrhj.^ ns jnrhjtim/pfrhjtim^ jy/jyf jnrhjtn/pfrhjtn^ vs jnrhjtv/pfrhjtv^ ds jnrhjtnt/
pfrhjtnt^ jyb jnrhj.n/pfrhj.n& Hence the imperatives: jnrhjq(nt) / pfrhjq(nt)&
ntvyj
drk.xfnm (I) / drk.xbnm (II)
dsrk.xfnm (I) / dsrk.xbnm (II)
cdtn
leiyj
(gj-)cgtibnm (II)
296
it is dark
to switch on
to switch off
light
it is stuffy, close
to hurry up
(dp-)djkyjdfnmcz (III)
(djkye.cm^ djkyetimcz)
gjplyj
jltdfnmcz (I) / jltnmcz
(jltyecm^ jltytimcz) ntgkj
to worry
it is late
to put on warm
clothing
xbcnbnm
[hfybnm
yfrhsnm
gjkj;bnm
dfhbnm
- Useful tips
Chapter 16
Activity Five -
Reading/Writing/Listening Read the following text and fill in the gaps, forming the
appropriate imperative from the verbs given in the box below. Listen to the tape to check
your answers.
To improve* the taste and smell of coffee warm the coffee beans first .
To freshen up parsley put it into cold salty water for an hour.
To cut fresh bread easily warm the knife first.
To remove fruit stains use lemon juice.
To remove red wine stains use salt.
Always cool white wine in ice (yf kmle)&
* To express these instructions in Russian begin with xnj,s + infinitive (see Activity Five).
recjxtr
yfrhsdfnm (I) / yfrhsnm
(yfrhj.^ yfrhjtim) (+ acc,
+ instr)
[hfybnm (II) (imp)
ytghjphfxysq
vfck/yrf
hfpheifnm (I) / hfpheibnm (II)
(c-)dfhbnm (II) (+ acc)
gjlcjk/yfz djlf
(gj-)xthytnm (xthyt.^ xthyttim)
(gj-)xbcnbnm (xboe^ xbcnbim)
yth;fdt.ofz cnfkm (f)
gbnmtdfz cjlf
to preserve
to improve
smell
to warm, heat
coffee beans
to freshen up
parsley
to cut
to remove
fruit/wine stain
to use
to cool (down)
297
Activity Seven -
Reading/Writing Underline the imperatives in the following dialogues and write
down the infinitives from which they are formed. Read the dialogues in pairs.
1.
2.
3.
Activity Eight -
Speaking Role-play. You play the role of A and your partner plays B, then reverse
the roles. Use the ds form in the first dialogue and ns in the second dialogue.
A
1. Ask your partner how to get (on foot) to
Kazan Cathedral.
B
Give the following directions:
- walk straight on, then turn left at the traffic
lights, and walk up Nevsky Prospekt for about
500 meteres
- say that your partner will see the Cathedral on
the left.
ghj[j;bq
gjdjhfxbdfnm (I) / gjdthyenm
(gjdthye^ gjdthy/im)
cdtnjajh
gtht[jlbnm (II) / gthtqnb
(gthtqle^ gthtql/im) (+ acc)
cghfdf jn dfc
ds yt (gjl)crf;tnt (vyt) &&&
rfr ghjqnb (pf) r (+ dat) &&&$
vbkbwbjyth
298
passer-by
to turn
traffic lights
to cross
on your right
could you tell me ...
how do I get to &&&$
policeman
cnfywbz vtnhj
yf,tht;yfz rfyfkf
ghj[jlbnm (II) / ghjqnb
(ghjqle^ ghjql/im) gj (+ dat)
pyfxbn
rfr ljt[fnm (pf) lj (+ gen)
cjqnb (pf) c (+ gen)
xthtp nhb jcnfyjdrb
yf njq ;t cnjhjyt
gthtl cj,jq
metro station
bank of the canal
to walk along
so, then
how do I get to &&&$
to get off
after three stops
on the same side
ahead of oneself
gjl (under)
yfl (over/above)
vt;le (between/among)
gthtl (in front of)
hzljv c (next/near to)
pf (behind/at)
gjl cnjkjv
yfl rhjdfnm.
vt;le ljvfvb
gthtl ljvjv
hzljv c ybv
pf cfljv / pf cnjkjv
Chapter 16
The following prepositions require the Instrumental case of the noun and indicate location or place:
Activity Nine -
Writing
Look at the pictures below and fill in the gaps with the appropriate
preposition. The first one is done for you.
299
Activity Ten -
Listening/Writing Listen to the tape and fill in the missing details in Russian on the
map given below. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
Activity Eleven -
Speaking Look at the picture and describe it in Russian. Use Activity Ten as a
model.
gfhbrvf[thcrfz
ntktajy-fdnjvfn
crdth
gjcthtlbyt (+ gen)
ajynfy
300
hairdressers
public telephone
small public garden
in the middle
fountain
gfvznybr (+ dat)
cfljdfz crfvtqrf
gjlptvysq gtht[jl
ufptnysq rbjcr
fgntrf
monument to
garden bench
pedestrian subway
newspaper stall
chemist
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 16
Both the above examples are hypothetical, i.e. they suggest that the necessary circumstances do not or did not
pertain. There is another type of conditional construction which describes a real situation which may occur:
e.g. tckb gjujlf [jhjifz^ jy uekznm - if the weather is fine he will go for a walk
Note: in English the verb in this type of conditional clause is normally used in the present tense (even when
referring to the future), whereas in Russian it is always in the future tense.
Activity Twelve -
Reading Read the following extract from a childrens poem (Superstitions). Note
the use of the word tckb and decide which of the two conditional constructions (real or
hypothetical) it indicates.
(. )
Cj,bhfzcm yf rpfvty^
Dfkz ujdjhbkf%
- Tckb njkmrj gfktw vfvby
Jreyenm d xthybkf^
If on my way to school
I dont see a single cat
Or notice it in time
And turn from its path,
301
Activity Thirteen -
Writing The following sentences describe some common Russian superstitions which
portend either good or bad luck. Complete each one using the verb in brackets in the future
tense and suggest an English translation below.
1.
2&
3&
4.
5.
Activity Fourteen -
Reading/Speaking Which of the following Russian superstitions do you think bring
good or bad luck? (Your teacher will tell you whether you are right or wrong.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Activity Fifteen -
Listening Listen to the following six conditional instructions and fill in the table below,
using the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you. The first one is done for you.
1
2
3
4
5
6
pfibdfnm (I) / pfibnm
(pfim.^ pfim/im)
ytcrjkmrj (+ gen)
vjytnf
gjljk
gjlrkflrf
(+ dat) (gj-)dtp/n
hfp,bdfnm (I) /hfp,bnm
(hfpj,m.^ hfpj,m/im)
pthrfkj
302
Lf
to sew in
some, a few
coin
hem
lining
(to be) lucky
to break
mirror
to spit
to spill (dry
substances)
sentence
shoulder
put a sign
draw a circle
circle
tick ()
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Chapter 16
Activity Sixteen -
Listening/Writing Listen twice to the recording and fill in the missing words in the
captions below. Then identify which caption goes with which picture. The first one is done
for you.
Tckb
Tckb
Tckb
Tckb
Tckb
Tckb
Tckb
,s ns ghbi/k hfymit^
,s z evtk ujdjhbnm gj-ytvtwrb^
,s ns gjpdjybk^
,s Fynjy yt tk ptk/yst z,kjrb^
,s jctym. xfcnj ikb lj;lb^
,s d b.kt yt ,skj pfce[b^
,s vfibyf ,skf yjdjq^
to wither
to get lost
303
Activity Eighteen -
Writing/Speaking Look at the following pictures and write a short story describing
what happens. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you. Then retell the
story using the conditional mood, as in the model below the pictures.
304
to be nervous
to fall asleep
to take sleeping pills
to oversleep
to make it in time
for
wallet
to throw (s.one)
out of the taxi
The subjunctive is used to indicate a wish or desire for someone else to do something; e.g. I want you
to phone me. In Russian it is expressed by a construction consisting of a main clause and a subordinate
clause with + the past tense of the verb: z [jxe^ xnj,s ns gjpdjybk vyt& Remember: xnj,s is
never used with the present or future tense.
The construction + past tense is also used to express the purpose of an action if the two clauses
of the sentence have different subjects; e.g. z gjpdjy. vfvt^ xnj,s jyf ghbikf d gznm xfcjd - I
will phone my mother, so that she comes at five oclock.
Chapter 16
If the two clauses have the same subject, is followed by an infinitive (you have already met this
construction in Activities Five and Six); e.g. jyf gjikf yf gjxne^ xnj,s regbnm vfhrb - she went to
the post office to buy some stamps.
Activity Nineteen -
Listening/Writing Listen to the recording in which you will hear requests for people
to carry out various actions. Rephrase these requests using the construction with xnj,s +
past tense. The first one is done for you.
1. Jyf [jxtn^ xnj,s Vfhbyf pfrhskf jryj&
2. Jy [jxtn^ xnj,s
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Activity Twenty -
Writing Imagine that you are writing a plan for the day ahead, based on visiting any
ten of the places and people listed in the box below. You should specify in each case where
you have to go and provide a reason why, but you do not have to stick to the order in which
they are listed.
Ctujlyz vyt ye;yj c[jlbnm d vfufpby^ xnj,s regbnm [kt, b hs,e&
Note: other common verb constructions which you might use include gjqnb / gjt[fnm d (+ acc), (to go
to), pfqnb d (+ acc) (to call in to), pfqnb r (+ dat) (to call in on [s.one]), pfqnb pf (+ instr) (to call in for,
to collect), dthyenmcz d (+ acc) (to return to), gjujdjhbnm c (+ instr) (to have a word with), gjvjxm
(+ dat) (to help [s.one]), pf,hfnm ltntq bp irjks (to pick up the children from school), dcnhtnbnmcz
c (to meet [s.one]) and gjuekznm (to go for a stroll).
VFUFPBY
EYBDTHCBNTN
GJKBRKBYBRF CNFLBJY
<FCCTQY
LHEPMZ
IRJKF
<B<KBJNTRF FGNTRF
RFAT
GJXNF HTCNJHFY CJCTLB GFHR WTHRJDM
(gj-)vjkbnmcz (II)
to pray
305
Activity Twenty-One -
Speaking Refer to your plan from Activity Twenty and imagine that you are too busy
to do any of the things listed. Leave an ansaphone message to your friend, asking him/her to
carry out any five of the tasks for you. Use the model below as a guide.
Z ,s [jntk(f)^ xnj,s ns c[jlbk(f) d vfufpby b regbk(f) [kt, b hs,e&
GRAMMAR
HOW TO FORM THE IMPERATIVE
The imperative mood in Russian has special forms only for the second person singular - the familiar
imperative (the ns form) and for the second person plural - the formal imperative (the ds form). The first
person plural imperative (the vs form, ns + z) is expressed by the corresponding forms of the present
tense or the perfective future (always without the pronoun); e.g. bl/v! (lets go!). The ending - is
added to such forms when the first person implies ds (ds + z); e.g. bl/vnt! The first person plural
imperative may also be formed by adding lfdfq/lfdfqnt to the corresponding forms of the present
tense or the perfective future; e.g. lfdfq/nt (,eltv) xbnfnm or lfdfq/nt gjxbnftv! (lets read!). The
third person imperative is expressed by the particle gecnm (colloquially also gecrfq) and the third
person singular or plural of the present tense or the perfective future; e.g. gecnm (jy/jyf) cgbn (let him/
her sleep), gecnm (jyb) cgzn (let them sleep).
The formal imperative is formed by adding - to the ns form of the imperative.
The ns imperative is formed from imperfective and perfective verbs in the following ways:
1. by adding - to the present/future stem of verbs ending in a vowel
Infinitive
xbnfnm
cnhjbnm
Third person
plural
xbnf-.n
cnhj-zn
Stem
xbnfcnhj-
Informal
imperative
xbnfq
cnhjq
Formal
imperative
xbnfqnt
cnhjqnt
Note:
a) the imperatives of the verbs with the suffix -fdf are formed by adding -q to the stem of the
infinitive; e.g. lfdfnm > lfdf- > lfdfq(nt)^ dcnfdfnm > dcnfdf- > dcnfdfq(nt)*
b) the verb gbnm has the imperative gtq(nt). Other monosyllabic verbs with -- form their imperatives
in the same way: ibnm (to sew) > itq(nt)^ kbnm (to pour) > ktq(nt)^ ,bnm (to beat) > ,tq(nt) etc.
2.
by adding - to the present/future stem of verbs which end in a consonant and have mobile or final
syllable stress.
Third person
plural
gi-en
cghc-zn
Stem
gicghc-
Informal
imperative
gbi
cghjc
Formal
imperative
gbint
cghjcnt
Stem
imperative
ujdjh-
Informal
imperative
ujdjh
Formal
306
Third person
plural
ujdjh-n
ujdjhnt
Infinitive
hpfnm
,snm
Third person
plural
h;-en
,l-en
Stem
h;,l-
Informal
imperative
h;m
,lm
Formal
imperative
h;mnt
,lmnt
Chapter 16
3. by adding - to the present/future stem of verbs which end in a single consonant and have fixed
stress on the stem
307
Sometimes this negative perfective imperative is used with cvjnhb/nt! (mind ...); e.g. cvjnhb^
yt egflb! - mind you dont fall!.
USE OF OTHER FORMS OF VERBS AS IMPERATIVES
1. The infinitive is commonly used to express strict instructions or abrupt commands
dcnfnm! - get up!
cbltnm nb[j! - sit quietly!
cktljdfnm pf vyjq! - follow me!
cnjznm cvbhyj! - stand still!
yt rehbnm! - do not smoke!
gj ufpjyfv yt [jlbnm! - do not walk on the grass!
herfvb yt nhjufnm! - do not touch!
yt ghbckjyznmcz r ldthzv! - do not lean against the doors!
yt cjhbnm! - no litter!
yt ievtnm! - quiet please!
2. The future perfective forms may be used to express categorical commands
ns gjql/im b hfccrf;tim bv dc/^ rfr ,skj! - you will go and tell them everything that
happened!
ns cltkftim nj dj xnj ,s nj yb cnfkj! - you will do it whatever happens!
ds ybrelf yt gjql/nt! - you are not going anywhere!
jyb yt gjtlen r dfv! - they are not going to visit you!
3. Subjunctive constructions may be used to express a suggestion or a mild command
gjt[fk ,s ns r ytq - you really ought to go and see her
gjvbhbkbcm ,s ds! - you two ought to make it up
yfgbcfkf ,s ns tve - you should write to him
yt rehbk ,s ns - you should give up smoking
308
yfcnjzobq
wtqkjycrbq
(gj-)ghj,jdfnm (III)
yfcnhfbdfnmcz (I) /
yfcnhjbnmcz (II) yf (+ acc)
real
Ceylon
to taste, try
to be tuned into
kexitt
gtyyjt gbdj
yf cdtnt
cxfcnmt
nfhfym (f)
Chapter 16
Activity Twenty-Two -
Reading/Writing Read the following advertisements from a Russian magazine and
identify all the imperative forms included in them. Then write down the infinitives from which
the imperatives were formed and list any other possible imperatives. Use the vocabulary list
at the foot of the page to help you.
309
Activity Twenty-Three -
Reading/Writing Read the following advertisement for spring water. Underline all
the imperative forms that you can find. Complete the table after the advertisement.
BYCNHERWBZ GJ GJKMPJDFYB> RK>XTDJQ DJLJQ
CDZNJQ BCNJXYBR
dthnbrfkmyjt gjkj;tybt
gkjnyj
ghj,rf
ghjnbd xfcjdjq cnhtkrb
k.,fz gjl[jlzofz
/vrjcnm (f)
310
upright position
tightly
top
anti-clockwise
any suitable
container
ghtldfhbntkmyj
rk.xtdfz djlf
ghjwtlehf
ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb
Cdznjq Bcnjxybr
gj vtht ytj,[jlbvjcnb
beforehand
spring water
procedure
if necessary
Holy Spring
as necessary
gjl (under)
yfl (over/above)
vt;le (between/among)
gthtl (in front of)
hzljv c (next/near to)
pf (behind/at, on the other side, beyond)
gjl cnjkjv
yfl rhjdfnm.
vt;le ljvfvb
gthtl ljvjv
hzljv c ybv
pf cfljv / pf cnjkjv
pf vjcnjv
pf htrjq
Chapter 16
The following prepositions require the Instrumental case of the noun and indicate location or place:
Remember: the above prepositions (except yfl and gthtl) require the Accusative case when used after
verbs of motion to indicate movement somewhere; e.g. t[fnm p ujhjl - to go to the country (literally:
out of town); ctcnm pf cnjk - to sit down at the table; t[fnm pf uhfybwe - to go abroad.
Note: the preposition vt;le very occasionally requires the Genitive case (in idiomatic phrases and
poetic speech); e.g. xbnfnm vt;le cnhjr - to read between the lines; vt;le lde[ juytq - between
the devil and the deep blue sea (literally: between two fires) .
The following common prepositional phrases with the Instrumental case may prove useful:
gjl herjq
gjl yjcjv
gjl lj;l/v
gjl ujhjq
gjl eukjv
gjl Vjcrdjq
yfl ujkjdjq
yfl ehjdytv vjhz
hf,jnfnm yfl xtv-nj
cvtznmcz yfl rtv-nj/xtv-nj
p ujhjljv
pf uhfybwtq
pf hek/v
pf pfdnhfrjv
pf eukjv
close at hand
near by, right in front (of)
in the rain
at the bottom of the hill
at an angle
near Moscow
overhead
above sea level
to work on something
to laugh at someone/something
a major problem faces us
in the country
abroad
at the wheel (of a vehicle)
at breakfast
round the corner
sequence
jyb eikb jlby pf lheubv - they left one after another
involvement in an activity
ghjdjlbnm dtxth pf buhjq d rfhns - to spend an evening playing cards
the pursuit of an object
uyfnmcz pf djhjv - to chase a thief
A new ab initio Russian course
311
Activity Twenty-Four -
Reading Read the following childrens poem and identify all the phrases which use a
preposition taking the Instrumental case.
ULT JXRB$ (C& Vb[fkrjd)
- Xnj cnhzckjcm e n/nb Dfkb$
- E yt/ jxrb ghjgfkb!
Activity Twenty-Five -
Speaking Group work. Split into two groups. Group A hides an object somewhere
in the room (e.g. a pen under the book, behind the television set, under the desk etc.). Group
B then tries to locate the object by asking questions using the appropriate preposition plus
the Instrumental case. The groups then reverse roles. Each group may ask a maximum of
six questions. The group which finds the hidden object with the least number of questions is
the winner.
312
In English and Russian there are two types of conditional constructions. The first type describes a situation which
may occur; e.g. tckb gjujlf [jhjifz^ jy uekznm - if the weather is fine he will go for a walk.
Note that in English the verb in a conditional clause is normally used in the present tense (even when referring to
the future), whereas in Russian it is always in the future tense. The second type describes a situation which is
hypothetical; e.g. tckb ,s gjujlf [jhjifz^ jy uekznm - if the weather had been fine he would
have gone for a walk. Statements of this type are in the conditional mood. They suggest that the opposite situation
has occurred (i.e. the weather is not fine).
Chapter 16
Activity Twenty-Six -
Reading Read the following childrens poem and underline all the constructions used
in the conditional mood.
(. )
Rf,s htrb b jp/hf
Ckbnm ,s d jpthj jlyj^
F [tckb ,s] bp dct[ lthtdmtd ,jhf
Cltkfnm [,s] lthtdj jlyj^
Note: the words are sometimes omitted when more than one conditional construction is implied, as in
lines 3 and 4, above& The particle is often reduced to in colloquial Russian; e.g. z gjt[fk d jngecr^ tckb
e vtyz ,skb ltymub - I would go on holiday, if I had the money. is a colloquial equivalent of and
is also used in folk poetry and sayings; e.g. tckb ,s lf rf,s - if ifs and ans were pots and pans.
Activity Twenty-Seven -
Writing Translate the following into English.
1.
2.
3.
313
4.
5.
6.
7.
The subjunctive in Russian is expressed by a construction consisting of a main clause and a subordinate clause with + past tense of the verb: z [jxe^ - I want you to leave&
Remember: is never used with the present or future tense.
It frequently indicates a wish or desire for someone else to do (or not to do) something. Desirability or
undesirability in a main clause can be expressed in various ways:
a) by using verbs such as (-), (to insist), , / (to insist),
/ (to warn), (-) (to demand), etc.
jyf ^ xnj,s z regbk [kt, - she told me to buy bread
jy (yf njv)^ xnj,s z yt gkfnbk - he insisted that I did not pay
z tuj^ xnj,s jy yt jgfplsdfk - I warned him not to be late
jy ^ xnj,s ghbytckb cx/n - he demanded that they bring the bill
b) by using other words such as (it is better), (the main thing is), (it
is important), (it is desirable), (in favour of), (against), etc.
^ xnj,s jy ghbi/k d ldf xfcf - it would be better if he came at two oclock
^ xnj,s ns ,sk pljhjd - the main thing is that you are healthy
^ xnj,s jyf ghbybvfkf ktrfhcndj - it is important that she take her medicine
^ xnj,s ds rehbkb - it is not desirable for you to smoke
z ^ xnj,s vs gjt[fkb yf vjht - I am in favour of our going to the sea
jy njuj^ xnj,s ns gbcfk 'nj gbcmvj - he is against your writing this letter
The construction + past tense is also used to express the purpose of an action if the two clauses
of the sentence have different subjects:
z gjpdjy. vfvt^ xnj,s jyf ghbikf d gznm xfcjd - I will phone my mother, so that she
comes at five oclock
jyf gjikf yf gjxne^ xnj,s regbnm vfhrb - she went to the post office to buy stamps
Activity Twenty-Eight -
Writing Translate the following into Russian.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
314
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN -
BON VOYAGE! - !
In Chapter Seventeen you will learn how to do the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
reflexive verbs
numerals in oblique cases
unidirectional and multidirectional verbs of motion
compound verbs of motion
Activity One -
Listening Listen to the dialogues and tick in the table below if the time of day
mentioned in each case is a.m. or p.m.
1
2
3
4
5
6
a.m.
p.m.
Note: the 24-hour clock is often used in contexts such as rail and flight times, the radio, television, films
etc.; e.g. 20 xfcjd = 8 p.m. If a specific time is mentioned, use the Genitive case of the day; e.g. 8 xfcjd
enhf - 8 a.m., 8 xfcjd dtxthf - 8 p.m. In Russian the day is broken down as follows:
1, 2, 3 xfcf yxb
1, 2, 3 oclock at night
Remember to use the forms enhjv^ ly/v^ dtxthjv^ yjxm. if a specific time is not mentioned.
jnghfdkznmcz (I) /
jnghfdbnmcz (jnghfdk.cm^
jnghfdbimcz) yf (+ acc)
316
'ktrnhbxrf
local train
Vjcrdf C&-Gtnth,ehu
Vjcrdf Rbtd
Vjcrdf Hbuf
Vjcrdf <thkby
gjy&
dn&
23. 00
ch&
xn&
12. 00
6. 00
ce,&
djcrh&
gkfnajhvf
5. 00
5. 00
9. 00
9. 00
24. 00
01. 00
15. 00
6. 00
gzny&
6. 00
Chapter 17
Activity Two -
Reading/Writing Read the train timetable given below and indicate whether the
following statements are True (G) or False (Y). Where you have put Y write out the correct
version in Russian. The first one is done for you.
platform
gjkyjxm (f)
midnight
gjkltym (m)
afternoon
317
REFLEXIVE VERBS
You have already met reflexive verbs in Chapter Nine and Chapter Fifteen, in particular . You learned how
to conjugate them and how to form the past tense. Some common verbs only have a reflexive form; e.g.
yhfdbnmcz^ pljhjdfnmcz^ cvtznmcz^ eks,fnmcz&
Many other verbs have reflexive and non-reflexive forms; e.g. jnghfdkznm/jnghfdkznmcz^ pfrhsdfnm/
pfrhsdfnmcz^ jnrhsdfnm/jnrhsdfnmcz^ etc. The particle - changes a transitive verb (one which
takes a direct object) into an intransitive verb (which does not take a direct object).
Compare:
z jnrhsk(f) ldthm
ldthm jnrhskfcm
For more details on the uses of reflexive verbs see the Grammar section.
Activity Four -
Reading/Speaking
Read the following text and fill in the gaps, choosing the
appropriate form of a reflexive or non-reflexive verb from the box below.
jnrhsdfnm/jnrhsdfnmcz
pfrhsdfnm/pfrhsdfnmcz
yfxbyfnm/yfxbyfnmcz
pfrfyxbdfnm/pfrfyxbdfnmcz
<jkmibycndj* vfufpbyjd d Vjcrdt
d 8 bkb 9 xfcjd enhf b
d 8 bkb 9 xfcjd d txthf& Ytrjnjhst vfufpbys
yf j,tl c xfce lj lde[ xfcjd lyz&
Rhegyst htcnjhfys j,sxyj
yf j,tl c ldtyflwfnb lj
xtnsh/[ xfcjd lyz b gjnjv
lj ctvb xfcjd dtxthf& Jyb cyjdf
cdjb ldthb d 7 xfcjd dtxthf b
b[ d gjkyjxm&
Gjxnf j,sxyj
xfcjd dtxthf&
d 9 xfcjd enhf b
d 6 bkb 7
d 19&30&
d 6 xfcjd enhf b
d xfc yjxb&
hf,jne d 6 xfcjd enhf
* The noun ,jkmibycndj is followed by a singular verb; e.g. ,jkmibycndj ,fyrjd jnrhsdftncz
d 9&30 enhf - the majority of banks open at 9.30 a.m.
rhegysq
ctfyc
318
large
showing (of a film)
cgtrnfrkm (m)
djlbntkm (m)
To read the opening times in each advertisement you will need to know the Genitive case of numerals
after the prepositions c (from) and lj (until). For all numerals ending in - simply remove the soft sign
and replace it with -b; e.g. gznm xfcjd - c gznb xfcjd (from five oclock), ldtyflwfnm xfcjd - lj
ldtyflwfnb xfcjd (until twelve oclock). The Genitive forms of jlby^ ldf^ nhb and xtnsht are as
follows: jlyjuj^ lde[^ nh/[ and xtnsh/[. In the phrase from one oclock the numeral is usually
omitted in colloquial Russian; e.g. c xce& For more details on numerals in oblique cases see the Grammar section.
I.
WTYNH UJVTJGFNBXTCRJQ
VTLBWBYS
Chapter 17
Activity Five -
Reading/Speaking Read the following newspaper cuttings which advertise various
services and then answer in Russian the questions which accompany each advertisement.
Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
j,]zdktybb$
2& Rfr vj;yj gjkexbnm
byajhvfwb.$
3& Gj rfrbv lyzv hf,jnftn
'njn wtynh$
4& Rjulf jy jnrhsdftncz b
pfrhsdftncz$
5& Rjulf yfxbyftncz b
pfrfyxbdftncz gththsd yf j,tl$
ujvtjgfnbxtcrbt
ghtgfhfgns
htrkfvbhjdfnm(cz) (III)
(htrkfvbhe.(cm)^
htrkfvbhetim(cz))
j,]zdktybt
njdfhs
A new ab initio Russian course
homeopathic cures
to (be) advertize(d)
advertisement
goods
'ktrnhjybrf
abhvtyysq vfufpby
ds[jlyjq; ds[jlyst
gj rfrbv lyzv &&&$
gththsd yf j,tl
c &&& gj (gznybwe)
electrical appliances
shop (selling only one brand
of goods)
day off; weekend
on which days ?
lunch break
from ... (through) to (Friday)
319
dnjhjuj
one
two
five
ten
fifteen/quarter past
twenty
twenty-five
half
one
2. In the second half-hour after the full hour, the time is expressed as without five, ten, fifteen minutes
etc. one, two, three (o'clock) etc.; e.g. ,tp gznb ldf - five to two (literally, without five minutes
two). Note that the cardinal numeral in the Nominative case is used for the hour:
,tp ldflwfnb gznb (vbyen)
,tp ldflwfnb (vbyen)
,tp gznyflwfnb/,tp xtndthnb
,tp ltcznb (vbyen)
,tp gznb (vbyen)
,tp lde[ vbyen
,tp jlyjq vbyens
ldf
twenty-five (minutes) to
twenty (minutes) to
quarter to
ten (minutes) to
five (minutes) to
two minutes to
one minute to
two
Note:
a) in colloquial Russian gjkjdbyf is often replaced by gjk-; e.g. gjkdnjhjuj^ gjknhtnmtuj
b) vbyen may be omitted in ldflwfnm gznm (vbyen) dnjhjuj; in other phrases vbyens/vbyen must
be included; e.g. ldflwfnm xtnsht vbyens dnjhjuj; ltcznm vbyen dnjhjuj
c) to answer the question rjulf &&&$ simply add d at the beginning of the phrase which indicates the time
between the hour and half hour; e.g. d ltcznm vbyen dnjhjuj - at ten past one. Do not forget to use
gjkjdbyf in the Prepositional case; e.g. d gjkjdbyt dnjhjuj - at half past one (but d gjkdnjhjuj!)&
The phrases which indicate the time after the half hour do not require d; e.g. ,tp ltcznb ldf - at ten to
two.
Activity Six -
Reading/Speaking/Listening Pairwork. Read the Russian TV guide below and
listen to the TV presenter reading the guide using the 24 hour clock. Ask your partner when
various programmes start and finish using the 12 hour clock. Take it in turns to ask questions,
using the model below as a guide.
GHJUHFVVF RFYFKF ND6 VJCRDF
320
7.00
7.10 -
7.40
8.10
8.20
8.25
!
8.45
9.00
9.10
9.20 !
17.35 -
17.55
!
18.10
18.20
18.35
18.50
II, 9- -10-
19.55
20.05 - :
21.00
21.15 6
You have already met two of these verbs in Chapter Three: blnb (to go on foot) and t[fnm (to go by
transport). There are twelve more verbs which express different types of motion (therefore fourteen in all);
e.g. ,t;fnm (to run), ktntnm (to fly), gksnm (to swim, float) etc. You will find the full list of verbs of
motion in the Grammar section.
Each of the fourteen types of motion is actually represented in Russian by two imperfective verbs, making
fourteen pairs in all; e.g. to go on foot is expressed by the pair blnb/[jlbnm and to go by transport is
expressed by the pair t[fnm/tplbnm& In each pair the first verb expresses movement in one direction only
and is called a unidirectional verb. The second verb expresses movement in more than one direction and
is called a multidirectional verb.
Chapter 17
Verbs of motion
vs plbv
ds plbnt
jyb plzn
Activity Seven -
Reading/Writing/Listening Read the dialogue below and fill in the gaps choosing the
unidirectional verb t[fnm or the multidirectional verb tplbnm. Use them in the appropriate
form. Listen to the tape to check your answers.
1-
2-
1-
2-
1-
2-
1-
2-
1-
2-
1-
Lj,hsq ltym&
Plhfdcndeqnt& Vs c dfvb cjctlb gj regt&
Lf^ yfv ,eltn dtctktt _______________&
F ds relf _______________$
Z _______________ d Vjcrde^ ds nj;t$
Ytn^ z _______________ d Vbycr&
Pyfxbn^ vs ,eltv _______________ dvtcnt njkmrj xtnsht xfcf&
Ds xfcnj _______________ d Vjcrde$
Lf^ z _______________ d Vjcrde gznm-itcnm hfp d ujl&
Nfr xfcnj$ Ds^ yfdthyjt^ _______________ gj ltkfv$
Lf^ z _______________ d rjvfylbhjdrb& F ds ;bd/nt d Vbycrt
bkb nj;t _______________ d rjvfylbhjdre$
2- - Z nj;t ______________ d rjvfylbhjdre& J,sxyj z ______________
d Vjcrde^ yj d 'njv ujle yfif abhvf jnrhskf abkbfk d Vbycrt&
Levf.^ xnj ntgthm vyt ye;yj ,eltn xfcnj ____________ d Vbycr&
1- - Cnhfyyj^ xnj d yfitv regt ______________ njkmrj ldf xtkjdtrf&
Hfymit nhelyj ,skj regbnm ,bktn yf 'njn gjtpl^ f ntgthm
,bktns tcnm dctulf&
2- - Lf^ ntgthm k.lb _______________ vfkj^ ,bktns jxtym ljhjubt&
cjctlb gj regt
(n indeclinable)
yfv ,eltn dtctktt
gj ltkfv
rjvfylbhjdrf
abkbfk
on business
business trip
branch
321
Activity Eight -
Listening/Speaking Listen to the dialogues and tick the boxes which show the usual
way of going to work and the actual method used today. In each case indicate the time taken
for the journey. Then reconstruct the dialogues with your partner using the information from
the table and the appropriate forms of the verbs chosen.
lbfkju
1
2
blnb - [jlbnm
j,sxyj
ctujlyz
dhtvz
t[fnm - tplbnm
j,sxyj ctujlyz
dhtvz
Activity Nine -
Reading/Speaking Look at the train timetable below and then answer the questions
in Russian.
HFCGBCFYBT LDB:TYBZ GJTPLJD
yfghfdktybt
gjtplf
Vjcrdf - CfyrnGtnth,ehu
Vjcrdf - Rbtd
Vjcrdf - Dbkmy.c
Vjcrdf - Dfhifdf
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
11&
12&
dhtvz
ghb,snbz
8& 30
lyb ytltkb
651
dhtvz
jnghfdktybz
24& 00
303
526
260
12& 45
23& 30
9& 00
11& 25
7& 40
24& 00
t;tlytdyj
* While the movement of people on vehicles is expressed by t[fnm - tplbnm^ the movement of the
vehicles themselves (trains, buses, trams, trolleybuses and cars) is normally expressed by blnb - [jlbnm&
Activity Ten -
Reading Read the following Aeroflot advertisement and answer the questions given
below in English. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the next page to help you.
crjkmrj dhtvtyb pfybvftn
ljhjuf yf vfibyt / gtirjv$
xeltcysq
yfghfdktybt
dhtvz jnghfdktybz
322
dhtvz ghb,snbz
Dbkmy.c
Dfhifdf
arrival time
Vilnius (capital of
Lithuania)
Warsaw
Chapter 17
.
:
, , -
(
)
USD
SU 721
08.15
15.30
.,.,
SU 722
17.10
18.30
186 340
.,.,. SU 723
21.30
12.15+1
.,.,. SU 724
15.15
16.30
534 762
20.15
21.35
15
22.25
23.40
89 127
.,.,.
.- .,.,.
.
15
SU 731
SU 732
-1
, - .
.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
gjk/n
dyenhb (+ gen)
djpleiyjt cjj,otybt
dsktn
ghbk/n
dsgjkyznm(-cz) (I) /
dsgjkybnm(-cz) (II)
fdbfkfqyth
A new ab initio Russian course
flight
inside
air communications
departure (flying)
arrival (flying)
to carry out, be carried
out
passenger aircraft
j,cke;bdfybt
gthdsq/,bpytc-/
'rjyjvbxtcrbq rkfcc
ghtlecvjnhtys (pl)
cnsrjdrf
d njv xbckt
cnhfys <fknbb
nehfutycndj
service
first/business/economy
class
are provided for
connection
including
the Baltic States
travel agency
323
Activity Eleven -
Speaking Look at the advertisement from Activity Ten again and answer the
following questions in Russian.
1&
2&
3&
4&
* You have already met the multidirectional verb ktnfnm (to fly) in Chapter Four. Its unidirectional pair
is ktntnm& The conjugation of this verb is as follows:
z ktx
ns ktnim
jy/jyf/jyj ktnn
vs ktnv
ds ktnnt
jyb ktnn
Activity Twelve -
Reading/Writing/Listening Read the dialogue below and fill in the gaps choosing
the appropriate form of either the unidirectional verb ktntnm or the multidirectional verb
ktnfnm& Listen to the tape to check your answers.
324
departure lounge
to keep an eye
on belongings
to return
youre welcome
ntgthm tcnm^
now I have
xnj gjxbnfnm
something to read
jngecr
holiday, leave
vs c ;tyjq
my wife and I
j,]zdkznm (I) / j,]zdbnm (II) to announce
gjcflrf
boarding
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
You will need to know how to say in Russian to depart and to arrive when flying. Add the prefixes (to indicate departure) or - (to indicate arrival) to the appropriate verb ktntnm or ktnfnm& The newly
formed verbs dsktnnm - dktntnm^ ghbktnnm - ghbktnnm are called compound verbs of motion.
For more details see the Grammar section.
Chapter 17
Activity Thirteen -
Speaking Role-play. You play the role of A and your partner plays the role of B,
then reverse the roles. Use the information given in Activity Ten.
A
1. Say good afternoon.
Ask on what days the plane flies to Khabarovsk.
Ask at what time it departs from Moscow.
Ask at what time it arrives in Khabarovsk.
Ask the flight number.
B
Give an appropriate reply.
"
"
"
"
A
2. Say good morning.
Ask on what days there is a plane to St. Petersburg.
Ask at what time it departs from Moscow.
Ask at what time it arrives in St. Petersburg.
Ask for the flight number.
B
Give an appropriate reply.
"
"
"
"
jy gjtltn d Vjcrde xthtp nhb lyz - he will be setting off for Moscow in three days
jyf gjikf d vfufpby - she has gone to the shop
jyb gjktntkb yf rjyathtywb. - they have gone to the conference
Activity Fourteen -
Reading/Speaking Look at the tickets below and answer the following questions in
Russian. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the next page to help you.
325
Activity Fifteen -
Reading/Writing Read the information on the train ticket and indicate whether the
following statements are True (G) or False (Y). Where you have written Y, write out the
correct version in Russian. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
The perfective infinitives of multidirectional verbs are also formed with the prefix -, i.e. [jlbnm/
gj[jlbnm (to walk), tplbnm/gjtplbnm (to travel), ktnfnm/gjktnfnm (to fly) etc.
These perfective forms express an action of short duration:
jy gj[jlbk gj rjvyfnt b ctk - he walked around the room for a while and then sat down
vs cyfxfkf gjtplbkb yf dtkjcbgtlt^ f gjnjv gjikb d rbyj - first we rode a bike for a bit and then
we went to the cinema
ldjhtw cgjhnf
ujcelfhcndtyysq
wbhr
nhb,eyf
dfujy
326
sports centre
state
circus
stand (at sports events)
carriage
vtcnj
hzl
erfpfys
ctrnjh
Ctdfcnjgjkm
seat
row
are indicated
section
Sebastopol
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 17
Activity Sixteen -
Writing Look at the pictures below. Complete the sentences beneath each picture
choosing the appropriate form of either [jlbnm/gj[jlbnm or tplbnm/gjtplbnm&
Activity Seventeen -
Reading/Writing/Listening Listen to the tape twice and fill in the missing verbs of
motion which are given in the infinitive form in the box below. Then analyse the sentences and
justify the choice of the verbs.
t[fnm
tplbnm
gjt[fnm
ghbt[fnm
dsqnb
gj[jlbnm
dsktntnm
dsktnfnm
to break down
two hours before
to wait
to be anxious
to be late for
I managed
to catch
to ask
as fast as possible
all the same, still
to manage to catch
327
The most common prefixes used with verbs of motion are given below in combination with blnb [jlbnm& For the full list of prefixes refer to the Grammar section.
imperfective
d[jlbnm
e[jlbnm
perfective
djqnb
eqnb
ds[jlbnm
lj[jlbnm
pf[jlbnm
dsqnb
ljqnb
pfqnb
gtht[jlbnm
gthtqnb
ghb[jlbnm
ghbqnb
preposition
d (+ acc)
jn (+ gen)
bp/c (+ gen)
bp (+ gen)
lj (+ gen)
d/yf (+ acc)
r (+ dat)
xthtp (+ acc)
- (+ acc)
d/yf (+ acc)
r (+ dat)
meaning
to enter
to leave (a person)
to leave (a place)
to go out of, to depart
to go as far as, to reach
to call in at a place
to call on someone
to cross
to come, to arrive
to come to see a person
Activity Eighteen -
Reading Read the following extract from a childrens poem and work out the
meaning of each compound verb of motion used in it. Complete the partial translation of the
poem.
Lheu (. )
Lheu et[fk lfktrj&
Vyt ,tp lheuf ytkturj&
Ltym ghji/k&
Gjnjv ytltkz&
Nhb ytltkb ghjktntkb&
Ktnjv - lj;lm&
Pbvj. - dm.uf&
Jxtym crexyj vyt ,tp lheuf&
Activity Nineteen -
Listening/Writing/Reading Listen to the dialogue (At the metro station) and fill in
the gaps in the partial transcription below. Read the completed transcription in pairs.
328
in the winter
dm.uf
snowstorm
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
2-jq gfccf;bh -
Chapter 17
1-sq gfccf;bh -
Activity Twenty -
Listening Listen to the tape again and indicate whether the following statements are
True (G) or False (Y). Where you have put Y write out the correct version in Russian.
1. The first passenger would like to go to the metro station Avtovo.
(___________________________________________________________)
2. She should go 4 stops and then change lines.
(___________________________________________________________)
3. She should get off at the metro station Institute of Technology.
(___________________________________________________________)
4. There she should change lines and take another train.
(___________________________________________________________)
5. She should travel three more stops.
(___________________________________________________________)
Activity Twenty-One -
Reading/Speaking Pairwork. Look at the St. Petersburg underground map on the
following page. Then act out the dialogue from Activity Nineteen using the starting point and
information given below. You should change roles each time.
1. You are at Kupchino station
and would like to go to
Obukhovo station.
jcnfyjdrf
yfdthyjt
(c-)ltkfnm (I)
gthtcflre
kbybz
stop
probably
to change (trains,
buses etc.)
line
c[tvf vtnhj
gthtcf;bdfnmcz (I) /
gthtctcnm (gthtczle^
gthtczltim) yf (+ acc)
329
d[jl
ds[jl
gtht[jl
d]tpl
dstpl
330
PEDESTRIAN CROSSING
ENTRANCE TO MUSEUM
REFLEXIVE VERBS
Chapter 17
GRAMMAR
a) a number of verbs which relate to personal grooming. The following list of common reflexive verbs
may prove useful:
,hbnmcz/gj,hbnmcz
rhfcbnmcz/yfrhfcbnmcz
regfnmcz/ds-, bcregfnmcz
vsnmcz/gj-^ dsvsnmcz
j,edfnmcz/j,enmcz
jltdfnmcz/jltnmcz
gthtjltdfnmcz/gthtjltnmcz
ghbx/csdfnmcz/ghbxtcfnmcz
ghjcsgfnmcz/ghjcyenmcz
gelhbnmcz/yf-^ gjgelhbnmcz
hfpltdfnmcz/hfpltnmcz
hfpedfnmcz/hfpenmcz
evsdfnmcz/evsnmcz
to shave (oneself)
to make up ones face
to bathe (oneself)
to wash (oneself)
to put on ones shoes
to dress (oneself)
to change (ones clothes)
to brush ones hair
to wake up
to powder ones face
to get undressed, to take off ones hat and coat
to take off ones shoes
to wash ones hands and face
to defend oneself
to ascend
to hide (oneself)
to descend
to settle down
to lie down
to change trains etc.
to sit down
to (go and) stand, to become
Note: there is no reflexive verb in Russian to express to behave oneself. The following phrase is
used instead: ; e.g. jy gkj[j ct,z dtl/n - he behaves badly.
331
Note: reflexive verbs of motion with the prefixes - and c- also express joint action; e.g.
hfc[jlbnmcz/hfpjqnbcm (to disperse), c[jlbnmcz/cjqnbcm (to gather).
3. Reflexive verbs with a passive meaning. Many ordinary imperfective transitive verbs
acquire passive meaning when -cz is added to them. There is usually a third-person object in
the sentence; e.g. ghjlfdfnm% vs ghjlf/v rybub - we sell books; ghjlfdfnmcz% rybub
ghjlf.ncz l/itdj - the books are sold cheaply.
ujdjhbnm - ujdjhbnmcz%
ltkfnm - ltkfnmcz%
bcgjkyznm - bcgjkyznmcz%
intransitive
yfxbyfnmcz/yfxfnmcz
rjyxfnmcz/rjyxbnmcz
ghjljk;fnmcz/ghjljk;bnmcz
jnrhsdfnmcz/jnrhsnmcz
pfrhsdfnmcz/pfrhsnmcz
kjvfnmcz/ckjvfnmcz
English
to begin, to start
to finish, to stop
to continue
to open
to close
to break
to fear
to be proud of
to hope for, rely on
to enjoy
to please
to burst into tears
to burst out laughing
to laugh at
to express doubt about
to smile at
6. Reflexive verbs that express the potential to perform some action (usually harmful):
recfnmcz (cj,frb recf.ncz)
wfhfgnmcz (rjirb wfhfgf.ncz)
Chapter 17
djc[bofnm(cz)/djc[bnbnm(cz) (+ instr)
ghbpyfdfnm(cz)/ghbpyfnm(cz) d (+ prep)
geufnm(cz)/bcgeufnm(cz) (+ gen)
hfljdfnm(cz)/j,hfljdfnm(cz) (+ dat)
hfccnhfbdfnm(cz)/hfccnhjbnm(cz)
cthlbnm(cz)/hfccthlbnm(cz) yf (+ acc)
elbdkznm(cz)/elbdbnm(cz) (+ dat)
[vehbnm(cz)/yf[vehbnm(cz)
7. A number of reflexive verbs express out and out completion of an action. These verbs
usually have the prefixes ds-^ lj- or yf-:
dscsgfnmcz/dscgfnmcz
ljlevsdfnmcz/ljlevfnmcz
yftlfnmcz/yftcnmcz
yfgbdfnmcz/yfgbnmcz
Activity Twenty-Three -
Reading Read the following rules printed on the back of a theatre ticket. Underline
all the reflexive verbs that you can find. Translate the rules into English using the vocabulary
list at the foot of the page.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
Activity Twenty-Four -
Writing Translate the following into Russian.
1.
auditorium
bell
separate; (here:) own
cd/hnjr
ujkjdyjq e,jh
ghb jnvtyt
package
headgear
in case of cancellation
333
yjkm/yekm
yjkm/yekm
yjk/yek
yjk/yek
yjk/v/yek/v
j yjk/yek
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
feminine
jly
jly
jlyq
jlyq
jlyq
j, jlyq
neuter
jly
jly
jlyju
jlyjv
jlyv
j, jlyv
plural
jly*
jly/jly[
jly[
jlyv
jlyvb
j, jly[
3. gjknjh (m & n) / gjknjh (f) one and a half are the Nominative and Accusative
forms. In all other cases use gjknjhf.
4. ldf / ldt
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
masculine/neuter
ldf
ldf/ld[
ld[
ldv
ldev
j ld[
feminine
ldt
ldt/ld[
ld[
ldv
ldev
j ld[
gznm
gznm
gzn
gzn
gznm
j gzn
itcnm
itcnm
itcn
itcn
itcnm
j itcn
ctvm
ctvm
ctv
ctv
ctvm
j ctv
dctvm
dctvm
djcmv
djcmv
djcvm
j djcmv
lcznm
lcznm
ltczn
ltczn
ltcznm
j ltczn
jlyyflwfnm*
jlyyflwfnm
jlyyflwfnb
jlyyflwfnb
jlyyflwfnm.
j, jlyyflwfnb
ldlwfnm
ldlwfnm
ldflwfn
ldflwfn
ldflwfnm
j ldflwfn
*11 - 19 decline with medial stress, whereas 5-10, 20 and 30 have stressed ending in all oblique cases.
Nom/Acc
Gen/Dat/Instr/Prep (j)
chjr
cjhjr
ltdzycnj
ltdzycnf
cnj
cnf
334
The component parts of these numerals decline separately like soft-sign feminine nouns.
The stress falls on the second syllable in oblique cases:
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
gznmltcn
gznltcznb
gznmltcznm.
j gznltcznb
itcnmltcn
itcnltcznb
itcnmltcznm.
j itcnltzcnb
cvmltczn
ctvltcznb
ctvmltcznm.
j ctvltcznb
dctvmltczn
djcmvltcznb
djcmvmltcznm.
j djcmvltcznb
8. ldcnb - ltdznmcn
The component parts of these numerals decline separately:
Nom/Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
ldcnb
lde[cn
ldevcnv
ldevzcnvb
j lde[cn[
nhcnf
nh/[cn
nh/vcnv
nhtvzcnvb
j nh/[cn[
gznmcn
gznbcn
gznbcnv
gznbcnvb
j gznbcn[
Chapter 17
Nom/Acc
Gen/Dat
Instr
Prep
ltdznmcn
ltdznbcn
ltdznbcnv
ltdznbcnvb
j ltdznbcn[
ldlwfnm gznm
(j) ldflwfn gzn
ldflwfnm gznm
,f
j,b[
j,bv
,f/j,b[
j,bvb
j, j,b[
,t
j,b[
j,bv
,t/j,b[
j,bvb
j, j,b[
Activity Twenty-Five -
Writing Write out the the numbers below in their appropriate cases.
1& Vjcrdf ,skf jcyjdfyf d 1147 ujle& 2& Yf nthhbnjhbb cjdhtvtyyjq Vjcrds
d cnfhbye ,skj ,jktt 800 jp/h b ,jkjn^ ghjntrfkj yt vtytt 150 htxtr b
hexm/d& 3& Rhfcyfz gkjoflm yt jxtym dtkbrf% t/ lkbyf - 695 vtnhjd^ f ibhbyf
- 130 vtnhjd& 4& Cjdhtvtyyjt yfpdfybt gkjoflb cj[hfybkjcm c 17 dtrf* ckjdj
rhfcyfz jpyfxftn rhfcbdfz& 5& Cjdhtvtyyst rhtvk/dcrbt cntys b ,fiyb
cnhjbkbcm c 1485 gj 1495 ujl& 6& Tckb ghjqnb c Rhfcyjq gkjoflb dljkm
cntys^ nj vj;yj edbltnm dct t/ 20 ,fity& 7& Cfvfz dscjrfz bp
rhtvk/dcrb[ ,fity - Nhjbwrfz^ dscjnf rjnjhjq jrjkj 80 vtnhjd& 8& J,ofz
ghjnz;/yyjcnm Rhtvk/dcrjq cntys - 2235 vtnhjd^ f njkobyf jn 3 lj 5 vtnhjd
ghb dscjnt jn 6 lj 17 vtnhjd&
jcyjdfy(f)
d cnfhbye
,jkjnj
htxrf
hextq
lkbyf
ibhbyf
cj[hfyznmcz (I) / cj[hfybnmcz (II)
A new ab initio Russian course
founded
in olden times
marsh
small river
stream
length
width
to remain
dtr
jpyfxfnm (I) (imp)
,fiyz
dscjnf
j,ofz ghjnz;/yyjcnm (f)
njkobyf
jn (+ gen) lj (+ gen)
ghb dscjnt
century
to mean
tower
height
overall length
thickness
from ... to ...
at a/the height
335
Activity Twenty-Six -
Reading/Speaking Read the following text and answer the questions in Russian.
Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
Lfnjq jcyjdfybz hvbnf;f cxbnftncz 1764 ujl^ rjulf d Gtnth,ehu ghb,skj 225
rfhnby bp <thkbyf^ rjnjhst regbkf heccrfz bvgthfnhbwf Trfnthbyf II& R 1774 ujle
rjkktrwbz hvbnf;f e;t drk.xfkf ,jktt 2000 rfhnby& Ctujlyz rfhnbyyfz ufkthtz
hvbnf;f cjcnjbn bp 50 pfkjd ahfywepcrjuj bcreccndf c XVIII gj XX dtr^ 37 pfkjd
bnfkmzycrjuj bcreccndf b vyjujxbcktyys[ pfkjd ujkkfylcrjq^ bcgfycrjq^ ytvtwrjq
b lheub[ tdhjgtqcrb[ irjk& "hvbnf;^ rfr Kedh^ veptq eybrfkmysq& Tckb ds ghjql/nt gj tuj 353 pfkfv^ ds cvj;tnt dcnhtnbnmcz c dtkbrbvb itltdhfvb vbhjdjuj
bcreccndf& Pltcm [hfyzncz gfvznybrb Lhtdytuj Tubgnf^ wbdbkbpfwbq Wtynhfkmyjq
Fpbb^ Rbnfz^ itltdhs lhtdytq Uhtwbb^ heccrjq b tdhjgtqcrjq rekmnehs&
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
bln
[jlnm
[fnm
plbnm
,t;nm
,ufnm
ktnnm
ktnnm
gksnm
gkdfnm
ytcn
yjcnm
dtcn
djlnm
dtpn
djpnm
ktpnm
kpbnm
gjkpn
gkpfnm
,htcn
,hjlnm
nfonm
nfcrnm
rfnnm
rfnnm
uyfnm
ujynm
336
to be considered
empress
to contain
the Louvre
masterpiece
Central Asia
to go on foot
to go by
transport
to run
to fly
to swim,
float
to carry
to lead, drive
to transport
to climb
to crawl
to wander,
walk slowly
to drag
to roll
to chase,
drive fast
Imperative forms of verbs of motion are formed according to the rules outlined in Chapter 16. Note: the
imperative of t[fnm is gjtp;fq/gjtp;fqnt.
Chapter 17
Activity Twenty-Seven -
Reading Read the following childrens poem (Song of the traveller) and identify
the use of the unidirectional and multidirectional verbs of motion.
(. )
Gentitcndjdfnm^ lhepmz^
Jxtym bynthtcyj!
Pyftv 'nj ns b z^
"nj dctv bpdtcnyj!
Djn b tltv vs e;t
Yf ghtlkj;yjv gflt;t%
Vs tltv yf vfibyt^
Vs tltv yf dth,k.lt^
Vs tltv-tltv-tltv
Yf x/v$ Bkb yf rjv$
Yf gjtplt vs tltv
B yf dtkjcbgtlt^
F tckb vs yt tltv^
Nj vs bl/v gtirjv!
Gentitcndjdfnm^ lhepmz^
Jxtym bynthtcyj!
Pyftv 'nj ns b z^
"nj dctv bpdtcnyj!
Tplbv vs nelf - c.lf^
D cnhfys^ d c/kf^ d ujhjlf&
Vs tplbkb d Cfvfhe^
Vs tplbkb d Dfhifde^
D Dfhifde - pf uhfybwe^
D Dfhifde - pf he,t;&
D Cfhfnjd vs gjtltv^
D Rfkeue vs gjtltv^
B d 'njv yfv gjvj;tn
Dbybntkmysq gflt;!
My friends,
It is very interesting to travel!
You and I, we know it,
Everybody knows it!
And here we are already travelling
With the help of the Prepositional case:
we are travelling by car,
we are travelling by camel,
we are travelling-travelling-travelling
by what? or on what?
We are travelling by train
and by bicycle,
and if we are not travelling by transport,
we are walking!
My friends,
It is very interesting to travel!
You and I, we know it,
Everybody knows it!
We are travelling backwards and forwards,
to various countries, villages and towns.
We have been to Samara,
We have been to Warsaw,
We have been abroad,
to Warsaw - abroad.
We will go to Saratov,
We will go to Kaluga,
and the Accusative case
will help us with it!
Activity Twenty-Eight -
Writing Fill in the gaps choosing the appropriate form of the verb.
1& Dxthf vs (blnb - [jlbnm) d ntfnh& 2& Gjtpl 136 (blnb - [jlbnm) gj dnjhybrfv b
gznybwfv& 3& Z jxtym k.,k. (gksnm - gkfdfnm)& 4& "njn gfhj[jl (gksnm - gkfdfnm) d
Ym.-Qjhr& 5& D ghjikjv ujle z (ktntnm - ktnfnm) d Kjyljy gznm hfp& 6& Htqc 234
(ktntnm - ktnfnm) d Cfyrn-Gtnth,ehu nhb hfpf d ytltk.& 7& Ghjcnbnt^ 'njn fdnj,ec
(blnb - [jlbnm) d wtynh$ 8& Vjq csy to/ yt (blnb - [jlbnm)^ jy njkmrj (gjkpnb A new ab initio Russian course
337
gjkpfnm)^ dtlm tve dctuj itcnm vtczwtd& 9& J,sxyj ht,/yrf (dtcnb - djlbnm) d ltncrbq
cfl ,f,eirf^ yj ctujlyz tuj (dtcnb - djlbnm) vfnm& 10& Z (ytcnb - yjcbnm) rybue d
,b,kbjntre& 11& Z jxtym k.,k. (,htcnb - ,hjlbnm) gj ekbwfv dtxthytq Vjcrds& 12&
Jyf yt (dtcnb - djlbnm) vfibye& 13& (t[fnm - tplbnm) yf X/hyjt vjht! 14& Jy jgfplsdfk
d f'hjgjhn b (uyfnm - ujyznm) vfibye yf vfrcbvfkmyjq crjhjcnb& 15& Ltnb^ yt
ievbnt b yt (,t;fnm - ,tufnm) gj rjvyfnt! 16& Xtvjlfy ,sk jxtym nz;/ksv^ z yt
vjukf (ytcnb - yjcbnm) tuj b gj'njve (nfobnm - nfcrfnm) tuj gj gjke&
it is raining, snowing
the clock is working
this dress suits you
this film lasts 2 hours
the examination is in progress
to go against ones will
* In certain contexts it is possible to use multidirectional verb [jlbnm; e.g. 'nb xfcs e;t lfdyj yt
[jlzn - this clock has been broken for a long time; vjb xfcs [jlzn jxtym [jhjij - my watch works
really well.
ktntnm
,t;fnm
dtcnb
Activity Twenty-Nine -
Reading Read the following childrens poem and underline the verb of motion which
is used figuratevly. Then complete the partial translation of the poem.
(. )
Compound verbs of motion are formed by adding different prefixes to simple verbs of
motion. Most compound verbs are linked to the following noun by a preposition. The
following is a list of compounds from [jlbnm - blnb%
imperfective
d[jlbnm
ds[jlbnm
lj[jlbnm
pf[jlbnm
perfective
djqnb
dsqnb
ljqnb
pfqnb
j,[jlbnm
j,jqnb
jn[jlbnm
gtht[jlbnm
jnjqnb
gthtqnb
gjl[jlbnm
ghb[jlbnm
gjljqnb
ghbqnb
ghj[jlbnm
ghjqnb
hfc[jlbnmcz
hfpjqnbcm
c[jlbnm
c[jlbnmcz
e[jlbnm
cjqnb
cjqnbcm
eqnb
preposition
d (+ acc)
bp (+ gen)
lj (+ gen)
r (+ dat)
d/yf (+ acc)
djrheu (+ gen)
(+ acc)
jn (+ gen)
xthtp (+ acc)
(+ acc)
r (+ dat)
r (+ dat)
d/yf (+ acc)
vbvj (+ gen)
(+ acc)
gj (+ dat)
c (+ gen)
c (+ instr)
jn (+ gen)
bp/c (+ gen)
English
to enter, go in
to leave, go out of
to go up to
to call on (someone)
to call in at (a place)
to go round
to inspect; avoid
to leave, move away from
to cross
Chapter 17
to go towards
to come to see (a person)
to arrive, come to (a place)
to pass
to cover a distance
to disperse, go in different
directions
to come down from, step off
to get together (with)
to leave a person
to leave a place
Compounds with similar changes of meaning can be formed from all the other verbs of
motion listed on page 336 by adding a prefix; e.g. ektntnm (to fly away), gthtgksnm (to
swim across), ghjgjkpnb (to crawl through) etc. Some verbs will change their stems when
a prefix is added to a simple verb of motion. These are indicated by the bold type below:
imperfective
perfective
-[jlbnm
-tp;fnm
-,tunm*
-gksdfnm
-gjkpnm*
-rfnsdfnm
-qnb
-t[fnm
-,t;fnm
-gksnm
-gjkpnb
-rfnbnm
* The stems -,tunm and -gjkpnm differ from the simple verbs of motion stems only in stress.
When forming the compound verbs of motion remember to apply the following spelling rules:
1. is inserted between a consonant and -; e.g. djqnb^ jnjqnb^ cjqnb
2. a hard sign is inserted between a prefix ending in a consonant and all stems beginning
with ; e.g. d]t[fnm^ d]tp;fnm^ c]t[fnm^ c]tp;fnm&
A new ab initio Russian course
339
to exasperate someone
to wind up a clock/watch
to wind someone up
to change the topic of conversation
to let someone down
to spend time
to get divorced
to pass sentence
to wash ones dirty linen in public
I cant stand him/her
to denounce someone
to be useful
Activity Thirty -
Writing Complete the following sentences using a preposition if appropriate. Remember that the noun endings may change.
1. Vs dsikb _______&(ljv) b gjikb _______ (gfhr)& 2& <f,eirf gjikf _______&(dhfx)&
3& Jy ghji/k _______ (z) b yt gjpljhjdfkcz& 4& Vs gthtikb _______&(ekbwf) b djikb
_______ (vfufpby)& 5& Rf;lsq ltym z ghj[j;e _______& (wtynhfkmyfz gkjoflm)& 6&
Fdnj,ec gjlji/k _______ (jcnfyjdrf) b jcnfyjdbkcz& 7& Vs gjl]t[fkb&_______
(ntfnh) yf nfrcb& 8& Yf rjyathtywb. ghbt[fkb ltktufwbb _______&(hfpyst cnhfys)&
9& Vfibyf dst[fkf _______ (ufhf;)^ ghjt[fkf _______ (vtnhjd ltcznm) b
jcnfyjdbkfcm& 10& Gj ljhjut yf hf,jne z pfi/k _______ (gjxnf) b regbk vfhrb& 11&
Jyf vtlktyyj j,jikf _______&(cfl) b djikf _______ (ljv)& 12& Vfibyf c]t[fkf
_______&(ljhjuf) b jcnfyjdbkfcm e htrb& 13& Vs ektnftv_______ (Vjcrdf) d ctvm
xfcjd dtxthf&
Activity Thirty-One -
Writing Fill in the gaps with the appropriate verbs of motion.
D ghjikjv ujle vs _______________ d Vjcrde yf 'rcrehcb.& Cyfxfkf vs yt vjukb
htibnm - _______________ gjtpljv bkb _______________ cfvjk/njv& D rjywt rjywjd
vs htibkb _______________ yf cfvjk/nt^ gjnjve xnj cfvjk/n
340
Chapter 17
Activity Thirty-Two -
Writing Translate the following into Russian.
1. Our plane departs at 7 p.m.
2. I left home at 9 a.m. and went to work by car. After work I went to see my friend.
3. My father brought the rare books from St. Petersburg for me.
4. Yesterday my sister brought an interesting book about London.
5. He entered the room, smiled and greeted us.
6. We drove round the square three times and still could not find the museum.
7. She came to see me when I was ill and brought me some nice cakes.
8. We went through the forest and came out by the river.
9. I went up to him and asked what he wanted.
10. The birds are flying, the dogs are running, the snakes are crawling and the fish
are swimming.
11. A car crossed the bridge and stopped.
12. We walked for about twenty minutes and arrived at mother s house* at six o'clock.
* (we) arrived at mother's house - (vs) ghbikb r vfnthb
cyfxfkf
d rjywt rjywjd
dctuj
pf ldf xfcf lj dsktnf
djdhtvz
A new ab initio Russian course
at first
eventually
in all; only
two hours before the flight
on time
yfrjytw
pyfxbn
gjhnmt (m indeclinable)
yf cktle.obq ltym
rcrehcbjyysq fdnj,ec
at last
so
porter, doorman
the next day
coach
341
342
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN -
AT HOME -
In Chapter Eighteen you will learn how to do the following:
1. to talk about houshold goods and chores
2. to talk about everyday electrical appliances
3. to talk about broken equipment and faults
You will learn the following points of grammar:
1. the pronoun -self ()
2. the pronoun such ()
3. verbs with consonant mutation
Activity One -
Reading/Speaking Pairwork. Read the vocabulary list at the foot of the page and
describe each picture with an appropriate phrase. Then take it in turns with your partner to
ask whether you do these things yourself or somebody else does them for you.
You will need to know how to say in Russian myself , yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves: cfv (m), cfv (f), cfv (n), cvb (pl); e.g. ds cfvb e,bhftnt d ljvt bkb
rnj-nj dfv e,bhftn$ - do you clean the house yourself or does somebody else clean for you?; z cfvf
e,bhf. d ljvt - I clean the house myself. Note that in Russian cfv (-, -, -b) usually follows a personal
pronoun or a noun; e.g. jy cfv ghbujnjdbk j,tl - he cooked the dinner himself. For more details see the
Grammar section.
(gj-)cnbhfnm (I)
e,bhfnm (I) / e,hfnm
(e,the^ e,th/im)
344
to wash (clothes)
to clean (house, flat etc.)
Chapter 18
Activity Two -
Listening
Listen to the tape and tick below which household chores Ivan does
himself and which are done by other members of the family. The first one is completed for
you. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
household chores
cooking
washing (clothes)
decorating
house cleaning
vacuuming
dusting
floor polishing
watering plants
washing up
ironing
shopping
Ivan (himself)
his wife
his children
Activity Three -
Speaking
Pairwork. Using the answers from the table in Activity Two ask your
partner whether Ivan does the listed household chores himself. Use the model below as a
guide, and reverse the roles after each question.
- Bdfy cfv ujnjdbn$
- Ytn^ d tuj ctvmt ujnjdbn ;tyf&
or
Activity Four -
Speaking
Using the model from Activity Three, ask your partner whether he/she
does various household chores himself/herself. Then reverse the roles.
Note:
(i) the verbs gsktcjcbnm/ghjgsktcjcbnm and ukflbnm/gjukflbnm have final consonant mutation in the form. All
other personal forms retain the same consonant as in the infinitive; e.g. z gsktcjie^ ns gsktcjcbim^ jy(f) gsktcjcbn^
vs gsktcjcbv^ ds gsktcjcbnt jyb gsktcjczn* z ukf;e, ns ukflbim etc.
(ii) the verbs vsnm/gjvsnm have a vowel mutation in all personal forms; e.g. z vj.^ ns vjtim^ jy(f) vjtn^ vs vjtv^
ds vjtnt^ jyb vj.n. For more details see the Grammar section.
ljvfiybt ltkf
pfnj
(c-)ltkfnm (I) htvjyn (+ gen)
cfv^ cfv^ cfv^ cvb
(ghj-)gsktcjcbnm
(gsktcjie^ gsktcjcbim)
rjd/h (rjdhs)
(jn-)gjkbhjdfnm (III)
gjk
gjkbdfnm (I) / gjkbnm
(gjkm., gjkm/im)
A new ab initio Russian course
household chores
on the other hand
to decorate
oneself
to vacuum, hoover
carpet(s)
to polish
floor
to water
wdtnjr / wdtns
(gj-)vsnm (vj.^ vjtim)
(gj-)vsnm gjcele
(gj-)ukflbnm (ukf;e^ ukflbim)
(gj-)ukflbnm ,tkm/
ljhj;ysq en.u
ljdthznm (I) / ljdthbnm (II) (+ dat)
(c-);txm ((cj);ue^ ;;/im^ ;uen)
dtom (f)
nz;/ksq
cevrf
flower(s), plant(s)
to wash
to do the washing up
to iron
to do the ironing
travel iron
to trust
to burn
thing
heavy; hard
bag
345
Activity Five -
Reading
Work out the meaning of the words in the boxes below (the answers are
given in the vocabulary list at the foot of the next page). Then look at the pictures and the
slogans from the Russian magazine advertisements, which are mixed up. Read the slogans
and draw arrows matching them to the correct pictures.
cnbhfkmyfz vfibyf
hflbfnjh
vjoysq
j,sryjdtyysq
xelj (pl xeltc)
vjltkm (f)
346
powerful
ordinary
miracle
model
[jkjlbkmybr
regbd
htitybt
cnfylfhn
ghbxbyf
gsktcjc
rjvgm.nth
having bought
solution
standard
reason
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
- Ghjcnbnt^ z yt jxtym [jhjij ujdjh. gj-heccrb& Rfr yfpsdftncz gjhjijr lkz cnbhrb ,tkmz$
(Excuse me, I dont speak Russian very well. What do you call the powder used for washing clothes?)
- Cnbhfkmysq gjhjijr& (Washing powder.)
Chapter 18
Activity Six -
Reading/Speaking Pairwork. The phrases in the box below are useful for asking for
things if you dont know the precise term. Look at the pictures below and ask your partner
about the objects illustrated and about other objects, as appropriate. Use the following model
as a guide.
lkz vsnmz jrjy (for cleaning windows), lkz jnrhsdfybz rjycthdjd (for opening tins), lkz vsnmz
gjcels (for washing the dishes), lkz gjvjkf rjat (for grinding coffee), lkz jnrhsdfybz ,enskjr (for
opening bottles), lkz rbgzxtybz djls (for boiling water)
Activity Seven -
Listening Listen to the following descriptions of various domestic appliances and
complete the partially filled table below. Do not expect to understand every word.
appliances (in Russian)
electrical
hand operated
battery operated
rjatvjkrf
rjycthdysq yj;
cnbhfkmyfz vfibyf
gsktcjc
cnbhfkmyfz vfibyf
[jkjlbkmybr
hflbfnjh
rjvgm.nth
;blrjcnm (f)
ghbcgjcj,ktybt
inerf (inexrf)
rjycthdysq yj;
injgjh
gjceljvjtxyfz vfibyf
A new ab initio Russian course
vacuum cleaner
washing machine
refrigerator
radiator
computer
liquid
gadget
thing
tin opener
corkscrew
dishwasher
xfqybr
rjatvjkrf
njcnth
cntrkjjxbcnbntkm (m)
drk.xfnm (I) / drk.xbnm (II) (d
'ktrnhjctnm)
hexyjq
'ktrnhbxtcrbq
,fnfhtqrf
'ktrnhjctnm (f)
hf,jnfnm (I) jn ctnb
kettle
coffee grinder
toaster
glass cleaner
to plug in
hand operated
electric
battery
mains
mains operated
347
Activity Eight -
Reading/Writing/Listening
Read the following dialogue between a customer and a
shop assistant and fill in the gaps. Listen to the tape to check your answers.
- Plhfdcndeqnt^ vyt ye;yj ghbcgjcj,ktybt^ xnj,s jnrhsnm ,enskre dbyf&
Activity Nine -
Writing/Speaking Look at the labels on your clothes, your shoes, your watch etc.
Make a list of the countries where these things were made. Ask your partner where his/her
clothes and possessions were made, then reverse the roles. Use the model below as a guide.
- Ult cltkfy ndjq gjhnatkm$
- Jy cltkfy d Rbnft&
You will need to know how to say in Rusian made in ... Use the form cltkfy (for masculine nouns), cltkfyf (for
feminine), cltkfyj (for neuter) and cltkfys (for plural); e.g. 'njn rfhfylfi cltkfy d Rbnft - this pencil was made
in China; 'nf he,firf cltkfyf d Fyukbb - this shirt was made in England; 'nj gfkmnj cltkfyj d Hjccbb - this coat
was made in Russia; 'nb xfcs cltkfys d Zgjybb - this watch was made in Japan. For more details on these constructions
see Chapter 20.
Activity Ten -
Writing
Write a description of any three of the following objects using the
description of an iron (en.u) below as your model: njcnth^ rjvgm.nth^ xfqybr^
cnbhfkmyfz vfibyf^ gj celjvjtxyfz vfibyf&
"nf dtom cltkfyf bp vtnfkkf b gkfcnvfccs& Jyf jrjkj ldflwfnb gznb cfynbvtnhjd d lkbye b jrjkj
gznyflwfnb cfynbvtnhjd d ibhbye& Jyf bcgjkmpetncz lkz ukf;tybz ,tkmz& "nj en.u&
This object is made out of metal and plastic. It is about twenty-five centimetres long and about fifteen centimetres wide. It is
used for ironing clothes. It is an iron.
ghbcgjcj,ktybt
inexrf
bcgjkmpjdfnmcz (III) (imp) (+ instr)
bvtnm (bvt.^ bvttim) d dble
348
device, appliance
thing, object
to be used
to have in mind
(dc-)rbgznbnm (II)
gkfcnvfccf
vtnfkk(bxtcrbq)
d lkbye / d ibhbye
to boil
plastic
metal(lic)
in length / in width
Chapter 18
Activity Eleven -
Speaking Pairwork. Each choose one of the objects from Activity Ten and find out
what your partners object is by asking questions about it. You might want to use some of the
questions given below. (Remember to change the gender of the nouns or pronouns where
appropriate.)
Activity Twelve -
Reading/Writing Read the sentences and write down what you should do as in the
model. Use the verbs and phrases in the box below.
drk.xbnm
drk.xbnm d hjptnre
jnrhenbnm (or jnrhsnm)
pfrhenbnm (or pfrhsnm)
dsrk.xbnm
dsrk.xbnm bp hjptnrb
gthtrk.xbnm
jnrk.xbnm
cltkfnm (gj)nbit
cltkfnm (gj)uhjvxt
gjvtyznm
- Xnj dfv ye;yj cltkfnm^ tckb ds [jnbnt cvjnhtnm ntktdbpjh$ - Drk.xbnm tuj&
Note: plugs in Russia do not have switches, so the Russian phrases drk.xbnm d hjptnre/dsrk.xbnm bp hjptnrb (plug
in/unplug) also mean to switch on/off.
to switch on
to plug in
to turn on (tap)
to turn off
tap
to switch off
to unplug
to change (channels)
349
Activity Thirteen -
Reading
Read the following dialogue and answer the questions below. Use the
vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you. Then read the passage in pairs.
Nfyz
Vfif
Nfyz
Vfif
Nfyz
Vfif
Nfyz
Vfif
Nfyz
Vfif
Nfyz
Vfif
Nfyz
Vfif
* The English equivalent of the Russian saying ,tlf ybrjulf yt ghb[jlbn jlyf (literally: misfortune never comes
alone) is troubles always come in threes. Another common Russian saying with the same meaning is ghbikf ,tlf jndjhzq djhjnf (literally: when misfortune has come - open your gates).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What happened to Mashas car on the way home from the airport?
Where is Mashas car now?
What major problems did Masha find at home?
What else went wrong?
What did she do to fix the problems?
Why did Tanya have to call the TV repair man twice?
What solution to Tanyas problems did Masha propose?
What is the gist of the final sentence?
[e;t ytrelf
ghtlcnfdkznm (I) / ghtlcnfdbnm (II)
(c-)kjvfnmcz (I)
vjnjh
htvjyn
yt cnjbn ...
hfccnhfbdfnmcz (I) /
hfccnhjbnmcz (II)
(gj-)xbybnm (II)
,tlf
ckjvfyysq
jlyf ghj,ktvf pf lheujq
fdnjjndtnxbr
350
it couldnt be worse
to imagine; present
to break (down)
engine
repair
it is not worth ...
to get upset
rhegysq
ye lf kflyj
vtkjxm (f)
gjnthznm (I) (pf) cx/n
,jktt-vtytt
ghjntrfnm (I) (imp)
,fhf[kbnm (II) (imp)
cfynt[ybr
to repair
ntktvfcnth
misfortune
bcxtpfnm (I) / bcxtpyenm
broken (down)
(bcxtpye^ bcxtpytim)
one problem after another pder
ansaphone
(gj-)nhfnbnm (II)
large
well, OK
little thing
to lose count
more or less
to leak, drip
to be on the blink, pink
plumber
TV repair man
to disappear
sound
to spend
objects
car
tape recorder
camera
tap
window
watch
1&
2&
3&
it wont
work
it wont
open
it wont
record
it wont
start
4&
5&
6&
its
stopped
its
dripping
Chapter 18
Activity Fourteen -
Listening/Writing
Listen to the dialogues which identify problems with
various household objects. Tick what is wrong with each thing. The first one is done
for you. Listen again and fill in the gaps in the partial transcription which follows.
Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
Activity Fifteen -
Speaking
Role-play. You play the role of A and your partner plays the role of B,
then reverse the roles.
A
1& Tell your partner you know that his/her car
was repaired and ask how it is now.
Ask if your partner recorded the TV
programme last night.
Ask what happened to it.
Suggest that your partner call a TV
repair man.
B
Say that your car is more or less all right but the
engine is pinking from time to time.
Say you did not record it because your video
recorder doesnt work.
Say it wont record.
Say you are going to buy a new video recorder
because you have called the repair man three
times and it will be cheaper to buy a new one.
2.
to start (car)
for some reason
to record
flash
to call (s.one)
stuffy
to stop
video recorder
351
type verbs
Most verbs which end with -cnb have a consonant mutation in all personal forms. These are first conjugation
verbs:
(cn/l) - to start (car)
z pfdtle
vs pfdtl/v
ns pfdtl/im
ds pfdtl/nt
jy/jyf pfdtl/n
jyb pfdtlen
(cn/l) - to translate
z gthtdtle
vs gthtdtl/v
ns gthtdtl/im
ds gthtdtl/nt
jy/jyf gthtdtl/n jyb gthtdtlen
Activity Sixteen -
Reading Read the following text and note how the verbs are used. Answer the
questions in Russian after the text, using the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help
you.
Rfr db[hm
Vjq csy dctulf relf-nj cgtibn& Jy^ rfr db[hm& Djn b ctujlyz jy ghb,t;fk bp irjks^
gjtk yf [jle b e,t;fk yf nhtybhjdre gj ntyybce& D cgtirt jy dctulf xnj-nj hjyztn^
hfpkbdftn^ gfxrftn^ hfccsgftn^ hfp,bdftn^ jghjrblsdftn bkb ghj;buftn&
Jy e,t;fk yf nhtybhjdre^ f z [j;e gj ljve b^ rfr cgfcfntkmyfz rjvfylf^ ecnhfyz.
gjcktlcndbz db[hz.
Z pf[j;e yf re[y. b db;e% gjrf jy tk^ jy hfpkbk cjr b hfccsgfk cjkm^ bcgfxrfk crfnthnm
b cfkatnre vfqjytpjv^ ehjybk yf gjk nfhtkre b hfp,bk t/^ jghjrbyek cnek b ghj;/u
re[jyyjt gjkjntywt& Vjq csy j,tlfk dctuj ldflwfnm vbyen^ f z ghbdjlbkf re[y. d
gjhzljr wtksq xfc& Vyt yfljtkj nhfnbnm cnjkmrj vyjuj dhtvtyb yf e,jhre^ gjnjve z
htibkf crfpfnm csye dtxthjv^ xnj c pfdnhfiytuj lyz jy cfv ,eltn e,bhfnm pf cj,jq&
Vj;tn ,snm^ nj yfexbn tuj ,snm ,jktt frrehfnysv&
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
Note: hfpkbnm and hfp,bnm are first conjugation verbs and have the vowel o and a soft sign in all personal forms; e.g.
z hfpjkm./hfpj,m.^ ns hfpjkm/im/hfpj,m/im^ jy/jyf hfpjkm/n/hfpj,m/n^ vs hfpjkm/v/hfpj,m/v^ jyb
hfpjkm.n/hfpj,m.n&
Hfccgfnm is also a first conjugation verb, but it conjugates as follows: z hfccsgk.^ ns hfccsgktim^ jy/jyf
hfccsgktn^ vs hfccsgktv^ ds hfccsgktnt^ jyb hfccsgk.n&
db[hm (m)
yf [jle
d cgtirt
nhtybhjdrf
hjyznm (I) / ehjybnm (II)
hfpkbdfnm(I) / hfpkbnm
(hfpjkm.^ hfpjkm/im)
(bc-)gfxrfnm (I)
hfccsgnm (hfccsgk.^
hfccsgktim) / hfccgfnm (I)
hfp,bdfnm (I) / hfp,bnm
(hfpj,m.^ hfpj,m/im)
jghjrblsdfnm (I) /
jghjrbyenm (jghjrbye^
jghjrbytim)
352
whirlwind
on the move
in (his) haste
training session
to drop
to spill (liquid)
to make dirty
to spill (dry
goods)
to break (glass
etc.)
to knock over
to burn
rescue team
to eliminate
consequence
tablecloth
tea towel
to put in order
I am fed up
cleaning
as of tomorrow
careful
spilt some
wine
broke a
plate
knocked
over a
glass
dropped
a plate
spilt some
sugar
burnt the
napkin
1
2
3
4
5
6
Chapter 18
Activity Seventeen -
Listening
Listen to the dialogues in which people apologize for doing something
wrong and tick what happened in each case. Do not expect to understand every word.
Activity Eighteen -
Speaking
Pairwork. Play the role of A and imagine that you have done the things
listed below. Apologize to your partner who will choose the appropriate reply from those
listed under B. Change roles each time. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help
you.
A
spilt the tea
torn the tablecloth
burnt the carpet
knocked over a vase
dirtied the sofa
broken a wine glass
dropped and broken a plate
scratched the table
spilt the washing powder
never mind
not to worry
it could happen to anyone
oh dear!
thats a pity
how did that happen?
you are so clumsy
thats all right
it happens
Activity Nineteen -
Reading/Writing Read the following text about the new year and fill in the gaps with
the correct forms of the verb to put, or with cnjznm^ kt;fnm^ cbltnm or dbctnm, which
you met in Chapter Fifteen. If necessary, you may use a dictionary to help you with this text.
Ctujlyz nhblwfnm gthdjt ltrf,hz& Yjdsq ujl - vjq k.,bvsq ghfplybr^ b r yfv dctulf
ghb[jlzn d ujcnb lhepmz& Djn b ctujlyz d djctvm xfcjd dtxthf r yfv ghblen ujcnb& Vs c
ve;tv ,skb pfyzns wtksq ltym& Enhjv^ gjrf jy [jlbk gjregfnm /kre^ z [jlbkf d vfufpby
pf ghjlernfvb& Gjnjv vs dvtcnt erhfifkb /kre b e,bhfkb rdfhnbhe& Vs
_______________ yf /kre yjdjujlybt buheirb^ f gjl /kre _______________ gjlfhrb lkz
dct[ yfib[ ujcntq& Vs ghjgsktcjcbkb rjdhs^ dsnthkb gskm b gjvskb gjk& Ntgthm d
rdfhnbht xbcnj b e.nyj& Xnj,s dctv ,skj elj,yj cbltnm^ vs _______________ cnjk
gjcthtlbyt rjvyfns^ f xnj,s ,skj ,jkmit vtcnf^ vs dsytckb bp rjvyfns kbiy..
vt,tkm& J,sxyj ntktdbpjh _______________ d euke jrjkj ,fkrjyf^ yj ntgthm nfv
_______________ /krf^ f ldf rhtckf b ;ehyfkmysq cnjkbr ctqxfc _______________ d cgfkmyt&
,jrfk
cfkatnrf
yt djkyeqcz/djkyeqntcm
yt gtht;bdfq(nt)
ybxtuj
,sdftn
A new ab initio Russian course
wine glass
napkin
dont worry
not to worry
never mind
it happens
ckexfqyj
'nj cj dczrbv vj;tn ckexbnmcz
ujcgjlb / ,j;t vjq
;fkm
dc/ d gjhzlrt
(gj-)wfhfgfnm (I)
by accident
it can happen to anyone
oh dear, oh god
thats a pity
thats all right
to scratch
353
Activity Twenty -
Reading/Writing
Read the text from Activity Twenty again and indicate whether the
following statements are True (G) or False (Y)& Where you have put Y write out the correct
version in Russian. The first one is done for you.
1.
2.
We hoovered the carpets, dusted the flat and washed the floors.
(_______________________________________________________)
______
3.
______
4.
______
5.
______
/krf
rjd/h (rjdhs)
d eujk (movement), d euke (location) (+gen )
354
Christmas tree
carpet(s)
in the corner (of)
__Y__
gjcthtlbyt (+gen )
jcnfnmcz (jcnfyecm^
jcnfytimcz) (pf)
______
7.
______
8.
There are also chocolates on the table and a flower for each guest.
(_______________________________________________________)
______
9.
______
10. The presents should remain under the tree until twelve p.m.
(_______________________________________________________)
______
Chapter 18
6.
GRAMMAR
THE PRONOUN -SELF
The pronoun cfv declines as follows:
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
masculine
cfv
cfv/cfv-ju
cfv-ju
cfv-jv
cfv-v
j cfv-v
feminine
cfv-
cfv-/cfv-j/*
cfv-q
cfv-q
cfv-q/-.
j cfv-q
neuter
cfv-
cfv-
cfv-ju
cfv-jv
cfv-v
j cfv-v
plural
cv-b
cv-b/cfv-[
cfv-[
cfv-v
cfv-vb
j cfv-[
* The Accusative feminine is an old-fashioned literary form, but it is still used in phrases with the
pronoun ; e.g. ytyfdbltnm/k.,bnm - hate/love oneself.
is an emphatic pronoun and may precede or follow a noun:
z gthtlfk(f) gjcskre (or ) - I passed the parcel to Marina herself
When used with another pronoun it normally follows that pronoun:
z hfpujdfhbdfk(f) c - I talked to him himself
agrees with other pronouns and nouns in case, gender and number.
Note: do not confuse and
355
cvsq
cvsq/cvjuj
cvjuj
cvjve
cvsv
j cvjv
feminine
neuter
plural
cvfz
cve.
cvjq
cvjq
cvjq
j cvjq
cvjt
cvjt
cvjuj
cvjve
cvsv
j cvjv
cvst
cvst/cvs[
cvs[
cvsv
cvsvb
j cvs[
Note: the phrase njn ;t cfvsq (nf ;t cfvfz^ nj ;t cfvjt^ nt ;t cfvst) means the same; e.g. jy
gjdnjhbk njn ;t cfvsq djghjc ldf;ls - he repeated the same question twice; yfv yhfdbncz nf ;t
cfvfz vepsrf - we like the same music; pltcm dc/ nj ;t cfvjt - everything is the same here; e yfc nt ;t
cfvst bynthtcs - we have the same interests.
The phrase njn cfvsq (nf cfvfz^ nj cfvjt^ nt cfvst) means the very; e.g. 'nj njn cfvsq xtkjdtr^ c
rjnjhsv ns [jntk(f) gjpyfrjvbnmcz - this is the very person you wanted to meet; 'nj nj cfvjt jpthj^
j rjnjhjv z ujdjhbk dfv - this is the very lake I told you about; z regbk(f) ne cfve. gkfcnbyre^
rjnjhe. ns [jntk - I bought the very record you wanted; 'nj nt cfvst k.lb^ rjnjhst cghfibdfkb j
nt,t - these are the very people who asked about you.
Activity Twenty-One -
Writing Translate the following into Russian.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The pronoun (such) has stressed ending in all forms and declines as follows:
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Instr
Prep
masculine
nfrq
nfrq/nfruj
nfruj
nfrve
nfrv
j nfrv
feminine
nfrz
nfr.
nfrq
nfrq
nfrq
j nfrq
neuter
nfrt
nfrt
nfruj
nfrve
nfrv
j nfrv
plural
nfrt
nfrt/nfr[
nfr[
nfrv
nfrvb
j nfr[
d ckexft
ghb j,cnjzntkmcndf[
j,hfpjv
lj cntgtyb
-czrjq
-nj
in that case
in the(se) / such circumstances
thus
to such an extent
so-and-so
so-and-so; such-and-such
The phrase means the same (as), the same sort/type of ; e.g. jyb regbkb vfibye^ rfr
e yfc - they bought the same type of car as we have.
Chapter 18
Note: the adverb is related to and means so, thus; e.g. jy ecnfk^ xnj chfpe pfcyek - he got
so tired that he fell asleep immediately; ctujlyz [jkjlyj^ xnj z htibkf yt ds[jlbnm bp ljvf - it is so
cold today that Ive decided not to leave the house.
Activity Twenty-Two -
Reading/Writing
Translate the following into English.
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
htghjlerwbz
cjdthityyj
p>;
crfpnm
(to say)
crf;
cr;tim
cr;tn
cr;tv
cr;tnt
cr;en
reproduction
completely
l>;
ukjlnm
(to gnaw)
ukj;
uk;tim
uk;tn
uk;tv
uk;tnt
uk;en
u>;
ldufnm
(to move)
ld;e
ld;tim
ld;tn
ld;tv
ld;tnt
ld;en
n>x
itgnnm
(to whisper)
itgx
igxtim
igxtn
igxtv
igxtnt
igxen
to freeze
357
[> i
cr > o
r>x
n>o
vf[nm
(to wave)
z vfi
ns vitim
jy(f) vitn
vs vitv
ds vitnt
jyb vien
bcrnm
(to seek)
bo
otim
otn
otv
otnt
oen
gkrfnm*
(to cry)
gkxe
gkxtim
gkxtn
gkxtv
gkxtnt
gkxen
[ktcnnm
(to lash, whip)
[kto
[kotim
[kotn
[kotv
[kotnt
[koen
Activity Twenty-Three -
Writing
Conjugate the following verbs which follow the patterns above.
hfccrfpnm (pf)
,jhvjnnm/ghj,jhvjnnm
dzpnm/cdzpnm
cgfnm (imp)
rjkt,nmcz
kbpnm (imp)
vpfnm/yfvpfnm*
ghnfnm/cghnfnm*
hpfnm/gjhpfnm*
njgnnm/pfnjgnnm
[j[jnnm/pf[j[jnnm
xtcnm/gjxtcnm
otrjnnm/gjotrjnnm
to tell
to mutter
to knit, tie
to pour
to hesitate
to lick
to spread, smear, oil, grease
to hide
to cut, slice
to trample (down)
to laugh loudly
to scratch
to tickle
Activity Twenty-Four -
Writing
Fill in the gaps using the verbs given in brackets in the appropriate form.
Translate the sentences into English.
1& Rnj (bcrfnm)^ njn dctulf yfql/n& 2& Vfktymrbt ltnb xfcnj (gkfrfnm) gj yjxfv& 3& Yfi
rjn jxtym k.,bn^ rjulf tve (xtcfnm) pf e[jv& 4& Z ctqxfc (yfhtpfnm) [kt,^ (yfvfpfnm) tuj
vfckjv b cltkf. ,enth,hjls c cshjv& 5& Jy xfcnj xnj-nj (,jhvjnfnm) dj cyt& 6& <f,eirf
cblbn e jryf b (dzpfnm) yjcrb& 8& Dflbv dctulf nfr uhjvrj ([j[jnfnm)& 9& Ctujlyz z
(hfccrfpfnm) dfv j F& Geirbyt& 10& O/nrjq vj. z otyrf^ (otrjnfnm) tuj ,jrf& 11& To/
ns (lhtvfnm)^ lheu ghtktcnysq& 12& Ltnb cblzn yf crfvtqrt^ (kbpfnm) vjhj;tyjt b dtctkj
cvt.ncz& 13& Cyfxfkf jyf ljkuj (rjkt,fnmcz)^ yj gjnjv cjukfiftncz ghbyznm
ghbukfitybt& 14& Jy jxtym jnrhsnsq xtkjdtr b ybrjulf yt (ghznfnm) cdjb[ xedcnd&
15&Jcnjhj;yj^ gjk njkmrj xnj gjvskb^ yt (pfnjgnfnm) tuj&
rnj &&& njn &&&
xtcfnm pf e[jv
dj cyt
otyjr
358
,jr
ghtktcnysq
xedcndj
jcnjhj;yj
side
charming
feeling
careful
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
(i) Most verbs in - with preceding -c- have a consonant mutation in their personal forms. They also have
fixed stress (as in the infinitive):
gthtdtcn*
(to translate)
z gthtdtl
ns gthtdtl/im
jy(f) gthtdtl/n
vs gthtdtl/v
ds gthtdtl/nt
jyb gthtdtln
cn > l
,htcn*
(to wander)
,htl
,htl/im
,htl/n
,htl/v
,htl/nt
,htln
dtcn*
(to lead)
dtl
dtl/im
dtl/n
dtl/v
dtl/nt
dtln
pfdtcn*
(to start)
pfdtl
pfdtl/im
pfdtl/n
pfdtl/v
pfdtl/nt
pfdtln
,k.cn*
(to guard)
,k.l
,k.l/im
,k.l/n
,k.l/v
,k.l/nt
,k.ln
Chapter 18
II. First conjugation verbs in -nb and -/- (pfdtcnb type) with consonant mutation in all forms.
vtcn**
(to sweep)
vtn
vtn/im
vtn/n
vtn/v
vtn/nt
vtnn
cn > n
gktcn**
(to plait)
gktn
gktn/im
gktn/n
gktn/v
gktn/nt
gktnn
wdtcn **
(to flower)
wdtn
wdtn/im
wdtn/n
wdtn/v
wdtn/nt
wdtnn
ytcn*
(to carry)
ytc
ytc/im
ytc/n
ytc/v
ytc/nt
ytcn
cn > c
gfcn*
(to graze)
gfc
gfc/im
gfc/n
gfc/v
gfc/nt
gfcn
* These verbs have an irregular masculine past tense, i.e. uhtcnb - uh/,^ crhtcnb - crh/,^ ytcnb - y/c& The
feminine, neuter and plural past tenses are formed by adding - k and the appropriate endings to the masculine
past tense; e.g. uh/, (uht,k^ uht,k^ uht,k)&
** The verbs vtcn^ gktcn and wdtcn have the past tenses v/k/vtk^ gk/k/gktk and wd/k/wdtk,
respectively.
Note that the verb hfcn (to grow) is unusual in that it does not mutate at all: z hfcn^ ns hfcn/im^ jy(f)
hfcn/n^ vs hfcn/v^ ds hfcn/nt^ jyb hfcnn. The past tense of hfcnb is also irregular: hjc^ hjck^
hjck^ hjck&
When -nb is preceded by -p- the following mutation occurs - pn > p:
dtpn* (to convey)
z dtp
ns dtp/im
jy dtp/n
vs dtp/v
ds dtp/nt
jyb dtpn
pn > p
* These verbs have an irregular masculine past tense, i.e. dtpnb - d/p (dtpk^ dtpk^ dtpk); gjkpnb - gjkp
(gjkpk^ gjkpk^ gjkpk)&
359
(ii) Verbs in -/- have the following consonant mutations in all personal forms:
rkfcnm
(to put)
z rkfl
ns rkfl/im
jy(f) rkfl/n
vs rkfl/v
ds rkfl/nt
jyb rkfln
cn > l
ctcnm
(to sit down)
cle
cltim
cltn
cltv
cltnt
clen
rhfcnm
(to steal)
rhfl
rhfl/im
rhfl/n
rhfl/v
rhfl/nt
rhfln
cn > y
rkzcnm
(to curse)
rkzy
rkzy/im
rkzy/n
rkzy/v
rkzy/nt
rkzyn
ktpnm*
(to climb)
kpe
kptim
kptn
kptv
kptnt
kpen
cn > p
uhspnm*
(to gnaw)
uhsp
uhsp/im
uhsp/n
uhsp/v
uhsp/nt
uhspn
* These verbs have an irregular masculine past tense, i.e. ktpnm - ktp (kpkf^ kpkj^ kpkb)^ uhspnm - uhsp
(uhpkf^ uhpkj^ uhpkb)&
(iii) Verbs in - have the following consonant mutations in all personal forms:
,thxm
(to look after)
;txm
(to burn)
z ,thtu
ns ,tht;/im
jy(f) ,tht;/n
vs ,tht;/v
ds ,tht;/nt
jyb ,thtun
;ue
;;/im
;;/n
;;/v
;;/nt
;uen
ktxm
(to lie
down)
kue
k;tim
k;tn
k;tv
k;tnt
kuen
x > u/;*
vjxm
ghtyt,hxm
(to be
(to disdain)
able)
vju
ghtyt,htu
v;tim
ghtyt,ht;/im
v;tn
ghtyt,ht;/n
v;tv
ghtyt,ht;/v
v;tnt
ghtyt,ht;/nt
vuen
ghtyt,htun
cnhbxm
(to cut
[hair/nails])
cnhbu
cnhb;/im
cnhb;/n
cnhb;/v
cnhb;/nt
cnhbun
yfghxm
(to strain)
yfghzu
yfghz;/im
yfghz;/n
yfghz;/v
yfghz;/nt
yfghzun
* u mutates to before /
dktxm
(to attract, pull)
z dktr
ns dktx/im
jy(f) dktx/n
vs dktx/v
ds dktx/nt
jyb dktrn
djkjxm**
(to drag)
djkjr
djkjx/im
djkjx/n
djkjx/v
djkjx/nt
djkjrn
gtxm
(to bake)
gtr
gtx/im
gtx/n
gtx/v
gtx/nt
gtrn
x > r/x*
ctxm
(to flog/beat)
ctr
ctx/im
ctx/n
ctx/v
ctx/nt
ctrn
ntxm
(to flow/leak)
ntr
ntx/im
ntx/n
ntx/v
ntx/nt
ntrn
njkxm
(to crush)
njkr
njkx/im
njkx/n
njkx/v
njkx/nt
njkrn
Activity Twenty-Five -
Writing Fill in the gaps using the verbs given in brackets in the appropriate form.
Translate the sentences into English.
1& Jy xnj-nj (itgnfnm) tq^ b jyf cxfcnkbdj eks,ftncz& 2& Vfnm cnjbn yf gkfnajhvt^
(gkfrfnm) b uhecnyj (vf[fnm) yfv dcktl& 3& Jyf dctulf dc/ (rkfcnm) yf cdjb vtcnf& 4&Dctulf
rf;tncz^ xnj xe;bt ltnb (hfcnb) jxtym ,scnhj& 5& <f,eirf dctulf dcnf/n jxtym hfyj%
cyfxfkf jyf (gtxm) [kt,^ gjnjv (crhtcnb) b vjtn gjk^ (dzpfnm) dyerfv dfht;rb^ ujnjdbn
j,tl^ b nfr wtksq ltym - jyf yt (vjxm) cbltnm ,tp ltkf& 6& Jyf ybrjulf yt (ktxm) cgfnm^
gjrf yt cltkftn dct ltkf& 7& Pbyf hf,jnftn d gfhbrvf[thcrjq% jyf wtksq ltym (cnhbxm) b
,httn& 8& Yfv ye;yj dspdfnm cfynt[ybrf% e yfc (ntxm) rhfy& 9& Jctym. d cflf[ b gfhrf[
360
III. Second conjugation verbs in -bnm and -tnm (ujdjhbnm type) with consonant mutation in the first
person singular only.
(i) verbs in -bnm have the following consonant mutations in the first person singular forms:
, > ,k
k.,nm
(to love)
z k.,k
ns k,bim
jy(f) k,bn
vs k,bv
ds k,bnt
jyb k,zn
g > gk
regnm
(to buy)
regk
rgbim
rgbn
rgbv
rgbnt
rgzn
d > dk
cndbnm
(to put)
cndk.
cndbim
cndbn
cndbv
cndbnt
cndzn
v > vk
rjhvnm
(to feed)
rjhvk
rhvbim
rhvbn
rhvbv
rhvbnt
rhvzn
a > ak
uhfanm
(to rule [paper])
uhfak
uhabim
uhabn
uhabv
uhabnt
uhazn
l>;
uklbnm
(to iron)
z uk;e
ns uklbim
jy(f) uklbn
vs uklbv
ds uklbnt
jyb uklzn
p>;
kpbnm
(to climb)
k;e
kpbim
kpbn
kpbv
kpbnt
kpzn
c>i
ghjcnm
(to ask)
ghji
ghcbim
ghcbn
ghcbv
ghcbnt
ghczn
cn > o
vcnbnm
(to avenge)
voe
vcnbim
vcnbn
vcnbv
vcnbnt
vcnzn
n>x
gkfnnm
(to pay)
gkfx
gknbim
gknbn
gknbv
gknbnt
gknzn
Chapter 18
(;txm) ce[bt kbcnmz& 10& Z jxtym ecnfkf b ,jkmit yt (vjxm) hf,jnfnm& 11& Tuj (dktxm)
ujhs b gentitcndbz& 12& Rjulf xtuj-yb,elm jxtym ;l/im^ nj rf;tncz^ xnj lyb (gjkpnb)
jxtym vtlktyyj&
(ii) verbs in -tnm have the following consonant mutations in the first person singular forms:
v > vk
ievnm
(to make a noise)
z ievk
ns ievim
jy(f) ievn
vs ievv
ds ievnt
jyb ievn
g > gk
[hfgnm
(to snore)
[hfgk
[hfgim
[hfgn
[hfgv
[hfgnt
[hfgn
cn > o
cdbcnnm
(to whistle)
cdbo
cdbcnim
cdbcnn
cdbcnv
cdbcnnt
cdbcnn
n>x
ktnnm
(to fly)
ktx
ktnim
ktnn
ktnv
ktnnt
ktnn
c>i
dbcnm
(to hang)
dbi
dbcim
dbcn
dbcv
dbcnt
dbcn
l>;
cblnm
(to sit)
cb;
cblim
cbln
cblv
cblnt
cbln
Second conjugation verbs in -bnm and -tnm may have either a fixed stress or a mobile stress.
If the stress is on the final or penultimate syllable of the infinitive, it remains in the same position in all forms;
e.g. cndbnm - cndk.^ cndbim* ievnm - ievk^ ievim&
Mobile stress: the final syllable of the infinitive and the first person singular are stressed, while elsewhere the
penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. k.,nm - k.,k^ k,bim&
uhecnyj
vf[fnm (imp) (vfie^ vfitim) (+ instr)
dcktl (+ dat)
A new ab initio Russian course
sadly
to wave
after
xe;jq
dfht;rf
(gj-),hbnm (,ht.^ ,httim)
someone elses
mitten
to shave
361
Activity Twenty-Six -
Writing Fill in the gaps, using the appropriate form of the verbs given in brackets.
1& Z jxtym (k.,bnm) dtcye& 2& - Rjulf ds (ktntnm) d Vjcrde$ - Z (ktntnm) pfdnhf& 3&Gfkmnj
(dbctnm) yf dtifkrt& 4& Z e;t ljkuj (dbctnm) yf ntktajyt^ yflj pfrfyxbdfnm hfpujdjh&
5& Ctqxfc z hf,jnf.% (cbltnm) ljvf c ltnmvb^ (ujnjdbnm) j,tl^ (ukflbnm) ,tkm/^
(gsktcjcbnm) rjdhs^ jlybv ckjdjv - (cktlbnm) pf ljvjv& 6& Ctqxfc z (gjrjhvbnm)
ht,/yrf b gjqle d vfufpby& 7& Jy ghjcnj (rbgtnm) uytdjv& 8& D rjvyfnt nb[j^ njkmrj z
(crhbgtnm) gthjv gj ,evfut& 9& Z yt (nthgtnm) k;b b ytxtcnyjcnb& 10& Z (pfdbctnm) jn
nt,z& 11& Pf jryjv (ievtnm) dtnth b km/n lj;lm& 12& Vs ljujdjhbkbcm^ xnj rjulf z
(pfcdbcntnm)^ jy dsqltn bp erhsnbz&
362
to be dependent on
to howl, make a noise
it is pouring down
to agree
to begin to whistle
to come out of hiding
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER NINETEEN -
PERSONAL INFORMATION -
In Chapter Nineteen you will learn how to do the following:
1. to talk about ages, weights and heights
2. to talk about peoples appearance
3. to talk about personality types
You will learn the following points of grammar:
1.
2.
3.
4.
expressions of approximation
the short forms of adjectives
nouns in apposition
the particle
Activity One -
Writing
Look at the following pictures and write down the approximate age of the
people illustrated. Use the model below as a guide.
Jkmut ktn ldflwfnm (reversed word order)
Olga is about twenty.
Jkmut jrjkj ldflwfnb ktn (jrjkj + gen)
Fhrflbq
Gtnhjdbx
Cth/;f
Kblbz
Bdfyjdyf
Vfrcbv
Activity Two -
Reading
Read the following dialogue in pairs and indicate with a tick in the table
after the dialogue the age of each person mentioned in the conversation. The first one is done
for you. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the next page to help you.
F - Rfr ns levftim^ crjkmrj ktn Vfhbb Gtnhjdyt$
< - Z levf.^ xnj tq ujlf nhblwfnm nhb&
F - Z nj;t nfr levfkf^ yj ytlfdyj z epyfkf^ xnj tq e;t pf cjhjr& T/ csye Cfit e;t
jrjkj gznyflwfnb ktn&
< - Yte;tkb$ Jyf nfr [jhjij dsukzlbn&
F - Lf^ jyf dsukzlbn vjkj;t cdjb[ ktn^ f djn t/ ctcnhf Cdtnkfyf dsukzlbn cnfhit
cdjtuj djphfcnf& Crjkmrj ktn ns tq lfim$
< - Z ,s lfkf tq ktn ldflwfnm itcnm^ yj hfp ns ujdjhbim^ xnj jyf dsukzlbn cnfhit
cdjb[ ktn^ nj^ vj;tn ,snm^ tq jrjkj ldflwfnb xtnsh/[ ktn&
364
name
Maria
Petrovna
Chapter 19
F <F < -
Sasha
Svetlana
Victor
Ivanovich
Activity Three -
Speaking Pairwork. Discuss with your partner the age of each person illustrated in
Activity One, using the dialogue from Activity Two as a guide. Reverse roles after each
picture.
Activity Four -
Listening Listen to the recording in which six people describe their relatives. Fill in
the table below with the appropriate information. Some of the answers are given for you.
Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
k.lb
ve; Vfhbys
csy Jkmub
;tyf Bdfyf
jntw Nfyb
vfnm Nfyb
ltleirf Cdtns
,f,eirf <jhb
epyfdfnm (epyf.^
epyf/im) / epyfnm (I)
pf cjhjr
dsukzltnm (imp) (dsukz;e^ dsukzlbim)
vjkj;t cdjb[ ktn
djphfcn
hjcn
dtc
4.5 rbkj
uk fpf
ujke,st
djkj cs
hecst
ptk/yst
60
ctlst
kbcsq
to recognize
djkjcs
[eljofdsq / [eljq
over 40
,h.ytn(rf)
to look
rehyjcsq
[fhfrnth
younger than
dtcbnm (II) (imp)
ones years
&&& c gjkjdbyjq
djphfcn
age
rfhbq
z ,s lfk(f) (+ dat)
I would put ... at vzurbq
ctvmltczn c xtv-nj over 70
hecsq
tve bcgjkybkjcm &&& hes just turned ... yf cdtnt
lkz cdjtuj djphfcnf for ones age
cnhjqysq
hjcn
height
chtlytuj djphfcnf
weight
ghb,kbpbntkmyj
A new ab initio Russian course
hair
thin, lean
dark-haired person
snub-nosed
personality
to weigh
... and a half
brown (eyes)
soft
light-brown (hair)
in the world
well-proportioned
(of) average height
approximately
dscjrbq
tall, high
rf,ker
heel
c nheljv
with difficulty
(gj-)cnfhtnm to grow old
(cnfht.^ -tim)
ctljq
grey (hair)
gjkysq
stout
kscsq
bald
ujh,bnmcz (II) to stoop
gj-ght;ytve as before
(gj-)gjkytnm to grow stout
(gjkyt.^ -tim)
cthsq
grey (eyes)
n/vysq
dark
365
Activity Five -
Writing/Listening Look at the chart below and complete it by converting the
information into the metric system, using the table after the chart to help you. Then write the
information for each person in Russian. The first one is done for you. Finally, listen to the tape
to check your answers.
name
height
weight
hjcn
dtc
John
6 ft 3 ins
14 st 2 lbs
&&& v &&& cv
&&& ru
Mary
5 ft 5 ins
9 st
&&& v &&& cv
&&& ru
Mike
5 ft 8 ins
10 st 5 lbs
&&& v &&& cv
&&& ru
Helen
5 ft 7 ins
9 st 7 lbs
&&& v &&& cv
&&& ru
Karen
5 ft 4 ins
8 st 7 lbs
&&& v &&& cv
&&& ru
Anna
4 ft11 ins
6 st 10 lbs
&&& v &&& cv
&&& ru
Robert
5 ft 10 ins
12 st 7 lbs
&&& v &&& cv
&&& ru
1 in
12 ins
1 lb
2.2 lbs
1 st
=
=
=
=
=
2.5 cm
1 ft (30 cm)
450 gm
1 kg
14 lbs (6.4 kg)
Bodystat
Chapter 19
Activity Six -
Reading/Speaking
Read the Body Statistics Report completed for Anna at the Sports
Centre. Answer the questions after the report in Russian, using the vocabulary at the foot of
the following page to help you.
% 1v 75cv
% 12&10&02
;bh = 17&5%
dtc ;bhf = 10&5 ru
dtc rjcntq b vsiw = 49&5 ru
j,obq dtc ntkf = 60 ru
djlf = 59&5%
j,]/v djls d ntkt = 35&7 k (=kbnhjd)
ehjdtym abpbxtcrjq frnbdyjcnb%
21 - 27%
14 - 18 ru
47 - 51 ru
63 - 68 ru
50 - 60%
30 - 36 k
, bprbq/chtlybq,
chtlybq, /,
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
367
Activity Seven -
Listening
Look at the picture and then listen to the tape. You are going to hear one
of the people in the picture speaking. Try to identify who is speaking after the first listening.
Listen again and identify the other people, filling in the appropriate information in English in
the table below the picture.
name
age
height
Inna
Andrei
Katya
Nikita
cjcnfd
ntkj
jnx/n
,jlhjcnm (f)
lfyyst
htrjvtyletvsq
;bh
rjcnm (f)
vsiwf
j,obq
j,]/v
ehjdtym (m)
ybprbq
368
composition
body
report
good spirits
data
recommended
fat
bone
muscle
general
volume
level
low, short
eyes
mother/father
hair
looks like
(+ dat) yt cktletn
(gj-)nthznm (I)
gjllth;bdfnm (I) / gjllth;fnm (II)
gjghfdkznmcz (I) / gjghfdbnmcz (II)
cjj (III) (imp) (+ dat)
ghj[jlbnm (II) (imp)
cjcnfdkznm (I) / cjcnfdbnm (II)
gjkyst ue,s
eprbt ue,s
hjdm (f) / ,hjdb
htcybwf / htcybws
eyfcktljdfnm (III) (pf)
gfhtym (m)
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
10&
11&
12&
Chapter 19
Activity Eight -
Speaking/Listening/Writing Answer the questions in Russian using the information
from the table in Activity Seven. Then listen to the tape again and complete the sentences
which follow the questions. You should provide two pieces of information missing from the
table about each person in the picture.
Missing Information
1. E Byys
a) ___________________________________________________
b) ___________________________________________________
2. E Fylhtz a) ___________________________________________________
b) ___________________________________________________
3. E Rfnb
a) ___________________________________________________
b) ___________________________________________________
4. E Ybrbns a) ___________________________________________________
b) ___________________________________________________
Activity Nine - L
Reading Read the following story and answer the questions in Russian.
Ltl^ ,f,f b Fk/if (>& Rjdfkm)
Cgjhzn ltl lf* ,f,f^ yf rjuj gj[j; b[ dyer& <f,f ujdjhbn%
- Fk/if yf vtyz gj[j;& Nfrjq ;t evysq b nheljk.,bdsq&
Fk/if ujdjhbn%
- Dthyj^ dthyj^ z dtcm d ,f,e&
Ltl ujdjhbn%
- F gj-vjtve^ Fk/if yf vtyz gj[j;& E ytuj nfrbt ;t ukfpf - rhfcbdst^ ujke,st&
B ,jhjlf ,jkmifz dshfcntn^
rjulf Fk/if b cfv dshfcntn&
369
Activity Ten -
Speaking Pairwork. Ask your partner about any resemblances in his/her family, then
swap roles. Use the questions in the box below as a guide.
Note: Russians often ask from whom various physical and mental characteristics might have been
inherited. The following are some of the most common questions:
Yf rjuj ns gj[j;(f)$
Yf rjuj gj[j;f ndjz ctcnhf^
yf vfve bkb yf gfge$
E nt,z ukfpf rfr e vfvs bkb rfr e gfgs$
F yf rjuj gj[j; ndjq jntw^ yf ltleire
bkb yf ,f,eire$
D rjuj e nt,z nfrjq dscjrbq hjcn$
Yf rjuj ns gj[j;(f) [fhfrnthjv$
D rjuj ns nfrjq vepsrfkmysq$
Ns cjdctv yt gj[j;(f) yf cdjb[
hjlbntktq^ ns^ yfdthyjt d ltleire
c ,f,eirjq$
evysq
nheljk.,bdsq
dthyj
z dtcm d ,f,e
,jhjlf
(ds-)hfcnb (hfcne^ hfcn/im)
370
clever, bright
hard-working
thats right
I am like my granny
beard
to grow (up)
(+ dat) pf[jntkjcm
ytbpdtcnyj
jy nfr ;t^ rfr b z^ &&&
(jy) gjlevfk(-gjlevfk)
elbdbntkmyj
xthnf
... wanted
it is uncertain
he, like me, ...
(he) thought a little
it is amazing
feature
U-ye Bdfyjde
Vjcrdf
Cfljdjt rjkmwj^ 12
Kjyljy
30 vfhnf 2003 u&
Chapter 19
Activity Eleven -
Reading/Writing You are going on a business trip to Russia. Write to a person you
dont know, asking him/her to meet you at the airport. Give a description of yourself in the
letter. Read the letter below as a guide.
edf;ftvsq
cjj,ofnm (I) / cjj,obnm (II)
ghb,sdfnm (I) (imp) d (+ acc)
gjcrjkmre
dbpbn
z ,skf ,s ghbpyfntkmyf^
tckb ,s ds cvjukb
gjl[jlzobq
A new ab initio Russian course
dear
to inform
to arrive (in)
as
visit
I would be grateful
if you could
suitable
cktle.obq
jgbcfybt
z ,ele jltn(f) d (+ acc)
,keprf
gkfo
pfhfytt dfv ,kfujlfhyf
lj crjhjq dcnhtxb
z j,en(f) d (+ acc)
following
description
I will be wearing
blouse
raincoat
thank you in advance
see you soon
I am wearing (on my feet)
371
Activity Thirteen -
Speaking
Pairwork. Look at the pictures. The four people are: a singer, a painter,
an actress and a politician. Discuss who is who. Use the dialogues below as a guide.
I.
Activity Fourteen -
Reading/Writing/Listening Read the description of two sisters personalities and fill
in the gaps using the appropriate words from the box below. Listen to the tape to check your
answers. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
x/hcndsq
(hard)
cgjrjqysq
(calm)
pfvryensq
(reserved)
ythubxysq
(energetic)
jnrhsnsq
(open)
jnpsdxbdsq
(ready to help)
cthm/pysq
(serious)
Vs c ctcnhjq jxtym gj[j;b dytiyt^ yj e yfc cjdthityyj hfpyst [fhfrnths&
Z jxtym ______________ xtkjdtr^ vj;yj lf;t crfpfnm aktuvfnbxysq^ f ctcnhf
- ______________ xtkjdtr^ jyf dctulf xnj-nj ltkftn^ yt gjcblbn cgjrjqyj yb
vbyens& Z jxtym ______________ xtkjdtr^ yt k.,k. gjrfpsdfnm cdjb xedcndf
lheubv^ f e ctcnhs ______________ [fhfrnth^ rfr ujdjhbncz^ xnj d leit^ nj b
yf kbwt& Jyf jxtym ______________ xtkjdtr^ dctulf dctv gjvjuftn^ z ;t yt
k.,k. dvtibdfnmcz d xe;bt ltkf^ yfdthyjt^ gjnjve vtyz cxbnf.n
______________ xtkjdtrjv& Yj d jlyjv vs c ctcnhjq jxtym gj[j;b% vs
______________ b jndtncndtyyst k.lb^ dctulf ljdjlbv yfxfnjt ltkj lj rjywf&
vs dytiyt gj[j;b
cjdthityyj
hfpysq
aktuvfnbxysq
gjcbltnm (pf) (gjcb;e^
gjcblbim)
yb vbyens
rfr ujdjhbncz
xedcndj
372
we look alike
completely
different
phlegmatic
to sit (for a while)
jndtncndtyysq
not for a minute
as the saying goes
feeling
xnj d leit^ nj b
yf kbwt
dvtibdfnmcz (I) /
dvtifnmcz (I) d (+ acc)
xe;bt ltkf
responsible
ljdjlbnm (II) / ljdtcnb
(ljdtle^ ljdtl/im)
yfxfnjt ltkj lj rjywf
Chapter 19
Activity Fifteen -
Reading/Writing/Listening
Look at the adjectives in the box below. Do you know
with which sign of the zodiac any of them are associated? Write them in the table as
illustrated in the example. Then listen to the tape to check your answers and complete the
table.* Add to the table any other adjectives which are associated with the signs but not
included in the box. Use the vocabulary list at the foot of the page to help you.
k.,jpyfntkmysq (curious)^ nheljk.,bdsq (hardworking)^ dcgskmxbdsq (fiery)^ cnhfcnysq
(passionate)^ xtcnjk.,bdsq (ambitious), nthgbvsq (tolerant)^ wtktecnhtvk/yysq (purposeful)^
pf,jnkbdsq (caring)^ lbgkjvfnbxysq (diplomatic)^ edthtyysq (confident), ehfdyjdtityysq
(well balanced), ghjybwfntkmysq (perceptive), ytnthgtkbdsq (impatient)
* Some of the adjectives on the tape are used in the short form; e.g. dcgskmxbd (hot-tempered). To produce
the masculine short form, simply remove the masculine ending from the long form. T o produce the feminine,
neuter and plural short forms, remove the final vowel from the ending.
Gender
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Plural
Long form
dcgskmxbd
dcgskmxbd
dcgskmxbd
dcgskmxbd
Short form
dcgskmxbd
dcgskmxbd - f
dcgskmxbd - j
dcgskmxbd - s
- sq
- fz
- jt
- st
Pyfr Pjlbfrf
Xthns [fhfrnthf
dcgskmxbdsq^
Jdty
Ntktw
<kbpytws
Hfr
Ktd
Ltdf
Dtcs
Crjhgbjy
Cnhtktw
Rjpthju
Djljktq
Hs,s
nbgbxysq
ytnthgtkbdsq
xedcndbntkmysq
crkjyysq r (+ dat)
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
typical
impatient
sensitive
inclined to
ytpfdbcbvsq
yf[jlxbdsq
j,obntkmysq
ytecblxbdsq
ljvjdbnsq
edf;bntkmysq
dpscrfntkmysq
vepsrfkmysq
fhnbcnbxysq
djktdjq
pyf.obq
,tcgjrjqysq
jhufybpjdfyysq
bccktljdfntkmcrfz hf,jnf
k.,zobq
independent
resourceful
sociable
restless
thrifty
respectful
perfectionist
musical
artistic
strong-willed
learned
turbulent
(well) organized
research work
loving
373
Activity Sixteen -
Speaking Work in small groups. Find out your partners star signs and whether
their personalities conform to their star signs. Use the following model as a guide.
- Rjulf ns hjlbkcz/hjlbkfcm$
- Z hjlbkcz/hjlbkfcm ldflwfnm gznjuj b.yz&
- Pyfxbn ndjq pyfr Pjlbfrf - Hfr$
- Lf^ Hfr&
- Rfr ns levftim^ ndjq [fhfrnth nbgbxty lkz Hfrjd$
- B lf^ b ytn& Yfghbvth^ z cxbnf.^ xnj z pf,jnkbdsq b xedcndbntkmysq xtkjdtr&
(nb xthns [fhfrnthys lkz vjtuj pyfrf^ yj z yt jxtym ltkjdbn(f)&)
- F rfrbt xthns cdjtuj [fhfrnthf ns cxbnftim ytnbgbxysvb lkz ndjtuj pyfrf
Pjlbfrf$
- Z jxtym ytecblxbd(f)^ f nf xthnf ljk;yf ,snm nbgbxyf lkz <kbpytwjd^ f yt lkz
Hfrjd&
Activity Seventeen -
Reading
Read the text below and fill in the quiz (djghjcybr) on the next page.
Use the vocabulary list following Activity Eighteen.
Gj[j;t^ xnj yfib fcnhjkjubxtcrbt pyfrb bpvtybkbcm& Yb jlby cjdhtvtyysq Crjhgbjy
bkb Ktd yt hjlbkcz njulf^ rjulf cjkywt yf[jlbkjcm d pjyt pyfrf Crjhgbjyf bkb Kmdf&
Rfr endth;lf.n fcnhjyjvs^ ltkj d njv^ xnj cjkywt d yfib lyb e;fcyj jgfplsdftn^ f
nj pyfxbn^ xnj vs hjlbkbcm gjl lheubv pyfrjv& Jyb lf;t dsltkz.n yjdsq pyfr^
Jab.rec (Ytceobq pvbz)*^ rjnjhsq zdkztncz pyfrjv ndjhxtcndf b bynthtcf r le[jdyjq
;bpyb& Jlyfrj^ yjdst pd/pls yt pfvtyz.n cj,jq cnfhst& Yfib yjdst pyfrb kbim
erfpsdf.n yf cfvst ndjhxtcrbt xthns yfituj [fhfrnthf b jndtxf.n yt yf djghjc
Rnj z$, f yf djghjc R xtve z cnhtvk.cm$. Gj lfyyjq yb;t nf,kbwt ds cvj;tnt
yfqnb cdjq yjdsq pyfr Pjlbfrf& F djghjcybr gjvj;tn dfv jghtltkbnm^ yfcrjkmrj
cbkmyj dkbzybt dfituj yjdjuj pyfrf&
* Commas are used to mark off words and phrases which stand in apposition to the noun which is the subject or object
of the sentence; e.g. Jyb lf;t dsltkz.n yjdsq pyfr^ Jab.rec (Ytceobq pvbz). Here the noun Jab.rec
is in apposition to pyfr and adds further information about it. For more details see the Grammar section.
374
Pyfr Pjlbfrf
Ltym hj;ltybz
Jdty
19 fghtkz - 13 vfz
Ntktw
14 vfz - 22 b.yz
<kbpytws
23 b.yz - 21 b.kz
Hfr
22 b.kz - 10 fduecnf
Ktd
11 fduecnf - 16 ctynz,hz
Ltdf
17 ctynz,hz - 31 jrnz,hz
Dtcs
1 yjz,hz - 23 yjz,hz
Crjhgbjy
24 yjz,hz - 29 yjz,hz
Jab.rec
30 yjz,hz - 17 ltrf,hz
Cnhtktw
18 ltrf,hz - 19 zydfhz
Rjpthju
20 zydfhz - 17 atdhfkz
Djljktq
18 atdhfkz - 12 vfhnf
Hs,s
13 vfhnf - 18 fghtkz
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
F
<
D
U
L
Vskmyst jgths
Abkmvs j ghbhjlt
Lbcreccbb
Xfn-ije
<fktn
Chapter 19
ytj,[jlbvjcnb jnrfpfnmcz$
F Lhepmz
< Hf,jnf
D Vepsrf
U Htkbubz
L Nt[ybxtcrbt chtlcndf
Gjlcx/n jxrjd (Total points) - Dkbzybt Jab.recf yf dfc (The influence of Ophiucus on you)
2.
5.
8.
375
Activity Eighteen -
Speaking/Writing
Groupwork. Interview people in your group and fill in the table
below as in the example.
Bvz/ltym
hj;ltybz
Fyyf/12 vfz
ltkjdbnsq
ytecblxbdsq
gj[j;t^ xnj
rfr endth;lf.n
fcnhjyjvs
dsltkznm (I) / dsltkbnm (II)
ytceobq pvbz
Cnfhsq pyfr/xthns
[fhfrnthf
Ntktw wtktecnhtvk/yysq^
yf[jlxbdsq^
ghjybwfntkmysq
efficient
not persevering
it seems that
as the astronomers
claim
to assign
serpent -bearer
(Biblical)
creativity
spiritual life
star(s)
to replace
(oneself)
to indicate
ndjhxtcndj
le[jdyfz ;bpym
pdtplf / pd/pls
pfvtyznm (I) / pfvtybnm (II)
(cj,jq)
erfpsdfnm (I) / erfpfnm
(erf;e^ erf;tim)
cnhtvbnmcz (imp) (cnhtvk.cm / to strive for,
cnhtvbimcz) r (+ dat)
aim for
gj lfyyjq yb;t nf,kbwt
according to the
table below
jghtltkznm (I) / jghtltkbnm
to determine
(II)
yfcrjkmrj cbkmyj
how strong
gkfdexbq ljv
houseboat
(;bkjq) fdnjghbwtg
caravan
;bkrjvveyf
commune
ds,bhfnm (I) / ds,hfnm
to choose
(ds,the^ ds,th/im)
j,fzybt
charm
gjllth;rf
support(iveness)
cghfdtlkbdjcnm (f)
fairness
byntkktrnefkmysq
intellectual
cgjcj,yjcnb
abilities
ghbdktrfntkmysq
attractive
dytiyjcnm (f)
appearance
pf[dfnsdf.obq
exciting
c ,jkmijq dscjns
from a great height
376
Yjdsq pyfr/xthns
[fhfrnthf
Jdty - dcgskmxbdsq^
ytnthgtkbdsq^
ytpfdbcbvsq
kiss
car race
throwing
outstanding ambition
power
in case of necessity
to turn out to be
gjwtkeq
fdnjujyrf
,hjcfybt
pfdtnyfz wtkm (f)
dkfcnm (f)
ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb
jrfpsdfnmcz (I) /
jrfpfnmcz (jrf;ecm^
jrf;timcz)
nt[ybxtcrbt chtlcndf
ytdsgjkytyysq
j,tofybt
edjkmytybt c hf,jns
,tp cghjcf
yf,bhfnm (I) / yf,hfnm
(yf,the^ yf,th/im) jxrb
ghbyflkt;fnm (ghbyflkt;e^
ghbyflkt;bim) (imp only)
r (+ dat)
jrfpsdfnm (I) jrfpfnm
(jrf;e^ jrf;tim) dkbzybt
yf (+ acc)
hbcrjdfnm (III) (imp) (+ instr)
ceotcndtyysq
gthtrh/cnjr
chfdybntkmyj
(gj-)cnfhfnmcz (I)
ghbvbhznm (I) /
ghbvbhbnm (II)
elbdkznm (I) / elbdbnm
(elbdk.^ elbdbim)
,tpjgfcyjcnm (f)
xtv yb;t &&&^ ntv
vtymit &&&
technology
unfulfilled
promise
dismissal from work,
redundancy
without permission
to pick up points
to belong to
to exert an influence on
to risk (s.th.)
vital, important
crossroads
comparatively
to try
to reconcile
to surprise
safety
the lower , the
less
Chapter 19
Activity Nineteen -
Speaking
Pairwork. Find out your partner s opinion of the results of the analysis
of his/her personality from the interview in Activity Eighteen, using the model below.
GRAMMAR
THE SHORT FORM OF ADJECTIVES
Most qualitative adjectives have long and short forms. However, relative adjectives which denote
inherent characteristics have long forms only; e.g. lthtdzyysq (denotes material), ytltkmysq
(denotes time), pfhe,t;ysq (denotes place) etc. The masculine short form is produced by
removing the whole of the masculine ending from the long form. The feminine, neuter and plural
short forms are produced by removing the final vowel of the endings:
Gender
Masculine
Feminine
Neuture
Plural
Long form
cgjrjqy - sq
cgjrjqy - fz
cgjrjqy - jt
cgjrjqy - st
Short form
cgjrjty*
cgjrjqy - f
cgjrjqy - j
cgjrjqy - s
* The fill vowels -- or -- may occasionally appear in the stem of a masculine short-form adjective. Their
function is to break up the consonant cluster left after the removal of the full-form masculine ending; e.g.
,jkmy - (,jkty)^ bynthtcy - (bynthtcty)^ rjhjnr - (rjhjnjr)& The fill vowel -- usually
replaces a soft sign or , whereas the fill vowel -- splits the consonant clusters ending in ^ &
There are a small number of adjectives with the fill vowel /:
jcnhsq
cbkmysq
evysq
[bnhsq
sharp
strong
clever
cunning
Some adjectives with a consonant cluster do not have a fill vowel in the masculine short form:
,jlhsq
lj,hsq
ujhlsq
v/hndsq
g/cnhsq
cheerful
kind
proud
dead
multi-coloured
,jlh
lj,h
ujhl
v/hnd
g/cnh
377
big
small
* The adjectives dtkbrbq / ,jkmijq and vfktymrbq / vfksq are not distinguished in the short forms.
2. In the following adjectives the stem of the masculine short form is slightly different from
that of the full form:
ljcnjqysq
bcrhtyysq
worthy
sincere
3. Hfl (-f^ -j^ -s) (glad), cjukfcty^ cjukfcyf^ (-j^ -s) (agreeable), ljk;ty^
ljk;yf^ (-j^ -s) (obliged) have no long form.
4. Rfrjd (-f^ -j^ -s) is used in the meaning what kind of / what and nfrjd (-f^ -j^ -s)
in the meaning such. However, rfr and nfr are used to modify short adjectives:
rfrjdj ndj/ vytybt gj 'njve djghjce$
nfrjdj yfit vytybt
rfr ghtrhfcty 'njn vbh!
jy nfr ev/y
1. In modern Russian the short form of adjectives is used predicatively (i.e. after a link-verb
such as ,snm^ ,sdfnm^ rfpfnmcz^ jrfpfnmcz^ cnfnm etc.). The link-verb is used
in the past and future tenses (e.g. jy ,sk ev/y - he was clever; crjhj jy ,eltn
ujkjlty - soon he will be hungry); in the imperative mood (e.g. ,elm cxfcnkbdf - be
happy); in the conditional-subjunctive mood (e.g. vs ,skb ,s hfls^ tckb ,s ds
ghbt[fkb r yfv - we would be glad if you visited us). In the present tense the link-verb
is omitted (e.g. jy ev/y - he is clever; jy ujkjlty - he is hungry). The short-form
adjective normally follows the noun or pronoun but may precede it for greater emphasis
(e.g. cxfcnkbd xtkjdtr^ rjnjhsq njxyj pyftn^ xtuj jy [jxtn - a person who
knows exactly what he wants is a happy person).
Attributive use of the short-form adjective is considered archaic. It occurs in folk songs, poetry,
epics etc. (e.g. yt dcnhtxftn tuj vjkjlf ;tyf - his young wife does not meet him; rhfcyj
cjkysirj - beautiful sun). It is also used in certain set expressions, some of which are found
in colloquial Russian:
yf ,jce yjue
jn vfkf lj dtkbrf
gj ,tke cdtne
378
Chapter 19
2. While the long form usually denotes permanent characteristics, the short form is generally
used to indicate a temporary state or condition.
Note that an adjective should always be used in its short form when it is accompanied by words
or phrases identifying restrictions:
a) when followed by a noun, pronoun or prepositional phrase
'nf rjvyfnf vfkf
'njn abkmv ytbynthtcty
Activity Twenty -
Writing Put the adjectives into their appropriate short forms in the following
Russian sayings and proverbs. Then match up the phrases with the literal translations
given in the right-hand side of the box. Can you think of any English equivalents?
1& K.,db dct djphfcns (gjrjhyst)&
2& Rjulf z tv^ z (uke[jq) b (ytvjq)&
3& Req ;tktpj^ gjrf (ujhzxtt)&
4& (Rfrjq) gjg^ (nfrjq) b ghb[jl&
5& K.,jdm (cktgfz)^ gjk.,bim b rjpkf&
Activity Twenty-One -
Reading/Writing
Read the following astrological forecast from the Russian
magazine Jyf (January, 2001) for Capricornians. Underline all the short-form
adjectives that you can find and analyse their use.
379
Rjpthju
22 ltrf,hz - 20 zydfhz
Zydfhm - vtczw Rjpthjuf&
E dfc yfxbyftncz yjdsq ujlbxysq wbrk ;bpyb& Ds 'ythubxys^ jgnbvbcnbxys
b edthtys d cdjb[ cbkf[& Nt^ rnj ght;lt yt j,hfofk yf dfc dybvfybz^ ctqxfc yt
ghjcnj pfvtnzn^ yj b ghbpyf.n kblthjv& D 'njn pbvybq vtczw ds kturj
yfkf;bdftnt rjynfrns^ c ,ktcrjv htiftnt k.,st pflfxb rfr kbxyjuj^ nfr b
ltkjdjuj [fhfrnthf& Jcj,tyyj elfxyj ltkf crkflsdf.ncz d gthdjq ltrflt
zydfhz& Dfv ghtlcnjbn vyjuj hfpkbxyjuj hjlf hfpujdjhjd b rjhjnrb[ gjtpljr&
<elmnt ,lbntkmys% d ljhjut ds dgjkyt vj;tnt dcnhtnbnm cdj. k.,jdm!
NOUNS IN APPOSITION
Words are said to be in apposition when they refer to the same person or thing and are placed
one after the other without being joined by a conjunction.
You should try to remember the following:
1. Commas are normally used to mark off words and phrases standing in apposition to the noun
or pronoun which is the subject/object of the sentence; e.g. Vfhbz^ bpdtcnyfz gtdbwf^ yt
ghbdsrkf r nfrjve j,hfotyb. - Maria, a famous singer, was not used to such treatment.
2. Single nouns in apposition (usually geographical proper nouns) are hyphenated when they
precede the noun they describe. The hyphen is omitted when the order is reversed; e.g. Vjcrdfhtrf (but htrf Vjcrdf), Bkmvtym-jpthj (but jpthj Bkmvtym).
3. When two or more nouns, pronouns or modifiers refer to the same person or object they are
used in the same case; e.g. Vfhb.^ bpdtcnye. gtdbwe^ jy pyfk c ltncndf - he knew
Maria, a famous singer, from childhood.
Activity Twenty-Two -
Writing Put the words in brackets in their correct form in the sentences below.
1& Z e;t ,skf yf ktrwbb Bdfyf <jhbcjdbxf Otlhbyf^
(bpdtcnysq ghjatccjh vfntvfnbrb)&
ujlbxysq wbrk
edthtyysq d (+ prep)
cbkf
nt^ rnj
ght;lt
j,hfofnm (I) dybvfybt yf (+ acc)
pfvtxfnm (I) / pfvtnbnm (pfvtxe^
pfvtnbim)
ghbpyfdfnm (ghbpyf.^
ghbpyf/im) / ghbpyfnm (I)
yfkf;bdfnm (I) (imp) rjynfrns
380
year-long cycle
confident
strength
(those) people who
previously
to pay attention to
to notice
to recognize
to set up contacts
c ,ktcrjv
brilliantly
htifnm (I) (imp)
to solve (s.th.)
k.,jq
any
pflfxf
task
ltkjdjq
business
elfxyj
successful(ly)
crkflsdfnmcz (I) / ckj;bnmcz (II) to turn out
hfpkbxyjuj hjlf
of various sorts
dfv ghtlcnjbn
you are in for
,lbntkmysq
alert, watchful
dgjkyt
entirely, fully
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Chapter 19
381
In questions, kb always follows the word which bears the logical stress, and it is not normally
translated.
Note: the word order in questions with the particle kb is inverted. If kb is omitted from the question,
there is no inversion. Compare the following:
lfdyj kb ds ghbt[fkb bp Vjcrds$
The following phrases containing kb might be useful: dhzl kb (hardly likely), tldf kb (hardly)
z dhzl kb ghble ctujlyz r nt,t
- I am hardly likely to come to see you today
dhzl kb vj;yj c dfvb cjukfcbnmcz - one can hardly agree with you
Activity Twenty-Three -
Writing Translate the following into Russian. Use kb where appropriate.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
382
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER TWENTY -
A FURTHER STEP IN
READING AND WRITING
You may find the following words and phrases useful when it comes to writing Russian.
/ / ,
-
/ , ()
,
/ /
/
/
-,
()
/
/ ,
/ /
/
,
- / - / -
,
() ,
384
. ,
, , . ,
,
27 ... 75 . ,
. , ,
, .
. ,
. , - ,
. ,
, .
- .
, , - .
, , .
,
, , : -
, . . ,
.
Chapter 20
Activity One -
Reading Read the following text and note how the essay lubricants are used. Then
retell the text, using alternative essay lubricants where possible.
skirmish, fight
unique
investigation
scientist
(I) (,
to hope
)
(I) / to stop
(, )
natural
put, released
,
Lithuania, Lithuanian
(I) / to turn
(, )
back(wards)
(m)
resident
(I) /
to turn into,
(II) (+ acc)
transform into
old man
a flood of letters
(past participle) alarmed
phenomenon
?
how can he win?
() (+ instr)
race against
(I) / (II) to suggest
various
folk remedies
(pf) (f) to express gratitude
on his behalf
complicated
(I) /
to help
(, ) (+ dat)
A new ab initio Russian course
(-) (III)
(,
) (+ instr)
(-) (I)
(I) / (II)
(-, -, -)
()
(I) /
(II)
(m)
(II) (+ instr)
(I) (imp)
(-) (I)
(I) / (II)
ill (person)
poultice
Verners syndrome
premature
ageing
published piece
case
to be interested (in)
to promise
to provide information
concluded
sentence, verdict
(to be) in question
to suppose
hereditary, inherited
decease, illness
to be
consequence
ailment, disease
treatment
to lead to the defeat/failure
lad
to be ill with TB
to treat (with)
to try to convince
to lose hope
to allow
385
Activity Two -
Reading
Read the following text, which is a summary of an article from the weekly
paper , paying particular attention to the use of essay lubricants.
. ,
. ,
, . ,
. -, , ,
45 . -,
. ,
, . -,
. , , 7-14 ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
(+ nom)
(f)
(f)
(I) (imp)
(I)
()
386
(,
) (imp) (+ dat)
() (III)
(f)
(I) / (II)
(f)
(-) (I)
to relate to
to form
length
to determine
peculiarity
choleric person
unhurried
reliable
to loll around
sanguine person
to do without
- (. )
.
, , ,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
- . . , , , , -
.
(III)
(I) /
(, )
,
(I) /
(, )
(III) (imp)
o (III) (+ dat)
A new ab initio Russian course
to rehabilitate
to prove
those who have
excesses of fat
able to work
thin
of average weight
to defend
skeleton
internal
damage, harm
to regulate
production
hormone
to contribute (to)
strengthening
the bodys immunity
reproductive system
() (I) /
() (I)
(I) /
(II) (, )
(, ) /
(, )
(I) (imp)
,
(f)
(I) / (II)
(, )
(m)
Chapter 20
Activity Three -
Reading/Writing Read the text below by N. Tsvetovaya. Then rewrite it using the
essay lubricants already listed.
to (be) produce(d)
vitally
leptin
to support
strength is waning
to give
warning sign
brain
snack bar
to perceive, take
just like
liver
to announce
representative
queens / kings, royal
387
PARTICIPLES
Participles are words formed from a verb and used as an adjective which answer the question
? etc.
1. Present active - take the third person plural of the present tense, remove the final - and
add -() etc.:
3. Past active (perfective) - take the masculine form of the past tense of the perfective aspect,
remove the final - and add -() etc.:
c
c-
c
([who/which] did/made)
([who] smiled)
([who] shouted)
4. Present passive participle - take the first person plural of the present tense and add - etc.:
(ii) for most other verbs, take the 1st and 2nd person singular of the future tense. Replace the
final - /- of the 1st person singular by - if the 2nd person ending is unstressed
(iii) for verbs with infinitives in -, -, - and -, and various monosyllabic verbs
and compound verbs, take the infinitive, remove the final - and add -
(b) Past passive participle short form - take the long form (above) and use the short
adjective endings:
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
(done, made)
(m), (f), (n), (pl) (closed)
If the short passive participle is derived from long forms ending in - and -,
the final syllable is stressed; e.g. :
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
(decided)
388
, .
, .
, -, ,
- . ,
, , .
: ,
, , ,
- .
right.
Chapter 20
Activity Four -
Reading
Read the following passage, paying particular attention to the meaning of
the particple forms which are in bold.
Activity Five -
Reading/Writing
Complete the sentences, using the phrases given in the box on the
1. , _______ .
2. , _______,
.
3. _______
.
4. , _______,
5. , _______,
6. , _______,
7. , _______ .
..
8. _______
.
(II) /
(, )
(+ acc)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (III)
() (, ) (imp)
(I) /
(, )
A new ab initio Russian course
to produce an
impression on
(s.one)
indelible
to remind
to found
to shine, gleam
to light up
(I) /
(, )
(II) /
()
(, ) /
(, )
389
Activity Six -
Reading/Writing/Listening
Fill in the gaps in the sentences, choosing the
appropriate participle from the box below. Listen to the tape to check your answers.
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
1. _______________
.
2. , ______________ , .
3. , ______________ , .
4. , ______________ , .
5. . . - , ______________ .
6. , _____________ .
7. ______________ .
8. , ______________ , .
______________ .
9. ______________ .
10. . . , ______________ ,
.
Activity Seven -
Writing Answer the following questions in Russian using either short-form past
participles (+ the Instrumental to express by) or, where appropriate, an active verb (in
the Nominative). The necessary information is given in random order in the box below.
, , , , ,
I, , , ,
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. -?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. -, -?
10. ?
(-) (, )
(II) (imp)
(-) (II)
(I) /
(II) (, )
(m)
390
to sing
to preserve
to give (a present)
to perform
competition
performer
to be successful
genre
ring
(I) / (II)
(, ) (+ acc)
(I) / (I)
(I) / (II)
fianc
umbrella
to turn to, go to
lost property office
descendant
Pharaoh
Winter Palace
to play
to perform
1. _____________ 9 18 . , _____________
, ( - ).
2. , _____________ , ,
. _____________
( - ).
3. , ,
_____________ . , ____________
, ( - ).
4. _____________ .
, _____________
( - ).
5. _____________ .
_____________ ( - ).
6. , _____________ .
_____________ ( - ).
Chapter 20
Activity Eight -
Writing/Listening Fill in the gaps in the text, choosing the correct passive past
participle form from the brackets. Listen to the tape to check your answers.
Formal
! (Dear )*
! (My dearest )
, ! (Hello, )
, ! (Hello, )
, ! (Hi, Sasha)
Concluding remarks
. (Love, )
. (Looking forward to hearing
from you.)
. (Hugs and kisses, )
. (Keep in touch.)
. (Goodbye.)
. (Lots of love, )
. / . /
. (All the best.)
!
(Dear )
!
(Dear very formal)
... (Yours faithfully, )
... (Yours sincerely, )
... (Yours, )
... (Yours
respectfully, )
(m)
(I) /
(, )
(III) (+ prep)
monk
till now
monastery
to re-write
to take part in
reception
(-) (III) (,
)
(, ) (pf)
(I) /
(, ) (+ dat)
to be worried,
anxious
artist
auction
to go out of fashion
to devote, dedicate
(to)
391
Activity Nine -
Reading
Read the following business letter, paying particular attention to the layout
and the way the address is written.
117259 , 89
.: (095) 278-18-14
: (095) 278-18-39
-
, 8
, . .
.: (812) 243-18-45
: (812) 243-18-44
22.9.02
: 2701 4 2002 .
!
, ,
, - .
, 1 4.
. ,
.
, .
,
(+ gen)
(I) /
(, )
(I) / (III)
(, )
(-) (III) (,
)
(I) /
(, )
392
with reference to
order
foregoing
to send
to pack
cardboard
to number
to accompany
freight, cargo
courier (post)
(I) /
(, )
(I) /
(, )
(I) /
(, )
(I) /
(, ) (+ dat)
goods
to register
insurance policy
to send, direct
department
we are sure
to order
to correspond (to)
demand
sales(s)
24.10.02
!
Chapter 20
Activity Ten -
Reading
Read the following letter written by Sasha to his English friend John. Note
the differences in style between official and private letters.
. ,
.
. .
, ,
.
- . ,
.
, ,
. . ,
. , ,
, . ,
.
, .
, :
.
. , ,
- . ,
.
, . - .
.
, .
? ( ) .
.
. .
.
(, ) /
(I)
(pf) (, )
(, ) /
(, )
(-) (, )
(m)
film festival
(pf) (, )
to get to, fall
/ (+ acc)
into/on
viewing
...
not only ... but also
only
computer centre
decorating
(, ) /
to create
to paint
(, )
person in the
()
internet
same group
(I) / (,
to captivate
canoeing trip
)
university friends
(a little) more
wooden
seriously
architecture
postgraduate
(I) / (II) to last, continue
studies
at times
language practice
(-) (,
to acquaint
(,
to give regards
) c (+ instr)
with (s.one)
) /
to (s.one)
(imp) (II)
to take place
(, ) (+ dat)
A new ab initio Russian course
to find out,
recognize
to go (and return)
to remain
393
Activity Eleven -
Writing Write a letter to your friend telling him or her about your family and friends,
your studies and how you are spending your free time.
Activity Twelve -
Writing
Write a formal letter to your professor or teacher about how your studies
are progressing.
a)
Addressing strangers
Activity Thirteen -
Reading/Writing/Listening
Read the following texts below and fill in the gaps with
the appropriate form of address from the box below. Then listen to the tape to check your
answers.
!, !, , , ..., !,
!, !, !, !, !,
!, !, !, !
394
( )
- ____________, .
- , . .
Chapter 20
( )
- ____________! ?
- .
( )
: - ____________! .
: - ____________! , !
( )
: - ____________! , ,
.
( )
: - ____________! ? , .
: - ____________!? , , , !
( )
: - ____________! ?
: - , .
: - .
( )
: - ____________, ?
: - , .
: - , - ,
.
( )
: - ____________! , , .
: - .
( )
- ____________! ,
. .
( )
- ____________!
.
( )
: - ____________! ? ?!
: - . , !
: - . . , ?
: - ! !
(I) / (II)
(I) /
(, )
(+ gen)
(I) /
(, )
(I) /
(, )
to pay (back)
trip, journey
ticket-collector
to show, produce
speaker, lecturer
concerning
yearly plan
to make a mistake
(II) /
(, )
(+ gen)
(I) /
(, )
(+ acc) (+ instr)
to present, introduce
to conduct
research
on behalf (of)
to congratulate
(s.one) on
(something)
25th birthday
to wish (s.one)
(s.th.)
happiness
395
GERUNDS
Gerunds are indeclinable verbal adverbs which substitute for English forms such as when ,
while , and , since , by , without + ing etc., in the present tense, and for
(after) having + the past participle in the past tense.
HOW TO FORM THE GERUND
Present
Take the third person plural of the present tense, remove the final two letters and add - (or -
after , , and ):
-
*
([while/when etc.] smiling)
Note that some verbs, especially monosyllabic verbs, do not have present gerund forms, including
(to hit), (to eat), (to drink) and (to want).
Past
Take the masculine past tense of the perfective aspect, remove the final - and add - (or for reflexive verbs):
c
c-
c
([after] having done/made)
Gerunds for most perfective verbs in - have final -; e.g. ([after] having passed),
(having arrived) and ([after] having brought).
Activity Fourteen -
Reading/Writing
Complete the sentences in column A using the constructions with
gerunds in column .
A
1. _______,
, .
2. , _______.
3. , _______, .
4.
, _______.
5. , _______,
.
6. _______, .
7. , _______.
8. , _______.
(I) / (II)
(-) (,
) (+ prep)
396
to memorize, remember
example
elderly
to be worried about
seat
(I) / (,
) (+ dat)
(m)
(I) / (II)
(-) c (+ instr) (I)
to shake (s.ones)
hand
ship
to repeat, revise
rules of grammar
to say goodbye (to)
1. ,
,
Chapter 20
Activity Fifteeen -
Writing/Listening
Choose the appropriate gerund construction to complete the
following sentences. Listen to the tape to check your answers.
2. ,
.
2 .
3. ,
4.
,
,
2 .
.
Activity Sixteen -
Writing/Listening
Choose the most appropriate complement to the following
gerund constructions. Listen to the tape to check your answers.
1. ,
,
.
.
3. ,
4. ,
,
.
c .
2. ,
(f)
(I) /
(, )
(-) (,
)
state
death, demise
submarine
sailor
to perish
to turn red
(f)
joy
joyously
to greet (s.one), say
hello (to s.one)
to fall under
(I) / (,
) (+ acc)
(I) /
to run across
(, ) (+ acc)
397
ABBREVIATIONS
1) stump-compounds:
= (Moscow City Council), = (City Gas),
= (manager of a club), = (district
committee), = (collective farm), =
(division commander), etc.
2) alphabetisms:
a) abbreviations using the names of the initial letters of words; e.g. [--] =
(Communist Party of Russia), [---] =
(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics),
[--] = - (computer, literally electronic
computing machine), etc.
b) acronyms formed from the initial letters of words; e.g. =
3) syllable-initial combinations:
= (college of education), c =
(unarmed combat), =
(Municipal Department of National Education), =
(social security), etc.
Determining gender and number
i)
ii)
Activity Seventeen -
Reading/Writing
Explain the meaning and derivation of the following abbreviations
and acronyms with the help of a dictionary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
398
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. -
17.
18.
19.
20.
PARTICIPLES
Participles are words formed from a verb and used as an adjective which answer the question
? etc. Participles may either precede the noun or introduce a subordinate clause which
replaces a verbal phrase (containing ).
Chapter 20
GRAMMAR
, [?] , .
- The builders working [which ones?] on the ninth floor will receive a prize.
, (?) .
- He knows the girl [which one?] working on the project.
(?) .
- The engineers working on the project will be invited to the opening of the exhibition.
TYPES OF PARTICIPLES
-
*
([who is] smiling)
399
-
-
-
-
-
2. To form the past active (imperfective) participle, take the masculine form of the past tense
of the imperfective aspect, remove the final - and add - etc.
3. To form the past active (perfective) participle, take the masculine form of the past tense of
the perfective aspect, remove the final - and add - etc.
c
c-
c
([who/which] did/made)*
([who] smiled)
([who/which] gave)
-
([which] followed)
([who] said/told)
([who] shouted)
Irregular past active (perfective) participles
([who/which] brought)
([who/which] arrived)
e.g. , , - I know the teacher who said
there was no exam today
- he was telling me about the
student who recently received a prize
* Depending on context, etc. might also be translated as who/which has/had done/made
etc. (when emphasis is placed on completion).
400
Chapter 20
4. To form the present passive participle, take the first person plural of the present tense (i.e.
the imperfective aspect) of the transitive verb (i.e. a verb which takes a direct object) and add
- etc. Note that the present passive is the least common of the five participles, and many
verbs (especially monosyllabic verbs, such as and , and second-conjugation
verbs, such as and ) do not have this form.
5. (a) The past passive participle long form is formed from the perfective aspect of
transitive verbs (i.e. verbs which take a direct object), as follows:
(i) for most verbs ending in - or -, remove the final - and add -
c
**
(ii) for most other verbs, take the 1st and 2nd person singular of the future tense. Replace the
final - /- of the 1st person singular by - if the 2nd person ending is unstressed; e.g.
([who/which was]
received)
([which was] bought)
([which was] expressed)
or replace the final /- of the 1st person singular by - if the 2nd person singular
ending is stressed; e.g.
401
(b) The past passive participle short form is formed from the perfective aspect of
transitive verbs in the same way as the long form, but has short adjectival endings (cf. ,
, , ) and is always used predicatively (i.e. after the verb to be):
(m),
(m),
(m),
(f),
(f),
(f),
(n),
(n),
(pl),
(pl)
(pl)
(pl)
(done, made)
(closed)
(sold)
(m),
(f),
(n),
(pl) (decided)
Note that short passive participles derived from long forms ending in - and -
have stress on the final syllable:
e.g.
verb
Imperfective
Perfective
participle
transitive
intransitive
transitive
intransitive
present
+
+
-
Active
past
+
+
+
+
present
+
-
Passive
past
+
+
-
Activity Eighteen -
Reading/Writing/Listening
Fill in the gaps in the text, putting the verbs in brackets
in an appropriate form. Listen to the tape to check your answers.
1. , () ______________
.
2. , ()______________ , ,
() ______________ .
402
Activity Nineteen -
Reading/Writing
Change the sentences as appropriate, using past participle forms
for the verbs in bold, as in the model below.
Chapter 20
3. , () ______________
. ()______________
.
4. () ______________ .
5. () ______________, .
) , . - ,
.
) 1949 . -
1949 .
) , . - ,
.
1. ) , ,
.
) .
) . . .
2. ) . .
) . . ,
.
) . .
3. ) , .
) : .
) 5- .
Activity Twenty -
Reading/Writing
Replace the participles in the following sentences with
subordinate clauses containing , as in the models below.
, , . - ,
, .
1. , , .
2. , ,
.
(I) / (,
)
(, ) /
(, )
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II)
collection of works
to inform
to change
careful
transport timetable
route
403
3. , , .
4. , , .
1972 . - , 1972
, .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. . .
. - ,
, .
9. .
10. .
11. .
Activity Twenty-One -
Reading/Writing
Change the following sentences, using () subordinate clauses
containing and () past participles, as in the model below.
) . .
) , , .
) , , .
1. . .
2. . .
3. . .
5. . .
6. . .
(I) /
(, )
(I) /
(, )
404
to throw away
paper, essay
to record
project
(, ) /
(, )
(I) / (,
)
to ask a question
to plant
flower shop
hunter
Gerunds are verbal adverbs which substitute for English forms such as when , while ,
and , since , by , without + ing etc., in the present tense, and for (after) having
+ the past participle in the past tense. The present gerund denotes simultaneously occurring
actions, while the past gerund is used to describe one action which precedes another. Unlike
participles, gerunds are indeclinable.
Chapter 20
GERUNDS
Present
Take the third person plural of the present tense (i.e. the imperfective aspect) remove the final
two letters and add - (or - after , , and ):
-
*
([while/when etc.] smiling)
-
*
([while/when etc.] sitting down)
405
Note: some verbs have alternative forms in - and - / -; e.g. / (having noticed)
and / (having seen). Gerunds for most perfective verbs in - also have final -; e.g.
([after] having passed), (having arrived) and / ([after] having
brought).
Activity Twenty-Two -
Reading/Writing/Listening
Replace the clauses in the following complex sentences
with constructions using the present gerund, as illustrated in the model below. Listen to the
recording to check your answers.
, . - ,
.
1. , .
2. ,
.
3. . ,
.
4. , .
5. , .
Activity Twenty-Three -
Reading/Writing/Listening
Replace the clauses in the following complex sentences
with constructions using the past gerund, as illustrated in the model below. Listen to the
recording to check your answers.
, . - ,
.
1. , .
2. , .
3. , ,
.
4. , .
5. , ,
.
(I) /
(, )
(I) / (II)
(f)
406
observation
to compile a list
in ones head
work (of art)
to look through
rudeness
(I) /
(, )
(I) /
(, ) (+ gen)
(I) /
(, )
sternly, severely
to punish
to look out of
to approach
1. , .
[ ]
2. , .
[ ]
3. , .
[ ]
4. , .
[ ]
5. , .
[ ]
7. ,
.
[]
8. ,
.
[ , ...]
9. , .
[ ]
10. , .
[ ]
Chapter 20
Activity Twenty-Four -
Reading/Writing Replace the gerunds in the following sentences with clauses
containing the conjunctions provided in the square brackets.
Activity Twenty-Five -
Reading
Read the text below and answer the following questions in English, using
the vocabulary on the following page. Then state in the table provided the part of speech
(e.g. present gerund or present active participle, accusative plural) indicated by the words
which are in bold in the text. The first one is done for you.
(. -)
.
.
, . .
. -
.
- , .
, ,
. .
(-) (, ) (+ instr)
to use
state
407
1.
2.
3.
4.
FILL VOWELS
Fill vowels are used to facilitate pronunciation in consonant clusters and normally occur
1. in the Nominative singular of masculine nouns with zero ending (e.g. -e- in ,
, )
2. in feminine / neuter Genitive plurals (e.g. - , - ,
- )
3. in short-form masculine adjectives (e.g. , , )
4. in the past tense (e.g. , )
The choice of fill vowel (-o- or -e-)
(-) (, )
(I) / (II)
(I) /
(, )
(-) (II)
(II) (imp)
(I) /
(, )
408
sad
golden
background
to turn yellow
foliage
to be marked out
bright
stain
to paint
maple
aspen
to spin round
birch
to rustle
to fall off
(I) /
(II)
(I) /
(II)
(diminutive)
(diminutive)
(diminutive)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
, ___________ ().
___________ ().
___________ () .
___________ () .
___________ ().
, ___________ ().
___________ () .
- ___________
() .
9. ___________ ().
10. ___________ ().
Chapter 20
Activity Twenty-Six -
Reading/Writing
Complete the sentences using the words in brackets in the
appropriate form.
wedding ring
barrel
brackets
(grammatical) case
bell-tower
(+ gen)
409
. . (1882)
,
, -
, , ,
,
!
410
LISTENING
LISTENING PASSAGES
Introductory Chapter -
Section I -
Activity 1 (For the full text, see Page 3)
Section II -
Activity 1 (For the full text, see Page 3)
Section III -
Activity 1 (For the full text, see Page 4)
Section IV -
Activity 1 (For the full text, see Page 5)
Section V -
Activity 1 (For the full text, see Page 6)
Activity 4 (For the full text, see Page 7)
Section VI -
Activity 1 (For the full text, see Page 8)
Pronunciation -
Activity 1 - (For the full text, see Page 13)
Activity 2 - (For the full text, see Page 14)
Activity 3 - (For the full text, see Page 14)
Activity 4 - (For the full text, see Page 15)
Activity 5 - (For the full text, see Pages 15-16)
Chapter One -
Activity One - (For the full text, see Page 18)
Activity Two - (For the full text, see Page 19)
Activity Nine - (For the full text, see Page 23)
Activity Ten - c (For the full text, see Page 24)
412
- .
- , .
- .
- .
- .
- , .
Listening
Chapter Two -
Activity One - (For the full text, see Page 34)
Activity Three - (For the full text, see Pages 35-6)
Activity Seven - (For the full text, see Page 38)
Activity Eight - (For the full text, see Page 38)
Activity Nine - (Page 39)
. .
. .
. .
. -.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Activity Seventeen - (Page 43)
i. 12, 7, 16, 3, 11, 19, 8, 6, 2, 20, 4, 5, 1, 9, 13, 14, 15, 10, 12, 17, 18
5, 14, 19, 18, 12, 20, 1, 16, 15, 3, 9, 2, 13, 4, 11, 17, 19, 6, 8, 7, 10
2, 4, 7, 12, 11, 17, 18, 20, 1, 5, 15, 18, 14, 8, 13, 6, 9, 10, 19, 16, 3
15, 1, 6, 13, 12, 19, 20, 18, 17, 14, 2, 14, 7, 5, 4, 16, 3, 9, 10, 8, 11
ii. 2 + 17
12 + 8
20 16
17 15
9 + 10
14 9 3
13 + 17 8
20 + 12 3 11
A new ab initio Russian course
413
Chapter Three -
Activity One - (For the full text, see Page 52)
Activity Six - (Page 55)
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Activity Eight - (For the full text, see Pages 56-7)
Activity Nine - (Page 57)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
414
. .
- . .
, , , .
. .
, , .
, .
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
7.
8.
- . .
. .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Listening
8.30
6.45
12.15
21.10
13.00
3.35
9.05
17.20
14.50
15.25
.
.
.
.
.
.
Chapter Four -
Activity Two - (For the full text, see Page 67)
Activity Four - (For the full text, see Page 68)
Activity Nine - (Page 71)
1.
2.
3.
4.
50
85
415
182 ...
154 ... -
176 ...
163 ...
, .
, .
?
, ?
.
?
.
?
.
416
, .
, .
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? ?
. . , , ,
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, .
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, .
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.
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
, .
, . .
.
. . ,
. , .
. . .
. .
Listening
, .
. , .
Chapter Five -
Activity Four - (Page 85)
Ctujlyz vs bl/v yf hsyjr& Pltcm ghjlf.ncz hfpyst ghjlerns% cdt;bt jdjob b aherns^ vfckj^
cdt;fz hs,f^ x/hyfz brhf^ f nfr;t [kt, b vzcj& Vs gjregftv ,tksq [kt,^ ,jkmibt rhfcyst
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hs,e& Gjnjv vs bl/v gjregfnm aherns& Vs ds,bhftv ;/knst ,fyfys&
Activity Seven - (Page 88)
1,649; 300; 675; 1,283; 766; 500; 961; 800; 1,451; 1,996
Activity Nine - (Page 89)
-
vtyz
nt,z
tuj
t/
tuj
yfc
dfc
b[
417
C d t n f - {jhjij& To/ e yfc ytn vfckf b cshf& Regb gfxre vfckf b 200 uh& cshf&
Cthutq - F rjat e yfc tcnm$
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dbyf&
Cthutq - F cfkfn ye;yj regbnm$
C d t n f - Ytn^ cfkfn e yfc tcnm&
Activity Eighteen - (Page 94)
1. ?
?
?
?
!
!
!
!
2. ?
?
?
?
!
!
!
!
3. ?
?
?
?
!
!
!
!
Chapter Six -
Activity Three - (For the full text, see Page 101)
Activity Six - (Page 102)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7,896
3,680
13,987
97,638
245,923
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
18,568
64,823
9,085
44,415
9,840,184
184 59 32
767 54 29
38 12 12
57 46 83
230 67 84
413 48 19
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
895 08
65 32 31
99 83 17
444 15
184 96 45
963 78 84
Listening
Cntgfy
Yfnfif
Cntgfy
Yfnfif
Cntgfy
Yfnfif
Cntgfy
419
Chapter Seven -
Activity One - (Page 119)
!
: , , , , ,
.
, - ,
- , ,
.
Activity Seven - (For the full text, see Page 122)
Activity Eight - (For the full text, see Page 122)
Activity Ten - c (For the full text, see Page 124)
Chapter Eight -
Activity Two - (For the full text, see Page 137)
Activity Seven - (Page 140)
( ) ( ),
( ) , (
), / ( ).
( ) ( ).
( ) ( ).
Activity Ten - c (For the full text, see Page 142)
Activity Eleven - (For the full text, see Page 143)
Activity Thirteen - (Page 144)
420
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. .
, .
?
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?
.
. .
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.
.
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?
, .
, , .
, .
. .
, , . .
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, , . ,
. - . , ,
. , ,
, , , - .
Listening
Chapter Nine -
Activity One - (For the full text, see Page 152)
Activity Two - (Page 153)
. .
35 . 5 . ,
.
, . .
Activity Six - (For the full text, see Page 152 and Activity Two, above)
Activity Eight - (Page 157)
100 ?
100 ?
100 ?
100 ?
100 ?
100 -?
Activity Fifteen - (Page 160)
Vtyz pjden Vfhbyf^ f vjtuj ve;f - Dflbv& Z cneltynrf^ f Dflbv hf,jnftn ajnjrjhhtcgjyltynjv
d vjkjl/;yjq ufptnt& Rjulf vs dcnhtnbkbcm^ 2 ujlf yfpfl^ jy hf,jnfk exbntktv d irjkt^ f
ajnjuhfabz ,skf tuj [j,,b& D cdj,jlyjt dhtvz jy gjlhf,fnsdfk d ajnjfntkmt^ ult vs b
dcnhtnbkbcm& Vyt ye;yf ,skf ajnjuhfabz lkz gfcgjhnf& Vs gj;tybkbcm 3 vtczwf yfpfl& Gjrf
vs cybvftv rdfhnbhe^ yj [jnbv regbnm cdj. rdfhnbhe^ gjnjve Dflbv gjvtyzk hf,jne& D ufptnt
e ytuj pfhgkfnf ,jkmit^ xtv d irjkt& E yfc gjrf ytn ltntq&
Vjz ;tyf b z dcnhtnbkbcm 15 ktn yfpfl& Njulf vs ,skb cneltynfvb b exbkbcm d Vjcrjdcrjv
eybdthcbntnt^ ghfdlf^ yf hfpys[ afrekmntnf[& Z exbkcz yf afrekmntnt ;ehyfkbcnbrb^ f Ktyf yf byzpt (jyf bpexfkf fyukbqcrbq b ytvtwrbq zpsrb)& Vs exbkbcm d jlyjv eybdthcbntnt 4
A new ab initio Russian course
421
ujlf b yt pyfkb lheu lheuf^ gjrf yt gjpyfrjvbkbcm ckexfqyj d vtnhj& Vs gj;tybkbcm 13 ktn
yfpfl^ yfitq ljxthb ctqxfc 11 ktn& Vs hf,jnftv dvtcnt d ;ehyfkt Jujy/r. Z - ;ehyfkbcn^ f
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Activity Eighteen - (Page 162)
F < D U -
Cjdtncrbq k/nxbr >hbq Ufufhby cnfk gthdsv xtkjdtrjv^ rjnjhsq gj,sdfk d rjcvjct& nj
ghjbpjikj d 1961 ujle^ 12 fghtkz& Ufufhby dgthdst j,ktntk Ptvk. yf rjcvbxtcrjv rjhf,kt
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gthdsq ifu yf Keyt&
Chapter Ten -
Activity Three - (Page 172)
- . ,
. .
, .
- . , .
, .
.
- . , .
, .
. .
- . c,
. , .
- , , .
.
.
422
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.
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.
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?
, .
.
3. -
, ?
, . .
?
- .
2. - , ?
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4. - , ?
- , . .
Chapter Eleven -
Activity Five - (Page 197)
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.
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.
.
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Activity Fourteen - (Page 204) (For the full text, see Activity Thirteen, above)
Activity Seventeen - (For the full text, see Page 207)
Chapter Twelve -
Activity Eleven - (For the full text, see Page 219)
Vtyz pjden K.lvbkf^ f afvbkbz Cfdxtyrj& Z bpexf. ytvtwrbq b bcgfycrbq zpsrb d eybdthcbntnt&
Z [jxe dfv hfccrfpfnm ytvyjuj j vj/v hfcgbcfybb&
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b d gznybwe& Vj/ gthdjt b dnjhjt pfyznbt d gjytltkmybr - felbhjdfybt^ f gznjt b itcnjt pfyznbt
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f gznjt b itcnjt pfyznbt - fyfkbp ntrcnf&
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Activity Fourteen - (Page 221)
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
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Extybwf
Exbntkm
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424
Ns k.,bim xbnfnm$
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Exbntkm - Ns [jhjij buhftim$
Extybwf - Ytn^ yt jxtym& {jnbnt gjckeifnm!
Listening
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Exbntkm
Extybwf
Chapter Thirteen -
Activity Five - (Page 234)
. . - .
, -. .
. .
. , .
: . - , - .
! , . .
. - , .
, . - . ,
, , . .
. , . ,
.
. . .
, , , . .
. . ,
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! . . .
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Activity Ten - c (Page 237)
. .
, . - .
42 . ,
-. , , ,
.
. ,
. , .
. , ,
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: , . .
. . . .
.
.
425
Chapter Fourteen -
Activity Two - (Page 251)
: , , .
.
. .
, . : , .
. , .
, .
Activity Three - (Page 252; for the first part of the text, see Page 250)
F& Pbvf - cfvjt [jkjlyjt dhtvz ujlf d Hjccbb& Jyf ghjljk;ftncz nhb vtczwf - ltrf,hm^ zydfhm b
atdhfkm& Heccrbt k.,zn pbve% t/ vjhjpyst^ cjkytxyst b cyt;yst lyb& Vyjubt ,then jngecr pbvjq^
xnj,s rfnfnmcz yf rjymrf[ bkb yf ks;f[& D vfhnt yfxbyftncz dtcyf& D fghtkt gjzdkz.ncz gthdst
ptk/yst kbcnmz b nhfdf& D vft xfcnj ,sdf.n uhjps^ yj gjujlf dc/ hfdyj n/gkfz& Dtplt wdtnen
yfhwbccs^ n.kmgfys b kfylsib& J,sxyj d Hjccbb n/gkjt^ f byjulf lf;t ;fhrjt ktnj& Ctynz,hm yfxfkj jctyb& Gjujlf to/ yt [jkjlyfz^ yj e;t b yt ntgkfz - ghj[kflyfz& Jrnz,hm b yjz,hm e;t
[jkjlyst vtczws& Xfcnj blen lj;lb b letn dtnth& Cnjbn [jkjlyfz b cshfz gjujlf&
<& D Hjccbb pbvjq jxtym [jkjlyj& Pbvf ghjljk;ftncz nhb vtczwf - ltrf,hm^ zydfhm b atdhfkm&
Heccrbt jxtym k.,zn pbve^ rjulf yf ekbwt vjhjpyj^ cjkytxyj b cyt;yj& Vyjubt ,then jngecr
pbvjq^ xnj,s rfnfnmcz yf rjymrf[ bkb yf ks;f[& Dtcyf ghb[jlbn d vfhnt^ rjulf yfxbyftn nfznm
cytu& D fghtkt yf ekbwt e;t ptktyj& D vft xfcnj ,sdf.n uhjps^ yj dc/ hfdyj ntgkj& Dtplt wdtnen
yfhwbccs^ n.kmgfys b kfylsib& J,sxyj d Hjccbb ktnjv ntgkj^ f byjulf lf;t ;fhrj& Ctynz,hm yfxfkj jctyb& Yf ekbwt to/ yt [jkjlyj^ yj e;t b yt ntgkj - ghj[kflyj& D jrnz,ht b yjz,ht e;t
[jkjlyj& Xfcnj blen lj;lb b letn dtnth& Yf ekbwt [jkjlyj b cshj&
Activity Eight - (Page 255)
D Dtkbrj,hbnfybb gjxnb dctulf blen lj;lb% jctym.^ pbvjq^ dtcyjq b lf;t ktnjv& Yj ljdjkmyj
xfcnj ,sdftn b cjkytxyfz gjujlf^ [jnz ntvgthfnehf htlrj gjlybvftncz dsit 30C& Chtlyzz
ntvgthfnehf ktnjv +18 +24 ntgkf& Pfce[f ,sdftn jxtym htlrj&
Jctym. ljdjkmyj xfcnj ,sdftn nevfy^ yj yt nfr xfcnj^ rfr levf.n vyjubt byjcnhfyws&
Pbvjq vj;tn ,snm ljdjkmyj [jkjlyj^ yj cbkmyst vjhjps ,sdf.n htlrj& Cytu ;t bl/n ljdjkmyj
xfcnj&
Dtcyjq b jctym. dhtvz jn dhtvtyb le.n cbkmyst dtnhs^ yj ehfufyjd yt ,sdftn&
Byljytpbz hfcgjkj;tyf dljkm rdfnjhf vt;le Cbyufgehjv b Fdcnhfkbtq^ gjnjve pltcm gjxnb
dctulf cjkytxyj b ;fhrj& Chtlyzz ujljdfz ntvgthfnehf +27C& Jxtym xfcnj jyf gjlybvftncz
dsit 30C&
Pltcm ybrjulf yt ,sdftn nevfyf^ cytuf b vjhjpf^ yj n/gkst rjhjnrbt lj;lb blen xfcnj& Dhtvz jn
dhtvtyb pltcm ,sdftn pfce[f^ rjulf lj;lb yt blen d ntxtybt 5-7 vtczwtd& Gjxnb dc/ dhtvz letn
k/urbq dtnthjr^ yj byjulf ,sdf.n cbkmyst ehfufys&
426
Listening
D Rhsve ctujlyz cjkytxyfz b ce[fz gjujlf& Yjxm. +20+22 uhflecjd ntgkf^ ly/v +25+27&
Ntvgthfnehf djls d X/hyjv vjht +23&
D htcge,kbrf[ Chtlytq Fpbb cjkytxyj b ce[j& Ntvgthfnehf ly/v gjlybvtncz dsit +30 uhflecjd
ntgkf& Yjxm. +26+28 C&
D Cb,bhb ,elen rhfnrjdhtvtyyst lj;lb^ djpvj;ty uhfl cj cytujv& Ntvgthfnehf ly/v +5+8
uhflecjd ntgkf^ yjxm. +2+3&
Yf Ehfkt dtnhtyfz gjujlf& Gfcvehyj& Djpvj;ys vjhjczobt lj;lb& Ntvgthfnehf djple[f ly/v
+13+15^ yjxm. +9+11&
Chapter Fifteen -
Activity Twelve - (Page 282)
. , .
. ,
. , .
, . ,
. ,
.
Activity Twenty-Three - (Page 289)
. .
, . ,
. - .
. .
Chapter Sixteen -
Activity One - (Page 294)
. .
, , .
, , :
, . , , . ,
, .
, - .
-. , -,
.
. ,
.
A new ab initio Russian course
427
Activity Two - (For the full text, see Activity One, above)
Activity Five - (Page 297)
1& Xnj,s csh ,sk cdt;bv ljkuj^ gjkj;bnt yf nfhtkre hzljv c cshjv recjxtr cf[fhf b
yfrhjqnt tuj lheujq nfhtkrjq&
2& {hfybnt vfckj b vfhufhby d ytghjphfxyjq vfck/yrt& Cdtn hfpheiftn dbnfvbys&
3& Xnj,s cj[hfybnm dbnfvbys b drec jdjotq^ dfhbnt b[ d gjlcjk/yjq djlt&
4& Xnj,s herb yt xthytkb^ xbcnbnt rfhnjatkm b dct jdjob yj;jv bp yth;fdt.otq cnfkb&
5& Xnj,s jdjob cj[hfybkb cdjq wdtn^ gjkj;bnt d djle^ d rjnjhjq jyb dfhzncz^ ytvyjuj
gbnmtdjq cjls&
Activity Ten - c (Page 300)
nj Cfljdfz ekbwf& Pltcm tcnm jxtym [jhjifz gfhbrvf[thcrfz& Pf gfhbrvf[thcrjq yf[jlbncz
rfat^ f gthtl gfhbrvf[thcrjq - ntktajy-fdnjvfn& Cktdf jn gfhbrvf[thcrjq b rfat hfcgjk;ty
crdth& D crdtht^ gjcthtlbyt^ yf[jlbncz ajynfy^ f pf ajynfyjv cnjbn gfvznybr Geirbye& Cktdf b
cghfdf jn ajynfyf cnjzn cfljdst crfvtqrb& Gthtl crdthjv yf[jlbncz fdnj,ecyfz jcnfyjdrf&
Cktdf jn jcnfyjdrb tcnm gjlptvysq gtht[jl& Cktdf jn crdthf yf[jlbncz ufcnhjyjv& Pf ufcnhjyjvjv
hfcgjkj;tyf cnfywbz vtnhj^ f gthtl ufcnhjyjvjv cnjbn ufptnysq rbjcr&
Activity Fifteen - (Page 302)
1& Tckb ds gjybvftnt nj ghtlkj;tybt^ yfgbibnt gj-heccrb Lf&
2& Tckb ds evttnt ujdjhbnm gj-ahfywepcrb^ gjcnfdmnt pyfr gk.c^ f tckb yt evttnt^ gjcnfdmnt
pyfr vbyec&
3& Tckb yf ekbwt cjkytxyj^ yfhbceqnt rhe;jr^ f tckb ytn^ ybxtuj yt hbceqnt&
4& Tckb ctujlyz chtlf^ yfgbibnt ckjdj chtlf^ f tckb ytn^ nj yfgbibnt^ rfrjq ctujlyz ltym ytltkb&
5& Tckb dfv bynthtcyj ltkfnm nj eghf;ytybt^ gjcnfdmnt ufkjxre^ f tckb ytbynthtcyj^
yfgbibnt Ytn gj-fyukbqcrb&
6& Tckb d dfitv rkfcct ,jkmit^ xtv 5 xtkjdtr^ gjcnfdmnt 3 pyfrf gk.c^ f tckb vtymit^ nj
gjcnfdmnt 2 pyfrf gk.c&
Activity Sixteen - (Page 303)
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
Activity Nineteen - (Page 305)
1&
2&
3&
4&
5&
6&
7&
8&
9&
428
Chapter Seventeen -
Listening
Lj,hsq ltym&
Plhfdcndeqnt& Vs c dfvb cjctlb gj regt&
Lf^ yfv ,eltn dtctktt t[fnm&
F ds relf tltnt$
Z tle d Vjcrde^ ds nj;t$
Ytn^ z tle d Vbycr&
Pyfxbn^ vs ,eltv t[fnm dvtcnt njkmrj xtnsht xfcf&
Ds xfcnj tplbnt d Vjcrde$
Lf^ z tp;e d Vjcrde gznm-itcnm hfp d ujl&
Nfr xfcnj$ Ds^ yfdthyjt^ tplbnt gj ltkfv$
Lf^ z tp;e d rjvfylbhjdrb& F ds ;bd/nt d Vbycrt bkb nj;t tplbnt d
rjvfylbhjdre$
2- - Z nj;t tle d rjvfylbhjdre& J,sxyj z tp;e d Vjcrde^ yj d 'njv ujle yfif
abhvf jnrhskf abkbfk d Vbycrt& Levf.^ xnj ntgthm vyt ye;yj ,eltn
xfcnj tplbnm d Vbycr&
1- - Cnhfyyj^ xnj d yfitv regt tlen njkmrj ldf xtkjdtrf& Hfymit nhelyj
,skj regbnm ,bktn yf 'njn gjtpl^ f ntgthm ,bktns tcnm dctulf&
2- - Lf^ ntgthm k.lb tplzn vfkj^ ,bktns jxtym ljhjubt&
Activity Eight - (Page 322)
1) -
429
D ghjikjv ujle z tplbkf d jngecr d ctynz,ht& D Vjcrdt gjujlf ,skf lj;lkbdfz b [jkjlyfz^
gjnjve z htibkf gjt[fnm yf .u^ yf X/hyjt vjht& Vjq cfvjk/n dsktnfk d 9 xfcjd enhf& Vyt
ye;yj ,skj ghbt[fnm d fhjgjhn pf ldf xfcf lj dsktnf^ d 7 xfcjd enhf& Z htibkf t[fnm d
fhjgjhn fdnj,ecjv& Fdnj,ec bl/n lj fhjgjhnf 2 xfcf^ gjnjve z dsikf bp ljvf d 5 xfcjd& Z
ljkuj [jlbkf gj jcnfyjdrt b ;lfkf fdnj,ec & Tuj dc/ yt ,skj^ b z htibkf t[fnm yf nfrcb& Yj
cdj,jlys[ nfrcb nj;t ljkuj yt ,skj& Z jxtym ythdybxfkf^ dtlm z jgfplsdfkf yf cfvjk/n& Yfrjytw
vyt elfkjcm gjqvfnm nfrcb& Z jxtym ghjcbkf nfrcbcnf t[fnm rfr vj;yj ,scnhtt& Z ghbt[fkf
d fhjgjhn pf 30 vbyen lj dsktnf^ yj dc/-nfrb ecgtkf yf cfvjk/n! Jy dsktntk djdhtvz^ hjdyj d
9 xfcjd enhf&
Activity Nineteen - (Pages 328-9)
At the metro station
1-sq gfccf;bh - Crf;bnt^ gj;fkeqcnf^ rfr vyt ljt[fnm lj cnfywbb Ytdcrbq ghjcgtrn$
2-jq gfccf;bh - Nfr^ vs c dfvb ctqxfc yf cnfywbb Fdnjdj& Pyfxbn^ dfv ye;yj
ghjt[fnm nhb jcnfyjdrb b dsqnb yf cnfywbb Nt[yjkjubxtcrbq
bycnbnen&
1-sq gfccf;bh - Nfr^ [jhjij^ f gjnjv vyt^ yfdthyjt^ ye;yj ,eltn cltkfnm
gthtcflre$
2-jq gfccf;bh - Lf^ dfv ye;yj ,eltn gthtqnb yf lheue. kbyb.^ jyf cbytuj wdtnf yf
c[tvt vtnhj^ b gthtctcnm yf lheujq gjtpl& Gjnjv dfv ye;yj ,eltn
ghjt[fnm dctuj jlye jcnfyjdre b dsqnb yf cktle.otq cnfywbb& B 'nj
,eltn Ytdcrbq ghjcgtrn&
430
Chapter Eighteen -
Activity Two - (Page 345)
-
Listening
Activity Twenty - (For the full text, see Activity Nineteen, above)
431
Chapter Nineteen -
Activity Four - (Page 365)
. . , .
, .
.
, . ,
, .
.
, . !
, , ,
. , ,
.
. .
. .
432
, . , -,
, . , ,
. , - ,
, . , , .
, , . ,
, , 70. , ,
, . , , .
.
Listening
. , , -
. , , .
1 88 , 90 .
1 62 , 57 .
1 70 , 65 .
1 67 , 60 .
1 60 , 53 .
1 47 , 42 .
1 75 , 79 .
K.lb^ rjnjhst hjlbkbcm gjl pyfrjv Jdtyf^ j,sxyj dcgskmxbds b ytnthgtkbds& Jyb
nfr;t jnkbxf.ncz ytpfdbcbvsv [fhfrnthjv&
Ntkmws - jxtym wtktecnhtvk/yyst^ yf[jlxbdst b ghjybwfntkmyst k.lb^ xfcnj bp yb[
gjkexf.ncz [jhjibt ,bpytcvtys&
Nt^ rnj hjlbkcz gjl pyfrjv <kbpytwjd^ jxtym k.,jpyfntkmys b j,obntkmys& Jyb
j,kflf.n ;bdsv evjv b cnhtvktybtv exbnmcz^ yj jyb jxtym ytecblxbds&
Hfrb j,sxyj ljvjdbns^ pf,jnkbds b xedcndbntkmys&
433
Chapter Twenty -
Activity Six - (Page 390)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
, , .
, , .
, , .
. . - , .
, .
.
, , .
.
9. .
10. . . , , .
Activity Eight - (Page 391)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
9 18 . , , .
, , ,
. .
, ,
. , , .
.
, .
.
.
, .
.
( )
: - ! ? , .
: - !? , , , !
( )
: - ! ?
: - , .
: - .
Listening
( )
: - ! , ,
.
( )
: - , ?
: - , .
: - , - ,
.
( )
: - ! , , .
: - .
( )
: - ! ,
.
.
( )
: - !
.
( )
: - ! ? ?!
: - . , !
: - . . , ?
: - ! !
Activity Fifteen - (Page 397)
1. ,
.
2. , .
3. , 2 .
4. ,
.
Activity Sixteen - (Page 397)
1.
2.
3.
4.
, , .
, .
, .
, .
435
4. .
5. , .
Activity Twenty-Two - (Page 406)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
436
, .
, .
, , .
, .
, , .
VOCABULARY
RUSSIAN
() /
(adjective)
(m)
()
()
()
(pl )
()
()
(+ acc)
! (on the phone)
() /
(adjective)
(adjective)
() /
()
() /
()
( )
438
ENGLISH
and, but
passenger aircraft
Australian / the Australians
Australian
curriculum vitae
car race
car
carphone
ansaphone
caravan
car-park
(re)adaptation
barrister
receptionist
The Admiralty
address
Asia
actor (actress)
algebra
(non-)alcoholic drinks
allergy to
hello!
America
American / the Americans
American
circle (in a theatre)
textual analysis
common painkiller in Russia
pineapple juice
English / British
British pounds, pounds sterling
English
Englishman (English woman) / the English,
the British
England
questionnaire
antibiotic(s)
second-hand book
orange
orange juice
appendicitis
chemist, pharmacist
Armenian / the Armenians
artistic
architecture
postgraduate
postgraduate studies
association
asthma
athlete
atomic physics
school-leaving certificate
listening (comprehension)
auction
Athens
aerobics
airport
grandmother
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Vocabulary
() ...
(m)
( )
(II) (imp)
()
,
(+ gen)
(f)
() (adjectival noun)
( )
()
c / cc (imperative)
/ (diminutive)
(f)
(-) (I) (, ) (+ instr)
(I) (imp) (+ acc)
(f)
() (adjectival noun)
()
(etc.)
439
440
c /
(-) (, )
( )
() / () ...
(, ) / (, )
(-) (, )
(f)
(I) / (II) (, )
()
(+ imperative)
, , / , ,
,
() () ...
(I) (imp)
(imp)
/ (+ prep)
/ (+ acc)
(-) (I)
(adjectival noun)
(c-) (II)
most of all
thank you very much
big
bomb
to mutter
beard
side of ship, board
barrel
to be afraid of
to talk, converse
to go pale
course, dish
brother
my brother(s) is / are called ...
Brothers Karamazov
marriage
to take
to shave
eyebrow
bronchitis
throwing
to give up (literally: to throw)
trousers
dark haired (person), brunette
alarm clock
be so kind (as to)
I, you, he / she, we, you, they will be
future wife
bun, bread roll
bakery
bottle
snack-bar; sideboard
I would like
to be (frequentative)
it happens
former
quicker, more quickly
quick(ly)
quick
to be
in, at
to, into
carriage
vacancy
(hard) currency
to loll around
vanilla
bath(-tub)
bathroom
mitten
jam
to cook, boil
Warsaw
your
furthermore, moreover, in addition, also
you know, you see
century
renowned, big
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Vocabulary
(, , ) (etc.)
(, , )
(I) (pf) (, )
c
(II) (imp) (, )
(I) / (II)
(, ) (+ acc) / (+ acc)
c
(pf) (, )
(-) (II) (, )
(-) (II) (+ acc)
(II) (imp) (, )
(m)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II)
( / c)
(I) (imp) ( c)
(adverb)
c
(f)
( + instr)
(+ gen)
(I) / (I)
(I) / c (I)
(etc.)
(f)
whipped cream
look
perfectionist
to take
camcorder
to see
to dream about
type, sort
sports
visa
fork
villa
Vilnius (capital of Lithuania)
wine
to hang (= to be hanging)
vitamin
whirlwind
cherry compote
to contain; to include
to switch on, plug into (a socket / the mains)
to contain
hard boiled
tasty, delicious
power
together (with)
instead of
to mix in, fold in
to interfere
we (etc.) look alike
appearance
441
(+ gen)
c?
(m)
(m)
(II) (imp) (, )
(I) / (I)
(, )
(I) (pf) (, )
(past , ) ( / + acc)
(+ gen)
- (proverb)
(-) (III) (, )
(-)c (III) (c, c)
/ c
(+ dat)
c
c
cc
c
cc
c c
cc
(I) / (,
)
(I) / (II)
(, )
( )
(n)
c
c
c
c
442
carefully
careful
grandson
granddaughter
internal
during, at the time of
at what time?
on time
musical comedy
driver
water skiing
Aquarius
bain-marie
to convey
possibly, it is possible
to return
War and Peace
to enter
age
(railway) station
around
around the world
strong-willed
wolf
if you are afraid of wolves dont go into the
forest
to worry
to be worried, anxious
dont worry
waves are lapping
in spite of
despite the advice
eight
eight and a half
eighty
eighteen
eight hundred
eight thousand
Sunday
to perceive, take
to restore
east
here (is / are)
doctor
time
season
from time to time
departure time
arrival time
it is unlikely
all, everybody, everyone
all the tickets are sold out
always
everything, all
everything was delicious
everything is OK, thats all right
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Vocabulary
(etc.) c
-b
(II) (pf) (, )
(adverb)
(I) / (II)
(, ) / (,
)
(past participle)
c (I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (II)
( )
(= c )
(II) (, ) /
(, ) (past , ) ( / + acc)
(I) / (I) (, )
(I) / (II)
(, )
(II) (imp) (, )
(I) / (I)
(, )
(+ gen)
(past participle)
(, ) / (,
, , , , )
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (I)
(, )
(I) / (I)
(, ) (+ acc)
(I) / (I)
(I) (pf) (, )
(I) / (II) ( )
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) (pf) (,
)
(I) / (II)
c (I) / c (II)
()
() (I) / () (I)
c (pf) (c, c)
(past / )
alarmed
to meet
to meet (up)
(higher education) entrance exam
World War Two
Tuesday
second
first floor
main course
higher educational establishment
entrance, entry
to enter
yesterday
yesterday(s)
you (formal and/or plural)
to choose
to throw away
to look
to look out of
issued
to issue
to assign
to be marked out
to get better
call
to call (s.one)
to win
to go out of fashion
to switch off, unplug
departure (flying)
to depart (flying)
to drink (up)
to fulfil, carry out
to be carried out
graduate
to (be) produce(d)
production
to grow (up)
443
444
(I) / (II) (,
)
(I) / c (II) (c,
c) (+ acc) c
cc
(I) / (II)
(, )
(I) / (, )
(II) (, ) / (I)
(, ) (+ gen)
(past participle)
(-) (I) (, )
...?
c ...?
-
-
?
(f)
c (c)
(-) (II) (, )
(indeclinable)
( ) (pl )
(I) / (II) (,
)
c
(II) / (I) (, )
(II) - / - /
-
(II)
()
( / / )
to grow
to throw (s.one) out of the taxi
high, tall
high quality
height
to wither
exhibition
(gun) shot
to perform
to wipe (up)
gate, exit
to leave
day off
days off, weekend
on (ones) days off
computer centre
foregoing
snowstorm
to knit, tie
newspaper
garage
wardrobe
food store
tick
tie
garnish
where will be?
where is (situated)?
somewhere, anywhere (location)
somewhere (location)
where can I buy it?
physical map
geologist
geometry
Germany
death, demise
grammar school
gymnast
main
to do the ironing
Glasgow
eye
to swallow
Radio Moscow speaking
to speak, say, tell
to speak English / Russian / French
to speak on the telephone
(one) year
(two / three / four) years
year of birth
yearly plan
Holland
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
head
headgear
hungry
(light) blue
race
much
much more
much better
to develop a stoop
hormone
town
bitter!
hot water
hot
oh dear (oh god)
Mr (Russian title)
Mrs (Russian title)
lounge
Gostiny Dvor
to stay with
guest
state
state
to prepare (oneself) for
Vocabulary
()
(before comparatives)
(-)c (II) (, )
! (used at weddings)
/
c
c
c
(II) (imp) (, ) (+ gen)
(m) ()
(adjective)
(-) (II)
(, ) (+ dat)
(-) (II) (, )
(-) (I) (, )
()
(f)
(pl )
(-) (I)
. =
() cc
(, ) / (, , ,
, , )
c, c
(+ gen)
(+ dat)
(-) (II)
to cook, prepare
its done
frontier, border
transport timetable
rowing
grapefruit juice
crouton
to heat, warm up
Greece
mushroom
flu
(thunder)storm
(there are) thunderstorms
(a little) louder
rudeness
freight, cargo
sad
pear
thin lips
to walk, go for a stroll; play
block of flats, house
yes
also, too, as well (as)
lets meet
to give
could I have two pairs
could you bring the bill, please
far away from
far, distant
further along
lady
data
to give (a present)
date
445
446
/ / c
(= )
c
c
(m)
(-) (I)
(-) (I)
(-) (I)
(c-) (I) c
(c-) (I)
(m)
(pl )
(II) (imp) (, )
c
c
c c
c
date of birth
summer cottage, dacha
two
(at) two / three / four oclock
two million
twenty
twenty thousand
twenty-fifth birthday
two / three / four thousand
twelve
two children
two (= unsatisfactory) (mark in education)
wedding palace
sports centre
Palace Square
(first female) cousin
(first male) cousin
double / twin room
Virgo
girl(friend)
ninety
nineteen
nine
nine thousand
grandfather
(my) grandfather is called ...
declaration (form)
to do, to make
to do ones homework
to do ones exercises
to change (trains, buses)
to decorate
delicacy
matter, business, thing (to do)
the fact is that
business trip
efficient
day
country cheese
village, countryside
tree
wooden
to hold
dessert
ten
ten thousand
ten million
ten-year school
detective (story)
detective story
children
childrens
pediatrician
baby food
nursery school, kindergarten
childrens theatre
jazz
marmalade
gin
settee
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
wild
dictation
first degree
disco
length
duration
for
diary, notebook
in the afternoon
days of the week
up to, before
from ... until ...
see you tomorrow!, bye!
until the present time
goodbye
till now
to such an extent
to add
good morning / afternoon
good morning
trust
to trust
to complete something
Vocabulary
( )
(f)
(+ gen)
(+ gen)
/ (+ gen) (+ gen)
!
c
(I) / (II) (, )
(m)
(I) / (, ) (+ gen)
(I) / (I) (, )
(title)
(f)
(pl )
(pl )
(, ) /
(, )
(f)
()
(-) (I)
(pl )
(pronounced )
...
(sing)
(= )
...
(II) (imp) (, )
(frequentative, multi-directional)
(II) (imp)
(II) (imp)
(f)
() (, , , , , )
c c ?
c c? = c c?
(-) (I) (, ) (unidirectional)
()
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
(-) (III) (, )
(+ acc)
(etc.) (, ...)
(-) (, ) (+ gen)
() (imperative)
(pl )
(-) (, , )
(f)
448
shower
soul, spirit
stuffy, suffocating; it is stuffy, close
Uncle Vanya
Europe
Egypt
his
his name is ..., he is called
meal/meals
one (= very poor) (mark in education)
her
her name is ..., she is called ...
annually, every year
to go (by transport)
to go to the country
to go on holiday
container
hes just turned sixty
if
to eat
do you have money on you?
do you have?
to (be) go(ing) (by transport)
still, yet
not yet
one more, extra
to complain about
its / thats a pity
Im (etc.) sorry (that ...)
genre
fried
hot
(it is) hot
to wait (for)
wait
it is desirable
to wish (s.one) (s.th.)
(I wish you) bon voyage, have a pleasant
journey
railway
to turn yellow
yellow
married (of a man)
to get married
fianc
woman
foal
token, coupon
to burn
alive
stomach
animal, pet
liquid
vitally
commune
fat
full fat sour cream
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
resident
to live
magazine, journal
journalist
journalism
over (a period)
behind; for (to fetch)
two hours before
at dinner
over forty
to fall ill (with)
Vocabulary
()
(imp) (, )
c (c)
(+ acc)
(+ instr)
(+ gen)
(I) / (I) (,
) (+ instr)
(-) (II)
(, ) (+ prep)
(I) / (, )
(f)
(adjective)
()
(-) (I)
(I) (imp)
c
(, ) /
(, )
(I) / (, )
( / ) c
(past participle)
(II) (pf)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (II) (c)
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) /
(, ) (+ instr)
(I)
(I)
(I)
(I) / (II)
(, )
() (past participle)
( )
(I) / c (, )
(I) / cc
(, ) (+ dat)
(pf) (, )
() (imperative)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II)
to be worried about
to forget
outstanding ambition
factory
to start (car)
tomorrow
tomorrow(s)
(at / for) breakfast
to have breakfast
to look under the bed
registry office
to ask a question
order
to book, order
(cold / hot) starters
finished, concluded
to graduate
to turn off (tap)
to close
snack bar
departure lounge
to replace (oneself)
remarkable
to notice
(Duke) Bluebeards Castle
married (of a woman)
to take part in, go in for, engage in; to study
(in library etc.)
to take part in track and field athletics
to garden
to go dancing
to go hiking
busy
class (in further / higher education)
west
smell
to record
to make an appointment with
to begin to cry
(could you) fill in
to fill in
to memorize, remember
449
450
(past participle)
(pf) (, )
(I) / c (c, c)
(I) (pf)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (II) (, )
(-) (, )
(pl )
(m)
(-) (II) (+ dat)
c
(-) (I) (+ instr)
c
c
/
(past participle)
(-) (II) (, )
() (adjectival noun)
c
(pl) (+ dat)
(I) (imp)
(II) (imp)
? (formal)
e ? (informal)
put, released
comma
in advance
salary
foreign
foreign literature
exercise(s)
to begin to laugh
drought
to fall asleep
exciting
pass (in higher education)
to be engrossed in a book
to sew in
defence of diploma (work), dissertation
to defend
to announce
title
to call
star
(the) stars are shining
wild animal
to ring, call, telephone
bell
sound
building
here
to greet (s.one), say hello to (s.one)
healthy
hello (informal)
hello (formal and/or plural)
green
green onions
mirror
coffee beans
winter
in (the) winter
winter things
Winter Palace
sign
acquainted
to acquaint
acquaintance, friend
acquaintance, introductions
famous
knowledge of
to know
thats to say
to mean
learned
whats your name?
whats your name?
architecture
golden
umbrella
vision
auditorium
tooth
dentist
and
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Vocabulary
(I) / (I)
(I) (+ acc)
(I) (+ prep)
() (imperative)
(m)
(, ) (etc.) / () (etc.)
(, ) / (, )
(past , ) (unidirectional)
(+ gen)
() (imperative)
c
(, ) / (,
, , , , )
- (+ gen)
() (I) / () (II)
(I) / (II) (+ acc)
(I) (imp) (+ acc)
...
() (+ gen)
(I) (imp) (, )
(I)
(I)
(I)
cc
(n)
c (adjective)
() /
(c)
c
c
c
(-) (III) (,
) (+ instr)
(adjective)
( c )
() /
from
from England
sorry, excuse me
Izvestiya = News (daily paper)
(it is) well known
famous, well known
to publish
from far off
from behind; because of
excesses of fat
to change
to measure, to take (temperature)
to study (subject)
study
caviar
or
either or
named after
to have
to have in mind
to have at hand
to be successful, have success
immune system
the bodys immunity
empress
importer
first name
Indian
Indian / the Indians
India
engineer
sometimes
foreigner
foreign
foreign language
institute
environmental protection institute
intellectual abilities
(it is) interesting
interesting
to be interested (in)
internet
internet
foreign languages faculty
Irishman (Irish woman) / the Irish
Ireland
451
452
c (adjective)
c (c) / c
c
cc (adjective)
(pf) (, , )
(past , )
(etc.)
(m) ()
(I) / (II)
(III) (imp)
(, c) (+ acc)
cc
(I) / c (I) (c, c)
c (adjective)
() /
...
()
/ (+ dat)
...
c
(etc.) c, ...
(?)
?
?
?
/ ?
/ ?
/ c ?
?
-
-c ...?
-cc ...?
(, , , ) (etc.)
-
-
(n) (indeclinable)
(?)
/ ?
?
c (adjective)
() /
(I) (imp)
c
Irish
Spaniard / the Spanish
Spain
Spanish
to bake
hes (etc.) just turned sixty
performer
to perform
to use, utilise
investigation, research
research work
history
history of Russian
to disappear
Italy
Italian
Italian / the Italians
their
they are called ...
yoga
(fruit) yoghurt
to (s.ones), towards
for your use there are
by evening
with coffee
unfortunately
study
every, each
it seems, apparently, I believe
it seems to me (etc.) that ...
Kazan Cathedral
how(?), as
as the saying goes
hows things?
(for) how long?
how can he win?
hows things with you?
what is his / her name?
whats your name?
hows things?
somehow, anyhow
how do you say ... in English?
how do you say ... in Russian?
just, at once
it is / they are just right (on me) (etc.)
somehow
once
cocoa
which(?), what (sort of)(?)
what is his / her telephone number?
on what date?
calcium
Canadian
Canadian / the Canadians
canal
office
to play up
cabbage
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
pencil
brown (eyes)
pocket
carotene
map
picture
hat-box
cardboard
mashed potatoes
with reference to
concerning
cassette player
skiing
to go cycling / skiing / skating
caf
sub-faculty
quality
porridge
cough
flat, apartment
receipt
cinema
film festival
kiosk
Cyprus
to boil
fruit jelly
Chinese man (Chinese woman) / the Chinese
China
Chinese
Chinese characters
(first / business / economy) class
classical music
to lay / put (s.th. s.where)
Vocabulary
(pl )
/ (diminutive)
(adjective)
(n) (indeclinable)
(+ gen)
(+ gen)
cc
(I) / /
(n) (indeclinable)
(m)
. =
(n) (indeclinable)
(m)
c
(-) (II) (, )
(m)
() /
c (adjective)
( / c- / c) cc
ccc
(, ) / (II) (+ acc)
/ (+ acc)
(pl )
(?)
-
-
(?) (acc)
-
()
(pl )
-
(-)c (c, c)
cage
maple
key
key to your room
spring water
book
book cupboard
carpet
when(?)
at any time, ever
at one time, once
whom(?)
town code
here and there
leather
Capricorn
goat
kid
coca-cola
to hesitate
number, quantity
college (of further education)
to collect
collecting
stamp collection
453
454
/ -
- -
(?) (dat)
c
c
(pronounced )
c c (f)
( )
(I) / (II)
(m)
- (+ gen) c
(f)
()
(relative pronoun)
c?
(m) (indeclinable)
( )
(-) (II) (, )
(-) (I) (, )
c
c
c
(-) (II) (, ) ( c)
bell-tower
collective farm
ring
team
business / study trip
on a business trip
comedy
businessman
Communist Party
cd
rock music cd
computer
computer game
to / for whom(?)
confectioner
confectionary section
of course
competition
horse riding
tin opener
baked beans
consultant
ticket-collector
test
conference room
sweet, candy
concert
concert hall
to end, finish
cognac
kopeck
ship
basket
brown
box
a cigarette packet
queens / kings, royal
short
space
bonfire
stone (in fruit)
bone
(wet)suit
cat
who, which
what is the time?
coffee
coffee grinder
wallet
edge
tap
to paint
to turn red
paint
red
red channel
short, brief
strong tea
armchair
to shout, scream (with fright)
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
bed
Krokodil = Crocodile (satirical magazine)
rabbit
apart from
furthermore, moreover, in addition, also
large
to spin round
circle
Crimea
incidentally
who(?)
which of you ... ?
somebody, someone
somebody, anybody
whos this?
what is your profession?
what nationality are you?
where ... (to)?
somewhere, anywhere (direction)
somewhere (direction)
cousin
cousin
doll
fist
to go bathing
compartment (in railway carriage)
to buy
Millennium Dome
to smoke
chicken
snub-nosed
course, year
sterling / dollar exchange rate
project
(mans) jacket
courier (post)
small lump, piece
kitchen
tea towel
(small) shop
lamp, light
electric bulb
the bulb is gone
lily of the valley
stall
Latin
Swan Lake
lion
Leo
left
easier, lighter
forest, wood
easy, light
track (athletics)
ice
to lie (= to be lying)
medicine
lecture
leptin
(five > twenty) years
Vocabulary
(f)
(+ gen)
(-) (II)
( )
(?)
...?
-
-
-?
/ cc?
/ c?
?
-
-
(= )
(= cc)
(I) (imp)
(n) (indeclinable)
n (II) (pf) (, )
(-) (II) (, )
c /
/ (diminutive)
()
(pl )
c ( c)
( )
(II) (imp) (, )
( > )
455
456
(I) (imp)
(pl )
( )
(II) (, ) / (I)
(II) / (, )
(II) / (, )
(-)(c) (I)
(n) (indeclinable)
(f)
( )
(II) (imp) (, )
(f)
() (imperative)
(-) (, )
(, , ) (etc.)
(, , )
(+ gen)
() /
... / /
/ ...
to fly
summer
in the summer
pilot
treatment
to treat (with)
to lick
lemon
lemonade
ruler
line
fox
leaf
foliage
Lithuania, Lithuanian
literature
lift
lyce
face
private trip
spare ticket
only
forehead
to catch
to lie down
to go to bed
spoon
to break (down)
bingo
horse
Louvre
meadow
moon
better
bald
favourite
to love, like
love
any
loving
people
lie down
shop
to spread, smear, oil, grease
Madame
small
its / they are small (on me) (etc.)
few, little
little free time
Maly (Small) Theatre
baby, little one
boy
mum
mum is ... years old
(my) mum / mother is called ...
semolina
stamp
fruit jellies
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
c
()
(m)
(pl )
c
cc
(f)
(n) (indeclinable)
(acc)
...
() (I)
c (pl c)
/ (diminutive)
(n) (indeclinable)
(m)
/ (diminutive)
c
cc
ccc
c
... / /
(+ gen)
A new ab initio Russian course
Vocabulary
( / + gen)
(+ dat)
(f)
-
(I) (imp) (, ) (+ instr)
457
458
(f)
(f)
(?)
(c) (+ acc) ...? (on the phone)
(f)
() !
(etc.) (+ acc)
(adjectival noun)
(m)
()
(pl )
(f)
()
cc (adjective)
cc (...)
c ( c)
(c-) (, , )
(-) (, ) c
(f)
c (n) (indeclinable)
co
c
(+ prep)
(+ acc)
/ /
Vocabulary
c ?
?
(+ acc) c
(I) / (, )
(I) / (, )
()
(I) / (II) (, )
(+ instr)
(I) (imp) (, )
(etc.) (+ infinitive)
(+ acc)
(I) (pf) (, )
(I) / (I) (, )
(I) / (,
) c
(dat)
(= ) (before comparatives)
(II) (pf) (, )
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(+ gen)
c (acc)
(-) (III) (, )
on / to the left
to / for us
that will be nice for us
much, far, many
to write
to fill
to remind
to send, direct
destination
on / to the right
opposite
folk music
folk song
national
folk remedies
daffodil, narcissus
us
as far as I can remember
how strong
to inherit
hereditary, inherited
at the present time
current, present; real
to be tuned into
to find
to be situated
to be in question
resourceful
beginning, the start
junior school
459
() (I) / () (, )
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
c (f)
(etc.) (+ gen)
c / cc (imperative)
(etc.) c, ...
/ c
()
(pf) (, , , ,
, )
(+ dat) ( (etc.) )
(adjective)
() /
(+ gen)
(+ dat)
(I) (imp)
(f)
(+ gen)
... ... ()
()
()
()
()
()
(pl)
(pronounced ) ()
(pronounced )
/ (diminutive)
(pl)
=
=
(pl )
460
to begin
our
nationality
not
I (etc.) dont feel like going to ...
do not worry
I (etc.) do not / cannot believe that ...
dont worry
not to worry
to fail an exam
sky
skyscraper
Nevsky Palace (hotel)
Nevsky Prospekt (main street in St.
Petersburg)
unfulfilled promise
recently
week
ailment, disease
independent
fail (in higher education)
to feel unwell
indelible
(it is) difficult
German
German / the Germans
a little
must, it is necessary, it is essential
unexpectedly
opaque
to be nervous, be anxious
stainless steel
serpent-bearer (Biblical)
no; there is / are no
impatient
unhurried
restless, not persevering
oil firm
neither nor
nowhere (location)
low, short
not a single, no
never
noone, nobody
nowhere (movement)
thread
nothing
it doesnt matter, never mind, OK, middling
New Year card
new
The New World
leg
but
knife
scissors
zero, nil
number
hotel room
subscribers no.
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
OK, normal(ly)
nose
porter
to carry
to spend the night
night
at night
Night Express
I (etc.) ... like
I (etc.) ... like
to smell
Just You Wait! (TV programme)
I (etc.) need ...
Vocabulary
c ( c)
c
c (II) (imp) (, )
(-) (III) (, )
(f)
(etc.) c (+ sing)
(etc.) c (+ pl)
(-) (I)
, !
(etc.) (+ m), (+ f), (+ n),
(+ pl)
(etc.) (+ infinitive)
(-) (III) (, )
c (prep)
(?) (prep)
c (prep)
(prep)
(prep)
(prep)
(prep)
(?) (prep)
(-) (I)
(-) (I)
(I) (imp)
(I) / (II)
(prep)
(I) (imp)
(I) / (II) (,
) (+ acc)
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (II)
(I) / (,
) (+ gen)
462
c
(I) / c (c, c)
() (past participle) (+ acc)
(etc.)
c
c
()
()
(I) (imp)
(I) / (I) (, )
(+ acc)
(I) / c (I) (c, c)
(I) / (II)
(pl )
(+ gen)
(diminutive)
(pl )
(m)
(m)
(f)
(pl)
(n)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (I) / (+ acc)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (I)
(I) / (I) (,
)
(past participle)
(I) / c (II)
(I) / (II) (, )
(f)
(pl )
(I) / (II)
(pl)
oat porridge
to get dressed
dressed in, (to be) wearing
blanket
one
one million
eleven-year school
eleven
he (etc.) is not so lonely
one thousand
once
however
in a word
of the same hight
person in the same group
classmate
single room
Ogonyok = (Small) Fire (journal)
to mean
to exert an influence on
to turn out to be
to finish
window
near
window
drop-scone
deer
olympiad
Olympic Games
omelette
it / he
it / she
they it
to fall off
to be late for
operation
operetta
description
to describe
to pay (back)
to determine
to knock over, overturn
again
United Nations Organisation
(well) organized
organizing committee
nut
original
sturgeon
to freshen up
to light up
autumn
in (the) autumn, fall
aspen
foal (of ass)
to examine
fundamentals
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
to found
peculiarity
to remain, stay
to stop
stop
careful
thriller
from
on behalf (of)
responsible
to answer, reply (to), correspond (to)
department
department, section, division
decorating
separate
to rest, relax, have a break, go on holiday
Othello
father
single father
to turn off (electricity, water)
to turn on (tap)
to open
open(-air)
where are you from?
how do you know ?
excellent
grade, mark
to relate to, regard, think of, get on with, treat
Vocabulary
(I) / (III) (, )
(f)
(, ) /
(, )
() (I) / () (II)
(, )
(+ gen)
(+ gen)
(I) / (I) (, )
-
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II) (, )
() (I) / () (, )
/ ?
/ ...?
(II) (, ) /
(, ) (+ dat)
(pl)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(I) / c (II)
(, ) (+ acc)
( )
c
()
(I) / (II) (,
)
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (II) (,
)
() c
(pl )
(n) (indeclinable)
(+ dat)
(f)
relations
departure
to send
to set off for, leave for
holiday, leave
patronymic
report
waiter (waitress)
to register
to cool (down)
hunter
grade, mark
very
pleased to meet you (literally: very pleasant)
glasses
sunglasses
to make a mistake
youve got the wrong number
pub
(grammatical) case
finger
halibut
coat
monument, statue (of)
memory
463
464
(m)
... / /
/ ...
(m)
c (pl c)
c
(-) (I)
()
(= c c)
() (imperative)
(I) / (, )
(I) (pf) (, )
(+ instr)
() (imperative)
(I) (, ) / c
(, ) (+ gen) (+ acc)
()
(+ instr)
(, ) /
(, , , ,
, )
(, ) /
(, ) (+ dat)
(, ) /
(, ) (f)
(I) / (, )
()
(I) / (II)
(I) / (,
)
c
(I) / cc (c,
c) (+ acc)
(I) / (II) (+ acc)
(, ) /
(, )
(II) (, ) /
(, ) () (+ acc)
dad
dad is ... years old
(my) father / dad is called ...
pair, couple; one and a half hour class
boy(friend), lad
hair-dresser
park
steamed
the stalls
overcast
passport
passport control
packet
to dirty, soil
singer
pedagogical institute
drink
singing
frothy
pension
championship
first
ground floor
to run across
to recover (from)
to translate
translation
to translate from to
interpreter
before, in front of, ahead of
before sleeping
to broadcast
to give regards (to)
to express gratitude
programme (on television and radio)
childrens programme
to move
not to worry
to change (channels)
crossroads
to re-write
lunch break
change (of trains, buses)
to change (train, bus)
to move to
to stop
to cross
pepper
period
peach
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
glove
song
parsley
to sing
sad
printed letter
print
liver
oven, stove
to bake
on foot
piano
beer
jacket
small pasty
to write
writer
letter
St Petersburg
to drink
to take sleeping pills
Vocabulary
(-) (, , , , , )
(f)
(f)
(f)
(-) (, , ) (past , )
(n) (indeclinable)
() (, )
(m) ()
c (pl c)
(colloquial)
(I) (, ) / (I) (, )
(I) (, ) / (I) (, )
(-) (, )
(n)
(-) (II) (, )
?
(, ) / (,
)
(pl )
(f)
c
(+ dat)
(etc.) (+ acc) (etc.)
drinking water
swimming
houseboat
to cry, weep
flame
plastic
to pay
do I pay you?
platform
dress
to spit
walkman
nephew
niece
shoulder
stove
tightly
bad(ly), poor(ly)
bad, poor
square
plus
along, according to, by
from Friday to Sunday (up to and including
Sunday)
according to the table below
on business
/ -
in my opinion
() c
(I am ...) by nationality
about trivia
(+ acc) /
on the radio / television
on Saturdays
(I) (pf) (+ prep) (usually past tense)
to spend (time s.where), be, go to, stay
conduct
(I) / (, ) to turn
damage, harm
(I) / (II)
to repeat, revise
(past participle)
high (literally: raised)
465
(I) / (, )
(past / etc.)
(II) (pf)
()
(+ instr)
(, ) / (,
, , , , )
(I) / (II) (,
b)
(, ) (etc.) / () (etc.)
(f)
(I) / (I)
() -
() (imperative)
c
(I) / (, )
(+ dat)
(I) / (II)
(., ) (+ acc) (+ instr)
c (imperative)
(I) (pf)
(pf) (, ) (past , )
(pf) (, ) (+ dat)
!
() (imperative)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (II) (, )
()
( )
() (m)
(pl )
(I) / (, )
(-)b (III) (b, b)
() (f)
466
to perish, die
to have a word
the weather (is)
border guard
cellar
under, below
to give, serve
present
basement
submarine
scuba diving
to support, maintain
support(iveness)
pedestrian subway
lining
it will / they will suit me (etc.)
hem
orange-cap boletus (type of mushroom)
signature
to earn extra
(girl)friend
in a row
(he) thought a little
pillow
suitable
train
go (by transport)
please, youre welcome
trip
elderly
to shake (s.ones) hand
to congratulate (s.one) on (s.th.)
let me introduce you (literally: get to know
each other)
to catch
to go (on foot)
to visit (s.one)
bye!
show (me)
to show
to buy
customer, shopper
floor
sex, gender
(at) midday
field
good for ones health
to water
to polish
politics
shelf
half a kilo
(at) midnight
full, stout
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
full lips
half
to put, lay (s.th. s.where)
towel
half fat
to receive
to pass
received
to use
Vocabulary
(I) / (II) (, )
(II)
(past participle)
(-) (III) (,
) (+ instr)
(I) (pf) ()
(II) (imp)
(I) / (, ) (+ dat)
(f)
(n) (indeclinable)
(I) / (, )
-
(pf) (, ) / (+ acc)
(I) / c (II)
(, )
-
c() (imperative)
(etc.) (+ infinitive)
(+ dat) ...?
( )
(-) (II) (, )
(m)
(I) / (II) (,
) (+ dat)
(+ gen)
(I) / (II) (, )
(pf) (, )
(+ gen)
()
c() (imperative)
c ( c)
(II) (pf) (, )
(I) / (II) (, )
c (f)
Poland
to change (foreign currency)
tomato
to remember
to help
help
Monday
pony
to understand
(it is) understood
pop music
to get to, fall into / on
to put on weight
as before
ask for, call
parrot
it is time for me (etc.) to ...
is it time for ...?
at times
port
portable phone
to ruin, damage
briefcase
portion
order
in order
everythings OK
boarding
to devote, dedicate (to)
in the middle
(a little) more seriously
to visit, to attend (classes)
as (far as)
to send
after
after finishing school
last, final
(for the) last time
consequence
the day after tomorrow
amabassador
the Embassy of the Russian Federation
(have a) look
post
to put (in an upright position), stand
to deliver
bed
gradually
467
468
(I) / (II) (,
) (+ acc)
(I) / (, )
(I) (pf)
(?)
-
-
( )
() (etc.) /
(colloquial)
(I) / (II) (,
)
. = c
. cc
.
.
. C
() /
() /
(I) / (II)
(, ) (+ acc)
(I) / (II)
c
(I) / (II)
(I) / c
(, )
()
(I) / (II)
(, )
(etc.) c (+ infinitive)
(I) / (II)
(, )
(I) / (II)
(, )
(I) / (, )
(pf) (, )
(III) (imp) (,
)
(I) / (,
)
(, ) / c
(, )
(I) / (II) (,
)
(II) (pf) (, )
(I) / (,
) ( / + acc)
(, ) / (I)
( / ) /
() (imperative)
(I) / (II)
(imp) (,
) (+ dat)
(I) / (I) (, )
(I)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(I) / c (II)
(, c)
(I) / (I) (, )
(I) / (II) (, )
(etc.) c (+ infinitive)
A new ab initio Russian course
warning sign
is foreseen
to show, produce
premature
charming
premiere
teaching
lecturer
at the time of
if necessary, in case of necessity
in case of cancellation
with the help (of)
in the(se) circumstances, in such
circumstances
to approach
Vocabulary
(past participle)
(I) / (II) (,
)
()
(+ prep)
(+ gen)
cc
approximately
to arrive (by any means)
arrival
to lead to defeat, failure
hi
to welcome
attractive
to attract attention
to put in order
to invite
invitation
sentence, verdict
to cook, prepare
to arrive (in) (by transport)
reception
to recognize
(I should be) grateful
arrival (flying)
example
roughly
try (it / them) on
to reconcile
to belong to
to take, accept, see (patients)
to take into account
printer
to force, compel
poultice
nature, country
natural
to keep an eye on belongings
gadget
to send
to train
I (etc.) must ..., I (etc.) have to ...
469
470
(II) (, ) / (I)
to arrive (in, at) (on foot)
(, ) (past , ) ( / + acc)
(entrance) hall
reason
pleased to meet you (literally: very pleasant)
a pleasant stay
,
top, cork (of bottle)
(-) (III) (,, )
to taste, try
c (II) (pf)
to fail an exam
(I) / (II)
to check, mark
(II) (, ) /
to spend (time), conduct
(, )
(II) /
to be held
(, )
/ (diminutive)
channel, programme
walk
()
shopkeeper
(c) (, ) / (c)
to sell (be sold)
(, , , , ,
)
(I) / (II)
to continue; extend (pf only)
(I) / (II)
to last, continue
(f)
duration
()
foodstuffs
trip, journey
(I) (imp)
to pass (by transport)
plan, project
projector
(I) / (, )
to burn
(past / etc.)
(I) (pf) (, ) c
to stay together
(m)
record-player
viewing
c
avenue
c() (imperative)
forgive (me)
c
simply
(I) / c (II) (c, c) to oversleep
request
(I) / (, )
to leak, drip
(+ gen)
against
anti-clockwise
(f)
length
cool
(II) (, ) / (I)
to walk along, go through
(, ) (+ dat)
(II) (imp)
to take place
passer-by
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
() c c
(n) (indeclinable)
(f)
(I) / (, )
/ / /
>
() (past participle)
(II) (, ) /
(, )
(I)
(I) / (, )
(II) (pf)
() (I) / () (II)
(I) / (I)
A new ab initio Russian course
procedure
percent
the past
last week
last year
past
farewell, parting
pond
diving
spring board diving
straight on
direct, straight
to hide
psychologist
bird
professional technical school
published piece
first aid room
currency exchange office
to let go
to vacuum, hoover
play
five (= excellent) (mark in education)
five-year old child
fifteen
Friday
stain
fruit / wine stain
five
five million
five thousand
fifty
work
to work
to work on
mains operated (literally: to work from the
network)
able to work
(Im) glad to make your acquaintance
radiator
radio
joyously, with joy
joy
to break (glass etc.)
once, one
two / three / four times
five > twenty times
in fact, really
divorced
to make a camp fire; to breed
Vocabulary
(adjectival noun)
(adjective)
( )
(-) (, )
(= cc-c )
(I) / (II) (, )
(-)cc (II) (c, cc)
(= )
c
c
(I) (imp)
(I) (+ instr)
(I) c
to talk, chat
conversation
spoken language
to spill (liquid)
various
to spoon
various
to (go) bankrupt
to develop
471
472
(I) / (II) (,
)
(part participle)
(I) / ()
(I) / (II) (,
)
(I) / (I)
(, )
(I) / ccc (II)
(I) / cc (cc, cc)
c (c, c) / c (c,
c) (past / ; / )
(I) / (, )
() c c cc
, (III) (imp & pf) (,
)
(pl )
(III) (imp) (, )
(-) (, )
(-) (, )
/
c
(c) (III) (,
)
(past participle)
(I) / (II)
(past participle)
(no singular)
(I) / (II) (, )
to allow
allow me to introduce myself
to destroy
wounded
early
previously
Cancer
sink, wash-basin
to paint
timetable
is / are situated
to dawn
to adorn, paint in bright colours
(short) story, tale
to relate, narrate, tell
to get upset
to spill (dry substances)
plant
to grow (up)
to whisk, turn into powder
check-out time
(school) with extended Russian
to rehabilitate
child / children
revolver
reggae
to regulate
rare
to cut
to cut, slice
he / she is teething
result
flight number
to (be) advertize(d)
recommended
religion, religious studies
repair(s)
reproductive system
eyelash
restaurant
paper, essay
small river
to decide
solution
to risk (s.th.)
drawing, art
to draw
rice pudding
croissant
(who was) born
parents
mother tongue
to be born
rose
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Vocabulary
--
(f)
(I) / (II)
cc
( )
(m)
()
cc
cc (adjective)
cc (cc) / cc
cc
/ c (+ gen)
/ (+ gen) (+ acc)
/ c (+ instr)
(etc.) (etc.) (+ acc)
( c)
c / c (imperative)
(II) (, ) /
(, )
(adjective)
(I) / (II) (, )
c ( c)
() (II) (imp) (, )
garden
to plant
grip
lettuce
myself, yourself (etc.)
samovar (type of Russian tea urn)
plane
the worst
the coldest
sanguine person
plumber
boot(s)
sugar
sauna
volume
sale(s)
wedding
fresh
furthermore, moreover, in addition, also
package
light
to shine, gleam
traffic lights
473
474
()
(etc.)
(+ acc)
(I) (imp) (, )
(pf) (, , , , ,
)
( )
(adjective)
cc
(m)
c
c
c
() c / () cc ...
(+ gen)
(II) (imp) (, )
(m)
() (imperative)
(I) (pf) (, )
(f)
(+ dat)
(+ gen)?
certificate, evidence
general certificate of education
fluently; (it is) free
in ones spare time
free, vacant
ones own
Holy Spring
to check in
to take an exam
to pass an exam
change
showing (of a film)
north
today
todays
grey (hair only)
now, at the moment
secretariat
secretary
secretary (of organization, society etc.)
section
village
semantics
term
seventeen
seven
seven thousand
seventy
family
to be angry at
heart
middle
serial, series
surfing
grey
examination period
sister
my sister/s is/are called ...
(from) behind
cigar
cigarette
seat
to sit (= to be sitting)
(the) strength is waning
bad cough
Verners syndrome
(dark) blue
syntax
education system
(could you) tell me please
to say, tell
bench
tablecloth
(small) public garden
skeleton
warehouse
inclined to
brackets
how much / many?
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
Scorpio
soon
fast
violin
(-) (I)
to miss each other
boring
weak, poor
(II) (imp) (, ) (+ instr)
to be renowned for
sweet
c /
dessert
consequence
(etc.) c (+ infinitive)
I ought to ...
following
the following day
plum
butter
too
(+ gen)
too much / many
complicated
(past participle)
broken
(I) (pf)
to break
elephant
(c)
clerk, employee
work telephone
case
by accident, by chance
(-) (I)
to listen (to)
c / c c / c c (on the phone) yes, speaking
(-) (, )
to hear
c / c (= c /
I cant hear you (very) well
c)
(I) / (, )
to grease
c
sour(ed) cream
(-) (, )
to laugh
(-) (II) (, c)
to watch
(II)
to look out of the window
c (pf) (c, c, c)
to be able (to)
CIS
snow
c
(it is) snowy
snow(y)
(I) (imp)
to rent a flat
again
A new ab initio Russian course
Vocabulary
?
/ ... (+ acc) ?
cc ? (colloquial)
475
476
/ c (diminutive)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (, )
c
cc
(m), (f), (pl)
(II) (imp) (, )
(, ) /
(, , , ,
, )
(pf) (, ) (+ gen)
(I) / c (II)
(I) / (II)
(III) (imp) (,
) (+ dat)
(I) / (II)
(, )
()
cc
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (II)
( + acc)
(imp) (c, c)
(m)
(III) (imp & pf)
(c, c) (+ prep)
(-)c (II)
c (I) (pf) (, )
dog
Heart of a Dog
to collect, gather, pick
to meet; get ready (to), prepare (to)
cathedral
meeting; collection
collection of works
completely
piece of advice
to advise
Soviet
modern
completely, brand
not at all
I (etc.) agree
agreed
to keep, maintain
to create
to get off
juice
soldier
(it is) sunny
sunny
sun
solo concert, recital
to inform
to provide information
to correspond (to)
to accompany
competition
forty
neighbour
frankfurter
composition
to compile
state
to remain; be preserved
essay, composition, (literary) work
bedroom
rescue team
thank you (for), thanks (for)
to sleep
performance (in the theatre)
to specialize in
specialist shop
to hurry up
in haste
list
to sit (for a while)
peacefully, calmly
good night!
peace of mind
sponsor
sport
sports camp
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
to contribute (to)
on / from the right
to the right (of)
fairness
sprinter
to ask (s.one)
satellite TV
comparatively
Wednesday
amongst
of average weight
average, middle; central
middle (comprehensive) school
remedy
length of stay
to put (in an upright position), stand
Vocabulary
(-) (III) (,
) (+ dat)
() (+ gen)
(f)
(I) / (II) (,
) (+ gen)
(+ gen)
()
(-) (II) (, )
(+ acc) / (+ acc)
(, ) /
(, ) (+ instr)
(-)cc (I)
c
(etc.) (+ acc)
(pf) (, ) (+ infinitive)
(m)
(-)c (I)
c
(II) (, )
c c
(adjectival noun)
(II) (imp) (, )
stadium
a glass
standard
to become
station (small)
to try
ageing
old man
olden times
very old, ancient
older than me (etc.) by
older than ones age
older, oldest
to begin
article
glass
glass cleaner
stylistics
washing machine
to wash (clothes)
poem
hundred
hundred thousand
hundred million
to cost
table
table-tennis table
lost property office
dining room
to stand (= to be standing)
country
background (country) studies
The Baltic States
insurance policy
(it is) terrible, terribly
shooting
Sagittarius
to strive for, to aim for
sternly, severely
477
478
(m)
(-) (II)
(diminutive)
c (c)
(-) (II) (, )
c (I) / (II) (, )
(II) (imp) (c, c)
c
c!
c !
() (I) (imp)
(II) (pf) (, )
() ...
(imp) (c, c)
,
(etc.) ()
()
-
-
c
c (n) (indeclinable)
(f)
(pl )
(-) (I) (, )
(m), (f), (n), (pl) (informal)
c ...? / c ...? (sing)
c ...? / c ...? (pl)
. =
builder
building
building materials
well proportioned
to build
line, stitch
student
student library
student life
student canteen
to knock
connection
Saturday
bag
supermarket
daily ration
vital, important
skirmish, fight
to grab
map of the metro
to pop to the shop
happiness
bye!, cheerio!
bon voyage!
bill
to (be) consider(ed)
to go (and return)
son
(my) son is called ...
to pour
cheese
(it is) damp
damp
tablet
so
just like
I (etc.) thought as much
also, too, likewise
thus
such
the same (as), the same sort (of)
so-and-so
so-and-so; such-and-such
in that case
taxi
there
customs officer
customs
sea-roach
plate
dance(s), dancing
to melt
your
cottage cheese
creativity
theatre
drama school
do you like ...?
do you like ...?
telephone
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
television
telegraph office
trolley
TV repair man
telephone
public telephone
telephone installation
to telephone
telephone operator
telephone booth
telephone exchange
telephone conversation
Taurus
body
theme
(it is) dark
dark
temperature
tennis
tennis ball
now(adays)
(it is) warm
warm
to bear, endure
I cant stand
to lose
to faint, lose consciousness
to lose count
(it is) cramped
exercise book
aunt
technician
technical college
technology
technocrat
in the course (of), within
type
typical
(a little) quieter
i.e.
the fact that; what
goods
then
also, too
thickness
only, just
just
volume
to trample (down)
cake
toast
toaster
that, this / those, these
including
the same
Vocabulary
(-) (, )
(etc.) (+ acc)
(-) (I)
(-) (I) c
(-) (I) c
(f)
(+ gen)
()
c
,
(-) (, )
the very
full-stop
479
480
/ c
(= )
c
/ (diminutive)
c (c)
(pl )
(informal)
c
(+ gen)
c (c) ...(?) (formal / plural) (+ nom)
(+ acc)
()
(c) ... (+ nom)
/ /
(etc.) (+ gen)
cc, / /
, / /
c (c) ...(?) (+ nom)
(pronounced ) (c) ...? (+ nom)
(c) ...(?) (+ nom)
(c) ...(?) (+ nom)
(c) ...(?) (informal) (+ nom)
(on the phone)
(I) (imp)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (II)
(II) (pf) (, )
exactly
sick
grass
tragedy
tram
demand
gym
training session
third
second floor
dessert
two bedroomed flat
three
three million
three thousand
stand (at sports stadium)
thirty
thirteen
three children
three (= satisfactory) (mark in education)
trolleybus
trombone
labour instruction
hard-working
underpants, shorts
toilet
tuberculosis
(it is) foggy
foggy
travel agency
tourism
tourist
shoe
you
a thousand
tulip
heavy, hard
weight-lifting
at s.ones place; I, you (etc.) have
you have ; do you have ...?
by the entrance to
everyone has
I have ...
I have two / three / four children
I (etc.) do not have
I have one sister, two / three / four sisters
I have one brother, two / three / four brothers
we have ...; do we have ...?
he / it has ...; does he / it have ...?
she / it has ...; does she / it have ...?
they have ...; do they have ...?
you have ...; do you have ...?
speaking
to try to convince
to clean (house, flat)
cleaning
respectful
to assure
to see, catch sight of
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
to captivate
to enjoy, be keen on
hobby
dismissal from work
I (etc.) managed
(school) with in-depth study (of)
to remove
luck
(it is) amazing
to surprise
to be surprised (at)
(it is) comfortable, (it is) convenient
awful(ly)
already
no longer
supper
to have supper
narrow
to find out, recognize
to indicate
Ukraine
to decorate
strengthening
to boost
street
Decembrists Street
New Setttlers Street
Labour Street
street
outside
to improve
in ones head
can, to be able (to)
to die
Vocabulary
(I) / (I) (, )
(I) / (I)
(, ) (+ instr)
(etc.) (+ infinitive)
() (+ gen)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (II) (+ dat)
(-) (I)
(I) (, ) / (I)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (II) (, )
. =
. c
. c
.
(I) / (II)
(-) (I) (, )
(I) / (, )
(past / )
(I) / (, )
(III) (pf) (, )
c
c
(I) / (III) (, )
(m)
(II) (pf)
()
clever, bright
to wash (oneself)
to inherit
supermarket
university
unique
to pack
exercise
the Urals
level
lesson
to drop
condition
to make it in time (for); manage
success
Im (etc.) tired
tiredness
to arrange
to eliminate
moustache
morning
in the morning
iron
ear(s)
481
482
(III) (imp) (,
) (+ prep)
(+ prep)
()
(c) (adjectival noun)
()
(adjectival noun)
()
(I) / (, )
(-) (II)
(-) (II) (+ acc)
(-) (II) (c, c) (+ dat)
c
( )
( )
(= c )
(n) (indeclinable)
(-)() (III) (, )
(n) (indeclinable)
()
() /
c (adjective)
c (c)
(-) (II)
() (+ gen)
to take part in
participation
participant
student (in trade / vocational school)
studies
textbook
academic day
academic degree
school pupil
scientist
vocational school
teacher
to take into account, consider
to learn, teach
to study (a subject)
to study, go to (university); to learn (how to)
ears
Wales
factory
fax
faculty, school
surname
hair-drier
phenomenon
fencing
rude gesture
figure skating
physics
physical education
branch
faculty of languages and literature
philology (language and literature)
philosophy
shop (selling only one brand of goods)
phlegmatic
foyer
background
phonetics
fountain
to (be) form(ed)
mould
camera
photostudio
photography, photograph
photocopy
photocorrespondent
France
Frenchman (French woman) / the French
French
fruit
pound (sterling)
football
footballer
football review
personality
to praise
there is / are (not) enough
surgeon
bread basket, bread bin
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
bread department
flakes, cereals
hobby
to go (on foot)
to go shopping
to visit a friend
while walking, on the move
housewife
choleric person, bad-tempered person
refrigerator
(it is) cold
cold
fine, good
fine, good, well
to want
I (etc.) would like
(he) wanted him to become a pilot
to laugh loudly
I (etc.) want to ...
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
to keep, preserve
to be kept
block of flats (from the Khrushchev era)
thin
worse
it cant be worse
to scratch
to flower, bloom
cauliflower
house plant, flower
flower shop
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Ceylonese
aim, purpose
central
church
civilisation
circus
chicken
to have tea
tea
The Seagull (play by Chekhov)
kettle
(at) one oclock
(at) two / threee / four oclock
(at) five / six oclock
private
often
more often
clock, watch
part
whose
than
what are you up to?
(how) can I help you?
the lower , the less
suitcase
world championship
attic
Vocabulary
(pl)
(n) (indeclinable)
(II) (imp) (, )
(frequentative, multi-directional)
(II)
(II)
(-) (, , , , , )
(etc.) () (+ infinitive)
() ,
(-) (, )
(etc.) c (+ infinitive)
Cc
(II) (imp)
(II) (imp)
(colloquial)
/
(-) (I)
(imp) (, )
c
(pl )
(f)
(f)
(pl )
(-) (I)
()
() / /
() / c (etc.) c
c
c
c (pl)
c (f)
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
() c?
?
,
483
484
(+ acc)
c
(-) (, )
(-)c (, )
(+ gen)
(= )
() /
c (adjective)
(-)c (II) (, c)
(-) (II)
(-) (I)
(?)
?
/ !
?
,
-
-
?
(III) (, ) (c)
(pl c)
()
(imp) ()
c
c
c c
cc
cc -
()
(m)
c (adjective)
Scotland
driver, chauffeur
corkscrew
thing
to joke
to tickle
The Nutcracker
puppy
to examine (by touching)
an exam in physics
electric(al)
local train
electrician
electrical appliances
mains
epidemic
the Hermitage
variety show / music
light music
it is, this is / they are, these are
... speaking
thats not true
in Russian it is ...
it can happen to anyone
this week
this year
this, that / these, those
skirt
south
I
apple
apple pie
to be
berry, soft fruit
language
language practice
fried eggs
egg yolk
egg
Japanese man (Japanese woman) / the
Japanese
Japan
Japanese
bright
box
Vocabulary
/ (diminutive)
(-) (II) (, )
(-) (, )
(f)
...
-cc ...
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
( )
(pl )
(I) (imp) (+ instr)
(pl )
() /
485
ENGLISH
a little
(to) be able (to)
able to work
about me / you / him, it / her, it / us /
you / them
about trivia
about what(?)
about whom(?)
above
academic day
academic degree
(to) accept
(to) accompany
according to the table below
according to
(to) acquaint
acquaintance
acquainted
actor (actress)
adaptation
(to) add
address
Admiralty
(to) adore
(to) advertize, be advertized
advertisement
(to) advise
aerobics
(to) be afraid of
if you are afraid of wolves dont go into the forest
after
after finishing school
in the afternoon
again
against
age
ageing
ago
I (etc.) agree
agreed
ahead of
ailment
aim
(to) aim for
airport
alarm clock
alarmed
alcoholic drinks
algebra
alive
all
486
RUSSIAN
(+ gen)
(c-) (, , );
(-) (I) (, )
/ / / / c /
c / (prep)
(?) (prep)
(?) (prep)
(+ instr)
(I) / (I) (,
)
(I) / (II)
(, )
(+ dat)
(-) (II) (, )
c (familiarity),
() (friend) (adjectival noun)
(past participle)
()
(I) / (II) (,
)
(pl )
(I) (imp)
(c) (III) (,
)
(-) (III) (, )
(+ dat)
,
(+ gen)
(+ acc)
(m), (f), (pl)
(+ instr)
(f)
(II) (imp) (cc,
cc) (+ dat)
( )
(past participle)
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
, , -
(+ acc)
(I) / (,
) (+ dat)
cc
, ()
(+ dat)
, , ()
c
(),
(adjective)
(+ gen)
, c
,
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (II) (,
) (+ dat)
()
(-)c (III) (c,
c)
-
-
-
-
- (direction), -
(location)
(+ gen)
. =
c
(I) / (II) (,
)
(f)
(pl )
(I) / cc (,
) (+ dat)
(I) / (II)
(, )
c
() /
(+ gen)
(I) / (II)
Vocabulary
487
arrival
arrival time
(to) arrive (in / at)
art
article
artistic
as (far as)
as a young person
as before
as far as I can remember
as the saying goes
as well (as)
Asia
(to) ask (s.one)
(to) ask a question
ask for
aspen
(to) assign
association
(to) assure
asthma
at
at dinner
at home
at last
at once
at one time
at s.ones place
at the moment
at the present time
at the time of
at times
at what time?
Athens
athlete
atomic physics
(to) attend (classes)
attic
attract attention
attractive
auction
auditorium
aunt
Australian
the Australians
autumn
in (the) autumn
avenue
488
, (flying)
(I) / (, ) ( / + acc) (by any means),
(I) / (, ) ( /
+ acc) (by transport), (II)
(, ) / (I) (,
) (past , ) ( / +
acc) (on foot)
,
-
(I) / (II) (,
) (+ gen),
(-) (II) (, c) (request)
(, ) / (,
)
c() (imperative)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II)
/ (+ prep), (+ prep)
-
(+ gen)
cc
(+ prep); (+ gen)
c?
(I) / (II) (,
)
(I) / (,
)
(),
(adjective)
(f)
c
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
baked beans
bakery
balcony
bald
ball
Baltic States
banal
banana
bank
banker
(to) bankrupt, go bankrupt
barman (bar woman)
barrel
barrister
basement
basket
Basle
bath(-tub)
(to) go bathing
bathroom
battery
(to) be
I, you, he / she, we, you, they will be
(to) be able (to)
(to) be afraid of
(to) be angry at
(to) be anxious
(to) be born
(to) be late for
(to) be nervous
(to) be on the blink
(to) be renowned for
(to) be situated
(to) be surprised (at)
(to) be worried
A new ab initio Russian course
. C
. cc
c
(pl )
c
(m)
,
(-) (, , ) (past ,
)
c c (f)
( ); (in games)
,
; ( )
() (I) / () (II)
()
()
(m)
(I) (imp)
(adjectival noun)
Vocabulary
Avenue of Strikes
Avenue of the Uprising
average
of average weight
awful(ly)
baby
baby food
back(wards)
background
background (country) studies
bacon
bad
bad cough
bad(ly)
bag
bain-marie
(to) bake
489
(-) (II) (, )
(+ prep)
(+ imperative)
(-) (, )
(m)
(pl )
- (+ gen)
(, ) /
(, ) (+ instr)
c (f), (f)
(II) / (, )
(+ instr), (+ gen)
() (I) / () (,
), (pf) (, )
(+ infinitive)
(pf) (, )
(pf) (, )
(imp) (,
) (+ dat)
(+ instr)
(I) / (I)
(p., )
c
,
(, , ) (etc.) (,
, )
c, c
(n) (indeclinable)
! (used at weddings)
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
bomb
bon voyage!
bone
bonfire
book
(to) book
book cupboard
(to) boost
boot(s)
border
border guard
Im (etc.) bored
boring, it is boring
(to) be born
both ... and
bottle
box
boxing
boy
boy(friend)
brackets
brain
branch
brand (new)
bread basket, bread bin
bread department
bread roll
breaded veal cutlet
(to) break (down)
(to) break (glass etc.)
(to) break out in a cold sweat
breakfast
(to) have breakfast
(to) breed
bridge
brief
briefcase
bright
British pounds
(to) broadcast
broken
bronchitis
broom
brother
Brothers Karamazov
brown
(to) build
builder
building
building materials
the bulb is gone
bun
A new ab initio Russian course
(-) (II) (, );
(c-) (II)
() ( / ) c !
(f)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (II) (,
) (+ acc)
(pl ) / (pl )
(diminutive)
(etc.)
,
(I) / (II) (, )
(m)
c ()
(m)
(-)(c) (I)
(I) / (, )
(I) (imp)
(-) (I)
(II) (, ) /
(, )
c ( c)
(m)
, (intelligent)
(, ) /
(, , ,
, , )
(past participle)
/ (diminutive)
, (eyes)
(-) (II)
(m)
;
Vocabulary
(to) boil
491
(to) burn
business
business trip
on a business trip
businessman
busy
but
butter
butter dish
(to) buy
by
by accident, by chance
by evening
by nationality
by the entrance to
bye!
cabbage
caf
cage
cake
calcium
call
call
(to) call (s.one)
calm, calmly
camcorder
camera
can (= to know how to)
(how) can I help you?
can I speak ...?
can one?
it can happen to anyone
I cant hear you (very) well
I cant stand
it cant be worse
Canadian
Canadians
canal
Cancer
canoe
canoeing trip
cap (of a mushroom)
Capricorn
(to) captivate
car
car hire
car race
caravan
cardboard
careful, carefully
cargo
carotene
car-park
carpet
492
(-) (, , ), (I) /
(, ) (past
/ etc.)
() (past participle)
,
()
(I) / (II) (, )
(+ dat)
c
(+ acc)
!, c!
c
(n) (indeclinable)
c() (imperative)
(I) / (I) (, )
(+ acc), (-) (, ) (+ acc),
(-) (II) (+ dat)
,
(-) (I) (, )
?
(c) (+ acc)...? (on the phone)
(?)
c / c (= c /
c)
(etc.) (+ acc)
(), c (adjective)
(I) / (I) (, )
, (m)
/
()
(adjective)
, ; ,
(to) change
channel
charm
charming
(to) chat
chauffeur
(to) check
(to) check in
check-out time
cheerio
cheese
chemist
cherry compote
chicken
child
children
childrens
childrens programme
childrens theatre
China
Chinese (Chinese man / woman)
Chinese characters
the Chinese
choleric person
(to) choose
church
cigar
cigarette
cigarette packet
A new ab initio Russian course
(f)
c (II) (imp) (, )
() (I) / () (II)
; (grammatical)
cc
()
(II) (, ) / (I)
(II) (pf) (, )
Cc
c
/ -
(pl)
(I)
(I) / (II)
(+ acc)
c
, (pl )
(), c (adjective)
(I) / (I) (,
)
(f)
- (+ gen) c
Vocabulary
carphone
carriage
carrots
(to) carry
(to) carry out, be carried out
cartoon
case
cassette player
cat
(to) catch
(to) catch sight of
cathedral
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
cauliflower
caviar
cd
cellar
central
century
cereal(s)
certificate
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Ceylonese
championship
change
493
cinema
circle
circus
CIS
civilisation
class
classical music
classmate
(to) clean
cleaning
clerk
clever
clock
(to) close
cloudy, it is cloudy
coat
coca-cola
cocoa
coffee
coffee beans
coffee grinder
cognac
coin
cold, it is cold
coldest
(to) collect
collecting
collection
collection of works
collective farm
collector
college (of further education)
comedy
comfortable
comma
commune
Communist Party
comparatively
compartment (in railway carriage)
(to) compel
competition
(to) compile
(to) complain about
(to) complete
completely
complicated
composition
comprehensive school
computer
computer centre
computer game
concerning
concert
concert hall
condition
494
(n) (indeclinable)
; (in a theatre)
(c)
c (pl)
(I) / (, )
,
(n) (indeclinable)
-
(n) (indeclinable)
(m) (indeclinable)
,
(I) / (, )
(n) (indeclinable)
(I) / (II) (,
)
;
(I) / (II) (,
)
(-) (III) (, )
(+ acc)
(II) (, ) / c
(, ) ( )
; c
(+ gen)
( )
confectionary section
confectioner
conference room
(to) congratulate (s.one) on (s.th.)
connection
consciousness
consequence
(to) consider, be considered
consultant
(to) contain
container
content (with)
(to) continue
(to) contribute (to)
convenient, it is convenient
conversation
(to) converse
(to) convey
(to) cook
cool
(to) cool (down)
cork (of bottle)
corkscrew
correct(ly)
(to) correspond (to)
(to) cost
cottage cheese
cough
could I have two pairs
country
(to) go to the country
country cheese
countryside
couple
coupon
courier (post)
course
cousin
cramped
(to) create
creativity
Crimea
croissant
(to) cross
crossroads
A new ab initio Russian course
(II) (, ) /
(, )
c
c
-
(I) / (II)
(., ) (+ acc) (+ instr)
c
,
(I) / (, ),
(I) (imp), () (I) (imp)
(I) / (II) ( c)
(f)
() (+ instr)
() (I) / () (II)
(-) (III) (,
) (+ dat)
(-) (III) (, )
(II) (imp) (, )
(c-) (II); (-) (II) (,
)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(III) (imp) (,
) (+ dat), (I) /
(II) (, ) (+ dat)
(II) (, )
(m)
; (nature)
(II) (imp)
; (in education)
, /
,
(, ) /
(, , , ,
, )
( )
(II) (, ) /
(I) (, ) ()
(+ acc)
Vocabulary
conduct
(to) conduct
495
crouton
(to) cry
cupboard
currency exchange office
current
curriculum vitae
customer
customs
customs officer
(to) cut
(to) cycle, go cycling
cycling
Cyprus
Czech (person)
Czech Republic
the Czechs
dacha
dad
dad is ... years old
dad is called ...
daffodil
daily ration
dairy products
dairy products department
dairy products shop
damage
(to) damage
damp, it is damp
dance(s), dancing
(to) go dancing
dark, it is dark
dark haired (person)
darling
data
date
date of birth
daughter
(to) dawn
day
the day after tomorrow
day off
on (ones) days off
days of the week
dear
death
Decembrists Street
(to) decide
declaration (form)
(to) decorate
decorating
(to) dedicate (to)
deer
defence of diploma (work)
(to) defend
definitely
delicacy
496
(-) (, )
()
(-) (, )
(I)
(), c (adjective)
(m)
... / /
...
(adjectival noun)
(-) (, )
, c
(pl )
(I)
,
()
/ (diminutive)
,
(f)
(I) / f ()
(m)
, / (diminutive)
(f)
. c
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II) (,
) (+ dat)
(m)
(I) / (II) (,
)
demand
demise
dentist
(to) depart (flying)
department
departure
departure lounge
departure time
descendant
(to) describe
description
desirable, it is desirable
despite the advice
dessert
destination
(to) destroy
detective (story)
(to) determine
(to) develop
(to) develop a stoop
(to) devote
(to) dial
diary
dictation
(to) die
different
difficult
with (great) difficulty
dining room
dinner
(to) have dinner
direct
(to) direct
(to) dirty
(to) disappear
disco
(to) discuss
disease
dish
dishwasher
dismissal from work
(to) display
dissolved gelatin
distant
diving
division
divorced
(to) do
do I pay you?
do not worry
(to) do ones exercises
(to) do ones homework
A new ab initio Russian course
(I) / (II) (,
)
(f)
(I) / (II) (,
)
,
, (flying)
(I) / (, )
c
c, c /
(I) / (II)
,
(I) / (I)
/ (I)
(-)c (II) (, )
(I) / (II) (,
) (+ dat)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (, ) (past
/ ), (I) /
(, ) (past / etc.)
()
(adjectival noun)
(-) (I)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(-) (I)
(I) / c (I) (c, c)
( )
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (II)
() (past participle)
(-) (I)
?
c / cc
(imperative)
(-) (I)
(-) (I)
Vocabulary
(to) deliver
497
(I)
(-) (II) (, )
(-) (, ) c
(I) / (,
) (+ gen)
/ c / c / (c) ...? (+ nom)
(pronounced ) / (c) ...?
c c ?
c? = / c c?
/ c ...? (sing), /
c ...? (pl)
; (title)
/ c (diminutive)
/ c
(-)c (III) (c, c)
(I) / c (c, c)
() (past participle) (+ acc)
() (imperative)
(I) (, ) / (I) (,
)
(I) / (, )
(m),
(I) / (II)
(pl )
(f), (f)
(+ gen)
()
(I) / (I)
( )
,
() (, , , , , )
( )
(pl )
c
cc
c c
c
cc
...
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
engine
engineer
England
English
the English
Englishman (English woman)
(to) be engrossed in a book
(to) enjoy
(to) enter
entrance exam
entrance hall
entrance, entry
environmental protection institute
epidemic
essay
Europe
evening
in the evening
ever
every
every year
everybody, everyone
everyone has
everything
everything is OK
everything was delicious
evidence
exactly
exam in physics
examination period
(to) examine
example
excellent
excesses of fat
exchange rate
exciting
excuse me
exercise
exercise book
exercises
A new ab initio Russian course
()
(I) / c (II)
(c)
(I) / (II)
(-) (, )
(I) / (,
) (+ instr)
(adjective),
()
(I) (pf)
(I) / (I) (,
) (+ instr)
(II) (, ) / (I)
(, ) (past , )
( / + acc)
(for higher education)
(), ()
c
c
c
(+ dat)
() (imperative)
(f)
Vocabulary
elderly
electric bulb
electric(al)
electrical appliances
electrician
elephant
eleven
eleven-year school
(to) eliminate
Embassy of the Russian Federation
employee
empress
(to) end
(to) endure
(to) engage in
499
(I) / (I) (, )
(+ acc)
c ( c)
(, ) /
(, )
(f)
(II) (pf)
( ) (pl )
(f)
,
,
,
( )
(pf) (, , , ,
, ) , c (II)
(pf)
(-) (I) c
(f)
(I) / c (c, c)
(-) (I) (, ) (+ instr),
(I) / (I) (,
) (+ instr)
(pf) (, ) / (+ acc)
(I) / (, )
(+ gen)
(adjective)
w
...
(-) (III) (, )
(c)
(+ dat) ( (etc.) )
(+ gen)
()
(pl )
(I) / (II)
() (imperative)
(I) / (II)
(m)
(II) (, ) /
(, )
(I) (, ) / (I)
(pl )
(I) / (II), (I) /
(II)
(past participle)
(n)
(= )
() / c (etc.) c
>
>
c
(pl)
(n)
c
( )
(imp) (, )
(pl )
(I) (imp)
(pl ); (pl
) (of ass)
,
(-) (III) (imp) (c, c)
c
()
c (c)
(+ gen); (+ acc); (+ instr) (fetch)
/ /
?
c ?
-, -
Vocabulary
(to) find
501
for Wednesday
for young people
for your use there are
(to) force
foregoing
forehead
foreign
foreign language
foreign languages faculty
foreign literature
foreigner
is foreseen
forest
(to) forget
forgive (me)
fork
(to) form, be formed
former
forty
(to) found
fountain
four
four (= good) (mark in education)
four children
four million
four thousand
fourteen
fourth
fox
foyer
France
frankfurter
free, it is free
freight
Frenchman (French woman)
French
the French
fresh
(to) freshen up
Friday
fried
fried eggs
friend
(to) be friends with
friendly
from
from ... until ...
from a great height
from behind
from England
from far off
from Friday to Sunday (up and including Sunday)
from time to time
from tomorrow
frontier
502
(+ acc) c
...
(I) / (II) (,
)
(past participle)
( )
,
( c )
(c)
(past participle)
c ( c)
(I) / (, )
c() (imperative)
(-)() (III) (,
)
(I) / (III) (,
)
(= )
c
(n) (indeclinable)
cc
,
()
c (adjective)
(I) / c (II)
(pl ); ()
(adjectival noun)
(-) (II) (+ instr)
(etc.) (+ acc)
(etc.)
(to) get up
gin
girl
girlfriend
(to) give
(to) give regards (to)
(to) give up (literally: throw)
A new ab initio Russian course
(m)
()
(I) / (II)
(pl)
(+ dat)
, , ,
( c), (adjective)
(I)
(I) / (, )
(), (adjective)
(, ) /
(, )
(I) / (I)
(, )
(I) / c (c, c)
(pf) (, ) (+ gen)
(II) (, ) /
(, ) (+ dat)
(I) / (,
)
(pf) (, ) (+ dat),
(pf) (, ) /
(+ acc), (I) / (,
) (+ gen) (by transport)
(, ) / (,
)
(, ) / (, , ,
, , ), (-) (II)
(a present)
(, ) /
(, ) (+ dat)
(I) / (II) (, )
Vocabulary
frosty, it is frosty
frothy
fruit
fruit / wine stain
fruit jellies
fruit jelly
fruit yoghurt
(to) fulfil
full
full fat sour cream
full lips
full-stop
fundamentals
fur
further along
furthermore
future wife
gadget
garage
garden
(to) do the gardening
garnish
gate
(to) gather
Gemini
gender
general
general certificate of education
general linguistics
genre
geologist
geometry
German
the Germans
Germany
(to) get (obtain)
503
goat
golden
good
good afternoon
good for ones health
good morning
good night
good spirits
good, (it is) good
goodbye
goods
Gostiny Dvor
(to) grab
grade
gradually
graduate
(to) graduate
grammar school
granddaughter
grandfather
grandfather is called ...
grandmother
grandmother is called ...
grandson
grapefruit juice
grass
grateful
(to) grease
Great Britain
504
() c c
(indeclinable)
; (for drinking)
(m)
()(II) (imp) (, )
(f)
,
c
c (I) / (II) (, )
,
()
(II) (pf)
(m)
...
/
(I) / (, ),
(-) (, )
Greece
green
green onions
(to) greet (s.one)
grey
grip
ground floor
(to) grow
(to) grow (up) (intransitive)
guest
gun shot
gym
gymnast
hairdresser
hair-drier
half
half a kilo
half fat
halibut
hall of residence
hand
hand operated
(to) hang
hanger
it happens
happiness
happy
happy (with)
hard
hard boiled
hard currency
hard-working
harm
has; he, she (etc.) has
in haste
hat
hat-box
have; I, you (etc.) have
(to) have
(to) have a word
(to) have at hand
(to) have breakfast
(to) have dinner, lunch
(to) have in mind
(to) have supper
(to) have tea
,
(-) (I) (+ instr)
, (hair only)
(I) / (II) (,
)
c (c, c) / c (c,
c) (past / ; /
)
(m) ()
c
c (c)
c
c
() (+ instr)
(adverb)
(+ gen)
(+ gen)
(I) (imp) (, )
(II) (pf)
(I)
(-) (I)
(-) (I)
(I)
(-) (I)
(-) (I)
Vocabulary
great granddaughter
great grandfather
great grandmother
great grandson
Great October Socialist Revolution
505
(-) (, )
(-) (I) (, )
;
(I) / (,
)
c / c; ! (on the
phone)
(f)
(+ gen)
(I) / (, )
(+ dat)
-
(etc.)
(-)c (c, c)
(-) (, )
, (past participle)
cc
(= c )
(I) / (II) (,
)
(pronounced )
, (n) (indeclinable)
(II) (imp) (, )
( )
(II) (imp) , (I) /
(I) (, )
(pl )
c
(-)cc (II) (c,
c)
(I) (imp) (, )
(f)
, ,
(pl )
(pl )
(pl )
/ ...?
-c ...? / -cc ...?
?
?
/ ... (+ acc) ?
(+ gen)?
/ ...?
/ ?
(?)
( / ) ?; ?
c
()
(-)c (II)
, , / , ,
,
... / /
(etc.) c, ...
(etc.) (+ gen)
(etc.) (+ gen)
(etc.) c
(c) (etc.)... (+ nom)
, / /
;
cc, / /
/ /
(etc.) () (+ infinitive), ()
() (+ infinitive)
c
( )
(-) (I) (, ) (+ instr)
() (adjectival noun)
(I) / (II)
, )
cc
(I) / (II)
Vocabulary
horse
horse riding
hospital
hot water
hot, (it is) hot
hotel room
house
house plant
houseboat
household chores
housewife
how do you know ?
how do you say ... in English? / in Russian?
how long?
how many days?
how many times per...?
how much / many?
how much do(es) cost?
how old are you?
how strong
how(?), as
however
hows things (with you)?
hundred
hundred metres hurdles
hundred million
hundred thousand
hungry
hunter
(to) hurry up
it hurts
I
I, you, he / she, we, you, they will be
507
in
in a row
in a word
in addition
in advance
in an hour
in case of cancellation
in fact
in front of
in honour of
in my opinion
in ones head
in ones spare time
in ones youth
in order
in order (to)
in Russian it is ...
in spite of
in such circumstances
in that case
in the course (of)
incidentally
inclined to
(to) include
including
indelible
independent
India
Indian
Indians
(to) indicate
(to) inform
(to) inherit
inherited
instead of
institute
instruction
insurance policy
intellectual abilities
(to) be interested (in)
interesting, it is interesting
(to) interfere
internal
international
internet
interpreter
(to) introduce
investigation
invitation
(to) invite
Ireland
Irishman (Irish woman)
Irish
the Irish
iron
(to) do the ironing
508
c
, , ,
(+ instr)
(+ gen)
/ -
()
-cc ...
(+ dat)
cc
c;
(+ gen)
(+ dat)
(I) (imp)
(), c (adjective)
(I) / (, )
(I) / c (II)
(-) (III) (, )
(+ gen)
c
(-) (III) (,
) (+ instr)
c, c
(I) / c (I)
, (adjective)
()
(I) / (II)
(, )
(I) / (,
)
()
c (adjective)
(-) (II) (, )
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
issued
it
it is, this is / they are, these are
Italian
Italians
Italy
Ivan the Great
Izvestiya = News (daily paper)
jacket
jam
Japan
Japanese man (Japanese woman)
Japanese
the Japanese
jar
jazz
(to) joke
journal
journalism
journalist
journey
joy
joyously
juice
junior school
just
just like
it is / they are just right (on me) (etc.)
just like ones granny
Just You Wait!
Kazan Cathedral
(to) be keen on
(to) keep
(to) keep an eye on s.ones belongings
(to) be kept
kettle
key
key to your room
kid
kindergarten
kiosk
kiss
kitchen
knife
(to) knit
knock
(to) knock over
(to) know
to know how to
knowledge of
kopeck
Krokodil = Crocodile (satirical magazine)
A new ab initio Russian course
(, ) /
(, , , ,
, )
(past participle)
(n)
(), c
(adjective)
c
, (mans)
()
c (adjective)
(-) (II) (, )
c (c)
(f)
; ,
,
(, , , ) (etc.)
, ! (TV programme)
(I) / (I) (,
) (+ instr)
(II) (imp) (, );
(II) (imp)
(I) / c (II)
(, c)
(II) (imp)
(pl )
(pl )
c
(-) (I) (, )
(-) (II) (, )
(I) / (I)
(, )
(I) (imp)
(-) (I) (, )
(pl) (+ dat)
Vocabulary
(to) issue
509
labour instruction
Labour Street
lad
lads
lady
lamp
language
language practice
large
large housing estate (administrative unit)
(to) last
last
(for) the last time
last week
last year
(to) be late for
Latin
(to) laugh
(to) laugh loudly
law
(to) lay (s.th. s.where)
(to) lay the table
(to) lead to defeat, failure
leader
leaf
(to) leak
(to) learn
learned
leather
(to) leave
leave (holiday)
(to) leave for
lecture
lecturer
left
on / from the left
on / to the left
leg
lemon
lemonade
length
length of stay
Leo
leptin
less
lesson
(to) let (s.one) know in advance
(to) let go
let me introduce you (literally: get know each other)
(to) let pass
lets go
lets meet
510
.
(m)
(I) / (II)
;
(I) / (I) / (+ acc)
(-) (, )
(-) (, )
(, ) / (II) (+
acc) / (+ acc)
(I) / (, )
c
(pf) (, )
()
(pl )
(I) / (, )
(-) (II), (I) / (II)
(II) (, ) / (I)
(, ) (+ gen)
( )
(I) / c (II)
(, ) (+ acc)
();
/ (diminutive)
; (f)
(I) / (II)
(, )
(I) / (II) (, )
c (imperative)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(colloquial)
() cc
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
lighter
(to) like
I like (etc.)
do you like ...?
likewise
lily of the valley
line
lining
lion
lips
liquid
list
(to) listen (to)
listening (comprehension)
literary work
literature
Lithuania
Lithuanian
little
little child(ren)
little free time
little thing
(to) live
liver
loads of free time
local
local train
location
(to) loll around
(for) a long time
he (etc.) is not so lonely
long distance call
look
look
(to) look
we (etc.) look alike
(to) look after
(to) look out of
(to) look out of the window
(to) look through
A new ab initio Russian course
c (pl c)
(m)
(I) (imp) (, )
(II) (imp) (, )
() (imperative)
(II) / (, )
,
(adjective)
c
(I) / (II) (,
)
(II) (imp) (, )
(etc.) c ... (+ sing), (etc.)
c ... (+ pl)
/ c ...? (sing), /
c ...? (pl)
()
; (diminutive)
(pl )
(f)
(-) (I)
, ()
(+ gen)
() /
(f)
(imp) (, )
(f)
(-) (I)
(etc.)
c() (imperative)
(II) (imp) (, )
(etc.)
(II) (imp) (, ) (+instr)
(I) / (I) (,
) (+ gen)
(II)
(I) / (II)
(, )
Vocabulary
letter
lettuce
level
Libra
library
(to) lick
(to) lie (= be lying)
lie down
(to) lie down
lift
light
light
light brown (hair)
light music
(to) light up
511
512
(I) (imp)
(-) (I)
(-) (I) c
(+ gen)
(f)
(II) (imp) (, )
(f)
(I) c (literally: to work from
the network)
(I) / (II)
(, )
(-) (I)
(, ) /
(, )
(I) / c (c, c)
( + acc)
(I) / c (c, c)
(etc.) (+ infinitive)
(= ) (before comparatives)
,
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II)
,
(+ dat)
(pronounced )
( )
(sing)
(II) (imp), (I) (imp)
(I) / (II) (+ acc)
co
c
,
c (I) / (II) (,
)
(I) / (II),
(I) / (, )
(-) (I) (, )
(I) / (II)
(f)
(n) (indeclinable)
(n) (indeclinable),
(m)
() (m)
c, (adjective)
(+ gen)
()
() (f)
c
(pl c)
(I) / (II) (,
); (-) (I)
(each other)
cc
(I) / (II) (,
)
(I) / (I)
(f)
(f)
(m)
()
(+ dat)
()
Vocabulary
matter
it doesnt matter
maybe
meadow
meal / meals
(to) mean
(to) measure
meat
meat department
medical faculty
medicine
(to) meet
513
moreover
morning
in the morning
morphology
Moscow
Moscow State University
Moscow time (is ...)
most likely
most of all
mother
mother is called ...
mother tongue
mould
mouse
moustache
mouth
(to) move (to)
Mr (Russian title)
Mrs (Russian title)
much
much more / better
muesli
mum
mum is ... years old
mum is called ...
muscle
Muscovite
mushroom
music
musical
musical comedy
I (etc.) must ...
it must be admitted
(to) mutter
my
my brother(s) is / are called ...
my name is ...
my sister(s) is / are called ...
myself, yourself (etc.)
name
named after
(to) narrate
narrow
national
nationality
what nationality are you?
natural
nature
near
nearest
necessary
it is necessary
it will be necessary (to)
I (etc.) need ...
needle
514
, , ,
cc (adjective)
cc (...)
c /
(f)
... / ...
(f)
( )
(I) / (,
), (I) /
(II) (+ acc)
c, c (used of English speakers)
c, ccc (used of English speakers)
, (before comparatives)
/
c (n) (indeclinable)
... / /
... / ...
()
(m)
(etc.) (+ infinitive), (etc.)
c (+ infinitive)
(-) (, )
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
() / () ...
...
() c / () cc ...
(m), c (f), c (n), c (pl)
,
() (+ gen), (+ gen)
(I) / (I) (,
)
c (f)
/ c?
(+ gen)
(+ dat)
(etc.) (+ m), (+ f),
(+ n), (+ pl)
novel
now
nowhere
number
(to) number
numismatics (collection or study of coins etc.)
nurse
nursery school
nut
The Nutcracker
oat porridge
observation
(to) obtain
of course
off
(to) offer
office
A new ab initio Russian course
()
... ... ()
(I) (imp)
()
(pronounced )
-
. c
(f)
c
; ()
()
()
,
( )
c ( c)
()
cc
()
(pronounced ) ()
(I) / (II) (,
)
cc,
() (location), () (movement)
, ; ;
(-) (III) (,
)
cc
(, ) /
(, )
(pronounced )
/ c (+ gen)
(I) / (II)
Vocabulary
neighbour
neither nor
nephew
(to) be nervous
never
never mind
nevertheless
Nevsky Palace (hotel)
Nevsky Prospekt (main street in St. Petersburg)
new
new potatoes
New Setttlers Street
The New World
New Year card
newspaper
next day
that will be nice for us
niece
night
at night
Night Express
nil
nine
nine thousand
nineteen
ninety
no
no longer
nobody
noone
normal, normally
north
nose
not
not a single
not at all
not yet
notebook
nothing
(to) notice
515
often
Ogonyok = (Small) Fire (journal)
oh dear (oh god)
oil
oil firm
OK
old
old man
olden times
older than ones age
older, oldest
Olympiad
Olympic Games
omelette
on
on behalf (of)
on business
on foot
on Saturdays
on the move
on the radio
on the television
on time
on what date?
once
one
one (= very poor) (mark in education)
one and a half hour class
one can
one million
one more
one oclock
one thousand
ones own
only
opaque
(to) open
open(-air)
operation
operetta
opposite
or
orange
orange juice
orange-cap boletus (type of mushroom)
(to) order
order
ordinary
organizing committee
original
Othello
I (etc.) ought to ...
our
outside
outstanding ambition
oven
over
over forty
over sixty
516
(pronounced ),
(+ prep)
(+ gen)
(+ acc)
(+ acc)
?
-; ; - ;
(m), (f), (n), (pl);
(= )
(?)
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
()
c
(etc.)
,
() (I) / () (,
)
(+ gen)
(I) / (, )
;
(etc.) c (+ infinitive)
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
(f)
(f)
(+ instr), (+ acc) (a period)
cc -
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
(to) overturn
(to) pack
package
packet
pain
painkiller
paint
(to) paint
pair
Palace Square
pale
(to) go pale
pancake
paper
parcel
parents
park
parrot
parsley
part
participant
participation
parting
(to) pass
pass
(to) pass an exam
passenger aircraft
passer-by
passport
passport control
the past
past
patronymic
(to) pay
(to) pay (back)
peace
peace of mind
peaceful, peacefully
peach
pear
peculiarity
pedagogical institute
pedestrian subway
pediatrician
(to) peel
pen
pencil
pension
people
A new ab initio Russian course
(f)
(-) (II) (, ),
(I) / (II)
(, )
(-) (I) (, )
/ (diminutive)
(no singular)
c (f)
()
(+ prep)
(adjective)
(I) (imp) (by transport)
(pf) (, , , ,
, ) , (II)
(in higher education)
c (pl c)
c
(adjectival noun)
c
(-) (II) (, )
(I) / (II) (,
)
(f)
(= c c)
(-)c (II) (, c)
(pl )
Vocabulary
overall
overcast
(to) oversleep
517
pepper
(to) perceive
percent
perfectionist
(to) perform
performance (in the theatre)
performer
perhaps
period
(to) perish
without permission
person in the same group
personality
pet
pharmacist
phenomenon
philology (language and literature)
philosophy
phlegmatic
phonetics
photocopy
photocorrespondent
photograph, photography
photostudio
physical education
physical map
physics
piano
(to) pick
(to) pick up points
picture
piece
piece of advice
pillow
pilot
pineapple juice
(to) pink (of an engine)
Pisces
its / thats a pity
place
place of birth
place of work
plan
plane
plant
(to) plant
plastic
plate
platform
play
(to) play
(to) play
(to) play up
518
(I) / (,
)
(I) / (II) (,
); (I) / (II)
(m)
()
(I) / (,
) (past / etc.)
()
()
(n) (indeclinable)
(= c )
(n) (indeclinable)
(I) / (, )
(I) / (, )
/ (diminutive)
(II) (imp)
c (pl c)
(I) / (II) (,
)
plum
plumber
plus
pocket
poem
Poland
policeman
(to) polish
politics
pond
pony
poor, poorly
pop music
(to) pop to the shop
porridge
port
portable phone
porter
portion
position
possibly, it is possible
post
post office
postgraduate
postgraduate studies
poultice
pound (sterling)
(to) pour
power
powerful
practically
pragmatics
(to) praise
Pravda (newspaper)
(to) pray
(to) prefer
I (etc.) prefer
premature
premiere
(to) prepare
(to) prepare (oneself) for
(to) prepare (to)
present
present
(to) present
(to) preserve, (be) preserve(d)
previously
print
printed letter
A new ab initio Russian course
c
(I) / (II) ( /
c)
(-) (III) (, )
( )
(n) (indeclinable)
,
-
(II) (imp) (c, c)
( )
c;
(f)
c ( c)
( )
()
()
(imp) (c, c)
(f)
(-) (II)
(-)c (II)
(I) / c (,
)
(etc.)
(-) (II) (, )
(-) (II) (,
) (+ dat)
(I) / (,
)
(adjective)
(I) / (II)
(, )
(II) (imp), () (I) /
() (II)
(f)
Vocabulary
pleasant
please
pleased to meet you (literally: very pleasant)
with pleasure
(to) plug in (a socket / the mains)
519
printer
private
private trip
probably
procedure
(to) produce, be produced
c
()
() (II) (,
) / () (,
); (I) /
(, );
() (I) / () (I)
(II) / (,
) (+ acc)
/ cc?
(= cc-c
)
/ (diminutive),
(on television and radio)
; (in education)
(-) (I)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (I) (,
)
(I) / (II)
-
(, ) / (,
, , , , )
(I) / (I) (,
)
(f)
(-) (II) (, )
(+ acc) / (+ acc) (in an upright position),
(, ) / (II)
(+ acc) / (+ acc) (to lay)
(, ) /
c (, )
(I) / c (II)
(, )
(II)
(n) (indeclinable)
c
(m)
(m)
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
(to) read
(to) get ready (to)
real
really
reason
(to) recall
receipt
(to) receive
received
recently
reception
receptionist
(to) recognize
recommended
(to) reconcile
(to) record
record-player
(to) recover (from)
red
red channel
refrigerator
reggae
(to) register
registry office
(to) regulate
(to) rehabilitate
(to) relate
(to) relate to
relations
(to) relax
released
reliable
religion, religious studies
(to) remain
remarkable
remedy
(to) remember
(to) remind
(to) remove
renowned
(to) be renowned for
A new ab initio Russian course
(I) / (, )
(+ gen)
(-) (I)
(I) / (,
)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(past participle)
(I) (, ) / (I),
(, ) /
(I)
(past participle)
(I) / (II)
(I) / c (,
)
(m)
(I) (pf) (,
) (+ instr)
c
c
(I) / (II) (,
)
c
(III) (imp) (,
)
(III) (imp) (,
)
(I) / (I) (,
)
(II) (, ) /
(, ) (+ dat)
(pl)
(I) / (I) (,
)
(past participle)
,
(, ) /
(, )
(II) (imp) (, )
(+ instr)
Vocabulary
rainy
rare
(to) reach (by transport)
521
522
(I) (imp)
(-) (II)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II) (c)
(I) / (II) (, )
(+ dat)
()
(-) (II) (, c)
,
()
(I) / (I) (,
)
(I) / (II)
(, )
(I) / (I) (,
)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (II)
(I) / (,
)
c
(etc.) () / (etc.)
--
- -
(f)
(m)
( / + gen)
(f)
(-) (II) (, )
running
Russia
Russian
the Russians
Russian names
(to) rustle
sad
safe
safety
Sagittarius
sailor
salary
sale(s)
the same (as), the same sort (of)
the same
of the same hight
samovar (type of Russian tea urn)
sanguine person
satellite TV
Saturday
sauna
(to) say
(to) say hello to (s.one)
school
school pupil
school timetable
school with extended Russian
school with in-depth study (of)
schoolchild
school-leaving certificate
scientist
scissors
Scorpio
Scotland
(to) scratch
(to) scream (with fright)
scuba diving
sea
The Seagull (play by Chekhov)
sea-roach
season
seat
second
second floor
second-hand book
secretariat
secretary
section
(to) see
see you tomorrow
it seems (to me (etc.) that ...)
A new ab initio Russian course
(I) / (,
)
cc
cc (cc), cc (adjective),
cc (language)
cc
cc
(I) (imp) (, )
c,
(f)
c (m), c (f),
c (n), c (pl)
(II) / (I) (, )
(-) (I) (+ instr)
(), ()
() c c
cc
(+ gen)
()
(adjectival noun)
(pl)
(f)
c (pl c),
Vocabulary
ruler
(to) run across
523
it seems that
(to) sell (be sold)
semantics
semolina
(to) send
sensitive
sentence
separate
serial, series
serpent-bearer (Biblical)
(to) serve
service
(to) set off for
I (etc.) set off
settee
seven
seven thousand
seventeen
seventy
severely
(to) sew in
sex
(to) shake (s.ones) hand
(to) shave
she / it
she / it has
she is called ...
she-bear
shelf
(to) shine
ship
shoe
shooting
shop
shopkeeper
shopper
(to) go shopping
shore
short
short story
shorts
shoulder
(to) shout
(to) show
show (me)
shower
showing (of a film)
524
,
(c) (, ) /
(c) (, , ,
, , )
(I) / (II) (,
), (I) / (,
), (I) / (I)
(, )
(, ) / (,
, , , ,
)
(I) / c (II)
(, ) (+ acc)
(etc.) /
(I) / (, )
(I) / (, )
(+ dat)
(-) (, )
(f)
(c) ... (+ nom)
...
() (II) (imp) (, )
(m)
(pl )
, (selling only
one brand of goods), /
(diminutive)
()
()
(II)
( )
,
(pl )
(-) (II) (, )
(I) / (,
), (I) / (II)
(, )
() (imperative)
singer
singing
single father
single room
sink
sister
(to) sit (= be sitting)
sit down
(to) sit down
(to) be situated
is / are situated
six
six thousand
sixteen
sixty
(to) go skating
skeleton
sketching
skiing
(to) go skiing
skirt
sky
skyscraper
(to) sleep
(to) slice
small
its / they are small (on me) (etc.)
small pasty
small river
smaller
smell
(to) smell
(to) smoke
snack bar
snow
snow(y), it is snowy
snowstorm
snub-nosed
so
so-and-so
soap opera
sociable
soft boiled
soft fruit
(to) soil
soldier
solo concert
solution
somebody
A new ab initio Russian course
( )
(f)
c
(-) (, , , , ,
)
()
c
(-) (II) (, )
c / c (imperative)
((II), ) /
(, )
mc (II) (imp)
(part participle)
c
c c
c
cc
(I)
(I)
(imp) (c, c)
(-) (, )
(, , ) (etc.) (,
, )
(-) (I)
(-) (II) (, )
,
, c
-, -
(adverb)
(-) (I)
-, -
Vocabulary
sick
side
side of ship
sideboard
sign
signature
simply
(to) sing
525
somehow
someone
someone elses
something
sometimes
somewhere
son
song
Sonya and I
soon
sorry
Im (etc.) sorry (that ...)
sort
soul
sound
sour(ed) cream
south
Soviet
space
Spain
Spaniard
Spanish
the Spanish
spare ticket
in ones spare time
(to) speak
(to) speak English / Russian / French
(to) speak on the telephone
speaker
speaking
specialist shop
(to) specialize in
spectators
(to) spend (time)
(to) spend the night
(to) spill
(to) spin round
spirit
(to) spit
spoken language
sponsor
spoon
(to) spoon
sport
sports
sports camp
sports centre
(to) spread
spring
in (the) spring
spring board diving
526
-, -
-, -
-, -
-, - (direction), -,
- (location)
() (imperative)
(etc.) (, ...)
c
( )
c
c (c)
cc (adjective)
c
()
(II) / (I) (, )
(II) - / - /
(II)
(II) (, ) /
(, ),
(I) (pf) (+ prep) (usually past tense)
(-) (III) (, )
(I) / cc (cc,
cc) (dry substances), (I) /
(, ) (liquid)
(-) (II)
(, ) / (,
)
(II) (pf)
(-) (, )
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
stand
standard
star
stars
the stars are shining
start
(to) start (car)
starters
state
station (small)
statue (of)
(to) stay
(to) stay together
(to) stay with
steamed
sternly
still
stitch
stomach
stone (in fruit)
stop
(to) stop
stout
stove
straight
straight on
strange
stream
street
my (etc.) strength is waning
strengthening
(to) strive for
strong
strong tea
strong-willed
student
A new ab initio Russian course
(f)
-, (colloquial)
(f)
(pl )
(-) (II) (, )
(+ acc) / (+ acc); (II) (imp) (,
) (= be standing)
(at sports stadium)
(pl )
(c) (II) (, ) /
c(c) (, )
c
; ,
(adjective)
(+ dat)
(, ) /
(, ); (I) (pf)
(+ prep) (usually past tense)
(I) (pf) (, )
c
(II) (imp) (, ) (+ gen)
;
(diminutive)
() (I) / () (II)
(, ),
(, ) /
(, )
c (c), (c)
(in trade / vocational school)
Vocabulary
spring water
sprinter
square
St Petersburg
stadium
stain
stainless steel
stall
stalls
stamp
stamp collection
(to) stand
527
student canteen
student hostel
student library
student life
studies
study
(to) study
study trip
stuffy, it is stuffy
sturgeon
stylistics
sub-faculty
subject
submarine
subscribers number
suburb
success
(to) be successful
such
such an extent
such-and-such
sugar
(to) suggest
it suits / they suit me (etc.)
it will / they will suit me (etc.)
suitable
suitcase
summer
in (the) summer
sun
Sunday
sunglasses
sunny, it is sunny
supermarket
supper
(to) have supper
(to) support
support(iveness)
(to) suppose
make sure that
surfing
surgeon
surname
(to) surprise
(to) be surprised (at)
(to) swallow
Swan Lake
sweet
sweet
swimming
swimming pool
(to) switch off
(to) switch on
528
; (room)
(-) (II), (I) (imp) (+ acc)
(subject); (-) (II) (c, c)
(+ dat); (I) / (,
) (+ instr) (in library etc.)
c
()
(I)
(I) / (II)
(, ) (etc.) / ()
(etc.)
(, ) (etc.) / ()
(etc.)
cc
, c
, c
(-) (I)
(I) (imp) (+ acc)
(I) / (II)
() (imperative) ,
(I) / (II) (, )
(I) / (II) (+ dat)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(adjective)
(I) / (II) ( )
(I) / (II) ( /
c)
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
(to) take
(to) take an exam
(to) take into account
(to) take part in
(to) take part in track and field athletics
(to) take place
(to) take sleeping pills
(to) talk
tall
tap
(to) taste
tasty
Taurus
taxi
tea
tea towel
(to) teach
teacher
teaching
team
technical college
technician
technocrat
technology
he / she is (etc.) teething
telegraph office
(to) telephone
telephone
telephone booth
telephone conversation
telephone exchange
telephone installation
telephone operator
television
(to) tell
tell me please
temperature
ten
ten million
ten thousand
tennis
tennis ball
A new ab initio Russian course
(f)
c c
(, ) / (,
); (I) / (II)
(+ acc) (temperature)
(I) / (I) (,
)
(I) (imp) (, )
(I) (imp) ,
(I) / (, )
(III) (imp) (,
) (+ prep)
(I)
(II) (imp)
(I) (, ) / (I) (,
)
(I) / (II),
(-) (III) (, )
(-) (III) (, )
c
c (n) (indeclinable)
(imp) (, ),
(-) (II)
()
/ (etc.)
c (c)
(II) / (I) (, ),
(I) / (I) (,
)
() (imperative),
c
c
c c
Vocabulary
syntax
table
tablecloth
tablet
table-tennis table
(to) take
529
ten-year school
term
terrible, terribly
test
textbook
textual analysis
than
thank you (for), thanks (for)
thank you very much
that
that, this / those, these
thats not true
thats right
thats to say
thats why
theatre
their
theme
then
there
there are thunderstorms
there is / are (not) enough
there is / are no(t)
they
they are called ...
they have
thickness
thin
thing
(to) think
(to) think of
third
third floor
thirteen
thirty
this week
this year
this, that / these, those
I (etc.) thought as much
thousand
thread
three
three (= satisfactory) (mark in education)
three children
three million
three thousand
thrifty
thriller
(to) throw (s.one) out of the taxi
(to) throw away
throwing
thunderstorm
Thursday
thus
tick
ticket
ticket-collector
530
( + acc)
()
() (+ gen)
(+ gen)
...
(c) ... (+ nom)
/
(to do); / (diminutive)
(-) (I)
(II) (, ) /
(, ) (+ dat)
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
(etc.) ()
c
(pl)
(= )
c
(I) / c (II) (c,
c) (+ acc) c
(I) / (II) (,
)
Time Machine
timetable
tin opener
Im (etc.) tired
tiredness
title
to
toast
toaster
today
todays
together (with)
toilet
token
tomato
tomorrow
tomorrow(s)
too
too (much / many)
tooth
top (of bottle)
tortoise
tourism
tourist
towards
towel
tower
town
town code
toy
track (athletics)
traffic lights
tragedy
(to) train
train
training session
tram
(to) trample (down)
translate
(to) translate from to
translation
transport timetable
travel agency
(to) treat (with)
treatment
tree
A new ab initio Russian course
(-) (, )
(-) (I) (, )
c
(n)
(+ dat) ...?
(etc.) (+ infinitive)
c?, cc ?
(literally: how much now is the time?)
(etc.) ()
(f)
,
/ (+ acc), (+ prep), / (+ dat)
(s.ones)
c
(adjective)
( + instr)
(adjective)
, , ()
( + gen)
c (c)
/ (+ dat)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(-) (, )
() (imperative)
(I) (, ) /
c (, ) (+ gen)
(+ acc)
(pl )
Vocabulary
(to) tickle
(to) tie
tie
tightly
till now
time
is it time for ?
it is time for me (etc.) ...
what is the time?
531
trip
trolley
trolleybus
trombone
the trouble is that
trousers
(to) trust
trust
truth
(to) try
try (it / them) on
(to) try to convince
tuberculosis
Tuesday
tulip
tune
(to) be tuned into
turbulent
(to) turn
(to) turn black
(to) turn into
(to) turn into powder
(to) turn off
(to) turn on (tap)
(to) turn out to be
(to) turn red
(to) turn to
(to) turn yellow
TV repair man
twelve
twenty
twenty thousand
twenty-fifth birthday
twin room
two
two (= unsatisfactory) (mark in education)
two / three / four oclock
two / three / four thousand
two / three / four times
two / three / four years
two bedroomed flat
two children
two hours before
two million
type
typical
typist
Ukraine
umbrella
Uncle Vanya
under
532
(-) (III) (, ),
(-)cc (I)
() (imperative)
(I) (imp)
( )
(I) / (,
)
(-) (, )
(I) / (II)
(, ) (+ acc)
(I) / (,
)
(I) / (II) (electricity,
water), (I) / (II)
(, ) (tap)
(I) / (II) (,
)
(I) / c (I) (c,
c)
(-) (I) (, )
(I) / (II) (,
) (+ acc)
(c-) (I) (, )
(m & n), (f)
(= )
() / / c
/ / c
/ / /
/ /
(+ gen)
,
(+ instr)
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
unexpectedly
unfortunately
unfulfilled promise
unhurried
unique
United Nations Organisation
university
university friends
unlikely
(to) unplug
until late
until the present time
up to
upright position
(to) get upset
Urals
(to) use
usually
(to) utilize
vacancy
vacant
vacuum
vanilla
variety show / music
various
vegetable department
vegetables
vermouth
Verners syndrome
very
the very
very old
veterinary surgeon
via
Victory Avenue
viewing
villa
village
Vilnius (capital of Lithuania)
violin
Virgo
visa
vision
(to) visit
vital
A new ab initio Russian course
(n) (indeclinable)
/ (diminutive)
(I) / (, )
() (adjectival
noun)
c
(I) / (II) ( )
(+ gen)
(I) / ccc (II)
(-) (III) (,
) (+ instr), (III)
(imp) (, c) (+ acc)
(III) (imp) (,
c) (+ acc)
(I) / (II) (,
), (I) / (II)
(, ), (II) (,
) / (, ) (past
, ) (+ dat)
Vocabulary
underground
underpants
(to) understand
understood
unemployed (person)
533
vitally
vitamin
vocational school
volume
wait
(to) wait (for)
waiter (waitress)
Wales
walk
(to) walk
(to) walk along
walkman
wallet
(to) want
I (etc.) want to ...
War and Peace
wardrobe
warehouse
(to) warm up
warm, (it is) warm
warning sign
Warsaw
(to) wash (clothes)
(to) wash (oneself)
wash-basin
washing machine
(to) do the washing up
watch
(to) watch
water
(to) water
water skiing
(to) wave
the waves are lapping
we
we have
weak
wearing
weather
wedding
wedding palace
wedding ring
Wednesday
week
weekend
(to) weep
(to) weigh
weight
weight-lifting
(to) welcome
well
well done! (literally: youre fine people)
well known, it is well known
well organized
well proportioned
I (etc.) went
534
; ;
(-)() (imperative)
(-) (, ) (+ gen)
()
c
(-) (I)
(II) (, ) /
(I) (, ) (+ dat)
(-) (, , , ,
, )
(etc.) c (+ infinitive)
(-) (I) (, )
,
(-) c (I)
(I) / (,
)
(-) (, ) c
c (pl)
(-) (II) (, c)
(I) / (, )
(I) (imp) (, ) (+ instr)
c ( c)
c
(-) (, )
(II) (imp) (, )
(III) (imp) (,
)
;
() !
,
(past participle)
(etc.) /
S azov (Russian from Scratch )
( )
(?)
,
?
(?)
/ !
() c?
?
/ ?
/ ?
?
c?, cc ?
(literally: how much now is the time?)
/ c ?
(?)
(?)
?
/ ?
?
c ...?
...?
(relative pronoun)
(?)
...?
c
(m)
(I) / (,
)
(relative pronoun)
(past participle)
(?)
?
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
(?)
(m)
(I) / (I)
(pl ), (diminutive)
,
(I) / (, )
(-) (I) (+ dat) (+ gen)
/ c (+ instr)
(+ gen)
(+ gen)
(I) (pf) (c, c)
Vocabulary
west
wetsuit
what(?)
what
what (exactly) is this / are these?
what (sort of)(?)
what are you saying!
what are you up to?
what else?
what is his / her name?
what is his / her telephone number?
what is showing at the cinema?
what is the time?
535
without
without permission
wolf
woman
wonderful
wood
wooden
work
work (of art)
(to) work (on)
work telephone
world
world championship
world of entertainments
World War Two
(to) worry, be worried
(to) be worried about
not to worry
worse
worst
wounded
(to) write
writer
wrong
you (etc.) are wrong
youve got the wrong number
year
year of birth
yearly plan
yellow
yes
yes, speaking
yesterday
yesterday(s)
yet
yoga
you
you (formal and/or plural)
you have ...
you know, you see
young
younger / youngest
younger than me (etc.) by
younger than ones age
your
youre welcome
youth
zero
536
(+ gen)
c ( c)
(-)() (III) (, )
(-) (II) (, )
(+ prep)
()
(part participle)
() (, )
(m)
(etc.) () / (etc.)
() c
() ; (in education)
c / c c / c c (on the
phone)
(informal)
(etc.) (+ acc)
(m), (f), (n), (pl)
(informal) / (m), (f), (n),
(pl) (formal)
c
(f)
=