EVEN Chapter 9 Calculus

C H A P T E R 9
Conics, Parametric Equations,

and Polar Coordinates
Section 9.1
Conics and Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Section 9.2
Plane Curves and Parametric Equations . . . . . . . . . . 434
Section 9.3
Parametric Equations and Calculus
Section 9.4
Polar Coordinates and Polar Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Section 9.5
Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . .452
Section 9.6
Polar Equations of Conics and Keplers Laws . . . . . . . 458
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . 439
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
C H A P T E R 9
Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates
Section 9.1
Conics and Calculus
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

2. x2 8y
4.
Vertex: 0, 0
Center: 2, 1

Ellipse
Matches (b)
p2 > 0
Opens upward
Matches graph (a).
6.
x 22 y 12

1
16
4
x2 y2
1
9
9
8.
Circle radius 3.
Matches (g)
x 22 y2
1
9
4
Hyperbola
Center: 2, 0
Horizontal transverse axis.
Matches (d)
10. x2 8y 0
12. x 12 8 y 2 0
x2 42y
Vertex: 0, 0
Focus: 0, 2
x 12 42 y 2
(0, 0)
8
Focus: 1, 4
Directrix: y 2
Vertex: 1, 2

Directrix: y 0
4
4
(1, 2)
12
8
12
14. y 2 6y 8x 25 0
16. y 2 4y 8x 12 0
y 2 6y 9 8x 25 9
y 2 4y 4 8x 12 4
y 32 42x 2
y 22 42x 2
Vertex: 2, 3

Focus: 4, 3
Focus: 0, 2
Directrix: x 0
Directrix: x 4
20 16 12
( 2, 3)
y
4
2
6
12
x
4
(2, 2)
4
424
Vertex: 2, 2
6
8
Section 9.1
y 16x2 8x 6 16x2 8x 16 10
18.
x2 2x 1 8y 9 1
x 12 42 y 1
6y 10 x 42
x 42 6y 53
x 42 4
425
20. x2 2x 8y 9 0
6y x 42 10
32
Conics and Calculus
Vertex: 1, 1
Focus: 1, 3
y
5
3
Vertex: 4, 53
10
Directrix: y 1
Focus: 4, 16
10
Directrix: y
19
6
10
x 12 42 y 2
22.
24. Vertex: 0, 2
y 22 42x 0
x2 2x 8y 15 0
y 2 8x 4y 4 0
y 4 x 22 4x x2
26.
28. From Example 2: 4p 8 or p 2
x 4x y 0
Vertex: 4, 0
x 42 8 y 0
x2 8x 8y 16 0
30. 5x2 7y 2 70
y
6
y2
x2

1
14 10
a2
14,
b2
32.
1
3
a2 1, b2 , c2
4
4
4
2
10,
c2
4
Center: 0, 0
Foci: 2, 0
x 22 y 42

1
1
14
Center: 2, 4
Foci:
Vertices: 14, 0
, 4
3
e
16x2 25y2 64x 150y 279 0

16x2 4x 4 25y2 6y 0 279 64 225
10
x 22 y 32

1
58
25
y
1
x
5
2
9
a2, , b2 , c2 a2 b2
8
5
40
Center: 2, 3
Foci:
2
Vertices:
e
2
c
3

a 5
310
, 3
20
10
, 3
(2, 3)
1
1
( 2, 4)
2
3
4
Vertices: 1, 4, 3, 4
14
2

e
7
14
34.
2
3
426
Chapter 9
36x2 9y 2 48x 36y 43 0
36.
4
4
9 y 2 4y 4 43 16 36
36 x2 x
3
9
9
x 23
y 2

1
14
1
2
1
3
a2 1, b2 , c2
4
4
Center:
Foci:
32, 2
32, 2 23
32, 3, 32, 1
Vertices:
Solve for y:
9 y 2 4y 4 36x2 48x 43 36
y 22
36x2 48x 7
9
1
y 2 36x2 48x 7
3
(Graph each of these separately.)
2x2 y 2 4.8x 6.4y 3.12 0
38.
50x2 25y 2 120x 160y 78 0
12
32
36
256
x
25 y 2 y
78 72 256 250
5
25
5
25
50 x2
x 65 2 y 165 2

1
5
10
a2 10, b2 5, c2 5
Center:
Foci:
56, 165
56, 165 5
Vertices:
56, 165 10
Solve for y: y2 6.4y 10.24 2x2 4.8x 3.12 10.24
5
1
y 3.22 7.12 4x 2x2

y 3.2 7.12 4x 2x2
40. Vertices: 0, 2, 4, 2
(Graph each of these separately.)

42 Foci: 0, 5
1
2
Horizontal major axis
Major axis length: 14
Center: 2, 2
Center: 0, 0
a 2, c 1 b 3
c 5, a 7 b 24
x 22 y 22

1
4
3
y2
x2

1
24 49
Eccentricity:
Vertical major axis
Section 9.1
44. Center: 1, 2
46.
Vertical major axis
Conics and Calculus
y2
x2
1
25
9
a 5, b 3, c a2 b2 34
Points on ellipse: 1, 6, 3, 2
Center: 0, 0
From the sketch, we can see that

h 1, k 2, a 4, b 2
Foci: 34, 0
(1, 2)
x
3
Asymptotes: y x
5
(3, 2)
4
10
8
6
4
2
Vertices: 5, 0
(1, 6)
6
x 12 y 22

1.
4
16
4 2
4
6
8
10
4
2
48.
427
y 1 2 x 4 2

1
122
52
x
4
8 10
50. y 2 9x2 36x 72 0

y 2 9x2 4x 4 72 36 36
a 12, b 5, c a 2 b2 13
x 22
y2

1
36
4
Center: 4, 1

Vertices: 4, 11, 4, 13
Foci: 4, 14, 4, 12
12
Asymptotes: y 1 x 4
5
a 6, b 2, c a2 b2 210
Center: 2, 0
Foci: 2, 210, 2, 210
y
20
Asymptotes: y 3x 2
y
5
x
5
8
5
x
2 1
20
52. 9x2 6x 9 4 y2 2y 1 78 81 4 1
54.
9x 2 y 2 54x 10y 55 0
9x 2 6x 9 y 2 10y 25 55 81 25
9x 32 4 y 12 1
y 12 x 32

1
14
19
1
13
1
1
a ,b ,c
2
3
6
Foci:
3, 21, 3, 23
1
3, 1 13
6
10
1
a , b 1, c
3
3
Center: 3, 5
Center: 3, 1
Vertices:
x 32 y 52

1
19
1
3
Asymptotes: y 1 x 3
2
1
1
3 13, 5
10
, 5
Foci: 3
3
10
Vertices:
Solve for y:
y2 10y 25 9x2 54x 55 25
y 52 9x2 54x 80

y 5 9x2 54x 80
(Graph each curve separately.)
2
0
428
Chapter 9

58. Vertices: 0, 3
3y 2 x 2 6x 12y 0
56.
Asymptotes: y 3x
3 y 2 4y 4 x 2 6x 9 0 12 9 3
y 2
x 3

1
1
3
2
a 1, b 3, c 2
Vertical transverse axis

a3
a
Slopes of asymptotes: 3
b
Thus, b 1. Therefore,
Center: 3, 2
10
Foci: 3, 0, 3, 4
y 2 x2
1.
9
1
Solve for y:
3 y 2 4y 4 x2 6x 12
y 22
x2 6x 12
3
y2
x
6x 12
3
(Graph each curve separately.)

62. Center: 0, 0
60. Vertices: 2, 3

Foci: 2, 5
Vertex: 3, 0
Focus: 5, 0
Center: 2, 0
Horizontal transverse axis
a 3, c 5, b2 c2 a2 16
a 3, c 5, b2 c2 a2 16
y2 x 22
Therefore,
1.
9
16
Therefore,
64. Focus: 10, 0
66. (a)
3
Asymptotes: y x
4
y2
x2

1.
9
16
y 2 x2
1, y 2 2x2 4, 2yy 4x 0,
4
2
y
4x 2x

2y
y

Center: 0, 0 since asymptotes intersect at the origin.
c 10
At x 4: y 6, y
24
4
3
4
At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 4x 3y 2 0
3
b
3
3
Slopes of asymptotes: and b a
a
4
4
c2 a2 b2 100
Solving these equations, we have a2 64 and b2 36.
Therefore, the equation is
x2
y2

1.
64 36
4
At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 4x 3y 2 0
3
(b) From part (a) we know that the slopes of the normal
lines must be 34.
3
At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 3x 4y 36 0
4
3
At 4, 6: y 6 x 4 or 3x 4y 36 0
4
68. 4x2 y 2 4x 3 0
70. 25x2 10x 200y 119 0
72. y2 x 4y 5 0
A 4, C 1
A 25, C 0
A 0, C 1
AC < 0
Parabola
Parabola
Hyperbola
Section 9.1
2x2 2xy 3y y 2 2xy
74.
Conics and Calculus
9x2 54x 81 36 4 y2 4y 4
76.
2x2 y 2 3y 0
9x2 4y2 54x 16y 61 0
A 2, C 1, AC > 0
A 9, C 4, AC > 0
Ellipse
Ellipse
78. (a) An ellipse is the set of all points x, y, the sum of
whose distance from two distinct fixed points (foci)
is constant.
x h
y k
x h
y k

1 or

1
a2
b2
b2
a2
2
(b)
82. Assume that the vertex is at the origin.

x2 4py
(a)
82 4p
c
80. e , c a2 b2
a
For e
1, the ellipse is elongated.
84. (a) Without loss of generality, place the coordinate system

so that the equation of the parabola is x2 4py and,
hence,
3
100

y
6400
y
y
1600
3
3
2
x
100
(b)
1283
6.53 meters.
dy 1
x1
dx 2
x 2x 9
4
100
( 0, 1003 )
( 8, 1003 )
3x 9
2
100
x3
1
100
dy
0
dx
At 0, 0, the slope is 1: y x. At 6, 3, the

slope is 2: y 2x 9. Solving for x,
x2 4x 4y 0
2x 4 4
5
100
3
8, 100
2p1 x.
Therefore, for distinct tangent lines, the slopes are

unequal and the lines intersect.
(b) The deflection is 1 cm when

y
0 < e < 1
For e
0, the ellipse is nearly circular.
1600
p
3
x2 4
y 3.
Point of intersection: 3, 3
86. The focus of x2 8y 42y is 0, 2. The distance from a point on the parabola, x, x28, and the focus, 0, 2, is
d
x 0 x8 2 .
2
Since d is minimized when d 2 is minimized, it is sufficient to minimize the function

f x x2
x2
2
8
16
xx
x 2 = 8y
(0, 2)

x
x3

x.
4
16
fx 0 implies that

x3
2
x2
2 .
8
fx 2x 2
429
x, x
8
( )
1
3
1
2
16x 1 0 x 0.
2
This is a minimum by the First Derivative Test. Hence, the closest point to the focus is the vertex, 0, 0.
430
Chapter 9
88. (a) C 0.0853t2 0.2917t 263.3559

(b)
1
x y2
4
90.
320
1
x y
2
1 x2 1
18
0
s
dC
0.1706t 0.2971
(c)
dt

4
1
y4 dy 21 4 y
2
x
1
1
y4 y2 4 ln y 4 y 2
4
1
420 4 ln 4 20 4 ln 2
4
4
0
25 ln2 5
5.916
1
1
dy
5
4
y2
4
The consumption of fruits is increasing at a rate of

0.1706 pounds/year.
92. x2 20y
y
y
94. A 2
x
20
x
10
y12 dy

x
1

x
10
dx 2
10 23100 x
4p
S 2
4py dy
2 32
4p
x100 x2
dx
10
(b) The thumbtacks are located

at the foci and the length of
string is the constant sum of
the distances from the foci.
98.
e
0.0167
Focus
Vertex
32
8
ph32
3

100 r 232 1000
15
96. (a) At the vertices we notice that

the string is horizontal and
has a length of 2a.
23y
c
a
c
149,570, 000
c
2,497,819
Focus
Vertex
Least distance: a c 147,072,181 km

Greatest distance: a c 152,067,819 km
100. e
AP
AP
122,000 4000 119 4000

122,000 4000 119 4000
121,881
0.9367
130,119
102.
y2
x2
1
a2 b2
y2
x2
2 2 2 1
2
a
a b a
y2
x2
2 2
1
2
a
a a c2a2
x2
y2

1
a2 a21 e2
As e 0, 1 e2 1 and we have
x2
y2
2 1 or the circle x2 y 2 a2.
2
a
a
Section 9.1
104.
x2
y2

1
2
4.5
2.52
Conics and Calculus
y2
2.5 2
x2 4.52 1
5 ft
x
9
x 2.52 y 2
5
3 ft
9 ft
V Area of bottomLength Area of topLength

V
4.52.5
16 16
2
90
144
5
0.5
9
2.52 y 2 dy (Recall: Area of ellipse is ab.)
5
2 y2.52 y 2 2.52 arcsin 2.5 0
0.5
90
72
1
0.56 2.52 arcsin
318.5 ft3
5
5
106. 9x2 4y 2 36x 24y 36 0

18x 8yy 36 24y 0
8y 24y 18x 36

y
18x 36
8y 24
y 0 when x 2. y undefined when y 3.

At x 2, y 0 or 6.
Endpoints of major axis: 2, 0, 2, 6
At y 3, x 0 or 4.
Endpoints of minor axis: 0, 3, 4, 3
Note: Equation of ellipse is
108. (a) A 4
x 22 y 32

1
4
9
3
x
3
16 x2 dx
x16 x2 16 arcsin
4
2
4
V 2
(b) Disk:
9
9
16 x2 dx
16
8
4
0
12
16x 31x
48
3
y 16 x2
4
y
1 y2
S 22
3x
416 x2
1 16169x x
2
16161616 x x 9x dx 4 43
3
16 x2
4
7x
3
7x256 7x2 256 arcsin
16
87
CONTINUED
4
0
16 x2
256 7x2
416 x2
dx
3
4
7
3
487 256 arcsin
138.93
4
87
256 7x2 dx
431
432
Chapter 9
108. CONTINUED
V 4
(c) Shell:
416 x dx 3 2316 x
2 32
64
4
x 9 y 2
3
4y
x

3 9 y2
1 x 2
S 22
4
110. (a)
1 9916y y
2
4
9 y 2
3
99 99y y 16y

2
dy
4
81 7y 2 dy
9
16
9 27
8
3712 81 ln37 12 81 ln 9
168.53
97
7y81 7y
81 ln 7y 81 7y 2
x2
y2
21
2
a
b
At P, y
b2
a2
Slope of line through c, 0 and x0, y0: m2
y0
x0 c
y0 m.
0

y0
b2x0
2
x0 c
a y0
a2y 2 b2x0x0 c
2 0
2
y0
bx
a y0x0 c b2x0 y0
1
2 0
x0 c
a y0
a2y02 b2x02 b2x0c

a2b2 b2x0c
b2a2 x0c
b2

2
2
2
2
2
2
x0y0a b a y0c x0y0c a y0c y0cx0c a
y0c
arctan

b2
b2
arctan
y0c
y0c
m m
tan
1

1 m1m
y0
x0 c
xb2
ya2
m m
(c) tan 2

1 m2m
(b) Slope of line through c, 0 and x0, y0: m1
2x 2yy
2 0
a2
b
y

y0
b2x
2 0
x0 c
a y0
a2y 2 b2x0x0 c
2 0
2
y0
bx
a y0x0 c b2x0y0
1
2 0
x0 c
a y0
a2y02 b2x02 b2x0c

a2b2 b2x0c
b2a2 x0c
b2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a x0y0 a cy0 b x0 y0 x0y0a b a cy0 y0cx0c a y0c
arctan
yb c
2
Since
, the tangent line to an ellipse at a point P makes equal angles with the lines through P and the foci.
Section 9.1
112. (a) e
(b)
Conics and Calculus
114. The transverse axis is vertical since 3, 0 and 3, 3

are the foci.
a2 b2
c
ea2 a2 b2. Hence,

a
a
3, 23
x h2 y k2

1
a2
b2
Center:
x h2
y k2
2
1.
2
a
a 1 e2
3
5
c , 2a 2, b2 c2 a2
2
4
Therefore, the equation is
x 22
y 32
1

4
41 e2
y 32 2 x 32

1.
1
54
433
9
1
(c) As e approaches 0, the ellipse approaches a circle.

116. Center: 0, 0
Foci: c, 0
Vertices: a, 0
The difference of the distances from any point on the hyperbola is constant. At a vertex, this constant difference is
a c c a 2a.
Now, for any point x, y on the hyperbola, the difference of the distances between x, y and the two foci must also be 2a.
x c2 y 02 x c2 y 02 2a
x c2 y 2 2a x c2 y 2
x c2 y 2 4a2 4ax c2 y 2 x c2 y 2

4xc 4a2 4ax c2 y 2
xc a2 ax c2 y 2
x2c2 2a2cx a4 a2x2 2cx c2 y 2
x2
c2
x2
a2
a2
a2y2
a2
c2
( x, y )
a2
(c, 0)
( c, 0) ( a, 0) (a, 0)
y
1
c2 a2
Since a2 b2 c2, we have x2a2 y 2b2 1.
118. c 150, 2a 0.001186,000, a 93,

b 1502 932 13,851
x2
y2

1
2
93
13,851
752
13,851
x
110.3 miles.
y2
x2
21
2
a
b
2x 2yy
b2x
2 0 or y 2
2
a
b
ay
y y0
When y 75, we have

x2 932 1
120.
b2x0
x x0
a2y0
a2y0y a2y02 b2x0x b2x02

b2x02 a2y02 b2x0x a2y0 y
a2b2 b2x 0 x a2y 0 y
x0x y0 y
2 1
a2
b
434
Chapter 9

Ax2 Cy2 Dx Ey F 0
122.
A x2
(Assume A 0 and C 0; see (b) below)
D
E
x C y 2 y F
A
C
D
D2
E
E2
D2
E2
x 2 C y2 y 2 F

R
A
4A
C
4C
4A 4C
A x2
x 2AD y 2CE
2
(a) If A C, we have
R
AC
(b) If C 0, we have
x 2AD y 2CE
2
R
A
A x
(c) If AC > 0, we have
C y

R
A
F Ey
D2
.
4A
E
2C
F Dx
E2
.
4C
These are the equations of parabolas.

If A 0, we have
which is the standard equation of a circle.
x 2A y 2C
D
2A
1
R
C
(d) If AC < 0, we have
x 2AD y 2CE
2
which is the equation of an ellipse.

R
A

R
C
1
which is the equation of a hyperbola.

124. True
126. False. The y4 term should be y2.
Section 9.2
Plane Curves and Parametric Equations
2. x 4 cos2
y 2 sin
0 x 4
2 y 2
(a)

2
2

4

2
2
2

4
(c)
(b)
(d)
3
2
1
x
1
128. True
x
cos2
4
y2
sin2
4
y2
x
1
4
4
x 4 y2, 2 y 2
(e) The graph would be oriented in the opposite direction.
Section 9.2
4. x 3 2t
435
6. x 2t2
y 2 3t
y23
y t4 1
3 2 x
2x
y
2y 3x 13 0
x2
1, x 0
4
1
For t < 0, the orientation is right to left.
For t > 0, the orientation is left to right.

y
6
5
4
3
2
x
2
1
1
8. x t 2 t, y t 2 t
Subtracting the second equation from the first, we have
x y 2t or t
xy
2
2
1
2
4
x y 2 x y

y
4
2
3
2
Since the discriminant is
B2 4AC 2 2 41 1 0,
the graph is a rotated parabola.

4 t, t 0
10. x
12. x 1
y3t
y3
x 4,
x 0
x1
y
2
1
2
yt2
1
1
implies t
t
x1
1
1
x1
x
1
14. x t 1
yt1
1
t

x y 2 1 y 3
y
5
4
3
3
2
1
2
1
16. x et, x > 0

y e2t 1
y x2 1
18.
y
3
2
1
1, x > 0
x2
1
3
x
1
2
3
x tan2
y sec2
sec2 tan2 1
yx1
x 0
1
x
1
436
Chapter 9
x 2 cos
20.
x cos
22.
y 6 sin
2x 6y
2
x 4 2 cos
24.
y 2 sin 2
y 1 2 sin
y 4 sin cos
cos2 sin2 1
x 4 2 4 cos2
1 x2 sin2
y2
x2

1 ellipse
4
36
y 1 2 4 sin2
y 4x1 x2
x 4 2 y 1 2 4
3
2
6 4
26. x sec
28.
y tan
x cos3
1.5
y sin3
3
x2 sec2
y2 tan2
x2
3 cos2
y2
3 sin2
30. x ln 2t
1.5
32. x e2t
y et
y t2
t
ex
2
3
1
e 2x 1 2x
e
y
r
4
y2 x
y > 0
3
1
y x, x > 0
34. By eliminating the parameters in (a) (d), we get x2 y 2 4. They differ from each other in orientation and in restricted
domains. These curves are all smooth.
4t 2 1
1
1

4 2
y
(b) x
(a) x 2 cos , y 2 sin
t
t
t

x 0, x 2
y0
y
1
3
2
x
1
x
1
2
(c) x t
y 4 t
x 0
y 0
(d) x 4 e2t
y et
2 < x 0
y > 0
x
1
Section 9.2
36. The orientations are reversed. The graphs are the same. They are both smooth.
38. The set of points x, y corresponding to the rectangular equation of a set of parametric equations does not show
the orientation of the curve nor any restriction on the domain of the original parametric equations.
x h r cos
40.
x h a sec
42.
y k r sin
y k b tan
cos
xh
r
xh
sec
a
sin
yk
r
yk
tan
b
cos2 sin2
x h 2 y k 2

1
r2
r2
x h 2 y k 2

1
a2
b2
x h 2 y k 2 r 2
44. From Exercise 39 we have
x 1 4t
x 3 3 cos
y 4 6t.
y 1 3 sin .
Solution not unique

a 5, c 3 b 4
x 4 5 cos
y 2 4 sin .
Solution not unique
Center: 4, 2
Solution not unique

a 1, c 2 b 3
x 3 tan
52. y
Center: 0, 0
Solution not unique
The transverse axis is vertical,
therefore, x and y are interchanged.
56. x sin
54. y x2
Example
Example
x t, y
y sec .
2
t1
x t, y
y t2
x t 3,
y t6
60. x 2 sin
y 2 4 cos
x t,
2
t 1
58. x 2 4 sin
y 1 cos
2
x1
y 2 cos
6
2
Not smooth at x 2n 1
9
3
Smooth everywhere
5
437
438
Chapter 9
62. x
3t
1 t3
y
3t 2
1 t3
64. Each point x, y in the plane is determined by the plane

curve x f t , y gt . For each t, plot x, y . As t
increases, the curve is traced out in a specific direction
called the orientation of the curve.
Smooth everywhere
66. (a) Matches (ii) because 1 x 0 and 1 y 2.
(b) Matches (i) because x y 2 2 1 for all y.
68. x cos3
70. x cot
y 2 sin
y 4 sin cos
Matches (a)
Matches (c)
72. Let the circle of radius 1 be centered at C. A is the point of tangency on the line OC. OA 2,
AC 1, OC 3. P x, y is the point on the curve being traced out as the angle changes
AP
. AB
2 and AP
2. Form the right triangle CDP. The angle
AB
and
OCE
2
DCP

3
.
2
2
2
x OE Ex 3 sin
y EC CD 3 sin cos 3
C
2

3 sin sin 3
2
Hence, x 3 cos cos 3, y 3 sin sin 3.

74. False. Let x t 2 and y t. Then x y 2 and y is not a function of x.
76. (a) x v0 cos t
y h v0 sin t 16t 2
t
x
x
x
y h v0 sin
16
v0 cos
v0 cos
v0 cos
y h tan x
(b) y 5 x 0.005x 2 h tan x

h 5, tan 1
0.005
v02
16 sec2 2
x
v02
16 sec2 2
x
v02
(c)
80

, and
4
16
16 sec2
4
22
v02
v0
32
6400 v0 80.
0.005
Hence, x 80 cos45 t

y 5 80 sin45 t 16t 2.
250
(d) Maximum height: y 55 at x 100

Range: 204.88
D
P = ( x, y )

sin 3
3 cos cos 3
2
2
B E
Section 9.3
Section 9.3
2.
dy dydt
1

3t23
dx dxdt 13t23
4.
dy dyd 12e2
1
1

e32 32
dx dxd
2e
4
4e
8. x t2 3t 2, y 2t
6. x t, y 3t 1
dy
2
2

when t 0.
dx 2t 3 3
dy
3

6t 6 when t 1.
dx
12t
4
4
d 2y 222t 3

when t 0.
dx2
2t 3
2t 32
9
3t
d 2y

6 concave upwards
dx2 12t
concave downward
10. x cos , y 3 sin
dy 3 cos

3 cot
dx sin
dx is undefined when 0.
d 2y
3 csc2
3

3
2
dx
sin
sin
d 2y
is undefined when 0.
dx2
dy
14. x sin , y 1 cos
12. x t, y t 1
dy
1 2t 1

dx
1 2t
t
t 1
dy
sin

0 when .
dx
1 cos
1 cos cos sin2

1 cos 2
d

2
dx
1 cos
2 when t 2.
2y
d 2y
t 1 2t t 12t 1 t 1

dx2
1 2t
1
1 when t 2.
t 132
1
1
when .
1 cos 2
4
concave downward
concave downward
16. x 2 3 cos , y 3 2 sin
18. x t 1, y
2 cos 2
dy

cot
dx
3 sin
3
At 1, 3, 0, and
(a)
dy
is undefined.
dx
(b) At t 1, x, y 0, 2, and

dy
dx
dy
1,
1,
1
dt
dt
dx
Tangent line: y 5
3
dy

0.
At 2, 5, , and
2
dx
4 23
1
1, t 1
t
Tangent line: x 1
At
439
,2 ,
7
dy
23
, and

.
6
dx
3
(c)
Tangent line:
23
4 33
y2
x
3
2
dy
1. At 0, 2, y 2 1x 0
dx
y x 2
(d)
23x 3y 43 3 0
4
440
Chapter 9
20. x 4 cos , y 3 sin ,

(a)
3
4
(b) At
(d)
dy
3
4 3
. At
,
,
dx
4
2 2
dx
dy
32 dy 3
22,

,

dt
dt
2
dx 4
(c)
3
4 3
, x, y
,
, and
4
2 2
y
3
2
3
4
x
4
2
3
y x 32
4
22. x t2 t, y t3 3t 1 crosses itself at the point x, y 2, 1.

At this point, t 1 or t 2.
dy 3t2 3

dx
2t 1
At t 1,
At t 2,
dy
0 and y 1. Tangent Line
dx
dy 9
3 and y 1 3x 2 or y 3x 5. Tangent Line
dt
3
24. x 2, y 21 cos

Horizontal tangents:
dy
2 sin 0 when 0, , 2, . . . .
d
Points: 4n, 0, 22n 1, 4 where n is an integer.

Points shown: 0, 0, 2, 4, 4, 0
Vertical tangents:
dx
2 0; none
d
26. x t 1, y t 2 3t
Point:
28. x t2 t 2, y t 3 3t
dy
3
2t 3 0 when t .
dt
2
Vertical tangents:
dx
1 0; none
dt
Point:
30. x cos , y 2 sin 2

Points:
dy
3 5 7
4 cos 2 0 when , , , .
d
4 4 4 4
22, 2 , 22, 2 , 22, 2 , 22, 2

Vertical tangents:
dy
3t 2 3 0 when t 1.
dt
Points: 2, 2, 4, 2
21, 49
Vertical tangents:
dx
sin 0 when 0, .
d
Points: 1, 0, 1, 0
74, 118
dx
1
2t 1 0 when t .
dt
2
Section 9.3
32. x 4 cos2 , y 2 sin
Since dxd 0 at 2 and 32, exclude them.

dx
8 cos sin 0 when
d
Vertical tangents:
441
34. x cos2 , y cos
dy
3
2 cos 0 when , .
d
2 2
dy
sin 0 when x 0, .
d
Since dxd 0 at these values, exclude them.

Vertical tangents:
0, .
dx
2 cos sin 0 when
d
3
, .
2 2
Point: 4, 0
Exclude 0, .
Point: 0, 0
36. x t2 1, y 4t3 3, 1 t 0
dydt
2
dx
dy
dx
2t,
12t2,
dt
dt
dt
s
1
38. x arcsin t, y ln1 t 2, 0 t
4t2 144t4
4t2 144t4 dt
1 36t232

54
1
2t1 36t2 dt
1

1 3732 4.149
54
0
1
1
2
dx
1
t
dy 1 2t

,
dt
2 1 t2
1 t2
1 t 2 dt
12
s
0
12
dxdt dydt dt
1 1 t dt
2
12
2 2

1 t1
ln
2 t1
1
dt
1 t2
12
0
1
1
1
ln3 0.549
ln
2
3
2
t5
1 dx
1
dy t 4
3,
1,
4
10 6t dt
dt
2
2t
40. x t, y

2
S
1

2
t2 2t1 dt
4
t4
1
4
2
2t
4a
2
1
779
240
44. x cos sin , y sin cos ,

dy
sin
d
S
2
2 cos2 2 sin2 d
2
d
2 2
2
2 2
a2 sin2 a2 cos2 d
2
dt
2
dx
dy
a sin ,
a cos
d
d
t4
1
4 dt
2
2t
1
S4
10t 6t
5
42. x a cos , y a sin ,
dx
cos
d
2
d 4a
2a
442
Chapter 9
46. x
4t
4t 2
, y
1 t3
1 t3
(a) x 3 y 3 4xy
(b)
dy 1 t 38t 4t 23t2

dt
1 t 32

6
4t2 t3
3 2.
0 when t 0 or t
1 t32
Points: 0, 0,
4 3 2, 4 3 4 1.6799, 2.1165
3

3

(c) s 2
8
41 2t 3
1 t 32
4t2 t 3
1 t 32
t 8 4t 6 4t 5 4t 3 4t 2 1
1 t 32

1
dt 2
16
t 8 4t 6 4t 5 4t 3 4t 2 1 dt
1 t 34
dt 6.557
48. x 3 cos , y 4 sin
dy
dx
3 sin ,
4 cos
d
d
s
2
9 sin2 16 cos2 d 22.1
50. x t, y 4 2t,
1
52. x t3, y t 1, 1 t 2, y-axis
3
dx
dy
1,
2
dt
dt
(a) S 2
dx
dy
t2,
1
dt
dt
4 2t1 4 dt
254t t 2
2
0
(b) S 2
(a) S 4
t1 4 dt 5 t 2
54. x a cos , y b sin ,
2
2
0
45
2
ab sin

1
a2 b2
4ab
cos2 d
a2
e
2ab
e cos 1 e2 cos2 arcsine cos
e
2b2
e
32
17 232 23.48
9
b sin a2 sin2 b2 cos2 d
13 4
4
t t 1 dt
x 132
3
9
dx
dy
a sin ,
b cos
d
d
4
S 2
85
2aabb arcsin
a2 b2
CONTINUED
2
a2 b2
c
: eccentricity
a
2b
2
2
e sin 1 e2 cos2 d
ab
e1 e2 arcsine
e
abe arcsine
2
1
Section 9.3
443
54. CONTINUED
(b) S 4
2
a cos a2 sin2 b2 cos2 d
4
2
4a
c
a cos b2 c2 sin2 d
2
c cos b2 c 2 sin2 d
2a
c sin b2 c2 sin2 b2 ln c sin b2 c 2 sin2
c
2a
c b2 c2 b2 ln c b2 c 2 b2 ln b
c
2
0

2ab2
a a2 b2
b2
1e
ln
2a 2
ln
2
2
b
e
1e
a b
2a 2
56. (a) 0
58. One possible answer is the graph given by

x t, y t.
(b) 4
4
3
2
1
x
4 3 2
2
3
60. (a) S 2
dxdt dydt dt
dx
dy
f t dt
dt
dt
gt
(b) S 2
62. Let y be a continuous function of x on a x b.

Suppose that x f t, y gt, and f t1 a, f t 2 b.
Then using integration by substitution, dx f t dt and
y dx
64. x 4 t, y t,
A
t
t2
gtf t dt.
t1
dx
1

, 0 t 4
dt
24 t
1
dt
24 t
4 u2 du
1
u
u4 u2 4 arcsin
2
2
2
0

Let u 4 t, then du 1 24 t dt and t 4 u2.

x
y
x, y
1

0
4 tt
1
2
t
2
1
1
dt
2

24 t
1
1
dt
4
24 t
t dt
1 2 32
t
2 3
dx
sin
d
V 2
2
3 sin 2sin d
18
sin3 d 18 cos
2
0
4
8
3
t
1 28 t
4 t
dt
4
3
4 t
38, 38
66. x cos , y 3 sin ,
cos3
3
2
12
0
4
8
3
444
Chapter 9

dx
2 csc2
d
68. x 2 cot , y 2 sin2 ,
A2
2 sin2 2 csc2 d 8
2
12
144 x2
2
4
72. 2a2 is area of deltoid (c).
3
70. 8 a2 is area of asteroid (b).
76. (a) y 12 ln
2
d 8
144 x
74. 2ab is area of teardrop (e).
(b) x 12 sech
0 < x 12
t
t
, y t 12 tanh , 0 t
12
12
60
60
12
0
12
Same as the graph in (a), but has the advantage of showing

the position of the object and any given time t.
(c)
dy
1 sech2t12
t

sinh
dx secht12 tant12
12
y
24
t
t
t
Tangent line: y t0 12 tanh 0 sinh 0 x 12 sech 0
12
12
12
y t0 sinh
(0, y0)
16
12
t0
x
12
( x, y )
y-intercept: 0, t0
x
2
Distance between 0, t0 and x, y: d
12 sech 12t

12 tanh 12t
10
12
12
d 12 for any t 0.
78. False. Both dxdt and dydt are zero when t 0. By eliminating the parameter,
we have y x 23 which does not have a horizontal tangent at the origin.
Section 9.4
2.
Polar Coordinates and Polar Graphs
7
2, 4
4.
7
0
6
7
0
6
74
2
y 0 sin
x 3 cos1.57 0.0024
y 3 sin1.57 3
x, y 0.0024, 3
x, y 0, 0
( 0.0024, 3)
2,
x, y 2, 2
(
6. 3, 1.57
x 0 cos
x 2 cos
y 2 sin
7
2
4
0, 76
2)
(0, 0)
0
1
0
1
0
1
Section 9.4
8. r, 2,
11
6
10. r, 8.25, 1.3
12. x, y 0, 5

r 5
x, y 2.2069, 7.9494
x, y 1.7321, 1
tan undefined
3
3

, , 5,
, 5,
2 2
2
2
y
8
(1.7321, 1)
(2.2069, 7.9494)
2
2
3
4
(0, 5)
14. x, y 4, 2
r 16 4 2 5
x
1
2
1
tan
4
2
0.464
(4, 2)
2 5, 0.464, 2 5, 2.678
16. x, y 3 2, 3 2
18. x, y 0, 5
r, 5, 1.571
r, 6, 0.785
20. (a) Moving horizontally, the x-coordinate changes. Moving vertically, the y-coordinate changes.
(b) Both r and values change.
(c) In polar mode, horizontal (or vertical) changes result in changes in both r and .
22. x2 y 2 2ax 0
24.
r 2 2ar cos 0
rr 2a cos 0
r 10 sec
xy 4
26.
x 10
r cos 10
r 2a cos
2a
28.
r 2r 2 9cos 2 0
r 2 9 cos 2
8 csc 2
0
4
x2 y 22 9x2 y 2 0
r 2 4 sec csc
r 22 9r 2 cos2 r 2 sin2 0
r cos r sin 4
445
12
446
Chapter 9
30.
r 2
r 5 cos
32.
r2 4
r 2 5r cos
x2 y 2 4
x2 y2 5x
x 25
y2
52
5
6
3
y

x
3
2
y
1
1
5
6
tan tan
25
25
y2
4
4
x2 5x

34.
3
2
1
2 1
x
1
3
4
38. r 51 2 sin
r 2 csc
36.
40. r 4 3 cos
0 < 2
r sin 2
y2
0 < 2
3
10
y20
10
4
18
10
42. r
2
4 3 sin
44. r 3 sin
Traced out once on 0 2
1
46. r2 .

5
2
0 < 4
Graph as
r1
1

, r2
1

It is traced out once on 0, .

1.5
3
4
1
1.5
Section 9.4
48. (a) The rectangular coordinates of r1, 1 are r1 cos 1, r1 sin 1. The rectangular coordinates of r2, 2 are
r2 cos 2, r2 sin 2.
d 2 x2 x12 y2 y12
r2 cos 2 r1 cos 12 r2 sin 2 r1 sin 12
r22 cos2 2 2r1r2 cos 1 cos 2 r12 cos2 1 r22 sin2 22 2r1r2 sin 1 sin 2 r12 sin2 1
r22 cos2 2 sin2 2 r12 cos2 1 sin2 1 2 r1r2cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2
r12 r22 2r1r2 cos1 2
d r12 r22 2r1r2 cos1 2
(b) If 1 2, the points lie on the same line passing through the origin. In this case,
d r12 r22 2r1r2 cos0
r1 r22 r1 r2
(c) If 1 2 90, then cos1 2 0 and d r12 r22, the Pythagorean Theorem!
(d) Many answers are possible. For example, consider the two points r1, 1 1, 0 and r2, 2 2, 2.
d
1 2
212 cos 0

5
2
Using r1, 1 1, and r2, 2 2, 52 , d
1
22 212 cos
5
5.
2
You always obtain the same distance.
50.
10, 76
, 3,
d
102
52. 4, 2.5, 12, 1

32
7
2103 cos

6
d 42 122 2412 cos2.5 1

160 96 cos 1.5 12.3
109 60 cos 6 109 30
3 7.6
54. r 21 sin
56. (a), (b) r 3 2 cos
dy 2 cos sin 2 cos 1 sin

dx 2 cos cos 2 sin 1 sin
At 2, 0,
At 3,
dy
1.
dx
7 dy
,
is undefined.
6
dx
3 dy
At 4,
,
0.
2
dx
r, 1, 0 x, y 1, 0

Tangent line: x 1
(c) At 0,
dy
does not exist (vertical tangent).
dx
447
448
Chapter 9
58. (a), (b) r 4
r a sin
60.
dy
a sin cos a cos sin
d
2a sin cos 0
0,
4
x, y 2 2, 2 2
dx
a sin2 a cos2 a1 2 sin2 0
d
at r, 4,
Tangent line: y 2 2 1 x 2 2
sin
y x 4 2
,
3 5 7
,
,
,
4 4 4 4
Horizontal: 0, 0, a,
a 2 2, 4
, a 2 2, 34
Vertical:
62.
1
2
2
dy
,
1.
4 dx
(c) At

3
, ,
2
2
r a sin cos2
64. r 3 cos 2 sec
dy
a sin cos3 2a sin2 cos a cos3 sin
d
2asin cos3 sin3 cos
2a sin cos cos2 sin2 0

2
3
0, tan2 1, ,
4 4
Horizontal:
2a
,
Horizontal tangents: 2.133, 0.4352
2a 3
, 0, 0
66. r 2 cos3 2
r 3 cos
68.
r 2 3r cos
x2 y2 3x
3
3
x
2
Circle: r
1.894, 0.776, 1.755, 2.594, 1.998, 1.442

Center:
y2
3
2
32, 0
Tangent at pole:
70. r 31 cos
9

4

2
Cardioid
Symmetric to polar axis since r is a function of cos .
0
1

3

2
2
3
3
2
9
2
Section 9.4
72. r sin5
74. r 3 cos 2
Rose curve with five petals
Rose curve with four petals

Symmetric to
2
Symmetric to the polar axis,
Relative extrema occur when
Relative extrema: 3, 0, 3,
dr
3 5 7 9
5 cos5 0 at , , , , .
d
10 10 10 10 10
Tangents at the pole:
2 3 4
Tangents at the pole: 0, , , ,
5 5 5 5

3
,
4 4
0
2
76. r 2
80. r 5 4 sin
78. r 1 sin
Circle radius: 2

3
, 3, , 3,
2
2
y2

, and pole
2
7
5
and
given the same tangents.
4
4
x2
449
Limaon
Cardioid
4
Symmetric to

2

2

6

6

2
0
2
r
82.
6
2 sin 3 cos
2r sin 3r cos 6
2y 3x 6
Line
84. r
1

Hyperbolic spiral

4

2
3
4
5
4
3
2
4
2
4
3
1
4
5
2
3
0
1
0
1
450
Chapter 9
86. r2 4 sin
Lemniscate
Symmetric to the polar axis,
Relative extrema: 2,

2

, and pole
2
0

6

2
5
6
Tangent at the pole: 0

90. r 2 cos 2 sec
88. Since
r 2 csc 2
1
,
sin
the graphs has symmetry with respect to 2.

Furthermore,
r as 0
Strophoid
r as
r as
r cos 4 cos2 2
r
r
1
2
2
sin
sin
y
x 4 cos2 2
lim 4 cos2 2 2
ry 2y r
r

2
r 2 cos 2 sec 22 cos2 1 sec
r as .
Also, r 2

2
2
2y
.
y1
x = 2
Thus, r as y 1.
2
4
y=1
2
92. x r cos , y r sin

x2 y2 r 2, tan
y
x
94. Slope of tangent line to graph of r f at r, is

dy
f cos f
sin

.
dx f sin f
cos
If f 0 and f
0, then is tangent at the
pole.
96. r 4 cos 2
98. r 2 sec
Rose curve
Line
Matches (b)
Matches (d)
Section 9.4
100. r 61 cos
(a) 0, r 61 cos
(c)

2

2

6 1 cos cos sin sin
2
2
r 6 1 cos
15
61 sin
(b)

, r 6 1 cos
4
4
15
12
12
12
3
The graph of r 61 cos is rotated through the

angle 2.
15
The graph of r 61 cos is rotated through the

angle 4.
102. (a) sin

sin cos
cos sin
2
2
2
(b) sin sin cos cos sin

sin
cos

r f sin

2
r f sin
f sin
f cos
(c) sin
3
3
3
sin cos
cos sin
2
2
2
cos

r f sin
3
2
f cos
104. r 2 sin 2 4 sin cos
(a) r 4 sin

cos
6
6
(b) r 4 sin
2
2
cos
3
3
(d) r 4 sin cos 4 sin cos

2
2
3
3
3
2
2
(c) r 4 sin

cos
4 sin cos
2
2
451
452
Chapter 9
106. By Theorem 9.11, the slope of the tangent line through A and P is
f cos f sin
f sin f cos
Radial line
Polar curve
r = f ()
P = (r, )
This is equal to
tan
sin cos tan

tan tan

.
1 tan tan cos sin tan
Tangent
line
Equating the expressions and cross-multiplying, you obtain
f cos f sin cos sin tan sin cos tan f sin f cos
f cos2 f cos sin tan f sin cos f sin2 tan f sin2 f sin cos tan f sin cos f cos2 tan
f cos2 sin2 f tan cos2 sin2
tan
108. tan
At
r
31 cos

drd
3 sin
110. tan
3
1 22 2 2
, tan

.
4
2
2
arctan
f
r

.
f drd
At
2 2 2 1.041 59.64

r
4 sin 2

drd 8 cos 2
3

sin 3
, tan

.
6
2 cos 3
2
arctan
112. tan
23 0.7137 40.89
r
5

undefined .
drd 0
2
6
114. True
Section 9.5
2. (a) r 3 cos
116. True
Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates

(b) A 2
12 3 cos
9
2
d
2
cos2 d
0
2
A
32
9
4

9
2
2
1 cos 2 d
9
sin 2

2
2
2
9
4
Section 9.5
4
6 sin 22 d 36
sin2 2 d
6. A 2
4
36
4
1
2
4. A 2
1 cos 4
d
2
18
sin 4
4
1
2
10
cos 5 d
2
10
1
1

sin10
2
10
453

20
4
4
92
18
2
1
2
8. A 2
1 sin d
2
3
1
2 cos sin 2
2
4
10. A 2
2
3 8
4

1
2
2
4 6 sin 2 d
arcsin23
2
16 48 sin 36 sin2 d
arcsin23
2
2
16 48 sin 361 cos

d
2
arcsin23
34 48 cos 9 sin 2
2
arcsin23
1.7635
2
8
12
12. Four times the area in Exercise 11, A 4 33 . More specifically, we see that the area inside the outer loop is
12
2
6
21 2 sin 2 d
2
6
4 16 sin 16 sin2 d 8 63.
The area inside the inner loop is

2
1
2
3 2
7 6
21 2 sin 2 d 4 63.
4
1
Thus, the area between the loops is 8 63 4 63 4 123.

14. r 31 sin
16. r 2 3 cos
r 31 sin
r cos
Solving simultaneously,
31 sin 31 sin

2 sin 0
0, .
Replacing r by r and by in the first equation
and solving, 31 sin 31 sin , sin 1,
2. Both curves pass through the pole, 0, 3 2,
and 0, 2, respectively.
Points of intersection: 3, 0, 3, , 0, 0
2 3 cos cos
1
2
5
,
.
3 3
Both curves pass through the pole, (0, arccos 23), and
0, 2, respectively.
cos
Points of intersection:
12, 3 , 12, 53 , 0, 0
454
Chapter 9
20.
18. r 1 cos
r 3 cos
r2
Line of slope 1 passing through

the pole and a circle of radius 2
centered at the pole.
1 cos 3 cos
cos
1
2
0
1
2, 4 , 2, 4
5
, .
3 3
Both curves pass through the pole, 0, , and 0, 2,
respectively.
32, 3 , 32, 53 , 0, 0
22. r 3 sin
r 2 csc
0
1
17 3
17 3
, arcsin
17 3
, arcsin
,
17 3
,
3.56, 0.596, 3.56, 2.545

The graph of r 3 sin is a limaon symmetric to
2, and the graph of r 2 csc is the horizontal
line y 2. Therefore, there are two points of intersection.
3 sin 2 csc
sin2 3 sin 2 0
sin
3 17
2
arcsin
17 3
0.596.
24. r 31 cos

r
r=
6
1 cos
The graph of r 31 cos is a cardioid with polar axis symmetry. The graph of
6
1 cos
10
r 61 cos
is a parabola with focus at the pole, vertex3, , and polar axis symmetry. Therefore, there are two
points of intersection. Solving simultaneously,
31 cos
r = 3(1 cos )
6
1 cos
1 cos 2 2
cos 1 2
arccos 1 2 .
Points of intersection: 32, arccos 1 2 4.243, 1.998, 32, 2 arccos 1 2 4.243, 4.285
Section 9.5
26. r 4 sin
r 21 sin
2
1
2
28. A 4
2
18

Points of intersection: 0, 0, 4,
2

91 sin d
2
455
1 sin 2 d
9
3 8
2
(from Exercise 14)
The graphs reach the pole at different times ( values).

6
r = 4 sin
7
6
6
2
r = 2 (1 + sin )
32. A 2
30. r 5 3 sin and r 5 3 cos intersect at

4 and 5 4.
1
A2
2

5 4
5 3 sin
4
2 d
59
9
30 cos sin 2
2
4
6
2
6
3 sin 2 d
4

4
59

302 50.251
2
12
12
34. Area Area of r 2a cos Area of sector

twice area between r 2a cos and the lines

, .
3
2
2
1
A a 2
a 2
3
2

2
2
3
2 a 2
2a 2
3
sin 2
2 a 2
2a 2
3
2
3
2 a 2
3
2a 2
tan 1, 4
2a cos 2 d
a2
3

6
33a 2
2a
4
1 cos 2
d
2
1 1
a2

2
4
2
r = a sin
=3
4
1
1
a2 a2
4
8
a
a cos 2 d
2
2
1
sin 2
a2
2
2
2 a 2

1
2
1 cos 2 d
3

2
3
4
= 3
36. r a cos , r a sin
A2
1
2
2
6
2 sin 2 d
4 cos 2 4 sin d
2 sin2 4 cos
5 4
2
2
59 5
9
59
9
30

30

2 4
2
4
2 4
2
4

2
1
2
r = a cos
2
6
33
456
Chapter 9
38. By symmetry, A1 A2 and A3 A4.
6
1
2
A1 A2
2a cos 2 a2 d
3
6
a2
2
a2
sin 2
2
3
4 cos2 1 d 2a2
6
3

1 5 2
1
a 2
2 6
2

5 a 2
2a 2
12
A6 2
5 6
12
5 6
cos 2 d
3
a2

3 a 2 1
a2
1
2 2
2
4
5 6
6
6
4
6
4
6
r=2
6
2a
4
6
2a sin 2 a2 d
4 sin2 1 d a 2 sin 2
4
6
12 1 23
a2
[Note: A1 A6 A7 A4 a2 area of circle of radius a]
r sec 2 cos ,
40.

< <
2
2
r cos 1 2 cos2
x12
r 2 cos2
x2
12 2
2
r
x y2
x 2 y 2x x 2 y 2 2x 2
y 2x 1 x 2 x3
y2

1
2
A2
4
x 21 x
1x
4
sec 2 cos 2 d
sec2 4 4 cos2 d
4
sec2 4 21 cos 2 d tan 2 sin 2
r = 2a cos
= 3
a2 d
a 2
3
a 2
5 3
a2

a2

12
3
2
12
12
2
= 6
A1
a
4
A6
A4
= 4
A7
A5
12
1 cos 2 d a 2
12
A2
5
= 6
3
5 a 2
3

a2

a2

12
3
2
12
2
= 3
2a
r = 2a sin
1 cos 2 d
2a sin 2 d 2
a 2 2 sin 2
a2
6
2a cos 2 2a sin 2 d
2a sin 2 d
A7 2
4
6
A3
6
2a 2
6
4
5 a 2
a 2 2 sin 2
12
4
1 2 a 2
a
2 2
4
A3 A4
A5
a 2 sin 2
1
2
4
2
Section 9.5
42. r 2a cos
s
2
2
r 8 sin
2a cos 2 2a sin 2 d
2
457
44. r 81 cos , 0 2
r 2a sin
2
s2
81 cos 2 8 sin 2 d
2a d 2
2
2
2 a
16
1 2 cos cos2 sin2 d
162
1 cos d
162
1 cos
162
sin
1 cos
3221 cos
1 cos
1 cos
d
d
64
46. r sec , 0
48. r e, 0
50. r 2 sin2 cos , 0
10
25
Length 7.78
Length 31.31
Length 1.73 exact 3
52. r a cos
r a sin
S 2
2
2 a2
a cos cos a2 cos a2 sin2 d
2
cos2 d a2
a2
2
1 cos 2 d
sin 2
2
2
2a2
2
54. r a1 cos

r a sin
S 2
a1 cos sin a21 cos 2 a2 sin2 d 2 a2
22 a2
1 cos 32sin d
sin 1 cos 2 2 cos d
42 a2
1 cos 52
5
32 a2
5
58. The curves might intersect for different values of :
56. r
S 2
r 1
See page 696.
sin 2 1 d 42.32
458
Chapter 9
60. (a) S 2

(b) S 2
f sin f 2 f2 d
f cos f 2 f2 d
62. r 8 cos , 0
(a) A
1
2
r 2 d
1
2
64 cos2 d 32
1 cos 2
sin 2
d 16
2
2
16
(Area circle r2 42 16)

(b)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
6.32
12.14
17.06
20.80
23.27
24.60
25.08
1
(c), (d) For 4 of area 4 12.57: 0.42
1
For 2 of area 8 25.13: 1.57 2
3
For 4 of area 12 37.70: 2.73
(e) No, it does not depend on the radius.

64. False. f 0 and g sin 2 have only one point of
intersection.
Section 9.6
2. r
Polar Equations of Conics and Keplers Laws
2e
1 e cos
(a) e 1, r
4. r
2
, parabola
1 cos
2e
1 e sin
(a) e 1, r
2
, parabola
1 sin
(b) e 0.5, r
1
2

, ellipse
1 0.5 cos 2 cos
(b) e 0.5, r
1
2

, ellipse
1 0.5 sin 2 sin
(c) e 1.5, r
3
6

, hyperbola
1 1.5 cos 2 3 cos
(c) e 1.5, r
3
6

, hyperbola
1 1.5 sin 2 3 sin
e = 1.5
e=1
e = 1.5
e=1
9
e = 0.5
4
6. r
e = 0.5
4
1 0.4 cos
(b) r
(a) Because e 0.4 < 1, the conic is an ellipse with

vertical directrix to the left of the pole.
(c)
10
10
8
4
1 0.4 cos
The ellipse is shifted to the left. The vertical directrix is to

the right of the pole
4
r
.
1 0.4 sin
The ellipse has a horizontal directrix below the pole.
8. Ellipse; Matches (f)
10. Parabola; Matches (e)
12. Hyperbola; Matches (d)
Section 9.6
14. r
6
1 cos
16. r
Parabola since e 1
Polar Equations of Conics and Keplers Laws
1
5

5 3 sin 1 3 5sin
18. r3 2 cos 6

r
3
Ellipse since e < 1
5
Vertex: 3, 0
Vertices:
5
5 3
, , ,
8 2
2 2
2
1 2 3 cos
Ellipse since e
2
0
4
6
3 2 cos
Vertices: 6, 0,
0
1
2
< 1
3
65,
0
1
20. r
6
2

3 7 sin 1 7 3sin
Hyperbola since e
Vertices:
22. r
43, 0, 4,
Hyperbola
26.
Hyperbola
28. r

1 cos
3
30. r
6
Rotate the graph of r
1 cos

counterclockwise through the angle .
3
6
3 7 sin 2 3
Rotate graph of r
6
.
3 7 sin
Clockwise through angle of 2 3.

4
6
14
10
4
10
4
1 2 cos
Vertices:
24.
Hyperbola since e 2 > 1
7
> 1.
3
3
3 3
, , ,
5 2
2 2
459
460
Chapter 9
32. Change to

:r
6
1 sin

6
34. Parabola
e 1, y 1, d 1
r
36. Ellipse
38. Hyperbola
3
e , y 2, d 2
4
r
40. Parabola
Vertex: 5,
3
e , x 1, d 1
2
ed
1 e sin
r
e 1, d 10
ed
1 e cos
r
23 4
1 3 4 sin
3 2
1 3 2 cos
6
4 3 sin
3
2 3 cos
42. Ellipse
10
ed

1 e cos 1 cos
44. Hyperbola
3

Vertices: 2, , 4,
2
2
Vertices: 2, 0, 10, 0
3
10
e ,d
2
3
1
e ,d8
3
r
ed
r
1 e sin
8 3

1 1 3 sin
8

3 sin
46. r
1
ed

1 e sin 1 sin
ed
1 e cos
5
1 3 2 cos
10
2 3 cos
4
is a parabola with horizontal directrix above the pole.
1 sin
(a) Parabola with vertical directrix to left pole.
(b) Parabola with horizontal directrix below pole.
(c) Parabola with vertical directrix to right of pole.
(d) Parabola (b) rotated counterclockwise 4.
x2
y2

1
a2 b2
48. (a)
x 2b 2 y 2a 2 a 2b 2
b 2 r 2 cos 2 a2r 2 sin2 a 2b 2
r 2 b 2 cos 2 a 21 cos 2 a 2b 2
r 2 a 2 cos 2 b 2 a 2 a 2b 2
r2
a2
a 2b 2
a 2b 2
2
2
2
a cos a c 2 cos 2
b2
b2
b2

1 c a 2 cos 2 1 e 2 cos 2
y2
x2
21
2
a
b
(b)
x 2b 2 y 2a 2 a 2b 2
b 2r 2 cos 2 a 2r 2 sin 2 a 2b 2
r 2 b 2 cos 2 a 2 1 cos 2 a 2b2
r 2 a 2 cos 2 a 2 b 2 a 2b 2
r2
a 2b 2
b2

a 2 c 2 cos 2 1 c 2 a 2 cos 2
b 2
1 e 2 cos 2
Review Exercises for Chapter 9
50. a 4, c 5, b 3, e
r2
5
4
52. a 2, b 1, c 3, e
9
1 2516 cos 2
54. A 2

1
2
2
r2
1
1 34 cos 2
2
1
d
3.37

3

2
sin 2
2
ed
1 e cos
56. (a) r
3 22 sin d 4
2
2
(b) The perihelion distance is a c a ea a1 e .
1 e2 a
a1 e .
1e
When 0, r c a ea a a1 e .
When , r
Therefore,
The aphelion distance is a c a ea a1 e .

ed
a1 e
1e
When 0, r
a1 e 1 e ed
1 e2 a
a1 e .
1e
a1 e 2 ed.
Thus, r
1 e2 a
.
1 e cos
58. a 1.427 109 km
60. a 36.0 10 6 mi, e 0.206
e 0.0543
r
r
1.422792505 109
1 e 2 a

1 e cos
1 0.0543 cos
34.472 10 6
1 e 2 a
1 e cos 1 0.206 cos
Perihelion distance: a1 e 28.582 10 6 mi

Aphelion distance: a1 e 43.416 10 6 mi
Perihelion distance: a1 e 1.3495139 109 km

Aphelion distance: a1 e 1.5044861 109 km
r a sin b cos
62.
461
r 2 ar sin br cos
x 2 y 2 ay bx
x 2 y 2 bx ay 0 represents a circle.

2. Matches (b) - hyperbola
4. Matches (c) - hyperbola
6. y 2 12y 8x 20 0
y 2 12y 36 8x 20 36
16
y 6 2 42 x 2
12
Parabola
Vertex: 2, 6
4
x
8
12
462
Chapter 9
8. 4x 2 y 2 16x 15 0
4x 2 4x 4 y 2 15 16
(2, 0)
x 2 2 y 2
1
14
1
x
1
Ellipse
Center: 2, 0
Vertices: 2, 1
4x 2 4y 2 4x 8y 11 0
10.
y
4
1
4 y 2 2y 1 11 1 4
4
4 x2 x
x 12 2 y 1 2

1
2
2
1
x
Hyperbola
12, 1
1
Vertices: 2, 1
2
1
Asymptotes: y 1 x
2
Center:
12. Vertex: 4, 2

Focus: 4, 0
Parabola opens downward
p 2
x 4 2 42 y 2
x 2 8x 8y 0
14. Center: 0, 0
16. Foci: 0, 8
Solution points: 1, 2 , 2, 0
Asymptotes: y 4x
Substituting the values of the coordinates of the given

points into
Center: 0, 0

x2
y2
2 1,
b2
a
c8
a
y x 4x asymptote a 4b
b
we obtain the system
b1 a4 1, 4b

2
1.
18.

16
x2
3y 2

1.
and b 2 4,
3
4
16
21
y2
x2

1, a 5, b 2, c 21, e
4
25
5
By Example 5 of Section 9.1,

C 20
2
b2 c2 a2 64 4b 2 17b2 64
b2
Solving the system, we have

a2
1 2521 sin d
23.01.
2
64
1024
a2
17
17
x2
y2

1
102417 6417
463
1 2
x
200
20. y
(a) x 2 200y
y
1 2
x
200
y
1
x
100
(b)
x2 450 y
Focus: 0, 50
x
1 10,000
x
dx
38,294.49
S 2 x1
10,000
2
1 y 2
100
22. (a) A 4

b
4b 1
a 2 x 2 dx
a
a 2
(b) Disk: V 2

b
S 4

4 a
b2
b 2 y 2 dy
a
0
ab
2 a 2 2
1
b y y3
b2
3
4
a 2b
3
b 4 c 2y 2 dy
2 a
cyb 4 c 2y 2 b 4 ln cy b 4 c 2y 2
b 2c
0
2 a 2
b cb 2 c 2 b 4 ln cb bb 2 c 2 b 4 lnb 2
b 2c
ab 2
ca
ln
c
e

(c) Disk: V 2
0
a
S 22
a2 2
2 a 2
b y 2 dy 2
b2
b

x
a
b 4 a 2 b 2 y 2
a
b 2 y 2
dy
b
bb 2 y 2
2 a 2
xa 2 x 2 a 2 arcsin
4 b
a2
2 a 2
b2 2
2 b 2
a x 2 dx 2
a2
a
eb ln11 ee

2
a 2 x 2 dx
a 4 a 2 b 2 x 2
b
a 2 x 2
a
aa 2 x 2
a 4 c 2x 2 dx

2 b
t x 4 y x 4 2
Parabola
4
ab 2
3
2
a
0
abe arcsine
26. x 3 3 cos , y 2 5 sin
24. x t 4, y t2
dx
2 b
cx
cxa 4 c 2x 2 a 4 arcsin 2
a 2c
a
c
a b 2
a ca 2 c 2 a 4 arcsin
a 2c
a
2 b 2 2
1
a x x3
a2
3
x 3 3 y 5 2
2
1
28. x 5 sin3 , y 5 cos3
5x
23
x 3 2 y 2 2

1
9
25
y
7
6
23
1
y
6
4
2
1
1
5y
x23 y23 523
Ellipse
x
1
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2 1
2
3
2
4
6
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
464
Chapter 9
30. x h 2 y k 2 r 2
y2
x2
1
16
9
32. a 4, c 5, b2 c2 a2 9,
x 5 2 y 3 2 2 2 4
Let
x2
y2
sec 2 and tan 2 .
16
9
Then x 3 tan and y 4 sec .

34. x a b cos t b cos
y a b sin t b sin
a b b t
a b b t
(b) a 3, b 1
(a) a 2, b 1
(c) a 4, b 1
x cos t cos t 2 cos t
x 2 cos t cos 2t
x 3 cos t cos 3t
y sin t sin t 0
y 2 sin t sin 2t
y 3 sin t sin 3t
y=0
2 x 2
3
(e) a 3, b 2
(d) a 10, b 1
x 9 cos t cos 9t
(f) a 4, b 3
x cos t 2 cos
y 9 sin t sin 9t
y sin t 2 sin
10
15
x cos t 3 cos
t
2
y sin t 3 sin
15
10
t
2
rcos sin
38. x t 4
y t2
y v w r sin r cos
(a)
r sin cos
dy 2t
2t 0 when t 0.
dx
1
Point of horizontal tangency: 4, 0
(b) t x 4
y x 4 2
(c)
y
6
5
( x, y )
x
t
3
36. x t u r cos r sin
t
3
4
3
2
1
x
1

40. x
1
t
42. x 2t 1
y t2
(a)
dy
2t

2t 3
dx 1t 2
No horizontal tangents
y
1
t 2 2t
(a)
dy t 2 2t 2 2t 2

dx
2
t 0
1
(b) t
x
1t
0 when t 1.
t 2t 2 2
Point of horizontal tangency: 1, 1
1
y 2
x
x1
2
(b) t
(c)
1
4

x 1 2 2 2x 1 2 x 3 x 1
y
4
3
(c)
1
x
2
2
44. x 6 cos
46. x e t
y 6 sin
(a)
465
y et
dy
6 cos
3

cot 0 when , .
dx 6 sin
2 2
(a)
Points of horizontal tangency: 0, 6 , 0, 6

(b)
6x 6y
(c)
1
1
dy et

2t 2
dx
et
e
x
No horizontal tangents
(b) t ln x
1
1
y eln x e ln1x , x > 0
x
(c)
2
4
2
1
x
1
48. x 2 sin
50.
x 6 cos
y 6 sin
y 2 cos
(a), (c)
dx
6 sin
d
dy
6 cos
d
3
dx
(b) At ,
1.134, 2
,
6 d
2
dy
dy
0.5, and
0.441
dt
dx
s

36 sin 2 36 cos 2 d 6
(one-half circumference of circle)

0
6
466
Chapter 9
52. x, y 1, 3
(1, 3)
r 1 2 3 2 10
arctan 3
1.89 108.43

r, 10, 1.89 , 10, 5.03
1
2
3
r 10
54.
r
56.
r 2 100
1
2 cos
2r r cos 1
x 2 y 2 100
2 x 2 y 2 x 1
4x 2 y 2 x 1 2
3x 2 4y 2 2x 1 0
58.
r 4 sec
4

3
cos 3
60.
3
4
tan 1
4
12 cos 32 sin

r cos 3 sin 8
y
1
x
x 3 y 8
y x
64. x 2 y 2 arctan
62. x 2 y 2 4x 0
r 2 4r cos 0

12
a2
r 2 2 a 2
r 4 cos
66.
y
x
68. r 3 csc , r sin 3, y 3
Horizontal line
Line
0
1
2
0
1
70. r 3 4 cos
Limaon
Symmetric to polar axis

3

2
2
3
1
467
72. r 2
Spiral
Symmetric to 2
0
2

4

5

2
3
4
3
2
5
4
5
2

2
3
2
3
74. r cos 5
Rose curve with five petals

Symmetric to polar axis

2
3
4
, 1,
, 1,
, 1,
5
5
5
5
3 7 9
Tangents at the pole: , , , ,
10 10 2 10 10
Relative extrema: 1, 0 , 1,

76. r 2 cos2
Lemniscate
Symmetric to the polar axis
Relative extrema: 1, 0

6
0
1

4
0
0
1
2
3
Tangents at the pole: ,
4 4
78. r 2 sin cos 2
80. r 4sec cos
0.75
Bifolium
Semicubical parabola
Symmetric to 2
1
1
0.25
Symmetric to the polar axis

r as
2

r as
2
82. r 2 4 sin2
(a) 2r
ddr 8 cos2
(b)
4 cos2
dr

d
r
Tangents at the pole: 0,

(c)
dy
r cos 4 cos 2 sin r

dx r sin 4 cos 2 cos r

2
cos2 sin sin2 cos

cos2 cos sin2 sin
dy
0 when cos2 sin sin 2 cos 0,
dx

tan tan 2 , 0, , 0, 0 , 23,
3
3
Vertical tangents when cos 2 cos sin 2 sin 0:

2

tan 2 tan 1, 0, , 0, 0 , 23,
6
6
468
Chapter 9
84. False. There are an infinite number of polar coordinate representations of a point. For example, the point x, y 1, 0
has polar representations r, 1, 0 , 1, 2 , 1, , etc.
86. r a sin , r a cos
The points of intersection are a2, 4 and 0, 0 . For r a sin ,
dy a cos sin a sin cos 2 sin cos

.
dx
a cos 2 a sin 2
cos 2
m1
At a2, 4 , m1 is undefined and at 0, 0 , m1 0. For r a cos ,

dy
a sin 2 a cos 2
cos 2

.
dx a sin cos a cos sin 2 sin cos
m2
At a2, 4 , m2 0 and at 0, 0 , m2 is undefined. Therefore, the graphs are orthogonal at a2, 4 and 0, 0 .
90. r 4 sin 3
88. r 51 sin
1
A2
2
32
2
51 sin
d
117.81

75
2
A3
1
2
3
4 sin 3 2 d
12.57 4
4
8
12
4
92. r 3, r 2 18 sin 2
9 r 2 18 sin 2
6
sin 2

12
A2

1
2
1
2
12
18 sin 2 d
1
2
512
12
9 d
1
2
2
512
18 sin 2 d
1.2058 9.4248 1.2058

11.84
94. r e, 0
A
1
2
96. r a cos 2,
e 2 d
133.62
s8

4
dr
2a sin 2
d
a 2 cos 2 2 4a 2 sin 2 2 d
10
8a
4
1 3 sin 2 2 d (Simpsons Rule: n 4)
25
a
1 41.1997 21.5811 41.8870 2
6
9.69a

EVEN Chapter 9 Calculus

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EVEN Chapter 9 Calculus

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C H A P T E R 9

Conics, Parametric Equations,

Conics and Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Plane Curves and Parametric Equations . . . . . . . . . . 434

Parametric Equations and Calculus

Polar Coordinates and Polar Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . .452

Polar Equations of Conics and Keplers Laws . . . . . . . 458

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Conics and Calculus

Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

Center: 2, 1

Focus: 1, 4

Vertex: 1, 2

Vertex: 2, 3

Focus: 0, 2

Vertex: 2, 2

Conics and Calculus

Vertex: 1, 1

Focus: 1, 3

24. Vertex: 0, 2

28. From Example 2: 4p 8 or p 2

Center: 2, 4

16x2 25y2 64x 150y 279 0

Center: 2, 3

Vertices: 1, 4, 3, 4

Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

36x2 9y 2 48x 36y 43 0

 32, 3,  32, 1

(Graph each of these separately.)

2x2 y 2 4.8x 6.4y 3.12 0

50x2 25y 2 120x 160y 78 0

 56, 165 5

 56, 165 10

Solve for y: y2 6.4y 10.24 2x2 4.8x 3.12 10.24

y 3.22 7.12 4x 2x2

(Graph each of these separately.)

Major axis length: 14

Vertical major axis

44. Center: 1, 2

Vertical major axis

Conics and Calculus

Points on ellipse: 1, 6, 3, 2

From the sketch, we can see that

50. y 2 9x2 36x 72 0

Center: 4, 1

Foci: 2, 210, 2, 210

52. 9x2 6x 9 4 y2 2y 1 78 81 4 1

9x 32 4 y 12 1

3, 21, 3, 23

y 52 9x2 54x 80

Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates

Vertical transverse axis

Foci: 3, 0, 3, 4

(Graph each curve separately.)

60. Vertices: 2, 3

Vertical transverse axis

Horizontal transverse axis

64. Focus: 10, 0

Horizontal transverse axis

70. 25x2 10x 200y 119 0

Conics and Calculus

9x2 4y2 54x 16y 61 0

82. Assume that the vertex is at the origin.

32, 3, 32, 1

56, 165 5

56, 165 10

3, 21, 3, 23

fx 0 implies that

2 y2.52 y 2 2.52 arcsin 2.5 0

8y 24y 18x 36

y 0 when x 2. y undefined when y 3.

16161616 x x 9x dx 4 43

x2c2 2a2cx a4 a2x2 2cx c2 y 2

Since a2 b2 c2, we have x2a2 y 2b2 1.

(Assume A 0 and C 0; see (b) below)

B2 4AC 2 2 41 1 0,

Not smooth at x 2n 1

64. Each point x, y in the plane is determined by the plane

(b) Matches (i) because x y 2 2 1 for all y.

Hence, x 3 cos cos 3, y 3 sin sin 3.

(b) y 5 x 0.005x 2 h tan x

Hence, x 80 cos45 t

(d) Maximum height: y 55 at x 100