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NUTRIENT REMOVAL
(C, N, & P) FROM
WASTEWATER

NUTRIENT REMOVAL GOAL:

Avoid eutrophication process in water bodies
EUTROPHICATION: Uncontrolled growth of algae in
the water bodies (Algal Bloom-ing).

N
P

Algae
cell

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H2S, CH4,CO2 dll

Anaerob condition

NUTRIENT REMOVAL (C, N, & P)

process:
Chemical
Biological
Phisical (especially for N)
C & N Removal chemically
Oxidation
CxHyOn + O2
NH4+ + 2 O2

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CO2 + H2O
NO3- + 2H2O

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P removal
precipitation methode using

Ca(OH)2, AL(OH)3
5Ca++ + 4OH- + 3HPO4=

Ca5OH(PO4)3 + 3H2O
Ca hidroxy apatite

Or precipitate as Aluminum Phosphate salt

(AlPO4):
Al(OH)3 + H3PO4
AlPO4 + 3H2O

Physical process to remove NH4+

Ammonia Striping.
In water:
NH4+ + OH-

NH3 + H2O

PRINCIPLE : Enlarge the water-air

boundary so that the transfer of gas from
the liquid phase to the air takes place
following Henry's law.

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HENRY LAW
Cg
Cs
Cl
Cg = gas concentration in gas phase
Cl = gas concentration in liquid phase
Cs = saturated gas concentration
If

Cl > Cs

gas evacuation from liquid to gas phase

If

Cl < Cs

gas transfer from gas to liquid phase

BIOLOGICAL PROCESS

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NUTRIENT REMOVAL

BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
relatively more economical than those two
other process
No chemical added
Using microorganism activity in the water.

ORGANIC C REMOVAL
C organic expressed in mg/l BOD, or COD, or TOC
C organic is a substrate and energy source for
microorganisms (m.o) in water
In aerobic conditions where oxygen concentration is
not a limiting factor of growth, the end result of organic
C degradation are CO2 and water
CxHyOn + O2

m.o heterotrof aerob

CO2 + H2O + new cell

Under anaerobic conditions, the end result of gases

and water
CxHyOn

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m.o heterotrof anaerob

CO2 + CH4 + H2O + new cell

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Note:
The process of degradation of organic C under
anaerobic conditions does not take in one process
The anaerobic process takes place in at least three
(3) stages:
Hydrolysis:
Hydrolyze complex organic compounds into
simpler organic compounds
Acidification:
Simple organic compounds converted into volatile
acids (acetic, formic, etc..)
Methanogenesa :
Volatile acids are converted into methane gas,
methane gas and direct synthesis of H2 and CO2

The gas formed in the ae

anaerobic process is not
limited to CO2 and CH4, but also:
H2 is formed at each stage of the process
together with CO2 gas
NH3 and H2S depending on the composition of
organic compounds that are decomposed
Whether aerobic or anaerobic process is more
economical to apply, highly dependent on the
concentration of organic compounds in the water
that will be decomposed
According to Grady & Lim (1985):
COD > 4000 mg/l, the anaerobic process is more
economical
COD < 4000 mg/l, the aerobic process is more
economical

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kWH/ton BOD

Aerob
Anaerob

2500

+
_

50
50

2500

150

1500

2500

mg/l BOD in
treated wastewater

M. Henze et al, 1995

UNIT OPERATION in ORGANIC C REMOVAL

Various biological processes reactor have
been developed for the removal of organic C:
Growth system
Suspended growth reactor
oxidation pond
aerated lagoon
activated sludge:
- convensional
- oxidation ditch
- contact-stabilisation
- SBR (sequencing Batch Reactor)
- UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)

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Attached Growth Reactor

Trickling Filter
Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
Fluidized Bed Reactor
Baffled Channel Reactor
Submerged Filter

Flow in reactor:
CSTR (Completely Stirred Tank Reactor)
Activated sludge
Aerated lagoon
Fluidized Bed Reactor
Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
PFR (Plug Flow Reactor)
Trickling Filter
Baffled Channel
UASB
Submerged Filter

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N REMOVAL
N in wastewater:
NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, dan organic-N.
Along with the process of biodegradation of organic
compounds, N will be released into the water as :
NH3 if degraded anaerobically, in water will be
disassociate to NH4+.
NH4OH
NH4+ + OHNH3 + H2O
NH4OH if degraded aerobically
N is one nutrient that is required in the formation of
the cell (algae and other m.o.)

Removal for N biologically takes place in two (2)

phases, namely:
Nitrification conducted by autotrophs m.o.
Nitrification also takes place in two stages, namely:
Nitrite formation, where NH4+ oxidized to
nitrite (NO2-) by Nitrosomonas sp.
2NH4+ + 3O2

Nitrosomonas

2NO2- + 2H2O + 4H+

Nitrate formation, where NO2- oxidized to

nitrate (NO3-) by Nitrobacter sp.
2NO2- + O2

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Nitrobacter

2NO3-

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Denitrification is carried out by a group of facultative

heterotroph m.o. under anoxic conditions.
Denitrification process requires a source of organic
carbon. If methanol is used as a carbon source, then
the denitrification reaction takes place as follows.:

6NO3- + 5CH3OH

denitrifier

3N2 + 5CO2 + 7H2O + 6OH-

Note:
M.o. group autotroph growth rate is much slower
than the group heterotroph .
In the process of aerobic biodegradation of organic
compounds, nitrification process will take place
when the concentration of organic C has decreased
a lot, because autotrophs can not compete with
heterotroph in the use of oxygen

Contn:
In operation unit for elimination of organic C in
aerobic conditions with suspended growth reactor
(activated sludge process and modifications),
nitrification takes place if done advanced aeration
(extended aeration). One of the advantages of the
contact-stabilization activated sludge process is that
the process of nitrification is more effectively.
in stabilization pond/lagoon, nitrification take place
in the maturation pond.
in the Trickling Filter, nitrification take place in the
deeper bed.
in the RBC, nitrification take place after the third unit

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Cont:
In aerobic operating units, NH4 + is only converted
to nitrate and nitrite. So N has not disappeared
from the waste water.
In biofilm reactor (RBC, trickling filter, etc..), If the
biofilm layer has been thickened, there is no
affordable O2 penetration. This layer becomes
anoxic conditions so if in the top layer occur
nitrification process, in the anoxic layer occur
denitrification process
O2

O2

O2 biofilm

Supporting material
for microbe growth

O2

O2

O2
O2

O2

P REMOVAL
P compounds in wastewater are in the form of
ortho-phosphate (OP), poly phosphate (PP)
Poly Phosphate will be hydrolyzed into orthophosphate so that the majority of P in the water
there is in the form of ortho phosphate
P removal is usually done chemically by precipitated
as aluminum phosphate or Ca hydroxyapatite
P is also a necessary nutrient for micro-organisms
in the formation of the cell in the form of ATP and
ADP
Microbial cells can also store excess P in the form
of Poly Phosphate in the vacuola as a backup
source of energy

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Reserves P will be used by microbes to obtain

energy when the microbes do not get a conventional
source of carbon and energy so that microbial
growth stalled. This is achieved by releasing
reserves PP and hydrolyzed to the OP and released
into the water.
hydrolisis
PP
OP + energy
Andrearczyk (1979) found that:
The phenomenon of release of reserves PP by
microbes to obtain energy can occur when microbes
experiencing stress conditions. Aerobic heterotroph
will experience stress if it is in anoxic conditions

If the microbes then returned to normal conditions

(aerobic), microbes will take more OP in the water
and stored in the cell in the form of PP as
preparation in case of stress again. This
phenomenon referred to as "luxury uptake".
Biological P removal performed with the principles
set out by Andrearzyk, by conditioning the
heterotroph microbes to alternate between aerobic
and anoxic condition
In aerobic conditions, heterotroph microbial will
oxidize BOD in the water that produces CO2, H2O,
and energy. Besides being used to form a new cell,
the energy produced will be used to bring the OP
from the water into the cells and stored in the form
of PP. In aerobic conditions, the concentrations of
BOD and OP in the water will decrease.

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In anoxic conditions, microbe can not oxidize the

BOD to obtain the required energy. Microbes will
hydrolyze PP in the cell to form OP and release it
into the water in order to obtain the energy to take
on the organic carbon in the water for metabolism.
Microbes will survive in anoxic conditions until PP
reserves in cells completely hydrolyzed. Under
these conditions the concentration of BOD in the
water will decrease, and the OP will increase.
If then the bacteria returned to normal conditions
(aerobic, they will take the OP and save it as PP in
the cell in preparation if conditions are not favorable
entered again). Concentrations of BOD and OP in
the water will decrease.

INTEGRATED CNP REMOVAL

Integrated CNP removal process was develop
based on Andrearzyck principle.
This principle only can be applied on suspended
growth system
First CNP Integrated process developed by
Barden and Pho, and then known as Bardenpho.
Published result showed that P removal exceeded
4-5 time higher than normal cell metabolism need.

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Wisjnuprapto et al. (1988) modify the Bardenpho

process with parameters value as follows.:
detention time in aerobic reactor 1
dan aerobic 2, tda = 3 hour
detention time in anaerobic reactor 1
dan anaerobic 2, tdan = 2,5 hour
sludge age, c = 10 day
MLSS in all reactor = 3.000 ppm
Removal efficiency:
BOD : 94 - 96 %
N : 90 - 94 %
P : more than 7 time cell metabolism

Wisjnuprapto et al. (1995) modify the contact

stabilization process for CNP removal by adding
anoxic tank after stabilization unit, parameter value:
detention time in contact tank, tk = 2 hour, and
stabilization tank, ts = 4 hour
detention time in anaerob tank, tdan = 2,5 hour
sludge age, c = 10 day
Removal efficiency:
BOD : 90 - 94 %
N : 88 - 90 %
P : more than 6 time cell metabolism

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Aerated Lagoon

Activated Sludge

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Oxydation Ditch

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clarifier
influen

efluen

tangki kontak

tangki
stabilisasi

resirkulasi
lumpur

pembuangan lumpur

Scheme contact-stabilization (aerob)

Sequencing Batch Reactor

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Trickling Filter

Trickling Filter

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Trickling Filter

Rotating Biological Contactor

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Rotating biological contactor

Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor

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Upflow Anaerobic Filter Reactor

4 Stage Bardenpho Process

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Resirkulasi efluen
clarifier
aerob

anoksik

aerob

anoksik

Resirkulasi lumpur

Modified Bardenpho by Wisjnuprapto et

al. (1988)

clarifier
kontak

anoksik

Resirkulasi
lumpur
stabilisasi

modified contact-stabilization by Wisjnuprapto

et al. (1995)

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Submerged Membrane Bioreactor

Process

P LUXURY UPTAKE
aerob

anoksik

aerob

BOD
BOD

OP

BOD

OP

OP

OP

sel

PP

sel
BOD +O2
+ CO2 + H2O +

energy

PP

hidrolIsa

PP

OP + energy

sel

PP

BOD +O2
CO2 + H2O +

energy +
BOD
P

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